CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

In this chapter the researcher describes the research methodology; it consists

of research design, Research variables, population, sample and sampling,

technique of collecting the data , and technique of analyzing the data.

A. Research Design

This research uses quantitative analysis that intends numbers, analytical

data to examine and also present the results. The quantitative research

sample looking at the relates of social life and the mechanistic

assumptions of the statistical science positivism flow of nature. In terms

of Ary (2010,128-129), The quantitative paradigm examines the world as

a composite variable, meaning that a quantitative approach assumes by

observing the behavior of visible (surface behavior) and the spoken word

to describe humans and his world.

This research chooses pre-experimental design with one group

pretest and posttest. This research intends to investigate the improvement

of word wall as media in teaching vocabulary for the seventh-grade

student at junior high school 3 Tarakan. The research design uses by the

researcher is pre-experimental in the form of a one-group, pretest-posttest

design.
 Table 3.1 The Scheme of Pre-Experimental

PRE-TEST TREATMENT POST-TEST

O1 X O2
Notes::

Y1 : Pre-test

Y2 : Post-test

The design uses a non-randomize control group pre-test, post-test

design with a kind of treatment. There will be two groups in this model,

control class and experiment class. There are three stages in two-group

pretest-posttest design :

1. The researcher will conduct a pretest to find out the students

writing skills before being taught using the word wall. The pretest

formulates as (O1). Using this test, the researcher instructs to write

down descriptive text about describing people and things around them.

2. The researcher will apply treatment to the subjects using the word

wall. The treatment formulates as (X).

3. The researcher will conduct a post-test to measure the students

writing skills after being taught using word walls. Using the test, the

researcher instructs students to choose the topic of descriptive text and

write down the descriptive text. The posttest formulates as (O2).

B. Research variables

A variable is a general class of objects, events, situations,

characteristics and attributes that are of interest to the researcher

(Ary,2010:265). The variables there are two variables of the research. The

dependent variable and independent variable.

1. Independent Variable

Independent variable is a variable which influence

dependent variable, in order words independent variable is causes

variable. In this research independent variable is word wall media.

2. Dependent Variable

Dependent variable is the consequence of or dependent

variable upon antecedent variables. The dependent variable in this

research is the students’ vocabulary achievement.

C. Population and sample

1) Population

A population defines as all members of any well illustrates

a class of people, events, or objects. If someone wants to research

all of the elements in the research area, his/her research calls

population research on census study (Ary, 2010:266). More

technically, the population is a sample space of the elementary

event.

Class Total of Students

7-1 32

7-2 32

7-3 30

7-4 32

7-5 30

7-6 30
 7-7 32

7-8 30

7-9 35

Total of Population 283

In terms of the table above, the total population in seventh grade of

SMPN 3 Tarakan are 286 students.

2) Sample

According to(Ary 2010,129), the small group that will observe

is calling as a sample. In this study, the researcher took the VII-I

as a sample of this research. This class consists of 35 students.

consists of 11 boys and 21 girls.

The technique of sampling uses by the writer is purposive

sampling. Purposive sampling uses when the writer is unable to

take a probability sampling, but it is still able to select subjects to

be typical, or representative, the sampling choose from the

population base on the writer’s purpose (Ary,2010:129).

D. Research instrument

Instrument has important function in this research. Using an

instrument is one of the significant steps in conducting this

research. The researcher used one kind of instrument that was

vocabulary test. The aim to do test is to know Word Wall Media

effective or not for the students to learn vocabulary. The material

of the test will be taken from English book and other resources to
 add more vocabularies which related to their subject and based on

Junior High School curriculum.

The researcher apply two kinds of test, there were pre-test

and post-test. The tests form of matching, fill in the blank, and

written text.. Between pretest and posttest the students are growing

mentally and physically and they may have learning experiences

that could affect the dependent variable. The test items for pretest

consist of 25 questions.

E. Technique for Collecting Data

In this research, method that will be used to collect data is pretest

and posttest. The questions of the test are 25. The test items of

pretest are simmilar with posttest but different in their level. The

forms of test are made in the following form:

a. Matching the word tests that consist of 10 items. The

students must classify the words into their terms such as noun,

adjective, verb. The score for each word is 1 which means the

maximum is 10 points.

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑋10
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡

b. Fill in the blank tests that consist of 5 items. The students must

fill in the missing text. The scores for each item is 1, so all scores

are 20. The formulation as follow:

sccore:

Score =

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑋10
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
 c. matching words tests that consist of 5 items. The students must

match the defintion of word correctly. The scores for each item is

1, so all scores are 5. The formulation as follow:

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑋10
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡

d. true or false tests that consist of 5 items. Students must decide

wether the sentence is true or false. The scores for each item is 1, so

all scores are 5. The formulation as follow:

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑋10
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡

There are three steps to collect the data:

a. Pretest

Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent

1 pts 1 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts

Match words to Poor Fair Good Excellent

definitions Student is able Student is able Students is able Student is able
to match only a to match some to match most of to match all of
few words to of the words to the words to the words to
their definitions their definitions their definitions their definitions
Complete Poor Fair Good Excellent
sentences Student is able Student is able Student is able Student is able
to complete only to complete to complete to complete all
a few senteces some of the most of the of the senteces
with the correct senteces with the senteces with the with the correct
vocabulary correct correct vocabulary
words vocabulary vocabulary words
words words
Write Poor Fair Good Excellent
definitions Student is able Student is able Student is able Student is able
to write only a to write some of to write most of to write all of
few definitions the definitions the definitions the definitions
Addapt from Robert Z Marzano (2000)
Pre-test is a test that is given to all of VII 1 students at Junior High

school 3 Tarakan to measure their ability before treatment process

(teaching by using word wall). This test is given to know the basic

competence for all students and to know their earlier knowledge

before they get treatment. The pretest will conduct on 13th january

2020.

B. Treatment

In this research, the researcher give treatment to the student by

using wor wall media. The location time each meeting is 2 X 40

menit. The four meeting are seen bellow:.

1. The first meeting

The first meeting willconduct on 27th January 2020 as follows:

a. The researcher give explanation and instuction about word

wall media

b. The researcher give explanation about the generic

structure and function of descriptive text

c. The researcher mentioned the names of public buildings

on the word wall with the correct pronunciation and asked

the students to follow the pronunciation.

d. The researcher guides the students to ask about the

function of public buildings.

e. The students read and listen of many examples about how

to mention the names and the function of public building

around them then compare with Bahasa Indonesia.

 f. The students communicated their difficulty with their

friend.

f. The students made the definition of the public building that

they have chosen from word wall media then read it in front of

the class one by one.

2. second meeting

The second meeting will conduct on 28th January 2020 as

follows:

a. The researcher stick on the word wall on the white board.

b. The researcher mention the names of poeple on the word

wall with the correct pronunciation and asked the students

to follow the pronunciation.

c. The researcher guided the students to ask about the

function to describe poeple around them

d. The students read and listened of many examples about

how to mention the names and the job of people around

them then compare with Bahasa Indonesia.

e. The students communicates their difficulty with their

friend.

f. The students made the definition of the people that they

have.

3. . third meeting meeting

The third meeting will be conductes on 3th January 2020 as

follows:

a. The researcher stick on the word wall on the white board.

 b. The researcher mention the names of poeple on the word

wall with the correct pronunciation and asked the students

to follow the pronunciation.

c. The researcher guided the students to ask about the

function to describe poeple around them

d. The students read and listened of many examples about

how to mention the names and the job of people around

them then compare with Bahasa Indonesia.

e. The students share their difficulty with their friend.

f. The students made the definition of the people that they

have.

C. Posttest

Post-test is a test that is given to all of VII- I students at

Junior High school 3 Tarakan after they get treatment (teaching by

using word wall). It is done to know the final score and to know

the students’ difference competence before and after they get

treatment. The posttest will conduct on 17th february 2020.

F. Technique for Analyzing Data

The data obtained from research result is the results of students’

test that will be analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative analysis was

done using statistics which is called statistical analysis or inferential

statistics. Data analysis is a time consuming and difficult process,

because typically the researcher faces massive amounts of field notes,

interview transcripts, reflections, and information from documents to

examine and interpret (Ary, 2002:465).

 In quantitative research is always depends on measuring instrument

that used in research, to measure the instrument through Validaty. The

quantitative data of this research in analyzed using statistical

computation. The best known and most widely used statistical package

for data analysis in educational research is SPSS. It can import data

from most spreadsheet software and from databases. SPSS provides

descriptive and inferential statistics.

b. . Validity

Validity defines as the extent to which an instrument measured what it

claimed to measure. The focus of recent views of validity is not on the

instrument itself but on the interpretation and meaning of the scores

derive from the instrument (Ary: 2010: 225). Brown (2004: 22)

explains that validity is the most complex criterion of an effective test

and the most important principle of language testing. It is the extent to

which inferences made from assessment result are appropriate,

meaningful, and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment. A

test should test what the writer wants to test. There are four types of

validity, but the researcher uses content validity in this study.

1. Content Validity

Content validity is a kind of validity which depends on careful

analysis of the language being tested. A test is said to have content

validity if its contents constitutes a representative sample of the

language skills, structure, etc. being tested. In order to judge

whether or not the test has content validity, we need a specification

of the skills or structured being tested. A comparison of test

specification and test content is the basic for judgement for content

validity. In this study, the test has content validity because the

items were taken from sources for the seventh grade students in

Junior high school 3 Tarakan.

Table 3.2. The Standard Competence

Standard Competence Indicator

3.5 understanding the social function, 3.5.1 the students are able to identify

text structure, and grammatical the social function, text structure, and

language in written and spoken text to grammatical language in written and

ask about name and number of spoken text to ask about name and

animals, things, and public buildings number of public buildings around us.

around us.

Based on the standard competence, the formulation for the

vocabulary test as the table below.

Table 3.3. The Formulation for The Vocabulary Test

Material Indicator Sub indicator

Vocabulary relates to the
things and poeples
around us
The student are able to 1. students are able to
use various vocabulary anwer the match the
related to things and words in terms of
poeples around them vocabulary form.
2. Students are able to
answer the text that
missing a word
3. Students are able to
 match the word with the
right definition
4. Students are able to
decide wether the
sentence is true or false

2. Construct Validity

A test is said to have construct validity if it demonstrate that it

measures just the ability which is supposed to measure. The word

construct refers to any underlying ability which is hypothesized in a

theory of language ability. The form of the test must suitable to test

vocabulary not the other skills or components of language. Here, the

researcher makes 30 questions to measure students’ vocabulary

achievement.

Table 3.4. Construct Validity

No. Standard Competence Test Items Percentages

1.
students are able to answer the match 1-10 40%
1. the words in terms of vocabulary form.
F
Students are able to answer the text that 1-5 20%
2. a a word
missing

3 c are able to match the word with 1-5

Students 20%
the right definition
4 e are able to decide wether the
Students 1-5 20%
sentence is true or false
Total 25 100%

3. face validity

A test is said to have face validity if it looks as if it measures what it is

supposed to measure. Face validity is hardly a scientific concept, yet it is

very important.
 4. Classifying

In assessing the students’ score, the researcher classifies the students’

score into four criteria, those were very good, good, fair, and poor. The

range score as follows:

Table 3.4 Scoring Classification of Students Score

Interval Predicate Classification

90-100 A Very good
C
80-89 B Good
l
71-79 C Fair
a
<71 D Poor
s

Based on school document (2019)

3. Calculating the Mean Score and Standard Deviation

Mean is an average of value the students’ score. Meanwhile

standard deviation is a measure of how spreads the students

score. For calculate the mean score and standard deviation the

researcher use SPSS version 22.0 by using descriptive

statistics’ analysis.

c. Inferential Analysis

The researcher using statistical Packages for Scientific

Studies (SPSS) version 22.0 to analyze the data. The data

analysis by the researcher of students’ score from the result of

pretest and posttest. The score calculate after the researcher

analysis students’ test, it involve the pre-requisite testing and

hypothesis testing.
 a. Pre-requisite Testing

To analyze the data for testing the hypothesis, the

researcher will use t-test to find out the significant

differences between pre-test and post-test. The

researcher calculate the students score from pre-test and

post-test by using Statistical Packages for Scientific

Studies (SPSS) versioan 22.0. before using t-test to test

the hypothesis, there is pre-requisite test that must be

conduct. The tests are normality test and homogeneity

test.

d. Normality test

The purpose of normality test is to know whether the data

obtained normal or not. In this research, the normality of data

uses Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The main purpose is to know

the data normally distribute or not. The hypothesis of normality

test will be describe as follows :

H0 : data is normally distribute if probability value is higher

that the level of significant.

Ha : data is not normally distribute if probability value is

lower than the level of significant.

The hypothesis of normality is if probability value is higher

than 0.05 (probability value > 0.05), then H0 is accept and Ha is

reject. It means the scores in pre-test and post-test are normally

distribute. On the other hand, if the probability value is lower

 than 0.05 (probability value < 0.05), then Ha is accept and H0 is

reject. It means the score between pre-test and post-test are not

normally distribute.

e. Homogeneity of Variance

After normality test is done, the researcher find out the

homogeneity of variance. The purpose of homogeneity test is to

calculate whether both of scores have same variance or not. If

the variance is equal, then t-test uses equal variance assume to

determine the significant differences. The hypothesis of

homogeneity of varience can be see as follows :

H0 : the variance of pretest is equal with the variance of posttest

if probability value is higher than level of significance.

Ha : the variance of pretest is not equal with the variance of

posttest if probability value is lower than the level of

significance.

If the level of probability value ishigher than 0.05

(probability value > 0.05), then H0 is accept and Ha is reject. It

means that the variance pre-test is equal with the variance in post-

test, then t-test uses equal variance assume to determine the

significant difference. On other hand, if the probability value is

lower than 0.05 (probability value < 0.05), then Ha is accept and

H0 is reject. It means that the variance of pre-test is not equal with

the variance in post-test. Then t-test uses equal variance not

assume to determine the significant difference.

f. Hypothesis Testing

The writing scores on pre-test and post-test of treatment

group as the quantitative data analyze by using t-test

application in SPSS version 22.0 (Statistical Packages for

Scientific Studies). Significant differences analyze between

the pre-test and post-test.

If the data normal and homogen, the researcher

analyze the data by using parametric statistic with pair

sample t-test. The students’ scores on pre-test and post-test

as the quantitative data analyze by using t-test application

in SPSS version 22.0 (Statistical Packages for Scientific

Studies). Significant differences are analyze between pre-

test and post-test. After the significance both of the test

already process by using SPSS version 22.0 complete, in

this case, T-test apply to determine the significant

differences in the students vocabulary achievement. If the

score T-test is lower than the score of T-table (Tt), the null

hypothesis (Ho) is accept (Ho=T-test <Tt) and it means that

word wall method cannot give contributions to students

vocabulary Achievement. On the other hand, if the score of

T-test is higher than T-table (Tt), the alternative hypothesis

(Ha) is accept (Ha=T-test>Tt) and it means that word wall

media can give any contributions to students vocabulary

achievement.