1.

2 CODES AND STANDARDS

Except where modified by this specification, all piling works shall comply with the following
codes and standards or their later revisions.

 BS 5930 : 1981 - Code of Practice for Site Investigation

 Specification for Piling - The Institute of Civil Engineers, London(1988)
 BS 8110 : 1985 - Structural Use of Concrete
 BS 8004: 1986 - Foundations
 AS 2159: 1995 - Piling – Design and Installation (Australian Standard)
 ASTM C1240 ( 95 ) - Silica Fume
 DIN 1048 - Water Permeability Test
 ASTM C – 1202 - Chloride Penetration Test
 ICTAD/DEV/16 - Specification for bored and cast In-situ reinforced concrete piles
 Specification for fine aggregate for concrete and mortar SLS 1397:2010
 Steel testing code BS 4449.
 BS 1881 & SLS 1144 for testing of concrete.
 Mix design code BRI/ACI
 Standards for Pile testing.

In case of any conflict, the most stringent requirements stipulated in these codes and standards shall
govern.

1.3 SURVEY CONTROL

A Licensed surveyor or Qualified Engineer, experienced in precise setting out of piling works shall set
out all control work under the contract.
The Contractor shall submit three copies of all surveys as they are completed, and the as built drawings
of the pile installation. The drawings shall indicate the pile identification and the location of the all
piles.
The Contractor shall engage and pay all fees for the services of the licensed surveyor.

1.4 CUT-OFF LEVEL OF PILES

The Engineer will define the cut-off level of the piles on the relevant Drawings. The Contractor shall
concrete each pile to a minimum of 1m above the specified cut-off level. No extra payment will be
made for the over cast concrete. In case contractor fails to meet to minimum 1.0 m extra length above
cut off level, minimum 1.0m length from as build top level of piles shall be hacked down and rebuild
the pile to the cut off level. Engineer’s written approval is required to deviate from this requirement.
Contractor shall take as build top levels of the piles and submit to the engineer and hacking shall not be
started without engineer’s approval.
The Engineer may order in writing, changes in dimensions and/or the cut-off level of pile foundations
as may be necessary to ensure a satisfactory foundation.

1.5 TOLERANCES

(a) The position of a pile at the cut-off level shall be within 75mm of the specified position shown on
the Drawings (refer Cl. 1.6.2, Specification for Piling by the Institute of Civil Engineers, London).
(b) The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the vertical shall be 1 in 75. (refer Cl.
1.6.3, Specification for Piling by the Institute of Civil Engineers, London).
(c) The difference between the actual cut-off level and the designed cut-off level shall not exceed +
10 mm.
 Where the allowable tolerances as specified in the above are exceeded the Contractor shall take remedial
measures as may be ordered by the Engineer, including the driving of additional piles if required. The
cost for such remedial measures shall be borne entirely by the Contractor.
No method of forcible correction will be permitted.
The Contractor shall ensure that damage does not occur to completed piles through his method of
working.

PART II – MATERIALS

2.1 CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT

2.1.1 Reinforcement
General

This work shall consist of supplying, cutting and bending and fixing reinforcement bars of the grade, type and
size in accordance with the Specification, and in conformity with the requirements shown on the Drawings.

British Standards have been specified as standards for materials and workmanship.

However the Contractor may employ materials manufactured to other internationally - accepted standards or
Sri Lankan standards subject to Engineer’s approval, which shall require submission of full documentation
including test certificates for properties required by the relevant British Standard, carried out at an ISO 9001 -
accredited laboratory by suitably qualified people.

Construction Methods

Steel reinforcements shall be stored in clean conditions. It shall be clean and free from loose rust and loose
mill scale at time of fixing in position and subsequent concreting. The grade of steel shall be as specified in
BOQ.
Concrete and reinforcement shall comply with BS 8110 and BS4449.
Bending of reinforcement already cast in to concrete has to be bent, the internal radius of the bend shall be
not less than twice the diameter of bars of mild steel or three times the diameter of high-yield steel.
2.1.1 Reinforcement shall be maintained in its correct position during concreting of the pile. Where it is made
up into cages, they shall be sufficiently rigid to enable them to be handled without damage.
2.1.2 The number of joints in longitudinal steel bars shall be kept to a minimum. Joints in steel reinforcement
shall be such that the full strength of each bar is effective across the joint and shall be made so that there
is no detrimental displacement of the reinforcement during the construction of the pile.
2.1.3 Reinforcement shall be maintained in its correct position during concreting of the pile, to allow a vertical
tolerance of +150/-50 mm on the level of the reinforcement projecting above the final cut off level.
Where reinforcement is made up into cages, they shall be sufficiently rigid to enable them to be handled,
placed and concreted without damage. If the cage is to be welded together, welding shall be carried out
to the requirements of relevant general specification Section.
2.1.4 Spacers shall be designed and manufactured using strong and durable materials which shall not lead to
corrosion of the reinforcement or spalling of the concrete cover. The details of the means by which the
Contractor plans to ensure the correct cover to and position of the reinforcement shall be submitted for
approval.

CONCRETE
General

This work shall consist of the construction of all or portions of structures of Portland cement concrete,
of the required grade or grades with or without reinforcement, and with or without admixture,
constructed in accordance with the Specification and the lines, levels, grades and dimensions shown on
the Drawings and as required by the Engineer.
 Portland cement concrete shall consist of a mixture of Portland cement, water and coarse and fine
aggregate with or without admixture.

British Standards have been specified as the standards for materials and workmanship

However the Contractor may employ materials manufactured to other internationally-accepted

standards or Sri Lankan standards subject to Engineer’s approval, which shall require submission of
full documentation including test certificates for properties required by the relevant British Standard,
carried out at an ISO 9001 - accredited laboratory by suitably qualified people.

2.1.3 Placing of concrete

All intersecting bars shall be tied together with approved wire unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer.
Reinforcement in the form of cage shall assembled with additional support such as spreader forks and
lacings, necessary to form a rigid cage. Hoops link or helical reinforcement shall fit closely around the
main longitudinal bars and be bound to them by approved wire, the ends of which shall be turned into the
interior of the pile or pour. Reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in position. Internal vibrators
shall not be used to compact concrete.
When reinforcement cage top is blow ground level and are not visible at the time of concreting, several
reinforcement bars shall be extended above ground level and level shall be monitored for possible uplifting
of the cage during concreting. If up lifting is observed precautions shall be taken to avoid cage uplifting
before continue the concreting.
Before placing concrete, measures shall be taken to ensure that the structural strength of the concrete placed
in all piles is not impaired through grout loss, segregation or bleeding.

The method of placing shall be such as to ensure that the concrete or grout in its final position is dense and
homogeneous. Concrete shall be introduced into the pile via a hopper and suitable length of rigid delivery
tube to ensure that the concrete falls vertically and centrally down the shaft. The tube shall be at least 3 m
long.

2.1.5 Placing concrete under water or support fluid

Before placing concrete, check final bore depth to ensure there is no accumulation of silt or other material
at the base of the boring, and the Contractor shall ensure that heavily contaminated support fluid, which
could impair the free flow of concrete from the tremie pipe, has not accumulated in the bottom of the hole.
A sample of support fluid shall be taken from the top and bottom of the boring using an appropriate device.
The fluid shall be prepared, sampled and tested as stated in the Contractor's submission.
If tests show the fluid does not comply with the limits stated by the Contractor for the particular type of
support fluid, the fluid shall be wholly or partly replaced as appropriate before concrete is placed.
Concrete to be placed under water or support fluid shall be placed by tremie in one continuous operation
and shall not be discharged freely into the water or support fluid. Pumping of concrete may be used where
appropriate. The bottom end of the tremie must be square to the axis of the tremie and its circumference
must be continuous. The tremie must be fully charged with concrete before it is lifted off the base of the
pile.
The concrete shall be placed in a manner that will not cause segregation of the mix. The depths to the surface
of the concrete shall be measured and the length of the tremie tubes recorded at regular intervals
corresponding to the placing of each batch of concrete. The depths measured and volumes placed shall be
plotted immediately on a graph and compared with the theoretical relationship of depth against volume.
The hopper and pipe of the tremie shall be clean and watertight throughout. The pipe shall extend to the
base of the bore and a sliding plug or barrier shall be placed in the pipe to prevent direct contact between
the first charge of concrete in the tremie and the water or support fluid. The pipe shall at all times penetrate
the concrete which has previously been placed with a minimum embedment of 3 m and shall not be
withdrawn from the concrete until completion of concreting. A sufficient quantity of concrete shall be
maintained within the pipe to ensure that the pressure from it exceeds that from the water or support fluid.
The internal diameter of the pipe of the tremie shall be 150 mm or six times the maximum aggregate
sizewhichever is greater. It shall be so designed that external projections are minimized, allowing the tremie
to pass within reinforcing cages without causing damage. The internal face of the pipe of the tremie shall
be free from projections.
Workability of Concrete
Slump: 150 mm (minimum) and 200 mm (maximum).

Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, the minimum cement content of the concrete mix, shall be
400 kg/m3 – (OPC).
Temporary casings shall be extracted while the concrete within them remains sufficiently workable to
ensure that the concrete is not lifted. During extraction the motion of the casing shall be maintained in an
axial direction relative to the pile.