1

Contents
1 - Role of the researcher............................................................................................................................2

Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................6

2 - Participants.............................................................................................................................................7

3 / 4 - Research Method and Research Design:.........................................................................................11

I - Research Method..............................................................................................................................11

II - Research Design................................................................................................................................16

5 - Population and Sampling:.....................................................................................................................19

6 - Ethical Research....................................................................................................................................25

7 / 8 - Instrumentation and Data collection instrumentation....................................................................30

9 - Data Collection Technique:...................................................................................................................36

10 - Data Organization Technique..............................................................................................................41

Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................46

11 - Data Analysis......................................................................................................................................47

12 - Study Validity (Quantitative)...............................................................................................................52

13 - Reliability and Validity........................................................................................................................56

Reliability:..............................................................................................................................................59

Validity...................................................................................................................................................61

14 - Transition and Summary:....................................................................................................................62

References.................................................................................................................................................65
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1 - Role of the researcher

My role in this research is to choose the appropriate research method, design and selecting the

right participants for the collection of data. The role of the researcher in qualitative research is

essential as researchers have to implement analysis and collect data (Englander, 2016). My role

in this research is to adopt the appropriate research questionnaire, distribute questionnaires and

uncover the emerging concepts and patterns. Therefore, there exists a potential for bias on my

part, which could affect the overall results of the study. In order to ensure that my business would

not affect the results of the study, I documented the views and opinions of participants by audio

and video recording.

According to Colorafi & Evans (2016), various data collection technique can be used in

qualitative research. One of the most classical approaches in qualitative research is observation.

According to Colorafi & Evans (2016), in-depth interviews are conducted by researchers to

guide individuals in sharing their perspective (Colorafi & Evans, 2016). In this regard, I have to

inform participants of my research regarding the purpose of this research study, the aim and the

main objectives which I want to achieve from this research study. Different data collection

techniques which can be used in the research study include; interviews, focus group discussion,

observational methods and document analysis (Erickson, 2017). Biasness is a huge obstacle for a

researcher. Researchers may not be able to develop a credible research study by being bias. The

outcomes of research are often determined by interview results (Roulston & Shelton, 2015).

During this research study, I tried to ensure that the interview questions do not steer a specific

response. Moreover, in this research study, I tried exclusive collection method and excluded

potential respondent in a non-random way.

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As a researcher, my role was to ensure strict ethical protocols. According to (Hintze,

2015) ethical principles ensure that a researcher obtained consent from the participant before

taking any feedback. Furthermore, it is the legal obligation of research to minimise the risk of

harm during the implementation of research. The researchers also need to protect the anonymity

and confidentially of the participants. (Riley, Chilanga, Zuze, & Joynt, 2019), is of the view that

in qualitative and mixed-method research a researcher needs to discuss his/her role as the

researcher is going to conduct interviews; therefore, a researcher needs to discuss that how he

interacts with the participant Riley et al., (2019). In this research study, I conduct interviews and

distribute questionnaires among the participants. My primary role in this research study was to

distribute a questionnaire within the participants and inform them regarding the objective of the

study. Another critical role of me in this research study was to take appointments from the

specialists of the IT industry and take interviews of them with their consent and willingness.

According to Riley et al., (2019), conducting research is not an easy task for a researcher

as a participant have to disclose personal thoughts and may ask people things which are very

personal for them (Riley et al., 2019). My role being a researcher was to ensure that sufficient

confidentiality, privacy and respect was given to the participants. Before taking consent and

feedback of the participants, I informed them that their information which includes their name,

identity, and ethnicity would not get disclosed at any stage of the research. One of the prime

responsibility any researcher is to keep personal information of participant secret (Research

Methodology, 2018). I respected the participants’ rights to privacy, treated participants with

beneficence, and explained their options for justice should they feel they had been maltreated. I

followed Walden University IRB’s protocol of application and 40-question checklist upon

research approval (Walden University, 2016).

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A research questionnaire is an instrument through which research can get feedback from

the participants (Schrepp, 2015). In order to take feedback from the respondents, I have to

develop a questionnaire. The questionnaire was adopted from the base paper, and sufficient

changes were made in the questionnaire to align the research questionnaire with the research

question. In order to mitigate biasness from the respondent feedback, I have developed a close-

ended questionnaire. I practice more on objectivity to avoid personal errors and biases. From

drawing a research question to concluding a researcher have to think critically (Chigwendere &

Chigwendere, 2018). According to Connelly (2015), hypotheses are the testing statements which

tried to find the answer to the question. In this research study testing, statements were developed

to find the answer to the research question (Connelly, 2015). I have tested the hypotheses by

using different statistical tools in this research study. Sampling is used in research to develop

more accurate and authentic results. The primary purpose of sampling in research is to find

representative samples to avoid biases in results (Hintze, 2015). In this research study, I have

used the snowball sampling technique. Snowball sampling (or chain sampling, chain-

referral sampling, referral sampling) is a non-probability (Mühl, 2014).

Furthermore, in the research, the decisional roles are being implied which is because as it

helps to understand and distribute all the roles that are included in the research; which the

research is a part of. The distribution of the roles helps the researcher in further multiplying the

research criteria and giving roles to the other people who will help ease the task for the

researcher. This helps everyone to do their job, as the tasks that will be involved in the research

gets divided. These roles can be decisional ones which revolve within and around the Manager’s

interpersonal position ends which will later help the researcher implement certain things that will

help to understand the findings and facts of the research. The facts as well as the sources which
 5

are further accumulated and also collected by the manager’s capabilities, this makes the role of

the decisional roles easier for the researcher (Englander, 2016).

These roles can be further divided into – the Negotiator, the negotiator, helps to negotiate

the terms that may imply for a firm or that of the research. The negotiator helps the manager and

the researcher to ease down the burden they have over specific negotiating issues. In research

there comes a time when there is a responsibility on the researcher to narrow down the research

and negotiate a term with the third person so that the issue is being negotiated with. Then in the

Roles, there comes a Resource Allocator, who is there to assist the manager or the researcher in

order to manage all sorts of the roles as well as the resources that will go in the research. In a

term, it can be said that the resource allocates someone who plans the number of the resources

they have for the research and where those resources can be spread to. Then the third role is the

role of the disturbance handler, this is a crucial task for a person because he or she, or basically

the researcher will face several challenges in the process of conduction research therefore it is

vital for them to conduct research, without worrying of the plan B (Call, 2019). The plan B is

essential because there are several numbers of disturbances that arise due to the multiple

complications, the research is no easy task, and in order to do or conduct research, the researcher

has to be aware of all the things that might come to his or her way. Having someone to deal with

the disturbance is essential because things change, and the last thing you would want to be is to

stay unprepared. The last role that can be assigned is the role of the Entrepreneur; this is a

contractor role and has less meaning with the term of the that means entrepreneurship

(Englander, 2016). The job is to make sure the person helps the researcher develop and creates

development initiatives, and empowers the research as a whole. This is more of a term of

building a new solution and new approaches for the method of performing research. This is
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needed because during the research, the researcher goes through several challenging processes

and he or she needs time to re-think the approach, and in this time, it is often necessary for them

to develop initiative (Englander, 2016).

Conclusion
It is essential to understand that the conclusion of the academic researcher is somewhat

more complicated than it is often being imagined. The researcher has to display unique

capabilities as well as similarities. He or she has to remain neutral no matter what the outcome of

the research is. Developing a bias may remove behind all the effort they did in order to present

that research. Depending on the firm or the subject in which the author has to do his or her

research, they will have to be able to describe themselves as someone having multiple traits

which most people usually do not. Researcher also has to make sure that the culture he or she is

working is somewhat Unique and changes from region to region, researcher must be able to

adapt to the changes that arise due to the shifting trends of the Culture in different firms and

different areas, because like stated earlier everything changes from place to place. It is essential

to understand that the researcher would be able to adapt to these changing trends and situations.

According to the Mulins (2015), there is always a need for the managers as well as the researcher

to always find someone that fits them all: or a person that can find the solutions to all the

problems that arises due to the shifting trends. The researcher also needs to be a leader (Call,

2019).

Leadership is a skill that is required in every possible field, however, for a researcher to

be a leader has its reasons because the researcher will have to do all the things, a leader must be

able to do. At times, the research changes due to several changes; it is, therefore, the capability of

the researcher to be prepared for all the things that arise due to the shifting trends. A leader has to
 7

have the capabilities to make sure they can deal with the issues that are present, as well as the

issues that can help them to re-ensure that the area, they are willing to dive in, they know all the

possible outcomes of the problem (Englander, 2016). A leader is always capable of handling the

issues that come during the crisis, and at the end of the day, he recalls to himself what the issue

and what the stakes are. These capabilities have the researcher to possess intelligent capabilities

because the researcher will one day become or possess a seat of the manager. Therefore, they or

the researcher needs to be active about the issues that will come and be able to understand how

his knowledge can help him or her to deal with the crisis that has come. This will allow the

manager to gain much needed and much better review of the issues at hand at stake. Also, that

the researcher will be able to keep the critical consideration of the problems at hand, and solve

them intelligently (Sacks, 2017).

2 - Participants
Participants are the backbone of any research without the help of the participants; a

research will not be able to completed nor being able to start. In qualitative research, it is

frequently compulsory to choose a participation team which has prior knowledge of the subject

are somewhat related to the field (Hamel, 2015). This matter, because unless we are to find the

answers to many questions, therefore, it cannot be done with being concise with the population

as well as the participants. It will not work if we ask the same questions about Information

Technology with the team of the people who belong to the medical profession or are medical

professionals. Therefore, it is deemed crucial to do thorough research about the participants and

where to find the right participants for the research, the participants should meet a criterion, this

criterion has to be set by the researcher himself beforehand, and before he or she indulges in the

research of the study. The next step comes into the form of decision making and the selection of
 8

the right amount of the strategy. This is being done in order to ensure that the people who are

being to be made the participants of the research, they will have to be able to meet specific

criteria in order to remain exclusive to the research, as well as the research, complements their

profession and their feedback. Of course, a person working in a field or is a professional of the

field will often time give feedback which will help them (Morris; Oliver; Kroll; Joice,; Williams,

2015)

The task for the researcher to find the right participants is not at all an easy one, this is

because the researchers are predetermined about and regarding the eligibility criteria, the criteria

is something and sometimes also recommended by the peers of the researcher, as that will help

them to determine the framework in which they will be seeking the right amount of the

participants and recruit them, also that the researcher has to make sure his research focuses on a

subject which is something that has a topic regarding the participant’s research. The research

questions oftentimes need to be impressive and pressing about the issue so much so that the

researcher and the participant find common ground to discuss the issue at hand, this makes the

job of the researcher easier because if the find the right amount of the issue as well as the topic

to be discussed than it will not be difficult for the researcher to find a participation team that will

help ease the burden of the research conduction as well as on the later stages the burden of the

research analysis and data collection. The researchers do this through the use of the purpose

sampling, and the snowball sampling techniques which helps to strategise the participant’s

recruitment. Firstly, the purposing or the purposive sampling is the selection of a participant to

gain an understanding of the snowball sampling which is a referral technique (Thomas, 2017).

This technique is often used to find and locate the hard to find who did researcher

prospect, the research participants should be homogenous so that all the participants that take
 9

part in this research question for the meaningful data analysis so that the data that is gathered is

something the compliments all the issues at hand and also helps to answer the questions that will

not be answered otherwise. Recruits that sign up and often participate in the research are those in

which the study should be able to help the researcher understand the phenomenon (Hamel,

2015). This is also because unless the participants understand what they will be asked about it

will be difficult often time surprising for them to answer to the questions that they otherwise

cannot; basically, the researches need to find the compelling solutions and eye-opening.

Furthermore, it is the task of the researcher to make sure the participants are well aware of what

the research questions will be about. Unless the participants know beforehand regarding what

would be to come next in the term of the research question, it will be impossible for them to

understand be secure with their opinion as to what they should be sharing with the team or what

they should not be sharing with them. This is something I am well aware of, and I am doing the

best possible I can to make sure the participants of my research are well aware of what methods

will be used by me to ask the research question (Morris; Oliver; Kroll; Joice,; Williams, 2015).

To make the task more comfortable for me I have made the eligibility criteria for the team

and myself to help get the answers to the problems that need to be solved, and I have included

the criteria in the study which my participants of the research will have to go through. Since for

the research, I am using two different methods: one is through the use of the questionnaire, and

the other is through the use of the interview (Firth; Carney; Jerome; Elliott; French; Yung, 2016).

For the questionnaire, most of the people are comfortable answering the issues, and the question

that are being asked, but for the interview, most of the people are hesitant regarding the issue at

hand, and what could be done, is that the participants should be asked the question they are

comfortable answering, which is the most critical step in the research and as researcher, the
 10

ethics come in to play because I need to be sure as a researcher the type of questions I will be

asking should be those in which the researcher is comfortable answering. The questionnaire is a

secure method. Since the questionnaire is relatively cheap and less time consuming because you

can distribute the questionnaire to multiple people at a time and let them answer what they wish

to answer, on the other hand, this cannot be done with the research interviews (Thomas, 2017).

The research interviews present us the challenges that are of another magnitude and often

time difficult to understand earlier. It is vital to make sure as a researcher you may not ask

questions that the other person might not be able to answer, and this is because the person needs

to solve the issues of the research and how they can answer knowing that each word they say is

being recorded and could be used in the research; therefore, the first and foremost priority should

be that the researcher should ensure that as the researcher he must ask the questions of the

magnitude which should be asked with the person that is above eighteen or above. These

questions should not be asked to someone who is not an eighteen-year-old and finds it difficult to

answer those questions (Firth; Carney; Jerome; Elliott; French; Yung, 2016).

I have also made sure that the participant is someone who works weekly in the IT firm,

and also that the IT firm should be located near to my region or within my country so that the

questions that will be asked to him should not be those that might simply destroy their nature or

the issues should be those that need to be addressed. I have made sure of that, and during the

time of the research it is essential to ask those questions that a person sitting near the office

should be available during the office hours or the time of the research should be considered such

a time when the person is able to answer those questions without being concerned about what

the hours may bring next to him and they would not (Thomas, 2017). The most important part of

the research is that, it should be made clear that the most eligible people are made part of the
 11

research, and once that is done, the researcher should repeatedly ask himself that will these

people or participants be able to bring about the right choice of questions to the people or not,

that is to say the researcher repeatedly make sure to himself that the questions he is trying to seek

are those asked by the people who know the subject matter at hand and will answer them with

the true honestly. I am well aware how crucial this aspect is for my research, if there is

something wrong with the eligibility of the researcher than it will be nearly impossible for the

researcher to correct, and his research will not stand to ground or answer the questions that need

to be answered. This is because the researcher has to develop certain criteria beforehand that the

number of people answering the questions is those that have developed the understanding of the

research and how their input could be valuable to bring about the change that is so important and

necessary for the research otherwise their all effort will go into vain. I have made sure of all the

questions mentioned above that these questions should present me the skillset and the criteria for

choosing the best participants for the research (Morris; Oliver; Kroll; Joice,; Williams, 2015).

3 / 4 - Research Method and Research Design:

I - Research Method

According to Halcomb & Hickman (2015), research methods are the processes, techniques and

strategies which are used for the collection of data and uncover the information which provides a

better understanding of the topic (Halcomb & Hickman, 2015). Xie, (2016) has defined

descriptive research as the methods which describe a situation. Descriptive research is a research

method in which the traits and features of a population are being studied or a phenomenon that is
 12

studied (Xie, 2016). According to (Maxwell & Reybold, 2015), the research method of

descriptive research is based on “what” of the research subject rather than “why” of the research

subject. According to Meixner & Hathcoat (2019), descriptive research describes the nature of

the demographic segment without focusing on why a particular phenomenon occurs (Meixner &

Hathcoat, 2019). A qualitative method is appropriate to be used when there is a requirement of

factual data which would help to answer the research question (Hammerberg, 2016).

To answer these questions of general or probability information which is often sought on

the opinions, the attitudes, the views, or preferences, I have used quantitative method for this

paper because the research question of the study includes; the ACL Injury among the female

basketball athletes in the colleges of the United States. According to Skinner (2016), research

may use qualitative, quantities or mixed-method research to seek the answer to the research

question. However, for this research I have used qualitative method to answer the Questions of

the research paper, this is because qualitative method ultimately answers the question from the

standpoint of the participant (Hammerberg, 2016).

The framework of Research Design is there to help understand the data as well as gather

the information and data for the understanding of research question. According to Andrew B

Kirumbi (2018), a research design is the set of procedures and methods used for data analysis of

different variables used in the research model. In the research design methods, the variable are

defined as something which includes the different types of studies such as independent and

dependent variables, the hypothesis and the research model(s), the correlation analysis,

regression analysis, the methods to solve research problems and finally the most important step

which is data collection methods. In order to analyze the data, we will have to further comprise

this data with the steps mentioned in order to add these studies in our research (Brennen, 2018).
 13

This research uses hypothetical deductive research methods based entirely on deterministic

philosophy. A deterministic philosophy is a philosophical belief(s) that all events are determined

on the previously existing causes (Muller, 2015). Previous studies and existing theories are used

to prove and support our hypotheses. Then empirical hypotheses are tested. In order to reach a

large population, the methods are often used and quantified. Therefore, in this study, quantitative

studies were used to collect quality data in order to correlate variables and to prove the nature of

the relationship between the variables used in the study (Meixner & Hathcoat, 2019)

Research design is the outline that refers to combine different parts of the study, so that

research problem can be addressed adequately. According to Fielding, Lee, & Blank, (2016), a

research design is a framework that highlights the procedure and method for analysing and

collecting the necessary information for research. Research design includes time horizon, type of

setting, unit of analysis and study setting which are discussed below. Participants of the study

were from different projects; it includes middle and top-level management, managers and their

subordinates working in project-based organisations of the public, private and semi-government

sector. Unit of analysis deals with the `what' or `who' that is being studied. Unit of analysis

involves individuals, groups, industry or organisation etc. It specifies the character or feature of

an individual or an object which is to be analysed. For this study unit of analysis are project

managers and employees working in project-based organisations in various cities across Pakistan

(Fielding et al., 2016).

Qualitative research design methods are appropriate to use when the information about

the complex issues are little to less known; therefore, a researcher needs to gain new insights,

and also develop a deep understanding of the individual’s perspective (Chudleigh, 2015).

Qualitative research method, however, an invaluable when they are used for exploring the
 14

complexities of care delivery. Qualitative research methods are the umbrella terms which range

from the approaches or research designs that are inductive, flexible, frequently generate a theory,

and have been found to oppose the quantitative methods which are deductive for aiming to test

the hypothesis. Furthermore, qualitative research helps to answer about the best course of action.

For example, Nurses often situate their research within the standard and available research

methodologies which are associated with the qualitative research; the ethnography, and the

grounded theory or phenomenology (Chudleigh, 2015). The research question determines which

research method can be used for the analysis. Researchers can use both qualitative and

quantitative research methodology to develop a mixed-method approach within the research

study (Lewis, 2015). There is a use of Qualitative research method in this research, which was

done to ensure that the findings of the research are presented in the form of analyzed data, the

metaphors, and delamination. The approach of quantitative research falls into two different

categories which include no experimental and experimental research designs. There exist further

subsets of these two categories (Skinner, 2016). In this research study, my prime focus was on

descriptive research which falls under the category of non-experimental design.

According to (Englander, 2016), descriptive research designs used to interpret the current

status of individuals, events and conditions. In this research study, my approach was to make a

simple attempt in studying the phenomenon of interests as it exists naturally. I have not to

attempt manipulating the individuals, conditions or events. According to Xie (2016), a

descriptive research design is simple as it sounds, and it describes a situation. The aim of

descriptive research is not to predict a phenomenon or determine a cause and effect relationship.

The descriptive method is the one which comprises of the observational, the and survey methods
 15

(Xie, 2016). In this study, a survey method was used, and the participants have answered their

questions through interviews and questionnaires.

Research methods are an essential step in order to understand better not only the thesis

but also to understand the issues better and propose solutions based on the given research.

Research methods are usually conducted and given, which are implemented by the Researcher or

the student in our care, research helps to gather data which could be later analysed and

processed. It is also essential to understand that often the research brings important questions

which often surprises the Researcher, it is, therefore, an important goal to better understand how

professionals deal with surprise and seek to uncover questions which are surprising (Dave;

Steve; 2013).

However, what is essential is to understand and get a grip of what Research methods are

and why are they useful. According to Harry and Alan (2013), research methods give us

directions, strategies, and information regarding how to conduct the research, understand what

key goals of the research should be, and once gathered information; how to deal and process that

information. Without research methods, the data gathered could either be incorrect or it could

either be misused or mismanaged. The research method is either based on descriptive research

which has a goal to understand ‘What’ of the issue rather than ‘Why’ of the issue (Gabby, 1982).

The descriptive research method aims to carefully; accurately, and systematically describe a

problem within a given population, the situation or even the phenomenon (Harry; Alan; 2013).

This method helps us to answer all the questions that are: What is the cause of the issue? When

was the issue first highlighted? Where did the issue start? Moreover, how was the issue first
 16

found out? This is all in there to understand and get yourself better equipped regarding the causes

of the issues and what damages it has done (Shona, 2019).

II - Research Design
Qualitative research design methods are appropriate to use when the information about

the complex issues are little to less known; therefore, a researcher needs to gain new insights,

and also develop a deep understanding of the individual’s perspective (Chudleigh, 2015).

Qualitative research method, however, an invaluable when they are used for exploring the

complexities of care delivery. Qualitative research methods are the umbrella terms which range

from the approaches or research designs that are inductive, flexible, frequently generate a theory,

and have been found to oppose the quantitative methods which are deductive for aiming to test

the hypothesis. Furthermore, qualitative research helps to answer about the best course of action.

For example, Nurses often situate their research within the standard and available research

methodologies which are associated with the qualitative research; the ethnography, and the

grounded theory or phenomenology (Chudleigh, 2015).

The research question determines which research method can be used for the analysis.

Researchers can use both qualitative and quantitative research methodology to develop a mixed-

method approach within the research study (Lewis, 2015). In this research qualitative research

method was used and the findings were presented in the form of analysed data, metaphors,

delimitations, basically non-numerical data.

Qualitative research serves two main goals: Firstly, this method help(s) to guide the

researcher’s design decisions to make sure that the study is worth the time, and that to ensure the
 17

researchers get the desired results they may be looking for at the end. Secondly, and most

importantly, the qualitative method is essential to justify the study, which is a crucial task of

funding or dissertation proposal (Joseph, 2016). In addition to this, the goals are inevitably help’s

to shape the descriptions, their interpretations, and the theories the researcher creates in their

research. Therefore, a researcher in a qualitative method produces and constitutes not only the

critical resources of the research that can draw on planning, conduction and also justifying the

research but it also produces a potential of validity threats or sources of Bias in the research that

a person will need to deal with (Joseph, 2016).

The approach of quantitative research falls into two different categories which include no

experimental and experimental research designs. There exist further subsets of these two

categories (Skinner, 2016). In this research study, my prime focus was on descriptive research

which falls under the category of non-experimental design.

According to (Englander, 2016), descriptive research designs used to interpret the current

status of individuals, events and conditions. In this research study, my approach was to make a

simple attempt in studying the phenomenon of interests as it exists naturally. I have not to

attempt manipulating the individuals, conditions or events

According to Xie (2016), a descriptive research design is simple as it sounds, and it

describes a situation. The aim of descriptive research is not to predict a phenomenon or

determine a cause and effect relationship. Primarily there exist three types of descriptive methods

which include; observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods (Xie, 2016). In

this study, a survey method was used, and the participants have answered their questions through

interviews and questionnaires.

 18

It has been understood that in order to understand the nature of the descriptive research, which

has a direct focus on as to why a particular phenomenon or crisis occurs? This is indeed

collaborative with my Thesis where the objective is to understand the challenges in the field of

the IT; therefore this method is discreet in understanding the causes of the issue in order to get a

better grip of the issue, and later present causes which could be dealt with either good design or

appropriate measures.

Hence, I will be dealing with Lots of data on my hands, and in order to get all this

data readable as well as answerable with the Questions, my method of research will be

Qualitative since I will be answering all the questions about the productivity in the IT

industry and workspace, how and why are they erupting especially in the females who are

of college or high school student age (Quinn, 2002). My ultimate goal is to understand

how my research gathered will be helpful to those who seek to answer to the issues

meaning the professional will have to find the gathered data resourceful in a meaningful

as well as productive and organised method. Since I will be working with the participants

a lot, trying to understand what their issues are; and how are they trying to deal with them

in a manner which helps them to remain qualify to not get than injury. This is where the

qualitative research method comes as this helps to answer the question in the voice of the

participants (Atieno, 2009).

Furthermore, to this, According to Atieno (2009), the qualitative research method is used

when the researcher is more interested by the meaning as to how people make further

understanding of their day to day lives, their experiences, and their social structures in the world.

The qualitative researcher furthermore deals and becomes a primary instrument for the data

progression as well as the instrumentation of data collection, and deals with the analysis of it.
 19

The Data gathered is mediated within through the human instrumentations, instead of going

through the machines, and inventories (Atieno, 2009).

The important part after the choosing of Qualitative research is to develop the framework

of the research. Research framework works together with the method of the research to

understand and perform the task of gathered data’s analysis. This presents a method which is

used to the data that could be further analysed for the different variable used in research. This

method defines the different form(s) of method that could be used for user research which

includes such as Hypothesis of the research questionnaire, the research method, the correlation

method, the research problems and most important of the data analysis. With the framework,

research will have problems when it has arrived in the execution phase (Shona, 2019).

5 - Population and Sampling:

Analysing data from the whole population is not possible in every type of research

because the population is almost infinite. In Research proper sampling of data is required to

analyse the results, Population from small subsection is known as the sample which can be

drawn by probability or non- probability technique (Hair,2015). A sample is a representative of

the whole population which is selected for research. Convenient and snowball sampling

techniques are used. Data is collected from the construction industry's project-based

organisation. Total 350 questionnaires were distributed, out of 350 questionnaires in this study

332 were received back, 277 questionnaires collected are properly filled that are considered for

analysis, 55 questionnaires were partially filled, and 18 questionnaires were not returned. The

author visited work offices and explained the purpose of the study and data collection method.
 20

Sample characteristics include demographics used in the questionnaire for research, and it

includes characteristics, e.g. age, gender, qualification, sector and experience. Sample

characteristics are specified in the tables present in chapter 4. Age composition in this study is

divided into 6 categories 1=25 or below, 2=26- 30, 3=31-35, 4 =36-40, 5= 41-45, 6= 51 or

above. Specified in Table 4.1 results section. Gender composition of the study includes two

groups, male and female, where group male is denoted by ‘1’ and group female is denoted by ‘2’.

Also specified in Table 4.2 mentioned in the results portion and questionnaire attached in the

annexure. Education is considered an important part of demographics; in this study, qualification

is divided into five main degree levels, i.e. Bachelors, Masters, MS/M-Phil, PhD and Others.

Mentioned in Table 4.3, results section. Work experience composition is done in 6 levels, i.e. 0-5

years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years, 16-20 years, 21-25 years, and 26 years or above (Rahi, 2019).

Due to resource constraints and other time constraints, data cannot be collected from the

entire population, so sampling is a standard procedure for collecting data. To this end, a specific

group of people was selected. They are the true representatives of the entire people. In general,

only those project organisations that are critical to the project’s performance can be approached,

so we approached some purely project-based companies. The population of the study is the

manager and subordinate of the department (Bernard; Ryan, 2016). The sample mainly includes

the management and business aspects of different organisations. The cover letter will be

explicitly indicating this study is for academic research purposes only and is intended to provide

a clear understanding of abuse monitoring and relationship conflicts and other factors that

influence project performance. Participants will be assured of their replies and anonymous

confidentiality so that respondents can fill out the questionnaire without hesitation. People

working in IT industry were contacted to analyse the data by using convenience sampling
 21

technique, a specific type of non- probability sampling method which relies on data collected

from the population members who are conveniently available to participate in the study. The data

is composed of project-based organisations specifically IT department of organisations working

on multiple projects. Moreover, we used different modern techniques to fill out the

questionnaires through workplace established within the organisation where questionnaires were

uploaded for further responses. According to (Hair, 2015) explains that collecting the sample

from the population is a procedure which researcher used for his study for specific objective

from a population of attention. The author visited the organisations and explained the purpose of

this study and also assured that this data would correctly be used for the research only (Rahi,

2019).

Thus of all we defined sampling In the manner and understanding of it on the basis of the

qualitative research, the since the choosing method of research for my thesis is the qualitative

research method, the understand what sampling in a qualitative research Is, to further implement

the idea, it is crucial to understand that the sampling at its broadest term or the sense is and could

be defined as following in which there is a selection of the specific sources of data that are

present as well as collected to ensure that the research objectives are being met with. To further

understand the meaning of the sampling, it is crucial to understand the model of the Yin (2015),

which is the most recent one that is articulated. Therefore, in the model, the position diverges

from the earlier portrayal of the sampling model which theocratically had been more diverse and

well summarised. The argument that the Yin present is that the language or within the language

of the sampling, it is frequently implied that the there is a desire to achieve the statistical

generalizability, which could help the research or the student in order to understand the

generalising of the that could also be more consistent (Lune, 2016). Yin’s model instead has been
 22

found to have consistently been able to use the term which is either the selection or the mindfully

helps to avoid the descriptors that further helps to imply that the knowledge of the overall

sampling to be consistent with the definition although this interpretation of the sampling is found

to be at the odds of the how sampling has bee generally viewed and used in the qualitative

research. Yin’s suggestion that could help us to avoid the language of sampling all the things all

together is at the odds of one another, as well as something radical and radically immature to be

used. In order to further derive the analytic insights which are presented from the finds that are

often times systematically overviewed as well as reviewed by the methods of the literature which

represent the three traditions of the question, there needs to be a more systematical as well as an

approach that is more systematically pleasant in order to help us succeed, and help us to answer

the questions that are needed to be answered in the research. There needs to be an input of the

synthesis which offers us the guidelines for the Yin’s (2015) model. Beyond this point, the

sampling process could be not well understood (Etikan; Mussa; Alkassim, 2016).

To further implement what the sampling is, the researcher needs to help find the answer

and develop what is known as the sampling strategy. Initially, for the paper, we must understand

what the sampling strategy is and how can it be helped to understand that questions that could

lead us to perform our tasks with ease and better understanding. There is, although from the

conclusion of the paper’s research so far, it is a bright idea to understand that the strategy of the

sampling is a language which is frequently not coherent with the other commonly employed

methods and tradition of the grounded theory and the phenomenology. This helps us to

understand the potential of the pitfall for the students that are yet to use this method to perform

their research. The language that is used in the qualitative research methiodides, it is frequently

being deemed necessary, and also explicit about remaining consistent with the research as well as
 23

the methods and mode of the literature that is being used for the research in the traditional outset.

The paper has so far concluded that the sampling method is the best method to outperform the

task to analyze the data from the population which is nearly impossible to be collected by the

people, or the researcher because the researcher does not have enough leverage or the possibility

that is there to remain in terms of the research. Often it is the fact that the researchers use

different methods of the sampling, and refer to it as different, that is not what should be done in

this research (Lune, 2016).

Furthermore, it is crucial to understand what theoretical sampling is and how it can be

used to derive purposeful means or methods to answer different sorts of questions for the

research. The initial as well as the theoretical research of the sampling that is being often

generated with the grounded theory which the author Glass and the Strass have helped to

understand, it is crucial for us to summarise the meaning of it and how it can be used in this

research or even not. Theoretical sampling is therefore used to help us find the vague answers to

the questions we are looking for because theory and practice are different: considering the term

in the professional researcher’s point of view, the research is either conducted face to face or

with the help of the internet or online instruments. The theory is therefore somewhat success in

our term, and somewhat not successful because it helps to analyse concepts that are not new to

us, and sometimes that is new to us. Therefore, the theoretical sampling can be used or implied

with the help of the sampling that is being done, and sometimes not done. The process involves

the term of the basic knowledge of the sampling and how it can be used to serve different

meaning(s) of the research (Etikan; Mussa; Alkassim, 2016).

Based on the above introduction and discussion of the theoretical sampling above, it is

stated and understood that in the common term, the sampling is to stand for the possibilities that
 24

are present in order to better understand and oversee the selection of the data and the data

sources, these data sources are frequently more consistent. By the further explanation and

understanding of the alternative possibility which is regarding something that is implied against

the theoretical sampling being done and the concepts being developed to understand the matter

of the issue further, and the abstract which is frequently severally different and challenging to be

processed with. Some of the ground theory authors have bee found to be successful in helping

understand and talk about the alternative that could be used to ease the task of and for the

sampling, which is purely a method to counter and analyse all the data that is once gathered

(Lune, 2016). At often rare occasions, there is something against the descriptions that are

available and less talked about, and often more obscure. In order to make the mentioned above

description and make explicitly clear what would and what could be helpful for the students to

understand, if the one is able to understand the theoretical sampling than it would not be

impossible for them to implement them on the grander scale and knowledge regarding the issue,

and therefore it would be wise for us to further understand the issue at hand and talk about how it

can be dealt with. An example would be in order to understand further and analyse the concept,

different types of the data sets are available and can be technically processed, and talked about.

Furthermore, there will be some interviews and some data that would conversely help to talk

about the data source which is rather only for a portion of what comprises for the operational

instances of the concept and the category of the sampling that is being used and talked about

(Etikan; Mussa; Alkassim, 2016).

6 - Ethical Research
 25

Understanding the qualitative research, since I will be conducting my thesis research

based on it, their always arises questions regarding the ethics since in this research method, the

design of the study revolves around the Human subjects, while in numerous cases there are

people who are underage but in my case since it will be about conducting the research on the

Information Technology or IT industry, so the data collected will be about the adults or the

employees who are above the age of eighteen years/old. It is not always easy for the researchers

to research which there will not be complete anticipation from the employees regarding ethical

issues (Quinlan; Christina, 2018). It also essential to access the fact, numerous data regarding

employees will not be given to the researcher because of the sensitivity of the material that

exists. Therefore, while designing the research program of my thesis, the qualitative method has

been the best approach, but to keep the ethical practices in mind, I must keep in mind and

pinpoint the ethical rules of qualitative research (Vitak; Shilton, 2016).

In order to understand the ethical rules that I, as a researcher shall consider, the very first

premise of a researcher is to keep in mind to ensure the rule of ‘do no harm’ which comprises of

the researcher(s) to ensure there is or there are no sets of rules that shall be broken; there shall be

a thorough research done to understand what the research question can bring-out from a person

considering it might comprise of any of the adverse effects which the thesis research study could

bring, possible have adverse effects on an individual or in an organization (Roberts, 2015).

Therefore, keep this set of rules ever-present in my mind, it is vital for me as a research to ensure

any such case, it may appear, my research study on that particular participant shall be withdrawn

immediately (Vitak; Shilton, 2016). I shall be liable to in-from the subject beforehand regarding

what could go wrong, and also the subject shall have the possible autonomy to exit from the

research study at any point they deem they need to, there shall be absolutely no outcomes
 26

whatsoever if a subject leaves the research program while the research is being underway Moore,

(Emilee; Claudia, 2016).

Furthermore, a researcher must keep in mind how the research will ensure the privacy of

a particular company or a particular employee or even an individual. The matter of privacy in

any ethical research proposal matters the most, such as, the privacy and the confidentiality of the

people or the company that is participating in the research, as a researcher it is my Job and

utmost duty to ensure there is simply no level of immaturity shown to the subject as well as there

is no invasion of privacy: meaning the data collected shall belong to the participant as well as the

data collected shall only be there to ensure that there is no amount of data that could be given

outside the thesis to anyone (Lunnay; Borlagdan, 2015). However, frequently, participants do not

feel the need of their data to be as strict when it comes of it being shared to the outside world;

however, it seems necessary as a researcher who is willing to keep the enthusiasm of ethnic rules

alive therefore all obligations regarding privacy is the utmost concern for me.

The Qualitative method of research is now increasingly being conducted via the help of

the internet and online communities (Lunnay; Borlagdan, 2015). Therefore, my research method

is also not complicated as it brings out the possibilities of the Qualitative method to understand

as well as to question as to what constitutes ‘right’ to understand what further defines what harm

within the online communities and the world of the internet (Quinlan; Christina, 2018) is. I need

to pinpoint the fact that as a researcher, their data shall be kept safe, and their decision to

withdraw from the research shall be solely based on them. Furthermore, there shall be not much

difference as to the number of types of Questions that will be conducted to complicate the issue

furthermore. The questions that will be asked should be solely those who will be asked to the

people in real life (Roberts, 2015).

 27

In moving further with the participation of the research ethical practices; it is made and

ensured that in order to fully commit to ensuring the ethical practices of the research and

ensuring there is no invasion of privacy, the researcher shall fully inform all the parties, i.e.

company, employees, individuals, as to what the methodology for the respondents shall be

compensated beforehand and that there shall full disclosure of any of the further anticipated and

non-anticipated ricks. In order to further ensure this step, a compliance document shall be

presented between both parties ensuring that the subject is fully aware as to what is to come next

(Quinlan; Christina, 2018). This means that the researchers will have all the questions

beforehand against the subject; this practice will be even online. The participation of the online

community cannot be ignored. While the country is UAE, however, people are displaced from

one place to another, and there is simply no guarantee all the possible research can be done only

online or only personally. The research can be done through both the channels: online as well as

person-to-person (Vitak; Shilton, 2016).

There are existing guidelines for the research that can be conducted online, and this is not

subjected to any particular filed, but it is a generalized set of laws and guidelines. For the

research that is to be conducted online, the parameters used as considered thoroughly which

involves the ethical background (Quinlan; Christina, 2018). The field of online research is

growing, and there is always a trend of communities to grow exponentially or to emerge over

time. As the researcher, from the new spaces, therefore it is most likely that the process of the

research in which the research is to be conducted shall come across as someone that shall be

liable and concern itself with the ethical guidelines that have been used before the study

(Lunnay; Borlagdan, 2015).

 28

Once the data is being collected, all the material shall be considered confidential and shall only

be shared with either the Instructor or someone from the faculty of the university. There shall be

every step taken to ensure that the invasion of privacy shall not occur and that the data which is

acquired remains with the people who have some concern with the thesis. I shall consider and do

my best to ensure the private material of the individual(s) that has been collected is only there to

ensure that the data is being stored in a safe drive or a secure database. I shall also introduce a

signed form that would be signed by the individual who wants to view the data to make use of

the fact that they could drive something from the gathered data; if not so, the data will not be

shared (Quinlan; Christina, 2018).

Researchers need IRB approval before approaching participants and collecting Data for

research involving human participants (Gelling, 2016). Getting approval before participant

contact will (a) mitigate harm to participants, (b) inform the participant about the research, (c)

provide withdrawal information to the participant, (d) inform the participant of compensation for

participation, (e) mitigate research bias, and (f) mitigate the risk to the participant (Barker, 2015;

Gelling, 2016; Jurate, Zivile, & Eugenijus, 2017;Swanson & Betensky, 2015). The informed

consent form may include the invitation to participate, descriptive information about the

research, the research procedure, voluntary participation, any expectation of payment for

participation, risks and benefits, withdrawal at any time, and the researcher’s contact

information, this is something that I as a researcher will have to obtain with the knowledge and

supervision of my peers. A participant may accept the consent form which includes an invitation

to participate in the research via e-mail or by personal delivery. A participant who understands

the research process and the informed consent process can agree to participate voluntarily by

signing a simple consent form (Beskow, Check, & Ammerell,2018). A participant may withdraw
 29

at any time from a study (Thorpe, 2018). The participant wishing to withdraw may communicate

with the researcher at the contact information provided. I safeguarded the participants’

confidentiality by assigning codes to each participant and to any corporate information, such as

financial statements, annual reports, and proprietary data. The consent form explained how I

safeguarded participant information. No participant was offered incentives for participating in

the research so that no bias on the research might occur, as suggested by Resnik (2017). As the

researcher, I delivered an invitation to participate, by a means convenient to the participant. I met

each participant at a location for the participant’s convenience. I explained the research, the

research process, and that no incentives would be offered for participation. Additionally, I agreed

not to disclose confidential information formally or informally, or transmit or modify participant

information. I agreed to uphold my responsibility long after the research ends, including(a) the 5-

year period of safe data retention; (b) handling participant data lawfully; (c)signing the consent

form, giving a copy to the participant, maintaining a copy for the research study; (d) reiterating

confidentiality as agreed in the consent form; and (e)included a statement of safe data retention

for 5 years under lock and key that only I will have access to. After 5 years, I will destroy all data

from all participants by shredding them.

7 / 8 - Instrumentation and Data collection

instrumentation

These data will be collected through the use of questionnaires selected from different real

sources. The questionnaire was distributed in English but was translated into Urdu when needed.

Each project organisation visited during the questionnaire distribution distributed 100-150

questionnaires. Survey questionnaires are also distributed online to the project organisation’s
 30

website for a quick response. According to past research, collecting data online is a more

convenient way to collect data because respondents can quickly fill out the questionnaire

compared to the process of filling out the questionnaire through a penning program, regardless of

how the data collection method is used in the above two methods. The managers of the IT

department filled all the items of Strategies implementation, leadership characteristics and

efficiency of innovative strategies. All the items of the questionnaire are to be filled on a 5- Point

to the Likert scale, where one means (very disagree), two means (disagree), three means (both

agree and disagree), four means (Agree), five means (strongly agree). All these scales were

approved by passing them through the reliability test (Roller, 2018).

The Questionnaire includes 20 questions having four sections i-e demographics, abusive

supervision, relational conflict, project performance and conflict resolution efficacy. In order to

make results more authentic following demographic information was included as variables

Gender, Age, Qualification and Experience, for accuracy that data provided by participants will

be kept secret. The discarded questionnaires were those who were not having the complete

information, or many of the questions were unfilled in those questionnaires hence making them

not appropriate for the study (Sandelowsky, 2016). So, we had a total response of 60% out of

100%. To measure the impact of leadership capabilities on innovative strategies implementation,

five items (Mitchell & Ambrose, 2007) was used. The answer was obtained through the 5- point

Likert scale, ranging from 1 = very disagreeing 5 = very agree. The size of the project is

considering the behaviour of the supervisor. You think your supervisor is laughing at your

degree, telling you that your feelings are stupid, putting you in front of others, making negative

comments on others and telling you that you are incompetent. To measure the leadership skill

level in successfully implementing the innovative strategies, a scale was adopted from
 31

(Kankanhalli, Atreyu, bernard, & Wei, 2006). The responses were obtained through the 5-point

Likert scale, ranging from 1 = very disagreeing five = very agree. The scale project is that your

team members are opposite each other in personal matters, your team members make negative

comments on each other, your team members’ negative comments are directed at others, and

some of your team members try to mock others and differentiate your team — experienced

interpersonal relationships (Roller, 2018).

Close-ended questionnaires are used for measuring four variables, on 5-point Like scale

from \Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree". Where one belongs to disagree strongly, 2=disagree,

3= neutral, 4= agree, 5= strongly agree. The questionnaire contains four demographic variables

which include information of respondents Gender, Age, Qualification and Experience in the

organization. The questionnaire is assembled with the constructs of leadership skill level and

leadership capabilities. To get the valid response two procedures have been adopted, one is

electronic mail, and other is hard copies and printed form of a questionnaire. By utilizing the

snowball sampling technique, few consultants were contacted, and they also referred more

consultants and developers beside that different sector and institutions were visited and requested

for reference of consultants and developers, to get filled the survey by client liaison and

developers electronic email procedure has been utilized (Petesch, 2016). To get filled the survey

self-visit has been made in the institutions and sectors to get questionnaire filled by a project

manager and project team for this purpose hard copy of the questionnaire has been utilized.

Therefore, respondents were asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from ―1 =

strongly disagree to ―5 = strongly agree. Questionnaires used in this study were recently used in

top tier journals for recent studies, the details of a scale used in the present study for the variables

Project control, Project Governance, Project leadership and Project success are presented below.
 32

Close-ended questionnaires will be used to measure the analysis on four variables referred to as

Likert scale from "Strongly Agree to Disagree Strongly". 1=Strongly Agree, 2=Agree, 3=

Neutral, 4= Disagree, 5= Strongly Disagree. These variables will be utilised from the divers'

source (Cyr, 2016).

Since the method of the research that has been selected is the Qualitative method, it is

now essential to further exceed as to how and when this method is being used and how relevant it

is for the researcher. The method is there to ensure and help us to understand and make sense of

the relevant data that has been gathered, in our case with the help of questionnaire, the

interviews, and survey, there have been a few on-site documentations as well. Once all of this

has been done, the researcher’s job is to remain unbiased and as much responsible as he or she

can be able to present the findings in the most neutral and the most unbiased version as possible

(Sandelowski, 2017). This journey from the collection of the raw data, which I have gathered

through the process that has been explained, to turn that data from Raw to the professional and

usable data is the most challenging task because it requires a vigorous amount of data gathering

procedures. Once all this has been done then comes the process of the analysis which often

involves the understanding of what makes the research clear to use, and most importantly what

would help us to make the research and the study more critical, if only if the data and findings

were known to use before (Cyr, 2016).

So far the purpose of the finding and collecting data is therefore to make and understand

the analytical strategies that are and can be used to achieve the specific results which focus on

the the practices that are low cost, the most easy to use, and as well as most importantly the most

flexible ones: because in the research the researcher needs to have studies that help him or her to

be as flexible as possible this is because they will be meeting a lot of new faces, and people from
 33

different backgrounds of life. The qualitative analysis inevitably occurs on the studies that are of

large scale, and have formal programs for the evaluation process; they will have to go through

different peer reviews to be selected and talked about. Often, there is an invitation to the

analytics, and their job is to solely realise and standardise what the finding of the research is and

further analyse to make sure they turn into published documents. Therefore we can suggest that

from our findings that the separation that exists between the research design, the data sources

that are available and the different sets of data collection methods and analysis and the further

presentation findings can be concluded that they are not always clear cut and clear ended to learn

and understand what the outcomes of the goals are and what can be done to ensure there are

possible measure that can be used (Cyril, 2016).

Furthermore, to all of this, there comes the research design as well as the as research data

targeting. One of the crucial critical consideration in this method is that the elements should be

well researched and well-crafted so that proper data is targeting as well as data response to help

evaluate the research questions and the designs of the research that can be used to plan out for

the analysis of the research. It has been often understand that the study of the design and the

questions are and can be seen as some that are analytical to our understanding and have an

anticipatory sets of data collections that are available and can be used to constrain the later

analysis so that the ruling is our and have variable of sets that are attending and useful to the

other (Mihas, 2016). The analysis of the decision should be influential and should be there to

influence other people, and other minds regard that subject matter and subject understanding of

what goes around and what comes around. What is needed for our research and the data gathered

is a proper analysis program and method so that the people that can be used to answer these

questions are available to answer the sets of the things, so that the proper method is emplaced
 34

and nothing is being missed out, in a manner it is vital to have set that represents and states the

proper number of findings (Mihas, 2016).

The strategy which the research will be using will be there to ensure that proper data

evaluation is there. To achieve this, it is crucial to understand the adequate collection, and the

documentation is relevant for the data program which will help to evaluate the data that is most

often forgotten and not talked about in the field reviews and interviews. The documents that are

gathered such as the legislations and the plans help to collect the information in the form of

individual subsets and includes the maximum possibilities of any the judicious use of the data

that is available. Often, the team of the analysts are there to take short cuts which undermine the

entire process as well as the entire regulation of the study: therefore, if the shortcuts are to be

taken, it should be kept in mind they will ultimately undermine the entire research at the cost of

one's time and money (Bryman; A, 2017).

To undermine this, the analysts that maybe there for the writing process and as well as the

recording process of an interview shall and be able to proceed in the making of the immediate

choices that are there about what could be more relevant for the research and what could not be. I

have taken into consideration that the interview notes, as well as the interview recordings, are

there to compete with the materials that do and does not appear too directly and irrelevantly. It is

crucial for me to understand that the analysts who selectively decide what is there to document

the data, and what is there to process the data while at the process of writing the interview and

the research have and could undermine the entire process of the research that has been gathered

and their formation to conduct and review the research will be undermined. I will have to keep

under the consideration what the analytics suggest about the data that is gathered and the data
 35

that is being under review. It is essential to understand that the appearance of the formation of the

information is not only essential but crucial for the entire documentation process (Hurst, 2015).

9 - Data Collection Technique:

While the techniques and methods to perform a qualitative research, method has

been discussed thoroughly, and how the data can or will be made, I must point out how

this data for the research purpose will be gathered in order to process it further. Since, I

have pointed out the facts and processed in which the data is being considered through

different and multiple methods and forms, such as collecting it from different sorts of

Questionnaires, later turning them in to usable and accountable forms through which the

raw data can be further processed and progressed, this data presents us actions through

which the research can be more useful for the researcher in the longer run. Indeed it is

essential and necessary to point out the methods in which the data will be collected, since

there are crucial various point and methods through which the data can be furthered

gathered as well as collected, some which can be done via taking interviews and

recording them on the audiotape recorders, and later extracting the data through them,

presenting a visual form to the people who will be joining or signing up for the research

so that though they visuals they can connect with the things or options that they think

should the answers be, there could be the use of visual analysis such as presenting the

people several numbers of books or the videos, and then collecting data from them

(Cassel, 2016).

However, since there are several methods for the data to be collected, and several

techniques, some of which has been mentioned. Firstly, it is crucial to take into account

what the advance technology presents us: individual researches have been done solely
 36

based on the iPhone or the iPads, where the particular apps were being developed which

were then shared through the group circle of the people who later were made to answer

the questions (Maxwell, 2018). This in all is there to gather all the textual and digital

data, for one goal that is to collect the data. In the IT industry, my research and

knowledge suggest that the best method is through the use of interviews. As the

interviews have the power to connect the people, and also makes them in some staying

being honest to themselves so that they can answer what the wish to or at least the point

of lying by the people is to the bare minimum, this cannot be taken as a general rule

because the people are bound to lie and no one can guarantee who is a leir and who is not

but the best possible outcome of anything should be that there should be consideration of

at least the best possible methods that can be used to gather data through which the

people do not lie, and they do not re-connect with themselves later on with something

else in mind, this simply takes away all the effort a research has put in through (Allen,

2017).

People lie, and there is simply no cure for that. We as human have innate

capabilities to lie, however, when there is another person who is a professional or a

researcher, he or she will be able to make at least an impression of being someone

inviting to the other person and he or she, the person delivering or being the part of the

research will might not hesitate to lie about what he might would want to say. The

purpose for this part of the thesis is to make sure that the researcher is well aware of the

fact, that there are not many options available and that he is to explore all the best

possible methods to ensure the other person lies as little as possible. To me, conducting

interviews is something that tells me that the person will be somewhat fair to me. That is
 37

because, I, as a researcher will be the one conducting the interviews, and being a

professional in the world, it is not difficult for me, or someone like me to understand if

the other person is lying or not, perhaps that is the only way I believe I can ensure that the

person is not lying. If the data that is gathered through the dogmas of the people, it can

have severe consequences for my research, and I cannot do anything about it at the end of

the day, I have to ensure whatever information I am acquiring from people is at least not

confusing them as well as not misguiding me (Patton, 2016).

In an interview, there are different methods through which the questions are being

labelled and asked about. There is a structured format of research, then there is a semi-

structured format of the interview, and lastly, there is an unstructured format of the

interview. In the structured format, all the questions that will be asked or the researcher

wants to asks are organised and labelled as question one, question two, question three and

so on and so forth. This method is usually done when their researcher uses the help of

other people and sends them on the way to seek the people who would be the potential

interviewers. Furthermore, then there is a semi-structured format. In this format, the

questions are mentioned from top to bottom by question one, question two, question three

and so on however this fact is being ignored when the person conducting the interview

has to go through different sets of people and different minds of people, and he moulds

the questions solely based on the assumption which question will the other person be able

to answer first, and which one they would not be able to answer. This is an unusual

approach when the questions are about a person’s personal life. Since the person can

change the question as per his liking and comfort, this is a great approach. Furthermore,
 38

the third type is unstructured in which only questions are mentioned, and sometimes even

those questions are not well mentioned (Maxwell, 2018).

The researcher himself often makes the unstructured approach because this gives

them the flexibility, they need to seek answers that could be just relevant to the research

they can do so. If the research is something that includes some people being able to

answer them: that could have several reasons behind them, some reasons could be their

age, some reasons could be their knowledge and so on. The researcher will mould the

question on hand or the site, and this will give them the leverage they need to extract the

kind of knowledge they want to extract from them. Since interviews are verbal, they need

to have some background that will help them have access to all the interviews that were

being conducted and were being asked. Since a researcher is someone who will have to

go through several of the people per day, it is highly likely that the researcher will forget

which person answered what, which person answered what. Furthermore, to this, the

researcher will have a Plan B or a second copy in case if the original belong gets lost due

to an unfamiliar and uncertain event. Therefore, in order to do this, the researcher will

have to make sure either he or she carries a tape recorder or an audio recorder to make

sure the other person, whatever they are saying is well recorded and collected under their

views (Lawrence; Tar, 2015).

However, this method involves the fact that the researcher should involve ethics

in it. The ethical approach I would take is I will pre-asking question will tell the

participants that their answers are being recorded and how they kept, which could be

analysed later onwards. This will have to be done under the pretext that the person’s

anonymity is well kept and there is no compromise on it. The factor of anonymity is the
 39

most important one which has been mentioned earlier in the Ethical Research codes. The

purpose of the research questions and interviews is that this helps to understand the

researcher multiple approaches that there are what people have, and what kind of

different views they have regarding a particular issue (Merriam, 2015). This is

particularly important for the analysts who will later own if found necessary will have to

go through the interviews in order to analyse the research and present better findings of

the issue. This is an excellent approach to the method and the one which is frequently

neglected at the hands of the interviewer. The researcher will also be able to understand

that what kinds of beliefs a person has of a particular issue, and their tone will be a tool to

understand what can be done regarding the issue and how much they dislike the issue.

This is a more significant milestone that the research interviews help us to determine, and

I certainly cannot ignore this (Lawrence; Tar, 2015).

Furthermore, to all of this, it must understand that the interviews also helps to

understand what the motivation of the other person is regarding a particular question. It

can be stated that the people in a particular area or region have a different level(s) of

motivations regarding a particular issue. This can be because they are unable to perform

their task or have issues with someone in the area of the field. Since my research is about

the IT field, I need to go through the interviews that are necessary for the team to be

conducted, and which gives a potential a friendly view regarding what the issue at hand is

and what can go wrong about it (Merriam, 2015). The motivation of the employee will

help the HR team of the company to understand what and where are they doing wrong,

and what can be done in order to achieve the fact that the complaint can be understood,

this is all to keep in mind, the interview of the researcher will help to achieve. Therefore,
 40

it is without any doubt that the qualitative method of the research help to get a deeper

understanding of the issue, and helps to understand what can be done in order to

overcome that. If, per say, as a researcher I choose something that is radical and does not

provide the sensitivity that is required in order to collect the data for the researcher with

the help of questionnaire, while the questionnaire is useful methods to carry on the

research, and for the most part they are an extremely cheap alternative to the issue at

hand, but they are unable to help the researcher where the person stands regarding the

particular issue, and what can be done in order to help them combat the issue. Therefore,

the method that has been chosen to help further positively extend the research is through

the fact and idea that the interviews will be conducted and the data will be gathered on

behalf of that (Patton, 2016).

10 - Data Organization Technique

As the previous topics have discussed and mentioned what the research is what research

standards are being used to perform the tasks of performing research. It is not crucial to

understand how the obtained research can be put into use and perhaps later be analysed. The data

conducted or gathered by research is at a raw form, and there is not much that can be done with

that data, since the raw format is only understood by the researcher, but not by his or her team,

although it may differ from multiple teams, but there is a consensus among many of the

researcher. The problem with the raw data is that it needs to be refined and properly put together

so that the peers can gather and perform the task of data gathering, and later being forwarded it

to the data analysts who will later own deal with the research. The task of the researcher is an

ongoing process, and that is what has been understood from this thesis. It does not come to an

end unless everything that was performed has or comes to an end. This is crucial for any
 41

research. I have determined the possibility of using the best possible techniques for my research

process, the thesis of my research process is something that helps the participants to be more

bold about the changes they deem necessary should occur in the field of the Information

Technology or IT, and how this field can progress if subsequent changes are being made

(Abdilguard, 2016).

To analyze, the data collected through the questionnaire, the software of SPSS was used.

The data has been tested for examining the correlation and regression. To evaluate how the

independent variable is connected with the dependent variable, correlation analysis is used.

While regression is used to examine how much change in the independent variable caused an

independent change variable. Hierarchical regression analysis is used in case of multiple factors

that may result in variations in the causal relationship. SPSS software package was used to gather

all statistical calculations. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to measure the internal reliability of

the scale. Regression, mediation and moderation analysis were processed through Hayes (2012)

process. Data were collected from 277 respondents and was analyzed on SPSS software, and this

is the best software that is available in the market to help ease the task for a researcher.

Following steps were done for analysis:

1. Only ultimately led responses were considered for analysis, rest responses

were discarded.

2. Every variable was coded, and coded items were used for analysis

3. Frequency of different sample characteristics is described, and tables are

developed for specialised demographics.

4. Mean of each variable calculated for analysis.

5. Reliability analysis was done; Cronbach alpha of each variable was calculated.
 42

6. Correlation analysis was done to explore the strength between the variables.

7. Following the Preacher and Hayes model, regression analysis was done.

8. Hypothesis testing was done by Preacher and Hayes method, to check whether

hypotheses are supported or not supported.

While the paper has discussed the use of SPSS software for the analysis of the thesis, it is

now essential to understand what SPSS is and how can it be used to ease the task of the

Researcher in order to compile up the research. The thing about SPSS is that it is available as a

form of software package use that can help perform the task of interactive, or the different sorts

of batched statistical analysis. The IBM later acquired this software in 2009, who have further

upgraded it, the software’s name SPSS means the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, as

the name suggests, this software can be used by the professional of health sciences as well as

engineering students or professionals. The thing about SPSS is that it is widely used software for

the performing of the tasks for the statistical analysis which is applied and used in the social

sciences, furthermore the ease in the complexity that this software brings is that it is often being

used by the market researchers, the health researcher, the government initiates, the educational

researchers, the survey companies, and most of all the data mining companies. Initially, when the

SPSS was launched, it is was told and known to be the sociology’s most active and influential

tools in the book that would help the researcher perform their statistical analysis and as well as

data management, which in itself is the miracle of the software.

Therefore, as mentioned earlier, it is without any sorts of difficulty or difficulties as to

how the choice of the software could be wrong or objected to. The problem with the raw data is

without any external or help from the software it is nearly impossible to perform the task of data

management and data gathering. For the researcher, it is an essential step that comes into play
 43

and which needs to be dealt with. Unless or until there is another software like SPSS, there is

simply no other possible way for me to organise the data, with ease and simplicity. This means

that the SPSS is no ordinary tool and it has proven to be effective from time to time. The tool is

therefore meant for me to be used for the research analysis and the research management. There

is no other better way through which the raw data that has been collected could be standardised,

and the best way to do so is by the use of active measures and skills that are present in the field.

Furthermore, to this, there is a better understanding of the SPSS that is needed, and to

have an orientation of the system at hand. We cannot do the things better unless we have the

sources and the outcomes available at the hand so that all the issues revolving around the system

can be endured and ultimately come to an end. SPSS is, therefore, my choice for the data

organization (Steen; DeFillippi; Sydow,; Pryke, S., & Michelfelder; 2018).

There is a further need for analysing the data, that needs to be which has frequently been

collected by the data managers or the researchers. As mentioned earlier, the data and research

type is through the use of qualitative data. Therefore, qualitative data is the form and the type of

the data which is something that most of the people have little to no difficulty in the recognizing

the qualitative data, it is, therefore, a bit difficult to describe the issue of the qualitative data at

hand, and the label of the qualitative data at hand is something that is difficult to have access to

and is often time interpretive techniques. In general, for the data organisation, there have been

general approaches at hand that or which include the participant’s observation, the multiple

forms of the case studies that have been performed, and the ethnography of the project and as

well as the projective techniques. This is what for every researcher is a crucial step to suggest

and explain, which is that the objective, which is oftentimes can be stated or said to be the end

goal of the research is something that is there to help the issue to be more descriptive in tone, and
 44

understanding, furthermore, it helps the data to be more decode, and otherwise it later comes to

the terms of the agreement of the issue that is something which is or which has less frequency of

the problem and is or shall remain confident of the naturally occurring phenomena in the chosen

field of research.

Furthermore, to the research taken into hand, as it will help to gather all the data which is

in the Raw format to be more and more organised and as well as balanced with its form of

communication. As mentioned in the paper, earlier, it has been taken into consideration that the

paper will comprise of different methods of research conducting and one of which includes the

method of interviewing (Casel; Simone, 2015). The organising part of the interviews is more

complicated than ever; however, what tasks will be done to resolve the issue at hand, and the

understanding of the problem. Interviews are sometimes well structured, and sometimes they are

not, as the process of the interviewing is more complex than ever before, and it cannot be

ignored at the hand because the problem is to confess and apply all the raw data into more

readable and understandable format than ever before, so that the data can be processed legally

and comfortably. It is the most crucial aspect of the research that the data has to be in the format

that is most convincing as well as the most readable. The data needs to be conducive and apply to

the thing that is most relevant to the issue. Therefore, the research part where the research was

done based on conducting interviews should somewhat not be ignored, instead should somewhat

be helped with and supported the idea of the making of the problem (Steen; DeFillippi; Sydow,;

Pryke, S., & Michelfelder; 2018).

Conclusion
Until now the paper has helped to identify the critical issues of the problem at the hand

which exist, the major problem at this stage is the representation and the solution of the data in
 45

the form which is the most understandable as well as most readable and can be answered into the

form that is needed to be done. If it cannot be reasonable and readable, the data that have been

gathered over the research, throughout the research will have to go into the vein, and it will cost

all the effort that has been in place to ensure the data should be measured so that the IT industry

and its challenges can be discussed. The challenges of the IT industry are not the ones that

should be ignored, and therefore the choice of the thesis was made based on it. The data

organisation is the tool which helps us to normalise and present all of our findings in the form

that is more than just understandable but is as readable than ever before. Data is a particular skill

set, and this skillset could and should not be ignored, as the data present our beautiful sets of the

issues at hand, and the issues, can therefore only be resolved when they are in the format which

is more readable and most understandable. This is because the selection of the SPSS Is no

mistake, but the SPSS was selected purely on the basis of the ease it presents in doing the

research, and how that research can be presented in the format that is readable and

understandable, for the people so much so that the people are able not to mistake the problems

that come in hand. As a whole, I have decided to pick the SPSS method of the research so that

the research that was done can now be analysed in the format that is presentable and readable to

all the groups of peers that will be reading the thesis as well as the analysts who will be using the

data (Tracy, 2019).

11 - Data Analysis
After gathering all the data that has been compiled through the various stages of data

gathering and interviewing, and collecting multiple questionnaires, the researcher’s next task is

to make sure and further extend his or her knowledge into the generation of the minefield in

order that will help to generate the alignment that could exist between the research question as
 46

well as the data sources which were used for the research and how those factors conducted the

research (Glesne, 2016). There exist many sources which could and which are used to understand

many sources of the of the data collections and as well as the data sources that helps the

researcher further extend his or here’s understanding about the particular phenomenon which

could be the qualitative researcher’s that is further there to understand the case studies and the

designs that exists between the data and how that data could be further used to extend the data

points and how through various data techniques that could be used for the triangulations and

triangulating of several of the other data points in order to help them reveal the themes that are

being used by the researcher in order to perform the research. In order to address the issue of

how the research methods were used and how were they being analysed; it is crucial to

understand and comment on how the research questions and the existing data sources exist

together and help to understand the questions that exist regarding the research question

(Silverman, 2016).

In order to further extend the data analysis question and how the process would and will

help to compliment the thesis I am doing as well as how the thesis questions helps to answers

more questions about the sources that are used in the thesis in order to generate various sources

that could be used for the data processes, as per the definition of the Carter et al. (2015), the

author discussed that to analyze a gathered data which is thoroughly processed from raw data to

something that is more explicit and readable in terms of the subject, the author carried and laid

down three multiple sorts of triangulations which further eases the burden about how things

should carry on and how things should progress. These triangulations work as follows: first

comes the method, regarding what method has been used for the research, and how that method

was deemed necessary out of all the other methods that are available in order to conduct
 47

researches. The second one is how the investigator triangulations work, that is there to help the

thesis and the researcher in order to understand what sort of information or investigative

techniques were used to simplify the job of the researcher. The investigation is an essential and

critical part of the thesis and how it can help to answer the fundamental questions of the research.

The third one is the theoretical triangulation, and the fourth one is the data source triangulation,

considering what sort of data triangulations are used (Glesne, 2016).

It is essential to be and remain critical of all the points that have been penned downed by

the author Carter et al. (2014), because some of the steps may not be able to be used in the thesis

or different sources, and how it can further implement the numbers of things that are being used

and questioned about the source. In order to extend the researcher’s knowledge and the abilities

to carry out researchers and how things can be made to combine different factors, it is crucial to

understand that the qualitative researcher used several other different sorts of methods which are

implemented within the data collection of the system and how they can be further used or

implemented about the knowledge that is occurring and how things can improve (Silverman,

2016). This is a method for the qualitative researcher in order to help him in the process of data

collection that leads to the data analysis of the different methodological triangulation(s), these

steps that are being mentioned are oftentimes the ones that a researcher further used to extend

his or her understanding about the research topic: the simplest and the easiest way to do so is the

technique of the investigative triangulation which is often being added in the researcher and how

it can help the data which is leading to the multiple factors that come in to play and the

understanding regarding the question. This system of theoretical triangulation is often used when

the researcher consults to the theory of data analysis (Zamaware, 2015).

 48

To further understand the knowledge regarding how the theory of the triangulation works,

the data triangulation is understood as a point that is often being used by the researcher which

often indulges in the use of multiple numbers of the sources that are divergent sources and add

up to the understanding of the data thickness regarding all the issues that exist in the matter, For

the purpose of all the assignment it has been often understood by myself and the team I have

been working for to develop and extend the knowledge of the thesis, it can, therefore, be

understandable to derive the findings of the fact of the participants that I have been eager to

derive from the data skillset and the data point of view, therefore in order to further lead and

extend the knowledge about the participants that have and that will play a role in the research it

is can be derived from the participants and the transcribed methods of the semi-structured

interviews with the use of open-minded interview done through the use of open-ended question.

It can be therefore done to understand the knowledge that is there to help us with the questions

and further develop the understanding of the observations through the help of different field

notes and the data which could lead to develop the trust between the two parties: the researcher

and the participant that includes the research or exists in the research (Silverman, 2016).

There have been several cases in which there are several of the qualitative researchers

who have been there to be positioned with the understanding of the questions that are in place

and how they can work together to form the entire process of the data collection and the data

analysis which have different sorts of the frameworks that come into play regarding how the data

is being processed and how the data is being retrieved about the different types of the questions

that come into play and how those qualitative researches can be made throughout the time to help

them become an essential part of the research (Harding, 2018). The framework of the research is

there to be used by the help of several other sources, and those sources are being carried out by
 49

the help of the several steps that come in to play. These are the frameworks that are being used to

in order of multiple stages, and the steps as well as the process such that one of them are the

researcher’s term to move backwards that is often being derived from the conclusion of the

research. However, I need to understand what kinds of steps that are involved in the data analysis

process. The data analysis cannot be done without it having a proper structure and a background

through which the entire process can be recorded and can be perceived. This is a step by step

method ensuring the entire process and legitimacy of the research (Hemmersely, 2018).

The first step in the data analysis is of the view that the there is subsequent understanding

regarding what process can be used for the gathering of the data as well as the steps used for the

transcription of the verbatim responses to the interview question; this means that when

conducting interviews, it is oftentimes there answer that the person expects is not the way it

seems to be and what can be done is that the interview answer has to be carefully analyzed and

processed regarding what methods and what steps should be involved in the methods that are

there to ensure the answer of the interview are fair, and the point of view of the participant is

being understood (Woods; Paulus; Atkins; Macklin, 2016). When the process arrives in which

the responses of the participants are being transcribed and how they are being saved in the

researcher’s fact check, the transcription is thoroughly adjusted by the help of the audio

recording that are being there to ensure the field notes that were also taken during the process are

secure and safe, and that no further obligation is being done. This is to make sure that the memo

of the participant’s understanding of the issue is precise and there is no bias in the answers of the

participant, the audio recording is therefore deemed compulsory for all the fact checks that are to

be made during the whole cycle of the process and how these things can be done to improve the

recording of the system(Zamawae, 2015).

 50

Data analysis is then being used for the case study guidelines, that means that these

guidelines are present and present a thorough understanding of the cases that are building around

the data and the analysis steps. I will make sure in this step the methods that are used is to make

sure that the semi-structured interviews are first and foremost made into a structured format and

this format cannot be declined regarding as to what is there to come next in the research. I will

make sure I will try to transcribe and synthesise different sorts of code to categories the answer

to the research questions. Finally, when all the step is performed and done, that will come the

time to perform the significant thematic grouping s of all the answers. This method should be

used by the help of the computer-aided programs that will help to speed up the process and will

also provide technical assistance in order to carry on with the project (Hemmersley, 2018). This

is a step which is often ignored, but I have already mentioned in the previous topic that the

computer-aided process is there that I will never forget to use, and rely on them because not only

they perform the task with convenience, they also help to perform the task at ease and with the

simplicity and in the non-bias method. This is why I will be using all the computer-aided

programs to ensure that the results of the process are thorough, come in contact with the analysis

process I have used, and will make sure there is no going back. Because in research there are

often when the researcher has to go back and carry on with the projects and processes that

undermine that entire task at hand, and also these are versions that the computer-aided programs

help to perform them with the ease and simplicity as well as the functionality and the

effectiveness that is required to be used in the process of the data analysis, this is because the

themes that exist in the data analysis are often used by the updated data that makes sure whatever

we incorporate or add to our research is not only up to mark, but is also up to the data to make

sure there is no one else in the background that is there to interrupt the research (Harding, 2018).
 51

12 - Study Validity (Quantitative)

It is now essential to understand what the quality of the case study and the thesis is. This

is only done in order to understand what essential steps there are that should be taken and what

could be done in order to understand the reliability of the thesis and research. It is crucial to

understand that reliability is a factor, and it can either be wrong or either be correct. There cannot

be something in between it. Therefore, it is essential to understand that the reliability of a thesis

turns down to a few things, which the paper will discuss further on. Initially it is essential to

understand that without the proper procedure of the thesis, and thorough peer-reviewing, it is

nearly impossible for the research to go down the drain if it is being reviewed by the

professionals as well as the proper steps are taken so that the data that has been derived, their

reliability is something that is of course what the professional fields may use, and their data

could further be used for the fields that are professionals and can be used to maintain and further

extend the knowledge that is required to make the life easier for the people who will later

analyze the data, because, without their analysis the data gathered with all the research that has

been done will go down the drain, and it will only remain in the paper, this should and is not the

purpose of the entire study (Nardi, 2018).

The primary role of the study’s validity has been changed over the years, and accessing g

it in terms of the networked computers, it is essential to understand that the primary role that lies

heavily on the research and how valid steps he or she has taken to ensure that the study they have

done remains valid throughout the system, and how things can be done in order to protect further

and extend the knowledge of the research (Noble; Smith, 2015). The networked computers

present us with another description of the study’s validity as the primary goal of the computer is

to seek and write down answers which are then used for the research. This has turned away the
 52

role of educational technology and their researcher as there is a new development regarding how

everything is being thoroughly validated in terms of the study’s validity. It is essential to state

that this has been done keeping in mind that the study’s validity solely depends on the person’s

shared interest as well as the data that has been gathered. Quantitative research methods help the

researcher seek answers that are always there in excess and can only be carried out and

understood when they are detailed out with the help of solving the complex issues that are

present and gathered during the Raw data and Raw analysis of the data. This is because the raw

data is always there to help the research to move forward (Nardi, 2018).

In a quantitative, it is crucial to determine the validity of the study, which is there to

understand the concept of the research that helps to measure the data accurately. I understand that

in my research, there are multiple forms of research systems, that are present and have been

found to make the research process more convenient. However, it has decided to select a

quantitative research method to analyse the research that is there to be fixed and understood

regarding the study and how the study could be converted so that there are no factors which

would undermine the process of the research (Heale, 2015). This is there to say that the

constructive processes are being made throughout the research to understand there is no direction

within the research which could further undermine the entire process of the research. This is all

in all there to suggest that the process of the research should be as such in which the peers, as

well as the peer reviewers, can help to understand what can be done to stop the process in the

way if the results are to be expected to fail and undermine the entire research. To further make

sure that the research is done up to the mark, and no question is being asked, then this step is

divided into further sub-steps which would be there to make sure nothing goes wrong initially in
 53

the research methods, and then when their validity is being checked from the qualitative method

to the quantitative method (Nerdi, 2015).

Initially, the first step I will choose to measure the research carefully and strictly would

be the use of what is known as the content validity step, because this is precisely the category of

the research which is solely meant to look at things that are there to measure whether the

research is under the respect to the variable of the research or not, and does the instrument which

has been taken to enhance the research carries on with the research or not (Nerdi, 2015). This is,

all in all, to say and suggest that the change in-laws are not implied and that there is a useful

measure used to make sure nothing in the process of the research is being undermined and

underdeveloped which could and would hamper the success of the research. Face validity is

being developed, which is there to task what kind of issues may arrive in the research and what

would be I as a researcher be able to understand and grasp from the research. This is all in all

there to make sure that nothing in the process of validity goes wrong, and I as a researcher knows

that the entire process of the research is one of that is always up to the mark, and ensure that the

research is measure in technical basis and that the entire process of the research reaches a level

of something that is confined within the research. This is all in to say that all constructive

measures are taken to ensure the success of the research (Noble; Smith, 2015).

To enhance the understanding of the research, there are further steps taken to snore that

the research is applied as an instrument of the success factors and demonstrates that nothing in

the entire process goes wrong and not according to the procedure(s) of ensuring that the research

has some sorts of complications on its way. The first and foremost is the Homogeneity, which is

the meaning of the instrument which is used for the measure that a person uses to construct

different methods and can be applied to make sure the writing and measurement methods of the
 54

research do not go wrong (Heale, 2015). The second one which is also the most critical is the

convergence on, and this is the step in which the instrument measures of the concepts are

developed and remain similar to that of the systems which are available in the system. The

convergence is a crucial step to make sure that there is nothing that could be wrong in the

research and the system does not or fails to highlight the issue. The third one is the theory of

evidence, which is the evident behaviour of the system that occurs similar to the propositions that

are theoretical and can be used to construct further measures to ignore and carry on the steps

involved in the research and its success. In order to understand the procedure, we have developed

the to measure the person’s response and see if they are replying to us in the real tone or not

(Noble; Smith, 2015).

Since the research work that I have done in the thesis has been formed on two things: the

number one being the use of the questionnaire, which was done to make sure that the people and

research work I am looking for, is completed. Furthermore, this was a cheap method so that there

is nothing in the system that undermines the research in the later stages, and that if this is being

done, then everything that I have put in the questionnaire makes sure my research goes as

planned and as well as is cost-effective. This is done to make sure that the costliness of the

project and the process is the one that is being done to make sure that nothing within the system

could ever go wrong, and nothing does (Leung, 2015). The questionnaire brings forward us the

details out research question is seeking; they are easy to make and frequently straightforward for

the participants to fill the marks and grades in the system. To all of this, the questionnaire puts us

in the procedure to make sure nothing goes wrong, and nothing could be undermined in the

procedure of the systems that are put forward in the research. This is crucial, and once the

research is being fulfilled, the entire system guarantees that all the questions within the research
 55

are measured by the two methods: the number one being the qualitative method, and the one

being the quantitative method (Leung, 2015).

I have used to verify my research the help of the quantitative method, which is, of course,

meant to answer the data that has been gathered in terms of the numbers, and that can only be

assured by the help and the understanding of the research that is required in the system. This

method of measurement and research helps me to bring down what kinds of methods that are

involved in the system, and that all the quantity of the numbers that were collected from the

questionnaires are up to the point of the understanding, and remain neutral as it should be

(Leung, 2015).

13 - Reliability and Validity

In order to understand and see how the researcher has been able to put forward the quality

of the research, the researcher needs to put forwards researcher’s ability through which they can

demonstrate the reliability as well as the validity of the data from the data collection of the issue

at hand. This is being done in order to ensure that the effort the writer or the researcher has put in

is because the writer has been able to put forward a report that not only puts forwards research

which could be used for the analysis, as well as research which can help answer the issue

(Bolarinwa, 2015). The issue at my hand is to oversee what can be done to improve the IT

industry, therefore, it is crucial for myself, as well as the research’s sake that whatever has been

done is under the stages which recommend that everything that goes within the research is

something that demonstrates the skill levels of the researcher at hand. This is indeed an important

step as well as the critical verification for the writer, unless the research is verified, nor the peers,

nor the analysts and most importantly not the researcher will remain sure what their research has

been made forwards to ensure the issues are being catered and most importantly, are those issues
 56

enough to make sure that they will counter to all the things that can go wrong (Noble; Smith,

2015).

Therefore, this is why the researcher has kept in mind that the qualitative steps are being

used to ensure that the research conducted is conducive as well as up to the mark of all the issues

that are being discussed, the design of the case study is being made in itself in such as way that

the researcher will have to ask the participants as to what types of the issues should be discussed,

and what should those issues include in order to be talked about (Evenson; Goto, 2017). This is

because the issues that are being talked about are those that are less important or have never been

discussed before. This is a crucial skillset the researcher needs to make before he proceeds

further in the research and how the research is being carried out. This is important to understand

and draw out the feelings of the participants as to how and when do they feel about the issue at

hand, and what kind of natural feeling(s) do they develop regarding the issue. This is because the

issue is sometimes close to the heart or have been associated with the initial problems of the

participant. Moving ahead then comes the point in the research when the results that are being

determined and talked about are those that have or that have not been able to be generalised

towards the other populations, but to some extent, they remain conducive to the theory of the

concept which exists within the issue (Bolarinwa, 2015).

When the results of the case studies are being talked about, it has often been found out

that the researchers' case studies which he reviews are not generalizable to deal with all sorts of

the external populations (Heale, 2015). This is important for the researcher to keep in mind: the

researcher needs to be vigorous when he is analysing the research as well as a finding of the

population he or she will be researching into. This is a step of the research and the rigorous part

means that whenever the researcher is putting a considerable amount of dedication into the
 57

research and that, most importantly his or her research has been proven to be conducive, then it

is most vital for them to find and fund the answers through conduciveness of the research and the

help of the conducting triangulation, and as well as the research being able to help the members

that will remain in the group to find and fund the answers that are available through the entire

data that has been collected and being funded to. This is where the entire set and understanding

of the reliability as well as the validity comes into the research as these are two conducive

methods which further helps to carry on the research with the help of all the necessary data that

can be added into the research. This reliability and also the validity are the two crucial data

collections of the data analysis, as this help to validate our data which we have collected (Noble;

Smith, 2015).

I have done the research with the help of two data collection methods, the first and

foremost was the use of the questionnaire, a questionnaire is something that helps to understand

what kind of issues are present there, I was a researcher this helps me to demonstrate the

reliability, as well as the validity of the triangulation, transcribed responses in the framework

(Evenson; Goto, 2017). This is important to me, because when these things are done, or the

research is done, there is no particular skill set apart from using the methods of reliability as well

as the validity to make sure my questionnaire is up to the mark of the issue, this is, in fact, an

essential step towards ensuring the research I have done is something that has and will be

relevant to the field and to anyone who is looking forwards to bring about the change in the field

of the IT in the country. Without these two steps, the research will become meaningless, and this

is something that will have a huge and a massive impact on the issue, and therefore, without

being able to perform these issues, and the correction of the issue, the relation between solving

the issues will have and consist the error, which as a researcher is something I do not want, and
 58

cannot afford to have them in my research. It is also; therefore, I have included all the

questionnaire I have asked the people, and these questionnaires are present for the analysts to go

through them if they find any problem in the research (Heale, 2015).

Reliability:
The first and foremost concept we need to develop is the understanding of the reliability

and what that is so that I will be able to make the peers better understand what the research was

all about and what kind of the issues they have been able to resolve (Noble; Smith, 2015). This

is crucial because the issues at hand are of a burden that one cannot ignore, and if the person

ignores, therefore, there is nothing much that can be done to ensure that the research is

something that could leave an impact on the system of the IT Industry, so that being said, the

Reliability as a whole is a method which is being solely used for the research that could have

meaning in it and as well as the findings which we are looking for to find within the research.

The consistency is linked to the dependability of the researcher, and it cannot be ignored because

it reflects the person’s audit as well as the ability to make a change in the study, and the change is

something that is frequently not being repeated. Saunder (2016) further stated and noted that the

primary data that could be effected through different circumstance that arises during the research.

These circumstances change from time and duration. One cannot remain unbounded to them, and

therefore it is crucial to understand what these issues are (Evenson; Goto, 2017).

I have kept into consideration what the Saunders (2016) stated, in his paper, the author

carried out that the repeatability and the dependability may also be affected b the threats of the

interviewer, and it can further implement the issue, and increase the threat levels of the research

which may harm the research, these include things such as the interviewer, the researcher is often

the interviewer because he is out there to interview the people and see what things work out the
 59

best for them and what do not. Furthermore, is the concern of the interviewee, the interviewee is

the person or the participant who is being interviewed by the person, and it could impact the

research if he lies about the issue at hand, or with the researcher. In such a circumstance, there

will be extra primary data to be collected which could and would undermine the issue of the

research, and impact the research because their understanding of the research is something that is

often being ignored. For me, in the research, as a researcher, I have demonstrated the

dependability of the issue by the member checking the participants’ response and from the data

that is collected in such a way that there are no errors and bias in the matter I disagree with. I

asked the respondents to point out areas where I may have shown bias as an interviewer. This has

helped me to understand that the issues that exist can be answered with a meaningful debate with

the participants (Diko, 2016).

Validity
When the research further exceeds, and is being put together in a simple format, it is

crucial to understand and to have a system of measurement which will ensure that the research

that is being done is something that has and that has a system of correction and measurement that

nothing in the process and during the analysis goes wrong. Therefore, the validity is basically

something that will help the researcher carry out his research with convenience and ease and also

through the better measurement methods, this is done in order to ensure that there is an in-depth

meaning of the qualitative study, the validity is basically a reflection of the facts, and how the

results are being carried out (Straus, 2017). This is because, the important thing in the qualitative

research is the fact that the transferability of the results should often align with the conceptual

framework or the theory, and the transferability of the results should mean that they revolve

under the pretext and under the understanding which the framework makes. This is through the
 60

alignment of the conceptual framework, the literature reviews that have been done, and the

documentary supplements that arise and work together in similar qualitative studies (Straus,

2017).

My validation is done through the most straightforward matter and form that was

available to me through the hand, and this is because this has helped me to ease the process, I

used the methodological triangulation which could be the best option to be that is available

through the research. This is also the method, which gains the insights that are necessary for the

methodological triangulation, and this is the appropriate method when the system or the research

is being carried out in a disorderly manner and the method. Interviews are mostly unstructured

because in many cases, the questions are being changed and less evaluated about the facts that

could be helpful and meaningful in finding out the solutions that are needed. I also used the

Lincoln and the Guba’s strategies of the credibility, transferability, confirmability, and the data

saturation to validate this study (Diko, 2016).

14 - Transition and Summary:

The chapter emphasis on the understanding that exists about the research matters and

issues at hand, as well as the knowledge that is required to form and do a thesis based on

research, it is essential to understand that the research is something that cannot be changed once

its done, and therefore it is the most important to have everything at hand, which involves all the

questions about how the research will be done, with whom will it conducted and how will it be

narrowed down. I understand all the risks that are involved, and to address them one by one I
 61

have divided this chapter of my thesis in a ground, where matters that will be involved in the

thesis have been discussed. There is no doubt, one of the biggest question that comes to my

mind, and that I have to maintain nothing goes wrong in the research is the issue of not

developing or not having a bias against anyone of anything. This is an extremely complicated

matter at hand something that should be catered to at the most. Furthermore, to address this

issue, I have made sure to share all the interviews I will conduct as well as all the data gathered

with the questionnaire to the people who will review my thesis. This is to ensure that nothing is

done against the will of the people or the participants and a thorough guideline has been provided

for the research matter at hand.

This is to make sure my research not only helps the people who work for the Information

Technology sector within my country but beyond this. I have mentioned the research method

which will be the qualitative method, and this has been selected after a thorough understanding

of the issue at hand, as well as the issue that exist or may arise in the future. I have used this

technique because I believe I will not be working more with number but rather analysing the

questionnaire and different interviews that I will be conducting. This is when the qualitative

method performs the best. The participations of the research will be by those that have a

background within the Information Technology sector because in order to conduct a research that

is thorough in itself and critical about the things that will or the matters that will arrive, I have to

make sure all the participants are those who are above the age of twenty-one. Most of the

employees these days are above the age of the twenty-one, and this is because the average

graduation age in the world is set to be around twenty-two. For my research, the eligibility

criteria for the participants is only that they have a background in the IT sector. I do not require
 62

more background from them because of the questionnaires I have set, and they will be enough to

seek the relevance and the importance of the answers that are needed.

Overall, my research takes on the understanding and note about what could be more done

about the IT sector, and how can I play a role in the understanding of how things can proceed in

the manner that is something beneficial for everyone. I have to make sure all the data analyzation

as well as data gathering techniques are up to the mark and answer all the questions that are

needed to be answered. This is because Data that I will generate from the questionnaire will be in

the raw format and without the help of peers, as well as software and computer-aided programs,

it is nearly impossible for me to find the solutions that are needed to be answered in the problem

section. Furthermore, to this, I will have to use SPSS which is software that has been widely used

by the researchers all over the world belonging to different fields of study. I will make sure that

the research is unbiased as well as secure in the format that is not just presentable but can be

used by the professionals to use the data that could bring about a perfect and a needed change in

the IT sector so that the IT sector within my community grows. I have made sure that my

information is adequate, and understands that nothing can be changed unless someone wants to

change. I am a firm believer of change, and I also wish my thesis is something that will help to

bring the change in the IT sector.

IT sector is one of the world’s most leading sectors, and its usage cannot be ignored. We

have to develop the methods that are needed to ensure that the people working in the IT sector

get to have the safe and secure environment which helps them to grow as the professionals as

well as helps them to understand there exist different ways of life which can be treated and

explored to help find different meanings in life. I have made sure all the various techniques are

up to the mark, because I am critical about my understand and my data gathering, so, therefore, it
 63

has been crucial for me and my understanding of the research to have something that deals with

the problems at hand and helps to answer the questions that need to be answered. The variation

process helps to find all the question, and their legitimacy at hand before the research is

presented. Most importantly in this chapter since I will be interacting with people at hand, it is

crucial for me to remain and indulge in activities and questions that are ethical, since ethics are

the most fundamental part of any society it is most important and most crucial aspect of the way

of life, and for a researcher it is his responsibility to make sure all the ethical standards of the

research are met and nothing gets lost from the way of the research, and most importantly the

personal data of the people are kept in a place which is safe and secure.

TOTAL WORD COUNT: 21, 124

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