Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a

father of microbiology as he observed and

experimented with microscopic organisms in
1676, using simple microscopes of his own
design.

Scientific microbiology developed

in the 19th century through the
work of Louis Pasteur and in
medical microbiology Robert
Koch.

Invisible Organisms 1546 Girolamo Francastro

He suggest that invisible organisms may cause
disease.
The Discovery of Cells 1665 Robert Hooke
publishes his discovery of cells and sees the
first microorganism.

The First Observation of Bacteria 1676 Antony

Leewenhoek observed the first bacteria. He was
observing the lake water and found these
organisms. This sparked a start to microbiology.
Vaccination of Smallpox 1796 Edward Jenner
introduced the vaccination of smallpox.

All Organisms Are Composed

of Cells 1838 - 1839 Mathias
Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann propose that all
organisms are composed of
cells.
Germ Theory of Disease 1840 J. Henle Proposes the
germs are the cause of diseases.

Spread of Cholera 1853 - 1854 John Snow

demonstrates the epidemic spread of cholera
through a contaminated water supply.

Sanitation of Wine 1864 Louis Pasteur develops

pasteurization to destroy organisms in wine.
The Cause of Anthrax 1876 Robert Koch
demonstrates that a bacterium causes anthrax.

Pure Culture 1881 Robert Koch introduces pure

culture techniques in the laboratory.

Agar Plate 1882 Walter and Franny

Hesse introduce the agar plate as a
solidifying gel for the culturing medium.

Gram Negative Stain 1884 Christian

Gram describes the Gram stain.
 Phagocytic cells 1884 Elie Methnikoff
discovers phagocytic cells which engulf
bacteria.

Genetic transformation 1928 Frederick

Griffith discovers genetic transformation in
bacteria.
 First Antibiotic 1929 Alexander
Fleming discovers first antibiotic,
penicillin.

Transforming principle of DNA 1944

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
demostrate that Griffith's
Transforming principle is DNA.
Structure of DNA 1953 Watson, Crick, and
Franklin determine the structure of DNA
being a double helix structure.

Viroids v.s. Virusis 1971 Theodor Diener

demonstrates fundamental differences
between viroids and viruses.
 DNA Clone 1973 Boyer and
Cohen Clone DNA Domains of
Organisms

1977 Carl Woese classifies all organisms into

three domains.
Domains of Organisms 1977 Carl Woese
classifies all organisms into three domains.

Nuclotide Sequences 1995 The first complete nucleotide sequence of a

bacterial chromosome is reported.