(EN 313) Integrated

Electronics
Power Supplies
(Voltage Regulators)

By Dr. Yaseer A. Durrani

Dept. of Electronics Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Outline
 Introduction
 Filter voltage regulation & ripple voltage
 Capacitor filter
 RC filter
 Discrete transistor voltage regulation
 IC voltage regulations

1
Introduction
 Operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers,
regulators

120 Vrms

Transformer Rectifier Filter IC regulator Load

step down Vac Provide fullwave Vdc usually have ripples

(for desired dc ouput) (rectified voltage Regulates & less ripples
Initially filtered to & also remain Vdc
produce Vdc)

Introduction
 Voltage Regulator: automatically maintain a constant voltage level
 It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic
components
 It may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages
 With exception of shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators
operate by comparing the actual Vo to some internal fixed Vref
 If Vo is too low, regulation element is commanded to produce higher voltage
 If Vo is too high, regulation element is commanded to produce lower voltage
 Many just stop sourcing current and depend on current draw of whatever it is
driving to pull voltage back down. In this way, Vo is held roughly constant
 Control loop must be carefully designed to produce desired tradeoff between
stability and speed of response

2
Introduction
 Types of Regulators
– Electromechanical regulators
– Main regulators
– Coil rotation AC voltage
regulators
– AC/DC voltage stabilizers
– Active regulators
– Linear regulators
– Switching regulators
– Silicon control regulators (SCR)
– Combination (hybrid) regulators

Regulator block diagram

Control
Vin Element Vout

Vin Series Vout

regulator Reference Error Sensing
Voltage Detector Circuit

Essential elements
in voltage regulator

Voltage regulator High current

Variable voltage regulator With pass transistor regulated supply
6

3
Filter voltage regulation
 Filter circuit is necessary to provide a steadier Vdc
 Filtered output has DC value and some AC variation (ripple)
 Full wave rectified signal has less ripples than half wave

v
Filter output voltage

(Vripple)p-p

Vdc

0
t
V rms 
r r  100 %
V dc

Voltage regulation
 Two basic categories of voltage regulation are:
 Line regulation: maintains nearly constant Vo when Vi varies
 Load regulation: maintains nearly constant Vo when load varies

 Line regulation: is a measure of effectiveness of voltage regulator to

maintain output Vdc constant despite changes in Vs

 Voltage provided at output under no-load condition (no current drawn

from supply) is reduced when load current is drawn from supply (under
load). Amount of Vdc changes b/w no-load & load conditions

V out
Line _ regulation   100 %
V in
V NL  V FL
Load _ regulation   100 %
V FL

4
Ripple factor of rectified signal
 Rectified output is not filtered voltage, it nevertheless contains DC
components and ripple components
 Full wave rectified signal has larger DC components & less ripples than
the half wave rectified signal

Half wave rectified signal Full wave rectified signal

V dc  0 . 318 V m V dc  0 . 636 V m
Vr rms   0.385Vm Vr rms   0.308Vm
Vr rms  Vr rms
r  100%  121% r  100%  48%
Vdc Vdc

Rectifiers
 Rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC
to DC. A process called rectification Half wave rectifier
 Uses: Power supplies, detectors of radio signals
 Made of: Solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes
 A device which performs opposite function
(converting DC to AC) is called Inverter
 One diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking –ve
or +ve portion of waveform), difference b/w the
term diode and term rectifier is merely one of
usage
Full wave rectifier
 Rectifier describes a diode that is being used to
convert AC to DC
 Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes
in a specific arrangement

10

5
Capacitor filter
 Simple capacitor filter is basic type of power supply filter
 Uses
 Extremely high-voltage
 Low-current power supplies for cathode-ray/electron tubes, where
power-supply ripple frequency is not critical

Capacitor filter

AC input Rectifier DC load

Circuit (RL)

11

Capacitor filter +
Vm RL
-
+
Vm
-
vR
Full wave
rectified voltage Vm

0
t
+
Vm RL
-
+
Vm
-
Filtered output
vC
voltage
Vm
Filtered waveform is a Vdc with
some ripple (or AC variation)
0
t
12

6
Capacitor filter
Without RL output will be (ideally)
constant DC level equal in value to Vm
D1
vC
(Vr)p-p

Vm
C RL
D2
0
Vm Vdc t
T2

T/2
Ripple Voltage
I dc 2.4 I dc 2.4V dc V  V  I dc  V  4.17I dc
V r ( rms )    dc m
4 fC
m
C
4 3 fC C RL C

Filter Capacitor Ripple

Vr rms 2.4I dc 2.4
r 100%  100%  100%
Vdc CVdc RL C
13

Rectifiers

Full wave bridge

Unregulated linear supply

Dual voltage supply 14

7
Recitifiers

Unregulated linear supply Regulated linear supply

Switch mode power supply

15

Rectifiers

16

8
Rectifiers

17

RC Filter
 Purpose of added RC section is to pass most
of DC component to reduce AC component
R
 Full wave rectifier with capacitor filter,
followed by an RC filter section
Rectifier C1 C2 RL
output
 Operation of filter circuit can be analyzed
using superpostion for AC & DC component
of signal
Capacitor Additional Load
filter RC filter Vr(rms) Vr(rms)
Vdc Vdc

t t
+
Vm
-
R

120 Vdc C1 C2 RL

Full-wave
rectifier Filter Load
18

9
DC & AC equivalent circuit of RC filter
DC voltage level AC ripple voltage level
developed across C1 developed across C1

R R
Vr(rms)

Idc RL ‘
Vdc AC C2
‘
Vr(rms)
RL
Vdc

XC
Vr/ rms  Vr rms
RL
V dc/  V dc
R  RL R
Full wave rectifier X  1 . 3
AC ripple at120Hz C
C

19

LC π Filter
Vdc
Vr
L V ‘dc
V ‘r X C 2 RL  X C 2

XL  XC2 RL   XL
Rectifier
C1 C2 RL

RL
X C 2 RL 
1  RLC2 
2

RL
V '
dc  V dc V 'r
R  RL
'
r 
'
 100%
V ' dc
Vr
V 'r 
 LC 2
2

when
R '  L R '  R L

20

10
Discrete transistor voltage regulation
 Two types of transistor regulators
1. Series voltage regulator
2. Shunt voltage regulator
 Both provide DC regulated Vo (or)
 Maintain set value even Vi varies (or)
 If load connected to output changes

Vi Vo  If Vo increases, comparator
unregulated
Control
regulated
provides a control signal to
Element
input output cause control element to
Sampling decrease amount of Vo
Circuit
 If Vo decreases, comparator
Reference Comparator
Voltage circuit
provides a control signal to
cause control element to
increase amount of Vo
Series voltage regulator

21

Discrete transistor voltage regulation

Series regulators:
 Works by providing a path from Vs to load through a variable resistance
 Power dissipated by regulating device is equal to power supply output current
times the voltage drop in regulating device

Simple Dz regulator
Simple Series regulator

22

11
Zener Diode
 Zener diode allows current to flow not only from its anode to its cathode, but also
in reverse direction, when so-called "Zener voltage" is reached
 Zener diode have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes will also break
down with a reverse voltage
 Normal diodes are not designed to operate in breakdown region, but Zener
diodes can reliably operate in this region
 It id widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate
voltage across small circuits
 When it connected in parallel with a variable voltage source, it is reverse biased,
a Zener diode conducts when voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown
voltage. From that point on, the relatively low impedance of diode keeps the
voltage across the diode at that value

 In this circuit, UIN, is regulated down to a stable UOUT. The breakdown voltage of
diode D is stable over a wide current range and holds UOUT relatively constant
even though the UIN may fluctuate over a fairly wide range. Because of low
impedance of diode when operated like this, resistor R is used to limit current
through the circuit

23

Series regulator circuit

 Q1 is series control element & Dz provides Vref
 Operations:
1. If Vo decreases, VBE causes Q1 to conduct more and raising
Vo & maintaining Vo constant
2. If Vo increases, VBE causes Q1 to conduct less and reducing
Vo & maintaining Vo constant

Vi Vo
Q1
unregulated regulated
input R output

RL
Vz

24

12
Series regulator circuit
 R1, R2 act as sampling circuit, Dz provides Vref, Q2 controls IB
to Q1 to vary current passed by Q1 to maintain Vo constant
1. If Vo increase, the increased voltage by R1, R2 increase V2
which causes VBE of Q2 to go up
2. If Q2 conducts more current, less goes to Q1 and reduce Vo
Vi Q1 Vo
unregulated regulated V2  VBE 2  VZ
input R4 output
R2
V2  Vo
R1 R1  R2

R1  R2
- VZ +
RL Vo  VZ  VBE2 
Q2 R2

VBE
Improved R3 V2 R2
series regulator

25

Series regulator circuit

 Op-amp compares Dz Vref with Vf/b  One form of short-circuit or overload
sensing R1, R2 protection is current limiting

 If Vo varies, conduction of Q1 controlled  IL increases, V drops across short-

circuit sensing resistor Rsc increases
to maintain Vo constant
 When V drops across Rsc larger, it
drive Q2 & diverting I from Q1 and
reducing IL through Q1

Vi Vo IL
Q1
regulated Q1
unregulated Vi RSC Vo
input R3 output R3
R1
- - Q2

+ + R1 RL
VZ R2 VZ

Current limiting R2
 R  Op-amp series circuit
Vo  1  1 VZ
 R2  regulator
26

13
Shunt voltage regulation
Shunt regulator:
 Works by providing a path from Vs to ground through a variable resistance
 Current through shunt regulator is diverted away from load and flows to ground,
making this form even less efficient than series regulator

 Provides regulation by shunting current away from load to regulate Vo

 Some current pulled away by control element to maintain regulated Vo across load
 Some current is pulled away by control element to maintain regulated Vo across
load
 If VL tries to change due to change in load, sampling circuit provides f/b signal to
comparator which then provides control signal to vary amount of current shunted
away from load
ISH+IL Vo=VL
Vi RS ISH
Control IL
Control signal Sampling
Element Circuit RL

Reference Comparator
Voltage circuit Feedback
signal
27

Basic transistor shunt regulator

 Rs drops Vunreg by amount of current supplied to RL
 VL is set by Dz and Q1 VBE
 If RL decreases reduced drive current to base Q1 results
shunting less current
 Thus IL larger and maintain Vreg across load

RS
+

Vi VZ IC
unregulated IB RL
VL
supply
VBE _

Shunt regulator

VL  VZ  VBE

28

14
Improved shunt regulator
 Dz provides Vref so that V across R1 senses Vo
 As Vo tries to change, current shunted by Q1 is varied to
maintain Vo constant
 Q2 provides a larger IB to Q1 so that regulator handles
larger IL
RS
Vi Vo
unregulated regulated
input output

VZ

Q1
Q2

RL
Improved shunt VBE
regulator
R1

Vo  VL  VZ  VBE2  VBE1
29

Improved shunt regulator

Simpler shunt regulator Simpler pass regulator

Simpler regulator with gain

Simplifier linear voltage regulator IC

Example of 7805 IC

30

15
 Switching regulation
 Linear regulator is really nothing more
than variable resistor. Resistance of
regulator varies in accordance with load
resulting constant Vo. Capacitor filter
remove ripples
 Linear regulator does good job but not w/t
cost e.g, if Vo=12V & Vin=24V then we
must drop 12V. Io=10A causes 120W of
heat energy that regulator must dissipate
and η=50%
 Switching regulator is really nothing
more than a simple switch. This switch
goes ON/OFF at fixed rate b/w 50Khz-
100Khz set by circuit

 Time that switch remains closed during

each switch cycle is varied to maintain a
constant Vo. Capacitor is on output of
regulator and not input. Switching
regulator has η=80-95% & less heat
31
31

Switching regulation
 Used for efficient transfer of power to the load
 It passes V to load in pulses where then filtered to provide smooth Vdc

I/O Vdifference

+ IN OUT IL
Voltage
+
Unregulated Vi
regulator Regulated Vo
GND Load

- -
Vi range
ΔVo Load regulated
Line regulated

32

16
IC Voltage regulators
 Regulator IC unit have comparator amplifier, control unit, overload
protection in single IC
 IC units provide regulation of fixed +/- V or adjustably set V
 Power supply can be built using transformer connected to AC supply
line to step VAC to desired amplitude then rectify VDC using IC regulator
 Types of IC Voltage regulator
1. Three terminal (3T) voltage regulators
2. Fixed positive voltage regulators
3. Fixed negative voltage regulators
4. Adjustable voltage regulators

33

Fixed positive voltage regulators

 Has unregulated Vdc applied to input terminal, a regulated Vo from
2T with 3T to ground
 Vi vary to maintain a regulated Vo over a range of IL

I/O Vdifference

+ IN OUT IL
Voltage
+
Unregulated Vi
regulator Regulated Vo
GND Load

- -
Vi range
ΔVo Load regulated
3-T voltage regulator Line regulated

34

17
Fixed positive voltage regulators
 Voltage range from 5-24V (according to manufacturers)
 Unregulated Vi is filtered by C1 and connected to IC’s IN terminal
 IC’s OUT terminal provides regulated +12V which is filtered by C2
 3rd terminal connected to gnd

+ IN OUT
+
Vi C1 7812 C2 Vo
- GND -

Electrical characteristics

35
35

Fixed positive voltage regulators

 7812 IC along with complete Vs
 AC line voltage (120Vrms) is stepped down to 18Vrms across each half of centre-tapped
transformer
 Full wave rectifier & capacitor filter then provides an unregulated Vdc about 22V with AC
ripple of few volts as input of regulator
 7812 IC then provides an output that is a regulated +12Vdc

IN OUT +
D1

C1 7812 C2
Vo

-
GND

D2

36

18
Fixed negative voltage regulator
 Series of 7900 ICs provide –ve voltage regulator, similar to +ve voltage

37

Adjustable voltage regulators

 Voltage regulators also available that allows user to set Vo to desired regulated value
 LM 317 can operate Vo regulated at any setting from 1.2-37V
 R1, R2 set output to any desired Vo from 1.2-37V

+ IN OUT
+
I1
LM 317
Vref R1
GND
Vi Vo

IADJ
R2

- -

 R 
Vo  Vref 1  2   I adj R 2
 R1 

38

19
Power supply sequencing
 Simple method: set different time constants for each enable pin
 Alternatively: use a µC to manage startup sequence
 For complex digital system, use dedicated supply sequences

39

Power supplies-complete picture

40

20