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MATH 461 Homework 7

Aiden Cullo

February 9, 2020

Section 21: 8

8. Let X be a topological space and let Y be a metric space. Let fn : X → Y be a sequence of

continuous functions. Let xn be a sequence of points of X converging to x. Show that if the sequence

(fn ) converges uniformly to f, then (fn (xn )) converges to f (x).

1. Since fn converges uniformly to f , f is continuous. Also, we can choose an N > 0 such that

∀n ≥ N ∀x ∈ X d(fn (x), f (x)) < 2 . Since f is continuous and since xn converges to x, f (xn )


converges to f (x). Thus, we can choose an M > 0 such that ∀m ≥ M d(f (xm ), f (x)) < 2.

Now, we choose K > 0 s.t. K > M and K > N , then ∀k > K and ∀x ∈ X d(fk (xk ), f (x)) ≤

 
d(fk (xk ), f (xk )) + d(f (xk ), f (x)) < 2 + 2 = . That is, fk (xk ) converges to f (x).

Section 22: 2

2. (a) Let p : X → Y be a continuous map. Show that if there is a continuous map f : Y → X such

that p ◦ f equals the identity map of Y, then p is a quotient map.

1. Suppose p is not surjective, then ∃ a y ∈ Y s.t. p(x) 6= y ∀x ∈ X. It follows that p(f (z)) 6= y

∀z ∈ Y . But p ◦ f must be surjective since it is the identity map E. Thus p is surjective. Now we

will show that U is open in Y ⇐⇒ p−1 (U ) is open in X. (=>) If U is open in Y , then p−1 (U ) is

1
open in X because p is continuous.(<=) Suppose p−1 (U ) is open in X. Then V = f −1 (p−1 (U ))

is open in Y . Thus, U = p(f (V ))) = V , so U = V and therefore U is open and p is a quotient

map.

(b) If A ⊂ X, a retraction of X onto A is a continuous map r : X → A such that r(a) = a for each

a ∈ A. Show that a retraction is a quotient map.

1. r is surjective because ∀a ∈ A ∃ a x ∈ X s.t. r(x) = a, namely a ∈ A ⊂ X. Now we will

show that U is open in A ⇐⇒ r−1 (U ) is open in X. (=>) If U is open in A, then r−1 (U )

is open in X because r is continuous.(<=) We want to show U = A ∩ r−1 (U ). First, we show

U ⊂ A ∩ r−1 (U ). Suppose x ∈ U , then x ∈ A because r can only ever map to elements in A.

If x ∈ U , we know r−1 (U ) will contain all the elements that map to x. Since x ∈ A, r(x) = x,

thus x maps to x under r, so x ∈ r−1 (U ). Since x ∈ r−1 (U ) and x ∈ A, x ∈ A ∩ r−1 (U ), thus

U ⊂ A ∩ r−1 (U ). Suppose x ∈ A ∩ r−1 (U ). Since x ∈ r−1 (U ), r(x) ∈ U and since x ∈ A,

r(x) = x, so x ∈ U and A ∩ r−1 (U ) ⊂ U and finally, A ∩ r−1 (U ) = U . Since r−1 (U ) is open in

X, U = A ∩ r−1 (U ) is open in A, as desired. Thus, r is a quotient map.

Section 23: 3,9

3. Let {Aα } be a collection of connected subspaces of X; let A be a connected subspace of X. Show


S
that if A ∩ Aα 6= ∅ for all α, then A ∪ ( Aα ) is connected.

S S
1. We know A ∪ ( Aα ) is equivalent to (A ∪ Aα ) and that A ∩ Aα 6= ∅ ∀α. Since A and Aα ∀α

are connected subspaces of X and their intersection is nonempty, then they share a point, thus
S
A ∪ Aα is connected ∀α. Thus, (A ∪ Aα ) is a union of connected subspaces that all share at

least one point, namely all the points in A. We know A is nonempty since A ∩ Aα 6= ∅ ∀α.

9. Let A be a proper subset of X, and let B be a proper subset of Y. If X and Y are connected, show

2
that

(X × Y ) − (A × B)

is connected.

1. Suppose we have the set X × b where b ∈


/ B. Since X is connected and since there is a

homeomorphism from X to X × b, X × b is connected. Similarly, a × Y for a ∈


/ A will be

connected. Since a×Y and X ×b are connected and they share a point a×b, C = (a×Y )∪(X ×b)

is connected. If we union C over all b ∈


/ B for a fixed a value, we attain a union of connected

sets that will all share (a × Y ) and thus share a point. The union of connected set with a
S
point in common are connected, so C = / (a
b∈B × Y ) ∪ (X × b) = (a × Y ) ∪ (X × (Y − B))

is connected. We do the same for a fixed b. That is, we union over all a ∈
/ A for a fixed b,
S
i.e. D = / (a
a∈A × Y ) ∪ (X × b) = ((X − A) × Y ) ∪ (X × b). Since all the sets share the

set X × b, we are unioning connected sets that share a point so D will be connected. Now,

if we take a point a × b ∈ (X − A) × (Y − B), a × b ∈ (X × (Y − B)) so a × b ∈ C also

a × b ∈ ((X − A) × Y ), so a × b ∈ D. Thus, D and C share a point and are connected so

C ∪ D is connected. C ∪ D = X × (Y − B) ∪ (X − A) × Y = (X × Y ) − (A × B). Suppose

a×b ∈ (X ×Y )−(A×B), then a×b ∈ X ×Y . If a ∈ X, y must be in Y −B and if b ∈ Y , a must be

in X − A thus, a × b ∈ X × (Y − B) ∪ (X − A) × Y . Suppose a × b ∈ X × (Y − B) ∪ (X − A) × Y ,

if a × b ∈ X × (Y − B), a × b ∈
/ A × B and if a × b ∈ (X − A) × Y , a × b ∈
/ A × B, thus

a × b ∈ (X × Y ) − (A × B). Finally, we can conclude (X × Y ) − (A × B) is connected.

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