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Aiden Cullo
February 9, 2020
Section 21: 8
continuous functions. Let xn be a sequence of points of X converging to x. Show that if the sequence
1. Since fn converges uniformly to f , f is continuous. Also, we can choose an N > 0 such that
∀n ≥ N ∀x ∈ X d(fn (x), f (x)) < 2 . Since f is continuous and since xn converges to x, f (xn )
converges to f (x). Thus, we can choose an M > 0 such that ∀m ≥ M d(f (xm ), f (x)) < 2.
Now, we choose K > 0 s.t. K > M and K > N , then ∀k > K and ∀x ∈ X d(fk (xk ), f (x)) ≤
d(fk (xk ), f (xk )) + d(f (xk ), f (x)) < 2 + 2 = . That is, fk (xk ) converges to f (x).
Section 22: 2
2. (a) Let p : X → Y be a continuous map. Show that if there is a continuous map f : Y → X such
1. Suppose p is not surjective, then ∃ a y ∈ Y s.t. p(x) 6= y ∀x ∈ X. It follows that p(f (z)) 6= y
∀z ∈ Y . But p ◦ f must be surjective since it is the identity map E. Thus p is surjective. Now we
will show that U is open in Y ⇐⇒ p−1 (U ) is open in X. (=>) If U is open in Y , then p−1 (U ) is
1
open in X because p is continuous.(<=) Suppose p−1 (U ) is open in X. Then V = f −1 (p−1 (U ))
map.
(b) If A ⊂ X, a retraction of X onto A is a continuous map r : X → A such that r(a) = a for each
If x ∈ U , we know r−1 (U ) will contain all the elements that map to x. Since x ∈ A, r(x) = x,
S S
1. We know A ∪ ( Aα ) is equivalent to (A ∪ Aα ) and that A ∩ Aα 6= ∅ ∀α. Since A and Aα ∀α
are connected subspaces of X and their intersection is nonempty, then they share a point, thus
S
A ∪ Aα is connected ∀α. Thus, (A ∪ Aα ) is a union of connected subspaces that all share at
least one point, namely all the points in A. We know A is nonempty since A ∩ Aα 6= ∅ ∀α.
9. Let A be a proper subset of X, and let B be a proper subset of Y. If X and Y are connected, show
2
that
(X × Y ) − (A × B)
is connected.
connected. Since a×Y and X ×b are connected and they share a point a×b, C = (a×Y )∪(X ×b)
sets that will all share (a × Y ) and thus share a point. The union of connected set with a
S
point in common are connected, so C = / (a
b∈B × Y ) ∪ (X × b) = (a × Y ) ∪ (X × (Y − B))
is connected. We do the same for a fixed b. That is, we union over all a ∈
/ A for a fixed b,
S
i.e. D = / (a
a∈A × Y ) ∪ (X × b) = ((X − A) × Y ) ∪ (X × b). Since all the sets share the
set X × b, we are unioning connected sets that share a point so D will be connected. Now,
in X − A thus, a × b ∈ X × (Y − B) ∪ (X − A) × Y . Suppose a × b ∈ X × (Y − B) ∪ (X − A) × Y ,
if a × b ∈ X × (Y − B), a × b ∈
/ A × B and if a × b ∈ (X − A) × Y , a × b ∈
/ A × B, thus