WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS OF AHMEDABAD

Thank you for taking the time to participate in this survey. Your participation will be
critical in this scientific study, conducted by Jammu University, which intends to
explore the effective determinants and consequences of women entrepreneurship.
Your individual information and organisational information will be highly
confidential and will not be shared with anyone.
ORGANISATIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS

1. Year of establishment.....................................
2. Nature of product/s being manufactured..................................................................
3. What best describes your product
(a) Durable product (b) Non-durable product (c) Both
4. Who is your primary customer?
(a) Government agencies (b) Other business (c) End-use Consumers (d) both b
and c
5. What best describes the market for your business?
(a) Fully domestic market (b) Fully foreign market
(c) Partially domestic, partially foreign market
6. Number of employees working in your organisation: Male: ............ Female:
.........
7. How many members are there in top management team: Male: ........ Female:
........
8. What best describes the nature of this industry?
(a) High technology industry (b) Medium technology industry
(c) Low technology industry
9. Competitive intensity
(a) High (b) Medium (c) Low
10. Market turbulence
(a) Highly volatile (b) Mild volatile (c) Static
11. Formation of firm:
(a) Inherited business (b) Set up by own (c) Acquisition from outsiders
12. Investment in the company
(a) Upto 25 lakhs (b) Above 25 to 50 lakhs (c) Above 50 to 1 crore
(d) Above 1 to 2 crores (e) Above 2 to 5 crores (f) Above 5 crores

218
Kindly assign any value ranging from ‘1’ to ‘5’ where 1=Strongly Disagree and
5=Strongly Agree.

S. No. ITEMS RANGE

I SOCIAL CAPITAL
(i) STRUCTURAL (Geletkanycz & Hambrick, 1997)
Intra-Industry Managerial Ties
I keep close contact with founder of other firms in the industry.
I learn a lot from founder of other firms through social interactions.
I put a lot of effort in establishing relationships with other
knowledgeable executives in our industry.
Extra-Industry Managerial Ties
I put a lot of efforts in maintaining a good relationship with executives
of firms outside our industry.
I have good relation with top executives of other firms outside our
industry.
I have good relationship with members of outside firms who serve on
our board.
(ii) RELATIONAL
Trust (Dooley & Fryxell, 1999)
I completely rely on my employees’ capability for discharging their
responsibilities.
Employees do not attend their job in professional manner. (R)
Employees perform their job in a systematic manner.
Employees perform their job in a skilful manner.
Reciprocity (Miller & Keen, 1997 and Frazier, 2000)
Employees are generally fair in dealings with me.
Employees would be willing to do a favour if asked.
We do favour each other from time-to-time.
Employees patronise my business because I support the community.
If I do not support the community, these employees would stop

219
 patronising my business. (R)
(iii) COGNITIVE
Strategic Consensus (Miller, Burke & Glick, 1998)
I totally agree with firm’s marketing goals and priorities.
Employees agree on firm’s best possible ways to ensure successful
accomplishment of long-term firm’s venture goals. (e.g)
Decisions makers are unanimous about the best possible ways to
maximise the effectiveness of firm’s strategy. (e.g)
In my firm, decision makers often agree with each other on strategic
issues like which strategic marketing objectives to be persuaded. (e.g)
Solidarity (Atuahene-Gima & Murray, 2007)
It’s my firm belief that personal need of individual should sub-ordinate
team’s need.
In my firm, decision makers accept views of majority inspite of
differences of opinion.
I believe that a solution given by group of members to a problem is
better than a solution offered by individuals.
II HUMAN CAPITAL (Bontis, 1998)
(i) LEARNING AND EDUCATION
The competence of my employees just equates the most ideal level.
My firm accrues greatest benefit when our employees help each other as
a team.
Our firm believes in continuous learning process within or outside firm.
We devote a lot of time and effort to update and develop employees’
knowledge and skills.
Our learning and education affect firm’s productivity.
Our learning and education affect firm’s profitability.
(ii) EXPERIENCE AND EXPERTISE
Firm’s employees are expert in their respective area.
Firm’s employees consistently perform at their best.
Firm’s employees generally give it their all, which makes this firm
different from others in the industry.
We have very low labour turnover ratio.

220
 We are proud of our being highly efficient.
Our firm has lowest cost per transaction in the industry.
Our experience and expertise affect firm’s productivity.
Our experience and expertise affect firm’s profitability.
(iii) INNOVATION AND CREATION
Our work force is more creative and bright compared with other firms in
the industry.
Employees usually come up with new ideas.
Adequate number of new products has been launched compared with
competitors.
We continuously encourage new knowledge and ideas in the business
and share the knowledge with colleagues.
We are satisfied with our innovative policies and programmes.
Our innovation and creativity affect firm’s profitability.
Our innovation and creativity affect firm’s productivity.
III FINANCIAL CAPITAL (Self developed)
I believe that bank loans helped us to grow our business manifold.
Liberal financial support from friends and relatives motivated me to
commence business.
We are willing to apply for loans as and when business required.
We are confident of acquiring funds from cheapest sources on our own
terms and conditions.
Starting business with my own earned money made me feel free to take
business risk.
My own earned money made me feel more confident to start an
enterprise.
Financial support from family members enables me to operate enterprise
smoothly.
I think it is very difficult to start and run business without the financial
support of family.
IV BRICOLAGE (Senyard et al., 2014)
We are confident of our ability to find workable solutions to new
challenges by using our existing resources.

221
 We gladly take on a broader range of challenges than others with our
resources would be able to.
We use any existing resource that seems useful to responding to a new
problem or opportunity.
We deal with new challenges by applying a combination of our existing
resources and other resources inexpensively available to us.
When dealing with new problems or opportunities, we take action by
assuming that we will find a workable solution.
By combining our existing resources, we take on a surprising variety of
new challenges.
When we face new challenges, we put together workable solutions from
our existing resources.
We combine resources to accomplish new challenges that the resources
were not originally intended to accomplish.
V WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP (ENTREPRENEURIAL
ORIENTATION OF WOMEN) (Covin & Slevin, 1989)
(i) INNOVATIVENESS
My firm favours a strong emphasis on the marketing of tried and true
products and services.
In the last five years, my firm has marketed many new product lines or
services.
In my firm, changes in product or service lines have been quite
dramatic.
(ii) RISK-TAKING
Strongly favour high-risk projects (with chance of high return)
My firm believes that bold, wide-ranging acts are necessary to achieve
the firm’s objectives.
My firm adopts a bold, aggressive posture to maximise the profitability
of exploiting potential opportunities.
(iii) PROACTIVENESS
My firm typically imitates action, which the competitor then responds
to.
My firm wants to be the first to introduce new products/ services,

222
 technologies etc.
My firm is always the first business to introduce new products, services,
administrative techniques and operating technologies.
VI WORK-LIFE BALANCE (Fisher, 2001; Greenhaus, Collins & Shaw,
2003; Rincy & Panchanatham, 2010)
(i) FAMILY
My family life seldom suffers due to my entrepreneurial role.
I am too fatigued to look after my business due to my work load in the
family. (R)
I have become a successful entrepreneur by sacrificing many of my
family roles.
The role conflicts in the business and family life have given me a lot of
stress. (R)
I have enough time to spend on family duties and roles.
My family members are not willing to listen to my work
related/personal problems. (R)
(ii) SPOUSE
My spouse demands greater attention from me.
My spouse understands and accommodates my pre-occupation as an
entrepreneur.
Due to the excessive work load and lack of time, I am not able to give
proper attention to my spouse. (R)
I find it difficult to manage my business and married life issues at home
simultaneously. (R)
My spouse provides me the strength and support to face the challenges
of business.
(iii) CHILDREN
I feel free and enjoy my profession as I have no dependent care issues.
My kid(s) are looked after by me.
I can't concentrate in my business due to dependent care problems. (R)
I find it more difficult to manage the child care needs. (R)
PERSONAL OUTCOMES
VII LIFE SATISFACTION (Rich, Huebner & Laughlin, 2000)

223
(i) FAMILY
My family gets along well together.
My parents and I do fun things together.
My parents treat me fairly.
I like spending time with my parents.
I enjoy being at home with my family.
(ii) FRIENDS
I have enough friends.
I have a lot of fun with my friends.
My friends are great.
My friends treat me well.
My friends will help me if I need it.
I have a bad time with my friends. (R)
My friends are mean to me. (R)
(iii) WORK PLACE
I am keen to carry on my business.
I enjoy being at work in my owned business firm.
I often get frustrated at my work. (R)
I learn new things every day at work.
(iv) SELF
I am quite easy mingling with my employees.
I am satisfied with whatever I am today.
I believe that I have good personality.
I am expertise in my profession.
My employees like me.
I like to try innovative things.
VIII PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
(i) COMPETENCE (Jones, 1986)
I am confident about my ability to do my job.
I am self-assured about my capabilities to perform my work activities.
I have mastered the skills necessary for my job.
(ii) SELF-DETERMINATION (Hackman & Oldham, 1980)

224
 I have significant autonomy in determining how I do my job.
I can decide on my own how to go about doing my work.
I have considerable opportunity for independence and freedom in how I
do my job.
(iii) IMPACT (Ashforth, 1989)
My impact on what happens in my firm is large.
I have full control over what happens in my firm.
I have significant influence over what happens in my firm.
IX SELF-EFFICACY (Sequeira, McGee & Mueller, 2005)
I am confident about identifying the need for a new product or service.
I can recognise a business opportunity before others do.
I am well versed in maintaining the financial records of my business
systematically.
I have precision in estimating gain and cost concerning my business.
I can win the confidence and trust of people who are unfamiliar to me.
I supervise my employees.
I recruit and hire employees.
I have charismatic personality to encourage and motivate my employees.
I manage my business very well on my own.
Please rate the performance of your firm relative your major competitors in a 1-5
scale.
1= “Worst in the industry”, 2= “Worse than the competitors”, 3= “Same as the
competitors”, 4= “Better than the competitors” and 5= “Best in the industry”.
X FINANCIAL OUTCOMES (Mooram & Rust, 1999)
Revenue growth in last three years
Market share growth in last three years
Net profits in last three years
Return on Investment (ROI) in last three years
Return on Assets (ROA) in last three Years
Profit to revenue ratio in last three Years
Consumer satisfaction of your Products
Actual profit in comparison to target set.

225
 PERSONAL DEMOGRAPHICS

1. Age: ................................................
2. Family (a) Nuclear (b) Joint
3. Size of the family (a) less than 4 members (b) 4-7 members (c) more than 7
members
4. Marital Status (a) Married (b) Unmarried (c) Divorced (d) Widow
5. Number of Children: .......................................
6. How many years have you worked in this company? ..............................
7. How many years of business experience do you have? ............................
8. Previous business experience: .........................................
9. Annual Revenue (a) 1 lakh- 25 lakhs (b) Above 25- 50 lakhs (c) Above
50-75 lakhs d) Above 75- 1 crore (e) Above 1 crore
10. Qualification: (a) Matriculate (b) Secondary (c) Graduates (d) Post
Graduate (e) Doctorate (f) Professionals (MBA, LLM etc.)

226