Deflection of Beams

Beer Johnston, Chapter 9

 Contents

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse

Loading
Equation of the Elastic Curve
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve
From the Load Di...
Sample Problem 9.1

9-2
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse
• Relationship between bending moment and
Loading curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x)
=
ρ EI

• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
1 Px
=−
ρ EI

• Curvature varies linearly with x

1
• At the free end A, ρ = 0, ρA = ∞
A

1 EI
• At the support B, ≠ 0, ρ B =
ρB PL

9-3
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse
Loading • Overhanging beam
• Reactions at A and C
• Bending moment diagram
• Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x)
=
ρ EI
• Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
• Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
• An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
9-4
Equation of the Elastic Curve
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=
𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
=
𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
= 2
𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
Substitute into 𝑀𝑀 =
𝜌𝜌

𝜌𝜌𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≈ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦

𝜃𝜃 ≈ 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 2
1
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
9-5
Equation of the Elastic Curve

• Substituting and integrating,

1 d2y
EI = EI 2
= M (x )
ρ dx
x
dy
= M ( x )dx + C1
dx ∫
EI θ ≈ EI
0
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
0 0

9-6
Equation of the Elastic Curve
• Constants are determined from boundary
conditions
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
0 0

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam
y A = 0, yB = 0

– Overhanging beam
y A = 0, yB = 0
– Cantilever beam
y A = 0, θ A = 0

• More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
9-7
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the
Load Distribution
• For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM d 2M dV
= V (x) 2
= = − w( x )
dx dx dx

• Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M d4y
2
= EI 4
= − w( x )
dx dx

• Integrating four times yields

EI y ( x ) = − ∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ w( x )dx

+ 16 C1x3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4

• Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.

9-8
 Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x)
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.

• Integrate differential equation twice

and apply boundary conditions to
W 14 × 68 I = 723 in 4 E = 29 × 106 psi obtain elastic curve.
P = 50 kips L = 15 ft a = 4 ft
• Locate point of zero slope or point
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, of maximum deflection.
(a) derive the equation for the elastic curve,
• Evaluate corresponding maximum
(b) determine the maximum deflection,
deflection.
(c) evaluate ymax.

9-9
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.

- Reactions:
Pa  a
RA = ↓ RB = P1 +  ↑
L  L

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

a
M = −P x (0 < x < L )
L

- The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y a
EI 2
= − P x
dx L
9 - 10
Sample Problem 9.1
• Integrate differential equation twice and apply
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
dy 1 a
EI = − P x 2 + C1
dx 2 L
1 a
EI y = − P x3 + C1x + C2
6 L

2 at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0
d y a
EI 2
= − P x 1 a 1
dx L at x = L, y = 0 : 0 = − P L3 + C1L C1 = PaL
6 L 6
Substituting,
2
dy 1 a 1 dy PaL   x 
EI = − P x 2 + PaL = 1 − 3  
dx 2 L 6 dx 6 EI   L  
1 a 1
EI y = − P x3 + PaLx 3
6 L 6 PaL2  x  x 
y=  −  
6 EI  L  L  
9 - 11
Sample Problem 9.1
• Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
2
dy PaL   xm   L
=0= 1 − 3   xm = = 0.577 L
dx 6 EI   L   3

3 • Evaluate corresponding maximum

PaL2  x  x 
y=  −   deflection.
6 EI  L  L  
ymax =
PaL2
6 EI
[
0.577 − (0.577 )3 ]
PaL2
ymax = 0.0642
6 EI

(50 kips )(48 in )(180 in )2

ymax = 0.0642
( )(
6 29 × 106 psi 723 in 4 )
ymax = 0.238 in
9 - 12