UNIT 2

EMBEDDED SEMICONDUCTORS
PTRACTIC 1
DATE: 06/02/2020
REPORT
TEACHER: JAVIER POOT
STUDENT NAME: SERGIO BERRELLEZA
PRACTIC NAME: 1/2 WAVE RECTIFIER
GRADE AND GROUP: 4-A
GLOSARY

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………….PAGE 3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………………………………………………PAGE 4-7

PROCESS………………………………………………………………………………………………………PAGE 8-9

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………….PAGE 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………………..PAGE 11
INTRODUCTION
Almost all electronic devices used: televisions, radios, computers, etc. , they are connected to
the mains by means of a current or alternating voltage cable (house current). However, the
internal electronic components of these devices operate with voltages or direct current.
Therefore, it is logical to think that all these electronic devices have an element that will
transform the alternating current into continuous before feeding their internal components.
Here we will study the operation of the circuit that transforms the C.A. (alternating current) in
C.C. (DC current also called DC) called Half Wave Rectifier.

What is rectify?

The tension in c.a. It is, sometimes positive and sometimes negative. The c.c. always maintains
the same polarity (always positive or always negative). Therefore, to rectify is to make the
alternating voltage always maintain the same polarity becoming c.c .. This is achieved thanks to
the half wave rectifier.

Half Wave Rectifier Circuit

It is very important, to understand the half wave rectifier, remember that the diode is an
electronic component that only conduct current in one direction. As you can see in the following
image, the diode only conducts when a current or voltage is more positive in the anode of the
diode than in the cathode (direct polarization). Otherwise (reverse or indirect polarization) no
current will flow through the diode. This property is what will allow us to rectify the current.
Look at the following image that we will explain:
As you can see in the diode graph, in direct polarization as we increase the voltage on its pins or
terminals (between anode and cathode) the current through it increases, but EYE the diode has a
maximum working voltage that cannot be exceeded Because it would burn.

In reverse polarization, no matter how much we increase the voltage, no current flows through
it.

Now that we understand the diode let's move to our half wave rectifier. The circuit of this
rectifier is very simple, as you can see below it only has one diode and an output resistance or
also called load and that will be the one that receives the current and voltage rectified by the
diode. Let's see how it works:
We are going to feed our circuit with an alternating current source with its two half-cycles, the
positive (top of the wave) and the negative (bottom of the wave).

Positive Semi-cycle of the Alternating Current Wave

Suppose that when closing switch S, point A is positive with respect to B (positive half cycle of
the c.a. wave = green wave from the top), the diode will be directly polarized and will conduct
current. This current produces a voltage at the ends of the diode (voltage of the diode Vd).
While this is so the diode will drive. If we look at the graph of the alternating input voltages,
this will always be fulfilled in the positive half-cycles of the alternating current wave. In
addition, the current flowing through the diode will be proportional to the applied voltage:

i = V / (R + r); where V is the applied voltage (in alternating it will be variable, although we
can use the effective one), R the value of the output resistance and r the resistance of the diode
that is usually so small that many times it is not taken into account, so the formula would be:

i = V / R;

This i, which will circulate through the diode and through the output resistance, will cause a
voltage between the ends of the output resistance, which we can see in the continuous output
wave to the right of the following scheme (first green crest).

Negative Semi-cycle of the Alternating Current Wave

DIODE 1N4001 RECTIFIER

Rectifier Diode 1N4001 is a general purpose rectifier. Its main function is to conduct current in
only one direction. A diode is an electronic device that has two terminals. In other words, it has
a particular polarity. That is to say that when properly polarized, it has an ideal resistance equal
to 0 ohms. On the contrary when polarized in reverse it has an infinite ideal current. Finally,
diode 1N4001 is made of a semiconductor material with an n-p junction. This family of general
purpose diodes generally have a current rating of 1A. They are used to adapt an alternating
current voltage and to be able to linearize or regularize these voltages. For example, another
application of a small signal diode is to prevent the return of the reverse current produced by a
coil when de-energized. Another application is to trim the negative part of a sinusoidal signal or
rectify the same negative part with a diode rectifier bridge.
DIODE SPECIFICATIONS 1N4001
Model: 1N4001.
Packaging: DO-41.
Current capacity: 1A.
Maximum reverse voltage: 50V.
FUNCTION GENERATOR
Function generator. Electronic device that produces sine waves, square and triangular, in
addition to creating TTL signals. Its applications include testing and calibration of audio,
ultrasonic and servo systems.
The function generator, specifically works in a frequency range between 0.2 Hz to 2 MHz. It
also has a scanning function which can be controlled both internally and externally with a DC
level. The machine cycle, offset level in DC, scan range and the amplitude and width of the scan
can be controlled by the user.
Sine wave
A sine wave can be obtained at the main output connector when the sine wave option is pressed
on the function button and when any frequency range button is also pressed. The frequency of
the wave is established by the combination of the range button and the frequency variation
control. The output will have to be checked with an oscilloscope. It should proceed as follows:
OSCILLOSCOPE

measuring instrument for electronics. It represents a graph of amplitude on the vertical axis and
time on the horizontal axis. It is widely used by students, designers, engineers in the field of
electronics. It is often complemented by a multimeter, a power supply and a function generator
or arbitrary. Ultimately, with the explosion of devices with radio frequency technologies such as
WiFi or BlueTooth, the workbench is complemented by a spectrum analyzer.
The oscilloscope presents the values of the electrical signals in the form of coordinates on a
screen, in which normally the X axis (horizontal) represents times and the Y axis (vertical)
represents voltages. The image thus obtained is called an oscillogram. In analog or digital
phosphor oscilloscopes, another input or control is usually included, called the "Z axis" that
controls the brightness of the beam, allowing some segments of the trace to be highlighted or
turned off depending on their repetition frequency or time transition speed.
Below is a modern digital oscilloscope:

PROCESS
1-As a first step we must analyze the problem that the teacher provided us, identify the
specifications that are requested of us
2-As a second step we must implement the circuit previously embodied in the problem file that
the teacher provided us in a specific software called multisim that is specifically for this type of
practice
3- The multimeter in the software shows that the voltage across the resistor must be 4.2
then it shows us a sine wave, so we can clearly identify that the negative part is being cut and
that is being caused directly by the diode IN4001. Next we will capture the circuit in physical in
our respective protoboards

4-the diode and the resistance must be connected in series to obtain an output source we will use
a function generator, a function generator is a specific form of signal.

5-then it is essential to configure the function generator with the corresponding values, then we
must connect the oscilloscope to our circuit and observe the image that will throw us

6-we must connect the oscilloscope

7-it is essential to measure the voltage that passes through the resistance to make sure that we
are doing the right job

8-finally we compare the mathematical results done previously with the voltage thrown by the
multimeter
CONCLUSIONS:
It is checked for the half wave rectifier, that half of the input signal is rectified by the built-in
circuit. It is also confirmed that for input voltages much greater than the direct voltage of the
diode (0.7 V) the shift is made every time less noticeable It also severifies that by increasing the
capacitance of the capacitor, a continuous current output is achieved
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Malvino, A; Bates, Principios de Electrónica, 7ª Edición, McGraw – Hill 2006. 621.3 MAL pri
Enrique Mandado, “Sistemas Electrónicos Digitales”, Editorial Marcombo, ISBN-84-267-0804-
08. 621.3 MAN sis
R. Pallás Areny, “Sensores y acondiconadores de señal”, 4ª Edición, Marcombo 2003
Rafael Gómez Alcalá, David José Santos Mejía, Miguel Antonio Prol Rodríguez, “Fundamentos
de Electrónica de Comunicaciones”, Tórculo, ISBN-84-8408-089-7.
J. Millman, “Microelectrónica. Circuitos y sistemas analógicos y digitales”, 4ª Edición.,
Hispano Europea, 1988.
Enrique Mandado, Juan J. Rodríguez, L. Jacobo Álvarez, “Manual de Prácticas de Electrónica
Digital”, Editorial Marcombo, ISBN-84-267-1004-2.
N.R. Malik, “Circuitos Electrónicos. Análisis, simulación y diseño”, Prentice-Hall, 1996.
T.L. Floyd T.L., “Fundamentos de Sistemas Digitales”, 9ª Edición, Prentice-Hall 2006.