Power electronic converters for Grid

Interface of solar power generation

Dr. Chinmay Jain

Dy. Manager
Shakti Pumps India Ltd.
Solar Energy Systems
Some Solar Photovoltaic Panel Manufacturers
and Panel Specification
 PV panel Ratings Available

170 watt-783.00 160 watt 799. 160 watt 725. 150 watt 699.

Most expensive
170watt- 999.00

125 watt 629.00 125 watt 599. 80 watt 520. 65 watt 457. 60 watt
462.00

50Watt=354.00 40watt+353.00 30Watt 259.00 20watt 234.00

 SPV Panel Specifications and Details
$539.00
Evergreen Solar EC-102-GD,
102 Watt Solar Panel
$499.00
Evergreen Solar EC-110-
GD, 110 Watt Solar Panel
Electrical Specifications
Maximum Power: 115 Watts
Voltage @ Power Maximum: 17.3 Volts
Current @ Power Maximum: 6.65 Amps
Open-circuit Voltage: 21.5 Volts
Short-Circuit Current: 7.26 Amps
No. of Cells: 72
Max. Series Fuse: 15 Amps
UL System Voltage Rating: 600V
TUV System Voltage Rating: 800V
Mechanical Specifications
Length: 62.5"/1588 mm
Width: 25.69"/653 mm
Depth: 1.39"/35 mm
Weight: 28 lbs/12.7 kg
Safety and Quality Tests
IEC 1215 (IEC 503, ISPRA) Certified
UL Listed, Class C Fire Rating
TUV Safety Class II Certified CE
25 year limited power warranty
Temporarily Out of Stock
Evergreen Solar EC-115-GD, 115 Watt Solar
Panel
 SPV Panel Specifications and Details
GE Energy Solar
Panels

GE Energy 165,
GE Energy GEPV-
165 Watt Solar
110-M 110 Watt
Panel
Solar Panel

GE Energy GE Energy GEPV-

GEPV-072, 065, 65 Watt Solar
72 Watt Solar Panel
Panel
GE Energy GEPV- GE Energy GEPV-
050-M 50 Watt 030-M 30 Watt Solar
Solar Panel Panel
Solar Energy in Indian
Perspective
Indian Government Planning Positively for solar
energy systems
 Change in energy-related CO2 emissions by selected
region, 2013-2014

Source : http://cleantechnica.com/2015/06/16/global-energy-
emissions-stalled-2014/
Lowest bidders for the 350 MW capacity of
PV solar power allotted
Total bank-
Resulting
guarantee
Tariff Capacity
Name Location needed Remarks
(in (in MW)
(in crore
Rs/unit)
rupees)

Solairedirect
7.49 5 Rajasthan 16.7 Indian subsidiary of French company
India
7.97/ Indian tubing and textile company
Welspun Solar
8.05/ 20/15/15 Rajasthan 154.8 diversifying into Solar. Has 5MW
A.P.
8.14 Batch 1 project

Azure Power Pioneering Indian solar company. Has

8.21/8.21 20/15 Rajasthan 105.4
India 5MW Batch 1 project

Infrastructure company. Partly funded

Saisudhir Energy
8.217 20 Andhra Pradesh60.2 by US based Global Environment
ltd.
Fund. Has Batch 1 project

VS Lignite Power 8.28 5 Rajasthan 14.9 Part of KSK Energy Ventures -

 Total bank-
Resulting
guarantee
Tariff Capacity
Name Location needed Remarks
(in (in MW)
(in crore
Rs/unit)
rupees)

Jakson 8.44/ Possibly part of Jakson group—

10/10 Rajasthan 58
Power 8.74 manufacturer of diesel generator sets.
Symphony
8.48 10 Rajasthan 28.8 Not known
Vyapaar
Lexicon Vanijya 8.69 10 Rajasthan 27.7 Not known
Shree Saibaba
8.73 5 Maharastra 13.8 Sugar factory
Sugars
LEPL is a construction and
LEPL Projects 8.91 10 Rajasthan 26.6 infrastructure company with some
experience in wind power
Gurgaon based solar company with
Sunborne Energy 8.99 5 Rajasthan 13.1 plans for solar thermal plant in
Gujarat. Funded by Khosla Ventures
Connected to Sujana Group, engaged
Sujana Towers 9.09 10 Tamil Nadu 25.7 in infrastructure and power, including
solar manufacturing
Fonroche
9.1 20 Rajasthan 51.4 French photovoltaic producer
Energies
NVR
9.16 10 Rajasthan 25.4 Not known
Infrastructure
 Total bank-
Resulting
guarantee
Tariff Capacity
Name Location needed Remarks
(in (in MW)
(in crore
Rs/unit)
rupees)
Enfield
9.16 10 Rajasthan 25.4 Not known
Infrastructure
Essel Erection, testing and commissioning
9.27 20 Maharastra 49.7
Infraprojects Ltd company for electrical projects and steel
SunEdison India—part of US solar
SEI Solar Power 9.28 20 Rajasthan 49.6 company SunEdison, it in turn being part
of MEMC—a semiconductor company
Gas Authority India Limited—an Indian
GAIL 9.32 5 Rajasthan 12.3
public company
Mahindra Solar Indian conglomerate with a 5 MW project
9.34 20/10/11 Rajasthan 73.4
One under batch 1
Solar company funded by venture capital,
Kiran Energy 9.34/9.34 10 Rajasthan 24.5
including New Silk Route
Green Possibly related to IDFC funds-backed
Infrastructure 9.39 20 Rajasthan 48.5 Green Infra—an Indian renewable energy
Solar company
Possibly related to IDFC funds backed
Green Infra Solar
9.44 20 Rajasthan 48 Green Infra—an Indian renewable energy
Projects Ltd
company
Sun edition installation of grid tied PV power plant in Gujrat, India
100KW roof-top Solar Power Plant at the Indira Gandhi Memorial
Library of University of Hyderabad inogarated14th April 2013.
National Solar Mission India (old)
National Solar Mission India (Revised)
 Problem of theft
solved by Cage

Problem of theft solved

by panels being fitted
with anti-theft nuts and
each panel has its unique
serial number and RFID
 Classification of Solar Photovoltaic Power
Generation System
Solar Photo Voltaic Power Generating System

Grid Interfaced SPV Stand Alone SPV

Single Phase GISPV Three Phase GISPV

BISPV
Single Stage Double Stage Single Stage Double Stage
With DC Without With Current
Link DC Link Un folding
3P3W 3P4W 3P3W 3P4W

With Without With Without With Without With Without

BES BES BES BES BES BES BES BES
Building Integrated Solar Photovoltaic
(BISPV)

An Emerging Application
Residential Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

• Off-Grid • Grid-tied
Golden, Colorado East Lansing, Michigan
- National Renewable Energy Lab - National Renewable Energy Lab
 Module Placement & Orientation

Implications of shading

The sun path

Azimuth

Tilt angle
Moorepark, California - BP Solar
 Module Mounting
Roof Mounted

Ground Mounted

-Home Power Trackers

Magazine # 93,
pg. 15

-National Renewable
- Energy Lab

-Home Power Magazine

Classification of solar Energy Conversion System

Solar Energy cnversion system

Standalone Grid
Interfaced
1 phase
3 phase

1 phase 3 phase

1 stage 2 stage
1 stage 2 stage
Topology Topology

Control Control
Topology Topology
Control Control
 Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System

Can be divided broadly into two categories

• Maximum Power Point Tracking

• Load Interface
• DC-DC Converter in DC micro grid
• DC-AC converter for AC loads
• Stand Alone
• AC Grid Interfaced
Maximum Power Point Tracking from
Solar Array
Characteristics of PV Arrays
Effect of change in
Vmpp
Insolation
1000W/m2

700W/m2
•Change in Short circuit
500W/m2

300W/m2
current
100W/m2

•Change in open circuit

voltage
1000W/m2
•Change in MPP
700W/m2 voltage
500W/m2

300W/m2 •Need for MPPT

100W/m2 controller
 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques

 Hill Climbing/P&O
 Incremental conductance method
 Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage
 Fractional Short-Circuit Current
 Ripple correlation control
 Discrete-time ripple correlation control (DRCC)
 Current Sweep
 DC-Link Capacitor Droop Control
 Other MPPT Techniques Fuzzy logic based MPPT control
 ANN based MPPT control
Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power
Generation System
 Grid-Tied System
(With Batteries)

Features
– High cost (Due to
batteries)
– High maintenance
– Low control complexity
Grid Interaction
– Grid supplements deficit
power
– When grid goes down
batteries can supply power
to loads
– More reliable from load
POV
VSC Based Solar Energy Conversion System With
Indirect Cost Reduction

SPV generating system remains unutilized for more then 2/3rd

of the day.
If the inverter used for SPV generation can be utilize as
VSC(voltage source converter) during night time by taking
active power (corresponding to loss only) from grid and from
SPV during sunshine.
The power converters involved in three phase SPV generation
can be fully utilized and this will indirectly reduce the cost of
operation also
Classification of Grid Interfaced SPV System

Can be classified into two main categories

– SPV system Feeding energy into the grid
 Feeds almost sinusoidal current at UPF (1 phase)
 Feeds balanced sinusoidal current at UPF(3 phase)
– SPV system with Indirect cost reduction
 Feeds extracted solar energy into the grid
Ensures several other features also
 Harmonic compensation
 Grid current balancing
 Neutral current compensation
 Reactive power compensation
Single Phase Grid-Connected SPV
Power Generation System
 Classification of Grid Interfaced SPV
Configurations
Classification on the basis of no. of stages
Single Stage
Double stage

Further Classification
o Without battery based configuration
• More popular due to low cost and weight
o Storage battery based grid interfaced
• Normally used to feed constant power into the grid
• May help in grid stabilization during power system
transients
Single Phase Configuration for Grid Tied
SPV Power Generation
Direction of Power
All basic building blocks
Flow
are shown
•DC-DC converter for
L D MPP
IPV S1 S2
Lf •DC link as buffer
sw storage
S3
Cf
C1 C2 •VSC for inversion and
proper phase lock
S4
DC-DC Step up DC DC-AC •Filter to reduce
O/P
switching harmonics
converter Link Converter Filter
1 Phase Double Stage PV Grid Integrated
System with load compensation

Boost converter S1 S3
IPV
Filter
PV Panel ic is

il
Load
Gating Pulse S2 S4

MPPT
Controller
1 Phase Single Stage PV Grid Integrated
System

S1 S3
IPV
Filter
PV Panel ic is

S2 S4
1 Phase Single Stage PV Grid Integrated
System with load compensation

S1 S3
IPV
Filter
PV Panel ic is

il
Load
S2 S4
Analysis, Design and implementation of Single
Phase Configuration for Grid Tied SPV Power
Generation
 System Configuration
Voltage Source Converter PCC
+ Loads to be is
ipv + Compensated
iL Zs
LVSC, RVSC
S1 S3
vpv Cdc vdc iVSC vs

S4 S2
Solar PV array SB Ripple Filter
C R
_ _
ipv vpv
S1 S2 S3 S4 iL is vs

MPPT Control and Switching SOGI-FLL Based iL, is and vs

Sensor data aquization
Logic for Boost Switch Control for VSC
 Control Algorithm
Two main sub divisions
– MPPT controller
 INC based MPPT controller
 Reference PV array voltage is continuously adjusted to achieve
MPPT

– Control Algorithm for VSC

 Ensures several features
– Feeding extracted energy into grid
– Reactive Power Compensation
– Harmonics Elimination
– Maintaining DC link to a fixed reference value
 Maximum Power Point Tracking
Read Vpv(k), Ipv(k) Governing Equations
InC based MPPT algorithm
ΔVpv=Vpv(k)-Vpv(k-1)
ΔIpv=Ipv(k)-Ipv(k-1)
I  I
= ,at MPP
No
ΔVpv=0
Yes V V

Yes Yes
ΔIpv/ΔVpv= ΔIpv=0
I  I
-Ipv/Vpv No  , Left of MPP on Ppv v/s Vpv curve
No ΔIpv>0
V V
Yes No
ΔIpv/ΔVpv >
I  I

-Ipv/Vpv
, Right of MPP on Ppv v/s Vpv curve
Yes No V V
Vpv Vpv
 The reference PV voltage and sensed
Vpv Vpv DC link voltage is then used to
estimate the duty ratio.
Update Vpv, Vpv(k-1), Ipv, Ipv(k-1)
Vpvref ( k )
d r ( k )  1-
Vdc ( k )
 This duty ratio is used to control the
boost converter, which keeps PV array
at MPP.
Control for Voltage Source Converter
vs=Vmsin(wot) Vm up=sin(wot)
vs vp Peak
vq estimation Vm uq=cos(wot) igref ig
+π/2
Igp
vdc Vdc PI Iloss
LPF Current
Controller
Controller
Vdc*

i1
i1 ILp
iL S1 S2 S3 S4
k i1
S&H |abs| Gating
pulses for
i2 ZCD VSC
uq Gating
ωf pulses for
Boost switch
-µ ωf0
vpv
Ppv Ipvg Saw tooth
MPPT PVFF
ipv Comparision
Control
Vm

Duty Ratio
Calculation
 Governing Equations
Estimation of Different parametric signal

2 2
Vm = ( v p  vq )
Estimation of Phase voltage peak
up  v p Vm , uq  vq Vm
Estimation of unit vectors
Dynamics equations for extraction of fundamental component of the load
current

(i1) 
i  k f i1   f i2
1
2
i 2  i1
Governing equation for estimation of frequency

 f   f i2 (iL  i1 )

Frequency of load current simultaneously tracked while searching for

fundamental component.
Zero errors in estimation of steady state amplitude and phase.
 Estimation of Reference Grid Current

At first the amplitude of reference grid current is estimated. Only active power is
exchanged though grid hence the three contributors to the grid currents are load
active power component, PV contribution and losses.
For load active power component i1 is sampled and hold at every zero crossing of
90◦ shifted unit vector of PCC voltage (uq). The absolute magnitude of sample and
hold logic gives active power component of load current.
The PV Contribution is estimated as, I pvg  2 PPV Vm

The losses are estimated as, I loss  k  = I loss  k - 1 + K p vdce  k  - vdce  k - 1 + Ki vdce  k 

I gp  I Lp  I loss  I pvg
The net amplitude of reference grid current is estimated as,
The estimated peak value of reference current is then multiplied with
synchronization signal (up) to estimate the instantaneous reference grid current.
 The reference grid current is compared with sensed grid current and hysteresis
current controller is used to generate the switching pulses for the VSC
 Results and Discussion
Proposed system is simulated in MATLAB Simulink and Sim-
power systems toolboxes

Wide range of simulation results to show all the features

Performance is tested under various operating condition such as
– Under linear load
– Change in insolation
– Under non-ideal grid condition
 Sag
 Swell
 Harmonics in PCC voltage
Performance of System Under Linear Load
Linear lagging load

Overall UPF operation(grid

current out of phase of PCC
voltage)

VSC locally feeds reactive

power required by the load and
active power component
corresponding to PV
contribution

Regulated DC bus voltage.

Performance of System for Step Change in
Insolation
Constant load currents
Change in Insolation at t =
0.25 s from 1000W/m2 to
300W/m2
Decrease in Ppv and Decrease
in Ipv
Decrease in VSC current
Phase reversal of grid
current.
Regulated DC link voltage
Performance of System Under Voltage Sag
Non sinusoidal load current
Sinusoidal grid current at
UPF
Non sinusoidal VSC currents
Voltage Sag at t = 0.25 s
(dip in PCC voltage from
230 V to 170 V)
Increase in grid current
Increase in VSC current to
feed same real power
No appreciable effect in DC
link voltage of VSC
No appreciable effect in PV
array parameters
Performance of System Under Voltage Swell
Non sinusoidal load current
Sinusoidal grid current at
UPF
Non sinusoidal VSC currents
Voltage Swell at t = 0.25 s
(hike in PCC voltage from
230 V to 270 V)
Decrease in grid current
Decrease in VSC current to
feed same real power
No appreciable effect in DC
link voltage of VSC
No appreciable effect in PV
array parameters
Performance of System Harmonics in PCC voltage
Non sinusoidal load current
Sinusoidal grid current at
UPF
Non sinusoidal VSC currents
Voltage harmonics at t =
0.25 s (0.1 pu 3rd and .05 pu
5th harmonics)
Sinusoidal grid current even
after voltage harmonics
No appreciable effect in DC
link voltage of VSC
No appreciable effect in PV
array parameters.
 Harmonic Analysis
THD of PCC
voltage = 10.84 %.
THD of load
current = 38.29 %.
Harmonic free grid
currents (THD =
2.08 %)
THD of grid current
less than 5% even
under voltage
PCC voltage and Load current and Grid current and harmonics.
its Harmonics its Harmonics its Harmonics Satisfies IEEE-519
Spectrum Spectrum Spectrum standard (less than
5 %)
•High load
current THD

•Harmonics
compensation

•Power fed into

grid

•THD of VSC
current is high as
it contains load
harmonics also
Experimental Results : Increase in solar
Insolation from 500 to 1000 W/m2

CH1 = vs (500V/div)

CH2 = is (20A/div)

CH3 = ipv (10A/div)

CH4 = il (10A/div)
Experimental Results : Decrease in solar
Insolation from 1000 to 500 W/m2

CH1 = vs (500V/div)

CH2 = is (20A/div)

CH3 = ipv (10A/div)

CH4 = il (10A/div)
Experimental Results : Decrease in solar
Insolation from 500 to 1000 W/m2

CH1 = vdc (100V/div)

CH2 = is (20A/div)

CH3 = ipv (5A/div)

CH4 = il (10A/div)
Experimental Results : Sudden load throw

CH1 = vDC (100V/div)

CH2 = is (20A/div)

CH3 = ipv (5A/div)

CH4 = il (10A/div)
Three Phase Grid Interfaced SPV
Configurations
Two Stage 3P3W Grid Interfaced SPV
System

S1 S3 S5 Filter
IPV
isa
PV
Panel Ica vsa
vsb isb
icb
icc vsc isc
S2 S4 S6 Grid

VPV
IPV
MPPT Controller
Two Stage 3P3W Grid Interfaced SPV System
With Load Compensation

S1 S3 S5 Filter
IPV
isa
PV
Panel ica vsa
vsb isb
icb
icc vsc isc
S2 S4 S6 Grid
iLa iLb iLc

VPV Load
IPV
MPPT Controller
Single Stage 3P3W Grid Interfaced SPV
System With Load Compensation

S1 S3 S5 Filter
IPV
isa
PV vsa
ica isb
Panel icb vsb
icc vsc isc
S2 S4 S6 Grid
iLa iLb iLc

Load
 Neutral Burst Problem
And
Solution With Grid Interfaced SPV
In 4 wire systems at least load neutral current compensation is
done
• The PV system may or may not help in improving power
quality in terms of

• Reactive power compensation

• Harmonic mitigation

• Grid current balancing

Two Stage 3P4W Grid Interfaced SPV
System With Load Compensation
Boost
converter Filter
S1 S3 S5 S7
IPV isa
PV
Panel ica vsa isb
icb vsb
icc vsc isc
icn vsn
isn
Gating Pulse iLa iLb iLc iLn
Grid
VPV S2 S4 S6 S8 Load
IPV MPPT Controller
 Single Stage 3P4W Grid Interfaced SPV
System With Load Compensation

S1 S3 S5 S7 Filter
IPV
isa

ica vsa isb

icb vsb
icc vsc isc
icn vsn
isn
iLa iLb iLc iLn
PV Grid
Panel S2 S4 S6 S8 Load
Design of 3-leg VSC based SPV power generating system

S. Parameter Design expression Calculated Selected

No Value Value
1 DC bus voltage Vdc  2 2VLL /( 3m) 713.27V 750V
2 DC bus 2280.24 3000 µF
1
2
   
Cdc [ Vdc2  Vdc2 1 ]  3V  aI  t
capacitance µF
3 AC Inductance Lf   
3mVdc /(12af s icr  p  p  ) 4.51 mH 5.0 mH
4 Voltage Rating of Vsw=Vdc+Vd 1173.63 V 1200V
Switch
5 Current rating of Isw=1.2(icr(p-p)+ Is(peak)) 281.73A. 300 A
Switch

(VLL is the line voltage of VSC and is 415 V)

 Power Quality Issue in Grid Interfaced
SPV Power Generation

The key technical challenges that effect quality of power in

SPV power generation are
Voltage fluctuation,
Harmonics,
Reactive power,
Voltage regulation
Low power factor,
Neutral current compensation
Load management etc.
Control Technique for Three Phase SPV
Power Generating System
 Control Algorithms
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Theory or also known as d-
q Theory
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT), also known as PQ
Theory or α-β Theory
Instantaneous Symmetrical Component (ISC) Theory
Power Balance Theory (BPT)
Neural Network Theory (Widrow Derived LMS based Adaline
Algorithm)
I-Cosψ Algorithm
Singe-Phase PQ Theory
Enhanced Phase Locked Loop (EPLL) based Control Algorithm
Conductance Based Control Algorithm
Adaptive Detecting Algorithm also known as Adaptive
Interference Cancelling Theory.
And many more………………
 Some PV Systems and their
Performance under Load Compensation
Double Stage Grid Interfaced PBT based SPV
Power Generation System
PV Boost dc-dc
panel converter
Filter
Lb S1 S3 S5
D iac isa
IPV La Va
Lb ibc Vb isb
Vpv Lc icc isc
Vc
Vdc Cb PCC
Ipv SW
iLa iLb iLc iLn
S4 S6 Non-Linear
Gating S2
pulse Load
LPF
MPPT Dc Voltage Gating pulses isa isb isc
_ PI
Controller + S1 Current
VDC Controller
Regulator
ILa Idloss S6
Id i*sa i*sb i*sc
Computation PL Computation + I* d
of active and of active and + Computation
ILb
reactive reactive of reference
ILc power component of source
Iq I* q
QL load current current
-
+
Vsa Vt Voltage PI Wsa Wsb Wsc
Vsb Amplitude Iqr
Controller
Vsc Ua
Vsa Computation Computation
Vsref Ub
Vsb of in-phase of in-phase
Vsc template template
Uc
System Response Under Unbalanced Linear Load
for Power Factor Correction and Load Balancing
System Response Under Unbalanced Non-Linear
Loads for Power Factor Correction and Load
Balancing
System Response Under Unbalanced Linear Load
for Load balancing and Voltage Regulation
System Response Under Unbalanced Non linear
Load for Load Balancing and Voltage Regulation
Harmonic Analysis of Load and Source
Current
Three Phase 3 Wire Single Stage dual purpose
Grid Interface SPV
I pv
Solar PV Loads
string S1 S3 S5 iLa iLb iLc
iVSCa Lia R vsa isa Lsa
ia va
Vpv Vdc Cdc iVSCb Lib R ib vsb i Lsb vb
sb
iVSCc Lic R ic vsc isc Lsc vc
S4 S6 S2
Cf PCC

Rf Ripple filter
ILST (Improved Linear Sinusoidal Tracer)
ILST Algorithm
Features
iLa 1 1
1 sT1 s • Simple control structure
Active power
 SH component for load
ifa •Acts ac notch filter
 ZCD current
1
s xaq • α is bandwidth in rad/sec

•√β is tuning frequency(line

In Phase Signal Extraction of Phase A frequency) in rad/sec

•A ZCD and sample and hold •Extracts Fundamental

component
arrangement to calculate active
power component from extracted •Fundamental in phase with
fundamental load current
 Control Algorithm
Two main sub divisions
– MPPT controller
 InC based MPPT controller
 Used to generate reference DC link voltage

– Control Algorithm for VSC

 Ensures several features
– Feeding extracted energy into grid
– Grid Currents Balancing
– Reactive Power Compensation
– Harmonics Elimination

82
ILST based Control for Voltage Source Converter
(VSC)
iLa 1 1
1 sT 1 s
Ifpa
ifa  SH

 1 ZCD xap xbp xcp

s xaq S1
Estimation S4
In Phase Signal Extraction of Phase A Ipnet
of
iLb  S3
Reference
Ifpb S6
xbq In Phase Signal Extraction of Phase B Source
 Current and S5
iLc Current
Ifpc 3 S2
In Phase Signal Extraction of Phase C Controller
xcq
Ipv
Computation of PV Instantaneous Ippv xaq xbq xcq
Vpv vsab
Compensation Components
vsbc Estimation
VDC VDCf of Unit
Low pass Filter vsca
PI Ipdc vector
Vpv
Controller xap xbp xcp
Ipv MPPTAlgorithm
VDCref
 Maximum Power Point Tracking
Start
Governing Equations
Initialize variables

Read Vpv(k), Ipv(k)

InC based MPPT algorithm
ΔVpv=Vpv(k)-Vpv(k-1)
ΔIpv=Ipv(k)-Ipv(k-1) I  I
Eq. 2 = ,at MPP
Yes No V V
ΔVpv=0

Yes ΔIpv=0 ΔIpv/ΔVpv= Yes

I  I
No -Ipv/Vpv  , Left of MPP on Ppv v/s Vpv curve
Vdcrefnew= ΔIpv>0 No Vdcrefnew=
V V
Vdcrefold Yes No Vdcrefold
ΔIpv/ΔVpv >
-Ipv/Vpv I  I
No  , Right of MPP on Ppv v/s Vpv curve
Vdcrefnew= Yes
Vdcrefnew= V V
Vdcrefold Vdcrefold
+ ΔVdc -ΔVdc
 MPPT algorithm provides adjustable
Vdcrefnew= Vdcrefnew=
Vdcrefold
DC bus reference for Maximum power
Vdcrefold
-ΔVdc + ΔVdc output from PV array

Update Vpv(k-1), Ipv(k-1),Vdcref,Vdcrefold

 PI controller keeps the DC bus voltage
Vdcref
to dame voltage

84
 Control Algorithm for VSC
Net active power component of load currents are
calculated (for all three phases)
PV feed forward term is calculated as
2  Ppv
I pvs =
3  Vpeak
Adjustable DC link reference voltage for MPPT
Loss component is calculated with the help of PI controller
Net active power is divided equally in all 3 phases
Reference grid currents are estimated
Hysteresis current control is used
 Simulation Results and Discussion

 MATLAB based simulation are carried out

 Simulation results for various operating conditions

 Performance under linear load

 Performance under non linear load

 performance under insolation change

 Wide range of simulation results to demonstrate all features

System Response Under Unbalanced Linear Loads
for Power Factor Correction and Load Balancing

System behavior under linear

load

•Balanced load (PFC

operation)

•Unbalanced load

•Increment in grid currents

•VSC currents
System Response Under Unbalanced Non-Linear
Loads for Power Factor Correction and Load
Balancing
System behavior under nonlinear
load

•Balanced load

•Unbalanced load

•Harmonic mitigation

•Increment in grid currents

•VSC currents
System Response Under Step Change in Insolation

System behavior under

insolation change

•300W/m2 to 1000W/m2

•Constant Load

•Harmonic mitigation

•Grid currents Phase reversal

•Change in Vpv
Experimental Results
 System behavior under unbalanced
linear load

• Balanced grid currents

• Unbalanced linear load currents

• THD of currents

• -Ve power of grid

• +ve Power of PV

• Unbalanced VSC currents

Behavior of grid-interfaced SPV system under unbalanced • DPF -1

linear loads (a-c) vsab with isa, isb and isc, (d-f) vsab with iLa, iLb,
iLc, (g-i) vsab with iVSCa, iVSCb and iVSCc, (j-l) source, load and
VSC current THD, (m-o) grid, load and PV-source power
Experimental Results for Change in Insolation

isa

iLa

iVSCa

Ipv
Decrease in
solar insolation Next steady state
Experimental Results for Sudden Change in Load

vsab

isc
Sudden load
iLc removal

iVSCc
 3P4W Two Stage Four Leg VSC Based
Topology
Solar PV I pv Loads
String S1 S3 S5 S7 iLa iLb iLc iLn
iia Lia Ria vsa isa Lsa van
Vpv Vdc Cdc iib Lib Rib vsb isb Lsb vbn
S iic Lic vsc isc Lsc
Ric vcn
iin Lin Rin isn
S4 S6 S2 S8
PCC n
Cf
Ripple filter R
f

Vpv PCC Voltages

MPPT VSC Control
Ipv Grid Currents
 Control Algorithm
Two main sub divisions
– MPPT controller
 InC based MPPT controller
 Used to control boost converter
 Boost switch duty ratio is derived from MPPT controller

– Control Algorithm for VSC

 Ensures several features
– Feeding extracted energy into grid
– Grid Currents Balancing
– Reactive Power Compensation
– Harmonics Elimination
– Neutral Current Mitigation

95
 Maximum Power Point Tracking
Read Vpv(k), Ipv(k) Governing Equations
ΔVpv=Vpv(k)-Vpv(k-1)
ΔIpv=Ipv(k)-Ipv(k-1) InC based MPPT algorithm

I  I
No
ΔVpv=0
Yes = ,at MPP
V V
ΔIpv/ΔVpv= Yes Yes ΔIpv=0
-Ipv/Vpv No I  I
 , Left of MPP on Ppv v/s Vpv curve
No ΔIpv>0 V V
Yes No
ΔIpv/ΔVpv >
-Ipv/Vpv I  I
 , Right of MPP on Ppv v/s Vpv curve
Yes No V V
Vpv Vpv  MPPT algorithm controls the boost
Vpv Vpv converter for Maximum power output
from PV array
Update Vpv, Vpv(k-1), Ipv, Ipv(k-1)
 It provides duty ratio for IGBT of
boost converter

96
Frequency Shifter Based Control for Voltage Source
Converter (VSC)
vsa In Phase wa
Peak Vpeak
vsb Unit Vector wb
iLa Iafs Estimation
Calculation wc
LPF 2 +
wa
vsa vsb vsc
iLb Ibfs ILf
LPF 2 + 1/3 + S1
wb ia*
iLc Icfs S2
wa
LPF 2 + Hysteresis S3
wc
Current S4
Irp
Vpv Ipvs
PV Contribution S5
Ipv - ib*
Per Phase Controller
S6
wb
S7
Vdcref Iloss
+ + S8
ic*

Vdc LPF wc isa isb isc isn

97
 Control Algorithm for VSC
Net active power component of load currents are
calculated (for all three phases)
PV feed forward term is calculated as
2  Ppv
I pvs =
3  Vpeak
Fixed DC link reference voltage
Boost converter puts all extracted energy at DC link
Loss component is calculated with the help of PI controller
Net active power is divided equally in all 3 phases
Reference grid currents are estimated
Hysteresis current control is used
Reference for grid neutral current is set zero
 Governing Equations for VSC Control
Estimation of synchronization signal and PV feed forward
term

2(vsa2 +vsb2 +vs2c )

Vpeak = Estimation of Phase voltage
3
peak
vsa v v
wa = , wb = sb , wc = sc
Vpeak Vpeak Vpeak Estimation of synchronization
signal
2  Ppv
I pvs = Estimation of PV feed-forward
3  Vpeak
signal

99
 Governing Equations for Frequency Shifter
Based Control
Estimation of active power component of load current
iLa  i fa  iha

i fa  I fas sin 0t  I fac cos 0t

iLa  sin 0t  ( I fas sin 2 0t  I fac cos 0t  sin 0t )  iha  sin 0t
I fas I fac I fas
iLa  sin 0t  ( sin 20t  cos 20 t )  iha  sin 0 t
2 2 2
Frequency of in-phase component (Ifas) shifts from 50hz to
DC
(hence proposed control is said frequency shifter based control)

Decupled calculation for all three phases

Performance of System Under Linear Load
Linear lagging load

Unbalanced load

Changes in grid
current

Grid and load

neutral currents

Constant DC link
voltages

101
Performance of System Under Nonlinear Load

Non sinusoidal load

currents

Sinusoidal grid currents

Unbalanced load case

Changes in grid currents

Constant DC link
voltage
Performance of System for Step Change in Insolation

Constant load currents

Change in Insolation at
t=.5 from 1000W/m2 to
300W/m2
Decrease in Ppv

Decrease in VSC
current

Phase reversal for grid

currents
Constant Vdc
 Harmonic Analysis
THD Load
current=29.47%

Harmonic free
grid currents

THD of grid
current is 1.46%

Load current and its Grid current and its Satisfies IEEE-
THD THD 519 standard
Gray Areas

MPPT control
THD Improvements
Efficiency improvement
Cost effective technology
Reduction of current or voltage ripple
– standards are becoming more and more strict
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Thank You