Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This project describes about to build a wireless smart healthcare monitoring system. Remote
monitoring is seen as an effective method of providing immediate care as it allows for
continuous as well as emergency transmission of patient information to the doctor or
healthcare providers. Remote patient monitoring will not only redefine hospital care but also
work, home, and recreational activities. These new technologies enable us to monitor patients
on a regular basis, replacing the need to frequently visit the local doctor for a recurring
illness. Recent report says chronic diseases are the leading cause of deaths in India. People
who have suffered from chronic diseases are monitored their vital signs continuously. Vital
signs include the measurement of temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure and blood oxygen
saturation. It provides information about a patient's state of health. They can identify the
existence of any medical problem, illness and person’s body physiological stress. In hospitals
both in ICU ward and general ward nurses take care of chronic disease patients. In home also,
we can monitor vital signs of a patients with the help of nurses. These are the normal way of
monitoring vital signs. Normally elder people are suffered a lot from chronic disease. They
cannot go to hospital regularly and also hospitalization cost also increases. In hospital, the
nurse’s ratio is low compared to patients. Sometimes nurses have missed to take vital signs
data of patients. With the lack of vital sign monitoring, patient undergoes many problems.
For checking the vital signs data to be healthy or unhealthy, we need nurse or doctor advice
and again cost is increased. Advances in sensor and connectivity technology are allowing
devices to collect, record and analyse data. In healthcare, able to collect patient data over
long time that can be used to help enable preventive care, allow early diagnosis of diseases.
IoT related healthcare systems are based on the Internet of Things as a network of devices
that connect directly with each other to capture and share vital data through a wireless
communication and store the data in server. And also it provide facility to access the
information through our mobile phone using Bluetooth. IOT systems are making to reduce

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costs and improve health by increasing the availability and quality of care. In recent years, many
e-Health systems developed and they are providing the remote monitoring of the patient.In the
health management system designed an integrated patient monitoring device with low cost
and this way of technology is mainly used to continuously monitor the patient health
condition, for effectively and accurately measuring the patient physiological parameter such
as temperature, and pulse rate of the patient. Recent years have seen a rising interest in
wearable sensors and today several devices are commercially available for personal health
care, fitness, and activity awareness. IoT related healthcare is based on IoT as a network of
devices that connect directly with each other to capture and share vital data. It combines
sensors, microcontrollers and gateways where sensor data is further analysed. Data mining
techniques are used to find the healthy and unhealthy vital signs data using classification
model without nurse help. Chronic Disease monitoring system captured vital signs data via
medical sensors, data mining algorithms to analyse the data and medical professionals can
wirelessly access the information and make diagnoses and treatment recommendations based
on the data. These applications generate huge amount of data. This vital data from the sensor
is mined through data mining techniques and from this model patient automatically know the
vital signs data be healthy or unhealthy.

1.2 Existing method

The patient’s physical parameters & movement status is continuously sent to hospital centre
through Wi-Fi module. The monitoring centre receives the information from each patient and
transmits it through microcontroller. The data from patient can be displayed as graph or
numeric on monitor if it is necessary. The doctor can diagnose the patient according to
continuously recorded data, a sensor electronics module permits the acquisition of different
physiological parameters and their online transmission to the handheld portable device
connected to the processor. The sensor electronics module constitutes a wireless personal
area network. Thus Arduino/NodeMCU has low power consumption, low cost , small size,
free frequency etc. so that real time monitoring is possible & patient can be treated on time
with the system & is helpful in worst condition . Nowadays, a monitor can move with the
patient from the operating room to an intensive care unit, to the hospital room, and even into
their home. This is paramount in today’s world of health care. The most important features in
today’s patient monitors are mobility, ease of use, and effortless patient data transfer.

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1.3 Problem Statement

In early decades the situation was like large numbers of patients and limited availability of
doctors ,large size medical instruments in special care units like ICU’S so that one nurse or
doctor is essential to attend each patient in different wards. So the patient could not be
continuously monitored so following problem formulation is evolved as follows:- The
traditional medical test instruments in large sizes. Patient couldn’t be found in time & helped
in time. Time consuming patient monitoring Human attention is required for each patient.
Limited availability of medical instruments. Continuous monitoring was not possible. Most
of the patient died due to lack of experts & machines. The purpose of this study was to find
out the needs of medical doctors concerning wireless patient monitoring.

1.4 Scope of the Project

1.4.1 System Architecture

Temperature sensor and heart rate sensor are used to sense the patients’ health condition.
Sensors are connected to the NodeMCU microcontroller which controls the signals. If there is
a change in the body temperature and heart beat, the buzzer alerts the nearby people. As soon
as the buzzer rings, the message will send to the corresponding doctor.

The sensed data are sent to the cloud (i.e.) ThingSpeak. It is an open source to store and
retrieve and the data are been stored in a publically. The data are represented in the form of
graph or excel sheet. The doctor can view the information of the patient at anytime and
anywhere using Virtuino Simulator. This Simulator is in-build app in play store. By using the
IP address of ThingSpeak channel the doctor can view the current condition of the patient. In
this app, it shows the recent temperature and heart beat status of the respective patients.
Finally the doctor can view the patients’ details at anytime and anywhere using the Virtuino
simulator and ThingSpeak.

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 Fig 1.1 System Architecture

1.4.2 NodeMCU

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266
Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The
term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. The
firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on the
Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266.

Fig. 1.2 (a) NodeMCU

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 Fig. 1.2 (b) NodeMCU Architecture

1.4.3 Heart rate sensor

Heart rate is a very vital health parameter that is directly related to the soundness of the human
cardiovascular system. While the heart is beating, it is actually pumping blood throughout the
body, and that makes the blood volume inside the finger artery to change too. This fluctuation of
blood can be detected through an optical sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip.

The average heartbeat per minute for 25-year old ranges between 140-170 bpm while for a
60-year old it is around between 115-140 bpm.

ALGORITHM

1. Collect the heart rate from the patient.

2. Check the conditions if((millis() - oldTime) > 1000) beat=beatCount*60; oldTime =

millis(); beatCount=0;

3. Increment the count value

4. Finally the value is displayed in the serial monitor.

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 Fig. 1.3 Heart rate sensor

1.4.4 Temperature sensor

Temperature sensor is a device which senses variations in temperature across it. LM35 is a
basic temperature sensor that can be used for experimental purpose. It give the readings in
centigrade (degree Celsius) and Fahrenheit.

The average body temperature is 37degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit.

ALGORITHM

1. Collect body temperature as degree Celsius or degree of Fahrenheit.

2. Convert voltage -> Celsius

3. Temp=(output voltage / 1024 ) * 5000

4. Cel=Temp / 10

5. Finally display the output in the form of ‘C.

Fig. 1.4 Temperature sensor

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CHAPTER-2

Embedded Systems and Software tool-Arduino IDE

2.1 Introduction of Embedded Systems

The microprocessor-based system is built for controlling a function or range of functions and
is not designed to be programmed by the end user in the same way a PC is defined as an
embedded system. An embedded system is designed to perform one particular task albeit
with different choices and options.
Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers or digital signal
processors. Microcontrollers are generally known as "chip", which may itself be packaged
with other microcontrollers in a hybrid system of Application Specific Integrated Circuit
(ASIC). In general, input always comes from a detector or sensors in more specific word and
meanwhile the output goes to the activator which may start or stop the operation of the
machine or the operating system.
An embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software, each embedded
system is unique and the hardware is highly specialized in the application domain. Hardware
consists of processors, microcontroller, IR sensors etc. On the other hand, Software is just
like a brain of the whole embedded system as this consists of the programming languages
used which makes hardware work. As a result, embedded systems programming can be a
widely varying experience.
An embedded system is combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed
incapability or programmable, that is specifically designed for particular kind of application
device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, vending machines and toys (as
well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an
embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a
programming interface, and embedded systems programming id specialized occupation.

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 Fig 2.1 Classification of embedded system

Fig 2.1 illustrate the Block diagram of Embedded System (ES consists of hardware and
software part which again consists of programming language and physical peripherals
respectively).
On the other hand, the microcontroller is a single silicon chip consisting of all input, output
and peripherals on it. A single microcontroller has the following features:

1. Arithmetic and logic unit

2. Memory for storing program
3. EEPROM for non-volatile and special function registers
4. Input/output ports
5. Analog to digital converter
6. Circuits
7. Serial communication ports

2.2 Introduction of Arduino:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,

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artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it
reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and
challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications,
wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely
open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to
their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.

Hardware Specifications:
 Microcontroller: ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: 5V

 Input Voltage (recommended):7-12V

 Input Voltage (limits): 6- 20V

 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 Analog Input Pins: 6

 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 Ma

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328)

 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)

 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Board Types:
Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different microcontrollers used.
However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common: they are programmed through the
Arduino IDE. The differences are based on the number of inputs and outputs (the number of
sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use on a single board), speed, operating voltage, form
factor etc. Some boards are designed to be embedded and have no programming interface

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(hardware), which you would need to buy separately. Some can run directly from a 3.7V
battery, others need at least 5V.

Here is a list of different Arduino boards available.

Board Operatin Clock Digital Analog PWM UART Programming

Name g Volt Speed i/o Inputs Interface

Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via

Uno R3 ATMega16U2
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via
Uno R3 ATMega16U2
SMD
Red 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 USB via FTDI
Board
Arduino 3.3V 8 8 MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Pro Compatible
3.3v/8 Header
MHz
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Pro Compatible
5V/16M Header
Hz
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 8 6 1 FTDI
mini 05 Compatible
Header
Arduino 3.3V 8MHz 14 8 6 1 FTDI
Pro mini Compatible
3.3v/8mh Header
z
Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 8 6 1 FTDI
Pro mini Compatible
5v/16mhz Header

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 Arduino 5V 16MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Ethernet Compatible
Header
Arduino 3.3V 8MHz 14 8 6 1 FTDI
Fio Compatible
Header
LilyPad 3.3V 8MHz 14 6 6 1 FTDI
Arduino Compatible
328 main Header
board
LilyPad 3.3V 8MHz 9 4 5 0 FTDI
Arduino Compatible
simply Header
board
Table 2.1 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller
2.3 Arduino board Description:
We will learn about the different components on the Arduino board. We will study the
Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board family. In
addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit
different from the one given below, but most Arduino’s have majority of these components in
common.

Fig 2.2 Arduino UNO board

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1. Power USB:
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to
do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).
2. Power (Barrel Jack):
Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack (2).
3. Voltage Regulator:
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
4. Crystal Oscillator:
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the
Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz
5, 17. Arduino Reset:
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset
the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you
can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labeled RESET (5).
6, 7, 8, 9. Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin):
 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 output volt

 5V (7): Supply 5 output volt

 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

 GND (8)(Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used
to ground your circuit.

 Vin (9): This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.
10. Analog pins:
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
11. Main microcontroller:

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Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to
board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC
your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you
can refer to the data sheet.
12. ICSP pin:
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of
MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually,
you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
13. Power LED indicator:
This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that
your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is something
wrong with the connection.

14. TX and RX LEDs:

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two
places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins
responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes
with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.
15. Digital I / O:
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The
pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
16. AREF:
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

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2.4 Arduino Installation:
After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how to
set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the
Arduino board. In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on
our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.
Step 1:
First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a USB
cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or
Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would
connect to a USB printer as shown in the following image.

Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino
Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating
system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.

Fig 2.2 (a) Download Arduino IDE Software

Step 3: Power up your board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from
either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you are using an
Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from
the USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that
fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two
pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB
cable. The green power LED (labeled PWR) should glow.

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Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside the
folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe). Double-click
the icon to start the IDE.

Fig 2.2 (b) Launch Arduino IDE

Step 5: Open your first project.
Once the software starts, you have two options:
 Create a new project.

 Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File --> New.

Fig 2.2 (c) Open your first project

To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.

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 Fig 2.2 (d) Open example project
Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and
off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.
Step 6: Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct
Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer. Go to Tools
-> Board and select your board

Fig 2.2 (e) Select your Arduino board

Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you must select the
name matching the board that you are using.
Step 7: Select your serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Serial Port menu. This is likely
to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To

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find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that
disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port

Fig 2.2 (f) Select your serial port

Step 8: Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds; you will see
the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading" will appear in the status bar.

Fig 2.2 (g) Upload the program to your board

Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you need to press the reset button
physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on the Arduino
Software.

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CHAPTER-3
PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 Block Diagram

ECG SENSOR LCD DISPLAY

HEART BEAT
ARDUINO UNO ALARM
SENSOR

BODY
GPRS MODULE
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram

3.2 Block Description

3.2.1 Power Supply
Introduction:
Almost all basic household electronic circuits need an unregulated AC to be converted to
constant DC, in order to operate the electronic device. All devices will have a certain power
supply limit and the electronic circuits inside these devices must be able to supply a constant
DC voltage within this limit. That is, all the active and passive electronic devices will have a
certain DC operating point (Q-point or Quiescent point), and this point must be achieved by
the source of DC power. The DC power supply is practically converted to each and every
stage in an electronic system. Thus a common requirement for all this phases will be the DC
power supply. All low power system can be run with a battery. But, for long time operating
devices, batteries could prove to be costly and complicated. The best method used is in the
form of an unregulated power supply a combination of a transformer, rectifier and a filter.
The diagram is shown below.

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An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage
from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to
produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage,
followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to
filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage
component at mains or twice mains power frequency (depending upon whether half- or full-
wave rectification is used)—ripple—is unavoidably superimposed on the direct output
voltage. For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest
unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a
single diode in series with a resistor. Before the introduction of solid-state electronics,
equipment used valves (vacuum tubes) which required high voltages; power supplies used
step-up transformers, rectifiers, and filters to generate one or more direct voltages of some
hundreds of volts, and a low alternating voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced
equipment used expensive and bulky regulated power supplies.

Fig 3.2 Block diagram of Power supply

Transformer:

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between
its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux
in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in microphones to
units weighing hundreds of tons interconnecting the power grid. A wide range of transformer
designs are used in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers are essential for
the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

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 Fig 3.2 (a)Transformer

Rectifier:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube
diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, solid-state diodes, silicon-
controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even
synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers,
called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead
sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectifiers have many uses,
but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct
current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate
direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as
rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. The
simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and
currents (although still unidirectional). Depending upon the type of end-use, this type of DC
current may then be further modified into the type of relatively constant voltage DC
characteristically produced by such sources as batteries and solar cells. A more complex
circuitry device which performs the opposite function, converting DC to AC, is known as an
inverter.

• Single-phase rectifiers

• Half-wave rectification

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• Full-wave rectification

Filter

Fig 3.2 (b) Filter circuit

Filter Capacitor:

Filter capacitors are capacitors used for filtering of undesirable frequencies. They are
common in electrical and electronic equipment, and cover a number of applications, such as:

 Glitch removal on Direct current (DC) power rails


 Radio frequency interference (RFI) removal for signal or power lines entering or
leaving equipment

 Capacitors used after a voltage regulator to further smooth dc power supplies

 Capacitors used in audio, intermediate frequency (IF) or radio frequency (RF)
frequency filters (e.g. low pass, high pass, notch, etc.)

 Arc suppression, such as across the contact breaker or 'points' in a spark-ignition engine

Filter capacitors are not the same as reservoir capacitors, the tasks the two perform are
different, albeit related The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply
filter. The application of the simple capacitor filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on
extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for cathode-ray and similar electron
tubes, which require very little load current from the supply. The capacitor filter is also used
where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical; this frequency can be relatively high.
The capacitor (C1) is a simple filter connected across the output of the rectifier in parallel
with the load.

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 Fig 3.3 (c) Capacitor

Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistor as
a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across
the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law, where I is the current
through the conductor in units of amperes V is the potential difference measured across the
conductor in units of volts and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohm .The ratio
of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is
called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for
ordinary resistors working within their ratings. Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and
printed circuits. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are
mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not
normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a
particular technology.

Fig 3.2 (d) Resistor

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Voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage

regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Electronic voltage
regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC
voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central
power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an
electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or
along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much
power is drawn from the line.

Fig 3.2 (f) Voltage Regulator

3.2.2 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

Introduction:

The DS18B20 Digital Thermometer provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable) temperature readings

which indicate the temperature of the device. Information is sent to/from the DS18B20 over a 1-
Wire interface, so that only one wire (and ground) needs to be connected from a central
microprocessor to a DS18B20. Power for reading, writing, and performing temperature
conversions can be derived from the data line itself with no need for an external power source.
Because each DS18B20 contains a unique silicon serial number, multiple DS18B20s can exist

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on the same 1-Wire bus. This allows for placing temperature sensors in many different places.
Applications where this feature is useful include HVAC environmental controls, sensing
temperatures inside buildings, equipment or machinery, and process monitoring and control.

Fig 3.3 (a) DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

Pin Assignment:

Fig 3.3 (b) Pin diagram of Temperature sensor

Pin Description:
GND - Ground
DQ - Data In/Out
VDD - Power supply voltage
NC - No connect

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 Table 3.1 Pin description of Temperature sensor

DS18B20 Block Diagram:

Fig 3.3 (c) Block diagram of Temperature

The block diagram of Figure shows the major components of the DS18B20. The
DS18B20 has four main data components:
1) 64-bit layered ROM
2) temperature sensor
3) nonvolatile temperature alarm triggers TH and TL
4) a configuration register.
The device derives its power from the 1-Wire communication line by storing energy on
an internal capacitor during periods of time when the signal line is high and continues to operate

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off this power source during the low times of the 1-Wire line until it returns high to replenish
the parasite (capacitor) supply.

As an alternative, the DS18B20 may also be powered from an external 3 volt - 5.5 volt
supply. Communication to the DS18B20 is via a 1-Wire port. With the 1-Wire port, the
memory and control functions will not be available before the ROM function protocol has
been established. The master must first provide one of five ROM function commands: 1)
Read ROM, 2) Match ROM, 3) Search ROM, 4) Skip ROM, or 5) Alarm Search.

These commands operate on the 64-bit layered ROM portion of each device and can single
out a specific device if many are present on the 1-Wire line as well as indicate to the bus
master how many and what types of devices are present. After a ROM function sequence has
been successfully executed, the memory and control functions are accessible and the master
may then provide any one of the six memory and control function commands.

One control function command instructs the DS18B20 to perform a temperature

measurement. The result of this measurement will be placed in the DS18B20’s scratch-pad
memory, and may be read by issuing a memory function command which reads the contents
of the scratchpad memory. The temperature alarm triggers TH and TL consist of 1 byte
EEPROM each. If the alarm search command is not applied to the DS18B20, these registers
may be used as general purpose user memory.

The scratchpad also contains a configuration byte to set the desired resolution of the
temperature to digital conversion. Writing TH, TL, and the configuration byte is done using a
memory function command. Read access to these registers is through the scratchpad. All data
is read and written least significant bit first.

3.2.3 Pulse Sensor

Introduction:
Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used
by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily
incorporate live heart rate data into their projects. The sensor clips onto a fingertip or
earlobe and plugs right into Arduino. It also includes an open-source monitoring app that
graphs your pulse in real time.

The Pulse Sensor that we make is essentially a photo plethysmograph, which is a well known
medical device used for non-invasive heart rate monitoring. Sometimes,

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photoplethysmographs measure blood-oxygen levels (SpO2), sometimes they don't. The heart
pulse signal that comes out of a photoplethysmograph is an analog fluctuation in voltage, and
it has a predictable wave shape as shown in figure 4.10. Our latest hardware version, Pulse
Sensor Amped, amplifies the raw signal of the previous Pulse Sensor, and normalizes the
pulse wave around V/2 (midpoint in voltage).

Fig. 3.4 (a) Pulse Sensor

Pulse Sensor Amped responds to relative changes in light intensity. If the amount of light
incident on the sensor remains constant, the signal value will remain at (or close to) 512
(midpoint of ADC range). More light and the signal goes up. Less light, the opposite. Light
from the green LED that is reflected back to the sensor changes during each pulse

Fig 3.4 (b) Pulse signal

Our goal is to find successive moments of instantaneous heart beat and measure the time
between, called the Inter Beat Interval (IBI). By following the predictable shape and pattern
of the PPG wave, we are able to do just that.

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Now, we're not heart researchers, but we play them on this blog. We're basing this page on
Other People's Research that seem reasonable to us (references below). When the heart
pumps blood through the body, with every beat there is a pulse wave (kind of like a shock
wave) that travels along all arteries to the very extremities of capillary tissue where the Pulse
Sensor is attached. Actual blood circulates in the body much slower than the pulse wave
travels. Let's follow events as they progress from point 'T' on the PPG below. A rapid upward
rise in signal value occurs as the pulse wave passes under the sensor, then the signal falls
back down toward the normal point. Sometimes, the dicroic notch (downward spike) is more
pronounced than others, but generally the signal settles down to background noise before the
next pulse wave washes through. Since the wave is repeating and predictable, we could
choose almost any recognizable feature as a reference point, say the peak, and measure the
heart rate by doing math on the time between each peak.

This, however, can run into false readings from the dicroic notch, if present, and may be
susceptible to inaccuracy from baseline noise as well.There are other good reasons not to
base the beat-finding algorithm on arbitrary wave phenomena. Ideally, we want to find the
instantaneous moment of the heart beat. This is important for accurate BPM calculation,
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) studies, and Pulse Transit Time (PTT) measurement. And it is
a worthy challenge! People Smarter than us (note1) argue that the instantaneous moment of
heart beat happens at some point during that fast upward rise in the PPG waveform

Fig 3.4 (c) Pulse sensor output signal

Some heart researchers say it's when the signal gets to 25% of the amplitude, some say when
it's 50% of the amplitude, and some say it's the point when the slope is steepest during the
upward rise event. This version 1.1 of Pulse Sensor code is designed to measure the IBI by
timing between moments when the signal crosses 50% of the wave amplitude during that fast
upward rise. The BPM is derived every beat from an average of the previous 10 IBI times.

First off, it's important to have a regular sample rate with high enough resolution to get reliable
measurement of the timing between each beat. To do this, we set up Timer2, an 8 bit hardware

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timer on the ATmega328 (UNO), so that it throws an interrupt every other millisecond. That
gives us a sample rate of 500Hz and beat-to-beat timing resolution of 2mS (note2). This will
disable PWM output on pin 3 and 11. Also, it will disable the tone() command. This code
works with Arduino UNO or Arduino PRO or Arduino Pro Mini 5V or any Arduino running
with an ATmega328 and 16MHz clock.

The Pulse Sensor Kit includes:

 1) A 24-inch Color-Coded Cable, with (male) header connectors. You'll find this
makes it easy to embed the sensor into your project, and connect to an Arduino. No
soldering is required.

 2) An Ear Clip, perfectly sized to the sensor. We searched many places to find just the
right clip. It can be hot glued to the back of the sensor and easily worn on the earlobe.

 3) 2 Velcro Dots. These are 'hook' side and are also perfectly sized to the sensor. You'll
find these Velcro dots very useful if you want to make a Velcro (or fabric) strap to wrap
around a finger tip. 4) Velcro strap to wrap the Pulse Sensor around your finger.

 4) 3 Transparent Stickers. These are used on the front of the Pulse Sensor to protect it
from oily fingers and sweaty earlobes.

 5) The Pulse Sensor has 3 holes around the outside edge which make it easy to sew it
into almost anything.

Fig 3.4 (d) Pulse sensor kit

Taking your pulse is as simple as holding a finger to your neck or wrist and timing the beats with
your watch. But if you want to record the data or use it to trigger events, you need to turn

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that mechanical pulsing action into an electrical signal. This pulse sensor fits over a fingertip
and uses the amount of infrared light reflected by the blood circulating inside to do just that.

Fig 3.4 (e) Schematic with symbolic op-amp representation.

The sensor itself consists of an infrared emitter and detector mounted side-by-side and
pressed closely against the skin. When the heart pumps, blood pressure rises sharply, and so
does the amount of infrared light from the emitter that gets reflected back to the detector. The
detector passes more current when it receives more light, which in turn causes a voltage drop
to enter the amplifier circuitry. This design uses two consecutive operational amplifiers (“op-
amps”) to establish a steady baseline for the signal, emphasize the peaks, and filter out noise.
Both op-amps are contained in a single integrated circuit (IC or “chip”), and hooking them up
is really just a matter of interconnecting the pins correctly.

Fig 3.4 (f) Schematic with symbolic LM324 representation.

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The two op-amps output a clean but weak signal which is amplified by the transistor before
output. The complete pulse sensor is a three-wire device that runs on 5V and outputs signal
on the white wire. You can visualize and/or record this signal in a number of ways, but we’ve
chosen to connect to a personal computer through Arduino, mostly because of the ease of
integrating Processing, which in turn is very handy for visualization.

3.2.4 ThingSpeak for IoT

Introduction:
According to its developers, "ThingSpeak is an open source Internet of Things (IOT)
application and API to store and retrieve data from things using the HTTP protocol over the
Internet or via a Local Area Network. ThingSpeak enables the creation of sensor logging
applications, location tracking applications, and a social network of things with status
updates". ThingSpeak was originally launched by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of
IOT applications. ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software
MATLAB from MathWorks, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded
data using Matlab without requiring the purchase of a Matlab license from Mathworks.

ThingSpeak has a close relationship with Mathworks, Inc. In fact, all of the ThingSpeak
documentation is incorporated into the Mathworks Matlab documentation site and even
enabling registered Mathworks user accounts as valid login credentials on the ThingSpeak
website. The terms of service and privacy policy of ThingSpeak.com are between the
agreeing user and Mathworks, Inc. ThingSpeak is an IOT analytics platform service that
allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak
provides instant visualizations of data posted by your devices to ThingSpeak. With the ability
to execute MATLAB® code in ThingSpeak you can perform online analysis and processing
of the data as it comes in. ThingSpeak is often used for prototyping and proof of concept IOT
systems that require analytics.

What is IOT?

Internet of Things (IoT) describes an emerging trend where a large number of embedded
devices (things) are connected to the Internet. These connected devices communicate with
people and other things and often provide sensor data to cloud storage and cloud computing

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resources where the data is processed and analyzed to gain important insights. Cheap cloud
computing power and increased device connectivity is enabling this trend.

IoT solutions are built for many vertical applications such as environmental monitoring and
control, health monitoring, vehicle fleet monitoring, industrial monitoring and control, and
home automation.

At a high level, many IoT systems can be described using the diagram below:

Fig 3.5 Internet of Things

On the left, we have the smart devices (the “things” in IOT) that live at the edge of the network.
These devices collect data and include things like wearable devices, wireless temperatures
sensors, heart rate monitors, and hydraulic pressure sensors, and machines on the factory floor. In
the middle, we have the cloud where data from many sources is aggregated and analyzed in real
time, often by an IOT analytics platform designed for this purpose.

The right side of the diagram depicts the algorithm development associated with the IOT
application. Here an engineer or data scientist tries to gain insight into the collected data by
performing historical analysis on the data. In this case, the data is pulled from the IoT
platform into a desktop software environment to enable the engineer or scientist to prototype
algorithms that may eventually execute in the cloud or on the smart device itself. An IOT
system includes all these elements. ThingSpeak fits in the cloud part of the diagram and
provides a platform to quickly collect and analyze data from internet connected sensors.

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ThingSpeak is a platform providing various services exclusively targeted for building IoT
applications. It offers the capabilities of real-time data collection, visualizing the collected data in
the form of charts, ability to create plugins and apps for collaborating with web services, social
network and other APIs. We will consider each of these features in detail below.

The core element of ThingSpeak is a ‘ThingSpeak Channel’. A channel stores the data that
we send to ThingSpeak and comprises of the below elements:

 8 fields for storing data of any type - These can be used to store the data from a sensor or
from an embedded device.

 3 location fields - Can be used to store the latitude, longitude and the elevation. These are
very useful for tracking a moving device.

 1 status field - A short message to describe the data stored in the channel.


To use ThingSpeak, we need to signup and create a channel. Once we have a channel, we
can send the data, allow ThingSpeak to process it and also retrieve the same.

ThingSpeak Key Features:

ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud.
Some of the key capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to:

 Easily configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular IOT protocols.

 Visualize your sensor data in real-time.

 Aggregate data on-demand from third-party sources.

 Use the power of MATLAB to make sense of your IOT data.

 Run your IoT analytics automatically based on schedules or events.

 Prototype and build IoT systems without setting up servers or developing web
software.

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Chapter 4
Project Outlook and Outputs

4.1 Project Working and Outlooks

4.1.1 Working

Fig. 5.1 Circuit Diagram

 Pulse sensor is connected to Finger tip or Ear lobe as pulse can be detected easily
from there. The pulse sensor emits and detects the light rays into the ear or finger and
calculates the pulse rate. The output analog pulse rate is connected to the A0 analog
input pin of the NODE MCU. The input connected to the NODE MCU is converted
into digital form.

 The Temperature sensor is attached to the body part of the patient and the temperature
sensor senses the body temperature and converts into digital form. The temperature
sensor is connected to the D3 the digital input pin of the NODE MCU.

 NODE MCU connected to internet with built in WIFI module updates the sensor
output values to the THINGSPEAK server.

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4.1.2 Project Outlooks

Fig 5.2 Project Outlook

4.2 Projects Outputs

4.2.1 Temperature Reading

Fig 5.3 Temperature Reading

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 Temperature Causes

<25 'C Low

>42'C High

37'C Normal

Table. 4.1: Temperature data

Table 5.1 shows the condition of the human body temperature. If the temperature level
increases above 42'C or decreases below 25'C, buzzer alerts the nearby person and message
send to the doctor’s concern mobile phone.

4.2.2 Heart Beat Reading

Fig 5.4 Heart Beat Reading

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 Heart Beat Causes

<60 bpm Low

>120 bpm High

60-120 bpm Normal

Table. 4.2: Heart Beat Data

Table 4.2 shows the condition of the patients' heart beat. If the heart beat level increases
above 120 BPM or decreases below 60 BPM, buzzer alerts the nearby person and message
send to the doctor’s concern mobile phone.

4.3 Advantages


IOT Monitoring proves really helpful when we need to monitor & record and keep
track of changes in the health parameters of the patient over the period of time. So
with the IOT health monitoring, we can have the database of these changes in the
health parameters. Doctors can take the reference of these changes or the history of
 
the patient while suggesting the treatment or the medicines to the patient.
 
 Hospital stays are minimized due to Remote Patient Monitoring.
 
Hospital visits for normal routine checkups are minimized.


Patient health parameter data is stored over the cloud. So it is more beneficial than
maintaining the records on printed papers kept in the files. Or even the digital records
which are kept in a particular computer or laptop or memory device like pen- drive.
Because there are chances that these devices can get corrupt and data might be lost.
Whereas, in case of IOT, the cloud storage is more reliable and does have minimal

chances of data loss.

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Chapter 5

Conclusions and Future Scopes

5.1 Conclusions

Monitoring your beloved ones becomes a difficult task in the modern day life. Keeping track
of the health status of the patient at home is a difficult task. Specially old age patients should
be periodically monitored and their loved ones need to be informed about their health status
from time to time while at work. So, a system with an innovative system that automated this
task with ease. This system puts forward a smart patient health monitoring system that uses
sensors to track patient health and uses internet to inform their loved ones in case of any
issues. Our system uses temperature as well as heartbeat sensing to keep track of patient
health. The sensors are connected to a NodeMCU to track the status which is in turn
interfaced to a Wi-Fi module connection in order to transmit alerts.

If system detects any abrupt changes in patient heartbeat or body temperature, the system
automatically alerts the user about the patients status over IOT and also shows details of
heartbeat and temperature of patient live over the internet. The sensors to cloud system with
Internet of Things (IoT) concept experimentally tested for monitoring three parameters. It
also sent the sensor parameters to the cloud (Thing speak). This data will be helpful for future
analysis and it can be easily shared to other end users. Then the collected data and analysis
results will be available to the end user through the Wi-Fi. Thus IOT based patient health
monitoring system effectively uses internet to monitor patient health stats and save lives on
time.











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5.2 Future Scopes

A GPS module in IOT patient monitoring can be added. This GPS module will find
out the position or the location of the patient using the longitude and latitude received.
Then it will send this location to the cloud that is the IOT using the Wi-Fi module.
Then doctors can find out the position of the patient in case they have to take some

preventive action.Generate email alert system by ThingSpeak.
 
The bigdata will be collect from the system and push into the ThingSpeak.


The project will be show in Virtuino, which is an Android app for monitoring sensors
or control electrical devices via Bluetooth, local Wi-Fi or Internet. In this Simulator,
doctor can check the current heart beat and temperature value for the patient. It can be

viewed through the doctor's mobile phone by using the IP address.

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References


Natarajan.K. (2016). Smart Health Care System Using Internet of Things, Journal of
Network Communications
 and Emerging Technologies (JNCET) Volume 6, Issue 3,
 ISSN: 2395-5317.

 Saraswathi, S. Amutha. (2016). “IoT Based
 Wireless Healthcare Monitoring, IJETST-
Vol.03., Issue 05May ISSN 2348-9480.
 
 Shivam Gupta, Shivam Kashaudhan, Devesh Chandra Pandey, Prakhar Pratap Singh

 Gour, “IOT based Patient Health Monitoring System”, IRJET, Volume: 04, Issue: 03,

 Mar-2017, e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072.
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 Heart Rate and Temperature Monitor”, International Journal of Computer Applications
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 No. 9.
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