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RGUKT
RKV
MATERIAL SCIENCE
AND
METALLURGY
Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

RGUKT
RKV Materials in day to day life

RGUKT
RKV Materials in day to day life
Materials are Everywhere

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RKV
A World Without Materials

RGUKT
RKV A World Without Materials

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RKV
 Materials closely connected our culture.

 The development and advancement of societies
are dependent on the available materials and
their use.

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Even our history has been defined by the materials we use

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 As an Mechanical Engineering Graduate,

Why to study about Material science and
Metallurgy ?
 Is it important?

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RKV

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 Why track body is attached through a spring pad instead of

direct fastening into base?
 Spring pad is made up of which material and why?

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 Vibration
 Cast Iron
 Very High
Damping capacity
RGUKT
RKV Green House
Botanic Garden - Schoenbrunn Palace

RGUKT
RKV Green House
The first thermal actuator used a large Cu-Zn-AI spring

to open and close greenhouse windows, serving both
as a temperature detection device and actuator.
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RKV

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RKV
A knowledge of material science and

metallurgy is necessary for judicious selection
of material according to its proprieties for a
particular application in-order to improve the
service reliability of the component

RGUKT
RKV Syllabus
Structure of Metals : Bonds in Solids – Metallic bond -
crystallization of metals, grain and grainboundaries, effect of grain
boundaries on the properties of metal / alloys – determination of grain
size, Imperfections in solids like point, line and interfacial defects
Constitution of Alloys : Necessity of alloying, types of solid
solutions, Hume Rotherys rules, intermediate alloy phases, and
electron compounds.

RGUKT
RKV Syllabus
Equilibrium of Diagrams : Experimental methods of construction of
equilibrium diagrams, Isomorphous alloy systems, equilibrium cooling
and heating of alloys, Lever rule, coring miscibility gaps, eutectic
systems, congruent melting intermediate phases, peritectic reaction.
Transformations in the solid state –allotropy, eutectoid, peritectoid
reactions, phase rule, relationship between equilibrium diagrams and
properties of alloys. Study of important binary phase diagrams of Cu-
Ni-, Al-Cu, Bi-Cd, Cu-Sn and Fe-Fe3C.

RGUKT
RKV Syllabus
Cast Irons and Steels : Structure and properties of White Cast iron,
Malleable Cast iron, grey cast iron,Spheriodal graphite cast iron, Alloy
cast irons. Classification of steels, structure and properties of
plaincarbon steels, Low alloy steels, Hadfield manganese steels, tool
and die steels.

RGUKT
RKV Syllabus
Heat treatment of Alloys : Effect of alloying elements on Fe-Fe3C
system, Annealing, normalizing, Hardening, TTT diagrams, tempering
, Hardenability, surface - hardening methods, Age hardening treatment,
Cryogenic treatment of alloys.

RGUKT
RKV Syllabus
Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys : Structure and properties of copper
and its alloys, Aluminium and its alloys,
Introduction to Powder Metallurgy

RGUKT
RKV Syllabus
Ceramic &Composite materials : Crystalline ceramics, glasses,
cermaets, abrasive materials, properties and applications of ceramics.
Classification of composites, various methods of component
manufacture of composites, properties and applications of composites

RGUKT
RKV Reference Books
 William D. Callister “Materials Science and Engineering an
Introduction” John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
 Donald R. Askeland and Pradeep P. Phule, “The Science and
Engineering of Materials”, Thomson Asia Private Limited
 Sydney.H.Avner, “An Introduction to Physical Metallurgy”, New
Age International Publications

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RKV
Define Material
 A substance composed of smilar or dissimilar atoms/molecules
which are arranged in either regular or irregular manner
Solid Liquid Gas
Dr. RAMESHOrdered Semi -ordered

G / Assistant Professor / Department Random
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
RGUKT
RKV Does the arrangement of atom had any influence?
Glass Quartz
Both Glass and Quartz are made up of SiO2
What is the difference between glass and quartz?

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Glass Quartz
Random arrangement Periodic arrangement

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Application of Quartz
Windup Watch
Quartz Watch
 The arrangement of atoms in the materials had significant effect

on its properties.
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RKV

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Classification of Solid according to arrangement of atoms
RKV
Solid
Crystal Non-Crystal/
amorphous
Ordered Ordered
+ +
Periodic Periodic
Single crystalline
Poly crystalline
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RKV
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

2011
Dan Shechtman

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Classification of Solid according to arrangement of atoms
RKV
Solid
Crystal Non-Crystal/ Quasi Crystal

amorphous
Ordered Ordered Ordered

+ + +
Periodic Periodic Periodic
 The study of arrangement of
Single crystalline
atom in the material is known as
Crystallography.
Poly crystalline
RGUKT
RKV Crystallography
One Dimensional
a a a a
 Mathematical representation
The distance between two atoms is denoted as

The entire array of atoms is denoted as

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RKV One Dimensional

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RKV One Dimensional

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RKV One Dimensional
Lattice points
It is a imaginary point which represents the regular arrangement

ofRAMESH
Dr. atom orG groups
/ Assistant of atoms
Professor in a realofsolid.
/ Department Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
RGUKT
RKV One Dimensional
The spatial arrangement of the imaginary points (lattice points) is

known as lattice or space lattice
The atom/group of atoms associated with

a lattice point is known as basis or motif.
The translation
Dr. RAMESH vector
G / Assistant of the
Professor lattice isofcalled
/ Department as basis
Metallurgical vector.Engineering
and Materials
RGUKT
RKV One Dimensional
What is the beauty of lattice?

RGUKT
RKV One Dimensional
The lattice always

should be denoted
along with the motif

RGUKT
RKV One Dimensional
Lattice How to repeat
+
Basis/Motif What to repeat
=
Crystal

RGUKT
RKV

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
 Mathematical representation
 The motif or basis for lattice can be represented by
parallelogram
Dr. RAMESH in Professor
G / Assistant two dimensional.
/ Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
 There is an infinite number of such cells that can reproduce

lattice G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
Dr. RAMESH
RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
 Non-
primitive or
conventional
unit cells
 Primitive unit cells

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
 Identify the unit cell, no of atoms per unit cell and draw a space
lattice for the following structure

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
 Identify the unit cell, no of atoms per unit cell and draw a space
lattice for the following structure

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
 Identify the unit cell and No of atoms per unit cell
No of atoms per unit cell is 2

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional

RGUKT
RKV Two Dimensional
No of atoms per unit cell is 1 Primitive unit cell

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RKV Three Dimensional

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 The motif/basis/unit cell for lattice can be represented by

Parallelepiped or prism in three dimensional.

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1. A corner as origin
2. Three edge vectors from the

origin define a Crystallographic
Coordinate system
LATTICE PARAMETERS
Three lengths
The three inter-axial angles
A unit cell of a three-

dimensional lattice

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α = β = γ = 90º
Cubic System

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α = β = γ = 90º
Tetragonal system

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α = β = γ = 90º
Orthorhombic System

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α = β = γ = 90º
Rhombohedral System
(Trigonal)

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α = β =90º γ = 120º
Hexagonal System

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α = γ = 90º = β
Monoclinic System

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems
a=b=c
α=β=γ
Triclinic system

RGUKT
RKV Crystal Systems

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RGUKT

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Materials are Everywhere

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

A World Without Materials

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

 Materials closely connected our culture.

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Even our history has been defined by the materials we use

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

 As an Mechanical Engineering Graduate,

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

 Why track body is attached through a spring pad instead of

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Botanic Garden - Schoenbrunn Palace

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

The first thermal actuator used a large Cu-Zn-AI spring

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

A knowledge of material science and

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESHOrdered Semi -ordered

Both Glass and Quartz are made up of SiO2

What is the difference between glass and quartz?

Random arrangement Periodic arrangement

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

 The arrangement of atoms in the materials had significant effect

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Crystal Non-Crystal/ Quasi Crystal

Ordered Ordered Ordered

The distance between two atoms is denoted as

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

It is a imaginary point which represents the regular arrangement

The spatial arrangement of the imaginary points (lattice points) is

The atom/group of atoms associated with

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

The lattice always

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Lattice How to repeat

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

 There is an infinite number of such cells that can reproduce

 Primitive unit cells

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Dr. RAMESH G / Assistant Professor / Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

 Identify the unit cell and No of atoms per unit cell