Updates and Reminders

• Welcome back!
• Read the Syllabus on Canvas
• Read and post to the Canvas Discussion
Board
• If you are wait-listed and want access to the
Canvas website, email me
• Did I mention to read the Syllabus on Canvas?
 Updates and Reminders II
• Include your student ID in your emails
• Worksheets do not have to be submitted, they
are for you to practice solving problems
• Worksheet solutions will be posted at the end
of the week that we finish the topic
 Chem101
• Read the ENTIRE document
Chem101_sign_up_information at our
CANVAS webpage
• Contains ALL information needed, including
support email: support@101edu.
 Your PEER (and LARC) Tutors
PEER TUTORING
The general chemistry peer tutoring program is offering free
tutoring to students that are enrolled in our class. Tutoring
sessions will begin Week 2. More information can be found
here: https://sites.uci.edu/gcptutoring/
• Angelica Cadondon: Office hours TBA

LARC tutoring
• Natalie Samaan is your tutor
• For the schedule please go to LARC Website.
• If you have any questions email larc@uci.edu
Objectives for Lecture #2 of 26
By the end of today, you will be able to:
• Explain the type of force gases exert on their
surroundings
• Explain how a barometer and manometer work
• Know and be able to use the relations that make up
the ideal gas law
Chem 1B Topics (Forces & Energy)
Chemistry: Structure and Properties, 2nd edition, Nivaldo J.
Tro, Pearson Education Inc., 2018.

Week* Chapter Topic

1-2 10 (11) Gases
3-4 11 (12) Liquids, Solids, & Intermolecular Forces
5 12 (13) Crystalline Solids & Modern Materials
6-7 13 (14) Solutions
8-9 9 (10) Thermochemistry
10 18 (19) Free Energy & Thermodynamics

* We will be adjusting the exact schedule as we go along…

6
Hey look! Slide numbers.
 Gases
Elements that exist as gases at 25°C and 1 atm
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, He,
Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Compounds that exist as gases at 25°C and 1 atm

CO, CO2, SO2, N2O, NO, NO2, CH4, C2H6, … 7
 10.2
Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter
• Two gases mix evenly when confined to the same container
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids and
in practice are compressed for storage or transport

Gas carrier –
designed to
transport
liquefied natural
gas (LNG)

8
 10.2
Gas Pressure

Force
Pressure = Area
1 atm = 101,325 Pa 9

1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr

 10.3
Barometer
Evangelista Torricelli, 17th century, a student of
Galileo, made the first barometer – an
instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.

A glass tube of liquid mercury is inverted into a

beaker. The mercury falls until its pressure
matches the atmosphere’s pressure.

Force mass  g g = gravitational

P= =
Area Area acceleration
d = density of
mass = d  h  Area mercury

P = d  g h h = height of
mercury column 10
 10.3
Why Mercury? (Sample Problem)
The height of the column of mercury in a barometer is 760.00
mm. What is the atmospheric pressure in pascals? If mercury
were replaced by water, what would the height of the column be?
dHg = 13,595 kg·m-3 , dwater = 998.0 kg·m-3, g = 9.80665 m·s-2.

11
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkDhlzA-lwI
 10.3
Why Mercury? (Sample Problem)
The height of the column of mercury in a barometer is 760.00
mm. What is the atmospheric pressure in pascals? If mercury
were replaced by water, what would the height of the column be?
dHg = 13.595 kg·m-3 , dwater = 998.0 kg·m-3, g = 9.80665 m·s-2.
Recall that 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
(= 14.7 psi)

Recall that, P = d • g • h

12
 10.3
Why Mercury? (Sample Problem)
The height of the column of mercury in a barometer is 760.00
mm. What is the atmospheric pressure in pascals? If mercury
were replaced by water, what would the height of the column be?
dHg = 13,595 kg·m-3 , dwater = 998.0 kg·m-3, g = 9.80665 m·s-2.
Recall that 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
(= 14.7 psi)
P = d Hg  g  hHg

kg m
P = 13595 3
 9.80665 2
 0.76000 m = 1.0132  10 5
Pa
m s
P  kg 
= [ Pa ] = 
 m  s 
hwater
d water  g
2

1.0132 105 Pa
hwater = = 10.35m = 33.96 ft
kg m
998.0 3  9.80665 2 This is why dense mercury
m s 13
is used instead of water!
 10.3
Pressure and Weather
Meteorologists commonly report pressure in two units:
• In mbar: 1 mbar = 102 Pa; 1 atm = 1013.25 mbar
• In inches of Hg (only in US): 1 atm = 29.92 in Hg
High-pressure area (anticyclone) – surface pressure is greater
than the surroundings
Low-pressure area (cyclone) – surface pressure is lower than the
surroundings. Can develop into powerful storm.
14
Typical barometric map Hurricane Katrina
 10.3
Pressure and Weather

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mHEry8tSPM
15
 10.3
Units of Pressure
This is a weather map of North America during Hurricane Katrina
in 2005. Isobars show atmospheric pressure. The pressure at the
center of the hurricane had fallen to as low as 902 mbar. What is
this pressure in atm?

1 bar = 105 Pa

1 mbar = 102 Pa

1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa

902 mbar 102 Pa 1 atm 16

× × = 0.890 atm
1 1 mbar 1.01325 × 105 Pa
 10.3
Pressure at Higher Altitudes
The pressure drops roughly exponentially with altitude. Half of
the atmospheric mass lies within 5.5 km (3.4 mi) above our heads.
99.9% of mass is contained below the stratopause (50 km).
Mass of Earth = 5.971024 kg Height Pressure
Mass of atmosphere = 5.141018 kg Surface 1 atm
All humans ~ 51011 kg 5 km 0.5 atm
8 km 0.3 atm
16 km 0.1 atm
31 km 0.01 atm

The atmosphere is very thin and fragile! If Earth were the size of
a basketball, the atmosphere would only be 1 mm thick! 17
 10.3
Manometer
Measures gas pressure from a height of a liquid needed
to counterbalance the pressure in the container.
Open-tube
Closed-tube
Pgas = PHg + Patm
Pgas = PHg

18

Gas pressure balanced by the Gas pressure balanced by the Hg

weight of the mercury column column AND atmospheric pressure
 10.4
Boyle’s Law
Robert Boyle studied the relationship between pressure and
volume of a gas. He took a J-shaped tube, with the short end
sealed, and poured different amounts of mercury into the tube.
As P (h)
increases
V decreases

Discussion: what happens

on a molecular level? 19
 10.4
Boyle’s Law
At constant temperature and constant amount of gas:

 means
“proportional to”

P  1/V
P = constant x 1/V
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
20
 10.4
Charles’s Law
Jacques Charles (an inventor and balloonist) studied the
relationship between temperature and volume of a gas. He
observed that volume increases linearly with temperature.

As T increases
V increases
(link)

Discussion: what happens

on a molecular level? 21
 10.4
Charles’s Law
At constant external pressure

VT Temperature must be

V = constant x T in Kelvin (or else y-int ≠ 0)
V1/T1 = V2/T2 T (K) = T (0C) + 273.15 22
 Avogadro’s Law 10.4

Amedeo Avogadro observed a linear relationship between

the amount of gas and the volume it occupies, at constant
temperature and pressure

V  number of moles (n)

V = constant x n

V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

The nature of the gas

doesn't matter (ideal gas
approximation).

… It’s as easy as ABC 23

 10.5
Ideal Gas Law
Boyle’s law: P  1 (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’ law: V  T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V  n (at constant P and T)

nT
V
P PV = nRT
nT nT
V = constant x =R
P P
R is the gas constant
• R = 0.0820573 L atm K-1 mol-1
• R = 8.31445 m3 Pa K-1 mol-1 24
 Updates and Reminders
• If your understanding of course material is poor
based on my lectures, take advantage of
discussion section, my office hours, your TA’s
office hours, Chemistry Peer Tutor office hours,
LARC office hours, online videos from other
professors/universities, etc.
• Attend discussion sections, try your best not to
miss your scheduled discussion classes, but if
you have to miss one, try to attend a different
section that week;
• If you are wait-listed and want access to the
Canvas website, email me
• Chem101 pre-HW is due Sunday night (not
graded) and the next one opens up Monday