Angle Modulation

(Frequency and
Phase)
Complied By:
Kartik R. Patel
EXTC Department
KJSCE
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 Basic Principle
Frequency and phase modulation are the form
of angle modulation.
Angle modulation has noise reduction,

Improved system fidelity,

More efficient use of power.

Wider bandwidth,

More complex circuits

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 Basic Principle
 FM is less susceptible to noise than AM and
improves performance.

Angle modulation results whenever the phase

angle (theta) of the signal changes.

𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑽𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜽 𝒕 ]

𝜽 𝒕 = 𝑭[𝒗𝒎 𝒕 ]
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 Basic Principle
With angle modulation, 𝜃 𝑡 is a function of
modulating signal.

When frequency of the carrier is varied, the

phase is also varied and vice versa.

If frequency is varied then FM results,

If phase is varied PM results.

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 Basic Principle
 Direct FM is indirect PM, and direct PM is
indirect FM.

Direct FM: Varying frequency of a constant

amplitude carrier directly proportional to the
amplitude of modulating signal.

Direct PM (Indirect FM): Varying phase of a

constant amplitude carrier directly proportional
to the amplitude of modulating signal.

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Angle modulated wave

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Phase changing with time

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Frequency changing with time

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Instantaneous phase deviation

It is the instantaneous change in the phase of the

carrier at a given instant of time with reference
to phase.

Instantaneous phase deviation= 𝜽 𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅

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 Instantaneous phase

It is the precise phase of the carrier at a given

instant of time,

Instantaneous phase= 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜽 𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅

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 Instantaneous frequency
deviation
It is the instantaneous change in the frequency of
the carrier and is defined as first time derivative
of the phase deviation.
Instantaneous frequency deviation=
𝜽′ 𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅

𝜽′ 𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔
= = = 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒔

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 Instantaneous frequency
It is the precise frequency of the carrier at a given
instant of time and is first time derivative of
instantaneous phase.
Instantaneous frequency =𝝎𝒊 𝒕

𝒅
= 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜽 𝒕 = 𝝎𝒄 + 𝜽′ 𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝒅𝒕

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 Deviation Sensitivity
 Phase modulation is angle modulation in which
instantaneous phase deviation is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal voltage and
instantaneous frequency deviation is proportional to
the slope or first derivative of the modulating signal.

 Phase modulation= 𝜃 𝑡 = 𝐾𝑣𝑚 𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑

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 Deviation Sensitivity
 Frequency modulation is angle modulation in which
instantaneous frequency deviation is proportional to
the amplitude of the modulating signal voltage and
instantaneous phase deviation is proportional to the
integral of the modulating signal voltage.

 Frequency modulation= 𝜃′ 𝑡 = 𝐾1 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑

 K and K1 are deviation sensitivities which is input

versus output transfer function.

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Deviation Sensitivity

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FM and PM waveform

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Phase deviation and modulation index
 Carrier that is being phase or frequency modulated by a
single-frequency modulating signal can be written as,

𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑚 𝑡

 m represents peak phase deviation in radians for

a phase-modulated carrier. It is called
modulation index.
𝒎 = 𝑲𝑽𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝒎=𝑲 𝑽𝒎 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
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 Frequency Deviation
 It is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when
it is acted on by a modulating signal frequency.

 Peak frequency deviation is ∆𝒇

 Peak to Peak frequency deviation is 2∆𝒇

∆𝒇 = 𝑲𝟏 𝑽𝒎 (𝑯𝒛)

∆𝒇(𝑯𝒛)
𝒎= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝒇𝒎 (𝑯𝒛)
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