Professional Ethics and Values 1

Why We Have to Study Ethics

Module 1: Why We Have to Study Ethics

Welcome to module 1 of Professional Ethics. Here we are going to study the

basic question on ethics that will lead the students to understand the
foundation of ethics .Concrete situation is given for better understanding of
the topic. It will also tackle the question why we need to study economic
ethics that discusses Dooyeweerd’s economic aspect of reality, its
relationship to economics and how ethics resolve economics issues.

Welcome to module 1 of Professional Ethics. Here we are going to study the

basic question on ethics and the question why we need to study economic
ethics .

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. explain the connection of Immauel Kant four basic questions that each
man should face to Dooyeweerd four basic economic problem; know
Immanuel Kant four basic questions that each human being should face;
2. illustrate Leonardo Da Vinci artistic legacy of the blue shade in The Last
Supper essay;
understand Leonardo Da Vinci artistic legacy of the blue shade in The Last
Supper;
3. state how economics became a moral science;
4. explain Dooyeweerd’s economic aspect of reality, the four components of
the economic problem, the ethical aspect and its relation to economics,
and ethical issues vis-à-vis economic issues; and
5. evaluate the students learning through an essay Robert Solomon and
Dooyeweerd argument on the study of economic ethics . Share his/her
opinion regarding the value of Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper; Robert
Solomon and Dooyeweerd argument on the study of economic ethics

The Basic Question of Ethics

(Klimsza , 2010, pp. 10-11) Stated human being are searching for answers
good enough to be declared the most fundamental for every question that
nobody can escape from because their future depends on the answers.
Klimza stated, this is not ethics in the purely academic sense of the word, but
ethics that everyone who enquirers into questions of their own existence will
have an urgent need to be interested in. He continues, that it becomes more
difficult in searching for those answers without a certain level of academic
erudition.

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 Immanuel Kant formulates four basic questions that each man has to face,
these are:
- What can I know?
- What should I do?
- What can I believe in?
- Who is man? Or, who am I?
These four fundamental questions serve as a foundation for ethics, though
each is bound to a different discipline, they can be considered in the broadest
sense as the basic starting points of ethics.

Take a look at this situation:

The studies of Ricthter in 1888 and Bandello in 1996 (as cited in
Klimsza, 2010) found that, there was once a man looking for a
colour. Furthermore, the colour was to be used in a painting and
the subject of the painting was a supper. As stated by Klimsza, for
a very long time, the man did nothing else but search for the shade
of blue. Richter 1888(as cited in Klimsza, 2010) said the man
wrote a note about the conditions for the right shade of blue.
When the man finally found it, he finished his incredible
masterpiece. Many of us will ask why the man did not simply pick
up from among the myriad of blue shades available or those that
Four fundamental questions where easier to reach. Why he lose so much time looking for the
serve as a foundation for ethics right blue? The man was Leonardo Da Vinci and the painting is
1. What can I know? The Last Supper.
2. What should I do?
3. What can I believe in?
4. Who is man? Or, who am I? Levinas study in 1994 (as cited in Klimsza, 2010) agrees that a
human being is not eternally encased in this world that, as it
seems, can only be his temporary home. Once gone, the only things
left are his thoughts, deeds and his hands’ creations, from musical
masterpieces, through wonderful poems, to sculptures and paintings with
values that grow with time. If only those pieces of art witnessed the
greatness of the spirit, it would be easy to call life meaningfully good.
Leonardo Da Vinci is gone long time ago yet his masterpiece will live forever.

However, the same goes for the dark side of human soul. Holocaust, wars,
genocides and corruption startle mankind with the same vigour as all things
spiritual elevate it to the heights. All values human being create tend to form
the impression of being virtuous, but time proves them wrong. As important
question arises from that dichotomy of mankind and its urgency cannot be
trivialized. Therefore, the question of ethics, as prominent twentieth-century
moralist-Emmanuel Levinas puts it, is the question that stands at the
forefront of human thinking.
 Professional Ethics and Values 3
Why We Have to Study Ethics

The history of the twentieth century teaches us that every decision

Other Reasons for Studying
Ethics
1. We live in a continually
changing world;
2. We live in a pluralistic
world, with pluralistic cultures
and pluralistic societies that
have different values, rules
and beliefs;
3. Our ethics involve choice;
4. Ethical values are often in
conflict with each other.
by humankind has consequences, with an impact on people. So, is
there really just one important reason to study ethics? We think
there are more reasons why we must do so.
Other Reasons for Studying Ethics
Solomon study in 1984 p. 2-3 (as cited in Klimsza, 20100) found
the identification of four reasons for studying ethics
Solomon says that:
- We live in a continually changing world;
- We live in a pluralistic world, with pluralistic cultures and
pluralistic societies that have different values, rules and beliefs;
- Our ethics involve choice;
- Ethical values are often in conflict with each other.
A synopsis in the book of Robert Solomon stated Robert Solomon
maintains that sound ethics is a necessary precondition of any
long-term business enterprise, and that excellence in business
must exist on the foundation of values that most of us hold dear.
Solomon clarifies the difficult ethical choices all people in business
are faced with from time to time. He takes an "Aristotelian"
approach to ethical questions, reminding readers that a
corporation--like an individual--is embedded in a community, and
that corporate values such as fairness and honesty are
meaningless until transformed into action.

Values coupled with action become virtues, and virtues make possible any
good business corporate relationship. Without a base of shared values, trust
and mutual benefits, today's national and international business world will
fall apart. In keeping with his conviction that virtue and profit must thrive
together, Solomon both examines the ways in which deficient values actually
destroy businesses, and debunks the pervasive myths that encourage
unethical business practices (Solomon, n.d.).

Why study economic ethics?

In the second Inaugural address of Franklin Roosevelt in January 20, 1937 he

said “Old truths have been relearned; untruth shave been unlearned. We
have always known that heedless self-interest was bad morals; we know now
that it is bad economics.”(Shlaes, 2011, para. 9)

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 There is a growing discourse on returning economics to its origins
as a moral science and on strengthening the emphasis on ethics in
economics teaching and research, (Bruni, Sugden & Sandel, 2013)
and (Shiller, R. and Shiller, V., 2011) e.g., see Bruni and Sugden
(2013), Sandel (2013), and Schiller and Schiller (2011). The rise in
support for ethics education has cut across many fields, as
evidenced by the addition of initiatives such as the United Nations
Environmental, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Ethics Education Programme and by the rapid growth of college-
level ethics requirements and of service learning activities valued
in the billions of US dollars.
…. there are multiple ways in
which economics training The studies of Marwell and Ames in 1981 and Carter and Irons in
might affect society and the 1991 (as cited in Klimza, 2010) found that there are multiple ways
economy through its moral in which economics training might affect society and the economy
content. through its moral content. Although many economists maintain
that they should specify means rather than ends, their education
stresses certain goals and centers on a view of human
nature as self-interested. These factors can insinuate themselves into policy
recommendations, including as they pertain to taxation, regulation,
education and public health. The private sector relies on economists in
various functions, including for consulting on financial markets and
economic forecasting. The undergraduate economics degree is a leading
major for many private and public sector positions and, in some countries,
for post-graduate studies in law, finance, management, marketing and
accounting. Moreover, the potential impact of economics instruction extends
far wider, as it is required for virtually all undergraduate and graduate
business degrees, including the influential MBA degree. Indeed, a voluminous
literature that began with Marwell and Ames 1981 and Carter and Irons
1991(as cited in Klimza, 2010) asks “does studying economics lead to more
self-interested behaviour?”The weight of evidence suggests those trained in
economics do act more selfishly than others, although the results are mixed
on the culpability of economics training per se.

Dooyeweerd on Economics and Ethics

1. The economic aspect of reality

The study of Robbins in 1935 and 1955 (as cited in Engstmengel, 2010)
found that Dooyeweerd conceives the economic as merely an aspect of
reality. The economic an sich, in other words, does not exist. Robin 1935,
(as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) talks about the opinion of economist
Robbins, in respect of distinguishes between a classificatory conception
of economics in which certain kinds of behaviour are marked off as
economic and an analytical one that focuses attention on a particular
aspect of behaviour and economic aspect can be distinguish as a
classificatory conception of economics in which certain kinds of
behaviour are marked off as economic or an analytical one that focuses
 Professional Ethics and Values 5
Why We Have to Study Ethics

attention on a particular aspect of behaviour. Dooyeweerd argues that

everything that exists has, besides all other aspects an economic way of
being.

More precisely, it can have a so-called economic subject-function,

Dooyeweerd on Economics and
Ethics
1. The economic aspect of
reality
…….classificatory conception of
economics in which certain kinds
of behaviour are marked off as
economic and an analytical one
that focuses attention on a
particular aspect of behaviour.
……. economic subject-function,
something has an economic
aspect by itself as one of its
functions- subject to the norms
and characteristics of the
economic aspect
……. economic object-function,
something is an object of
economic valuation
object-function and qualifying function. In the first case something
has an economic aspect by itself as one of its functions example
human beings, firms, households, etc. These are subject to the
norms and characteristics of the economic aspect. In the second
case something is an object of economic valuation example books,
flowers, etc. Note that the second case also applies to instances of
the first case; in theory human beings may be an economic object.
Finally, something can have an economic qualifying function. In
this case its most characteristic or guiding function is the
economic like firms, households, markets, etc. Coins, banknotes
and so on, which do not have an economic subject function their
highest subject function is the physical aspect but are nevertheless
qualified as economic.
Only in a theoretical analysis of reality that the economic aspect is
recognized in that way and in particular the economic science
analyzes the abstracted idea of economy. According to
Dooyeweerd and Robbins there is no such thing as economy
without social interaction. Robbins formulates it from the point of
view of isolated man, that is, economic analysis is unnecessary.
Dooyeweerd believes that economic aspect only makes sense by
virtue of all the foregoing aspects from the numerical up to social.
Dooyeweerd moreover argues that a theoretical analysis reveals
that the scientific meaning of economy is the sparing or frugal
mode of administering scarce goods, implying an alternative
choice of its destination with regard to the satisfaction of different
human needs and demands the balancing of needs according to a
plan and the distribution of scarce means at our disposal
according to such plan. Sparing and frugal refer to human being
awareness that an excessive or wasteful satisfaction of a particular
need at the expense of other more urgent needs is uneconomical .
The study of de la Sierna, 1998 p. 183 (as cited in Engstmengel,
2010) found that, in Dooyeweerd’s definition of economy there
are four components of the economic problem can be recognized:

(1) human needs/ends of a different urgency/importance,

(2) scarcity of the available means to satisfy/achieve,
(3) alternative choices of the destination of,
(4) frugal/efficient choice regarding.

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Four components of the
economic problem
1. human needs/ends of a
different urgency/importance,
2. scarcity of the available
means to satisfy/achieve,
3. alternative choices of the
destination of,
4. frugal/efficient choice
regarding
….the most crucial term in 1-4 is
frugality, the avoidance of
superfluous or excessive ways
of reaching our aim
The studies of Robins in 1927, 1935 and 1955(as cited in
Engstmengel, 2010) found that Robbins distinguishes nearly the
same components and calls the choice in (4) the economic aspect.
An individual who faces a problem in the form (1)-(3) has to
choose or economise. As stated in the study of Robbins, he defines
economics in a well-known sentence accordingly as the science
which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends
and scarce means which have alternative uses. For Dooyeweerd
the most crucial term in (1)-(4) is frugality, the avoidance of
superfluous or excessive ways of reaching our aim, which he
regards to be the meaning of kernel in the economic aspect.
Dooyeweerd speak of uneconomical behaviour, namely whenever
it violates the norm of frugality.
Dooyeweerd believes this economic principle should be given
positive content by economists in accordance with time and place.
In Dooyeweerd statement this means that economics is not merely
empirical, but should also take its normative nature into account.
After all, the economic problem in (1)-(4) involves value-laden
concepts as importance, scarcity, choice and frugality. Robbins
agrees in the opinion of Dooyeweerd that economics deals with
the valuations of economic individuals, but underlines throughout
Robbins essay that economics is not concerned with means and
ends, rather studies for individuals how their progress towards
their objectives is conditions by the scarcity of means. Apparently
economists treat valuations as facts. Robbins himself calls this
approach purely behaviouristic.
2. The ethical aspect and its relation to economics

The studies of Robins in 1935 and Dooyeweerd in 1949 and 1955

(as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) found that it is remarkable that both
Dooyeweerd and Robbins do not refer to money or wealth in their definition
of economics. Rather both of them present economics as a form of analysis of
the relationships between ends conceived as the possible objectives of
conduct, on the one hand, and the technical and social environment on the
other which generate the available means. This makes Robbins argue that
economic rationality does not involve the idea of ethical appropriateness.
Dooyeweerd 1935 (as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) seems to agree to this
when he states that in the economic law sphere man is subject to specific
economic norms instead of moral norms. Robins and Dooyeweerd agrees that
economic norms have to be distinguished from ethical ones and as a
consequence uneconomical behaviour is not necessarily unethical. However,
it show that this is only part of the opinion of Dooyeweerd.

Alike the economic, Dooyeweerd conceives the ethical as an aspect of reality.

Again only theoretical analyses make clear that everything can have an
ethical subject-function, object-function and qualifying function. Dooyeweerd
1935 (as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) further defines the meaning kernel of
 Professional Ethics and Values
Why We Have to Study Ethics
Dooyeweerd on Economics and
Ethics
2. The ethical aspect and its
relation to economics
….economics as a form of
analysis of the relationships
between ends conceived as the
possible objectives of conduct,
on the one hand, and the
technical and social
environment on the other which
generate the available means.
…...Ethics is not an autonomous
and super-temporal system of
morality, but concerned with
various manifestations of love
and lovelessness
…. The aesthetic meaning kernel
of harmony requires the non-
superfluous, non-exuberance
and non-luxuriance character of
frugality
….. the juridical meaning kernel
of retribution or retaliation
relies on the economic and
aesthetic well-balanced
harmony of a multiplicity of
interest, warding any excessive
actualizing of special concerns
detrimental to others.
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7
the moral aspect quite narrowly as love. Robbins 1955 (as cited in
Engstmengel, 2010), there can be no single really moral virtue, he
states, which in the last analysis is not a manifestation of this
modal nucleus of the ethical law-sphere. Ethics is not an
autonomous and super-temporal system of morality, but
concerned with various manifestations of love and lovelessness
that is from neighbour love to patriotism. How love is defined
depends inter alia on the relationship between the economic and
ethical aspect.
How does Dooyeweerd 1935 ((as cited in Engstmengel, 2010)
think of the relationship between the economic and ethical aspect?
According to Dooyeweerd first of all the economic and ethical
appear to refer to each other. Interestingly, the ethical aspect in
Dooyeweerd’s1935 (as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) philosophy
presupposes among others the economic aspect. Among others
means the ethical aspect requires all preceding aspects, of which
most prominently the economic, aesthetic and juridical
(Engstmengel, 2010). Dooyeweerd 1935 (as cited in Engstmengel,
2010) continues by stating that the aesthetic meaning kernel of
harmony requires the non-superfluous, non-exuberance and non-
luxuriance character of frugality, whereas the juridical meaning
kernel of retribution or retaliation relies on the economic and
aesthetic well-balanced harmony of a multiplicity of interest,
warding any excessive actualizing of special concerns detrimental
to others. According to Dooyeweerd 1935 ((as cited in
Engstmengel, 2010) that the ethical itself depends on the
economic is revealed in the just distribution of the sacrifices
demanded by love with respect to the different moral duties. On
the other hand the economic aspect already refers to the later
ethical aspect and acquires a positive relation to morality if the
frugal manner of administering scarce things in their alternative
destination for the satisfaction of human needs is directed by love
towards our neighbour. For Dooyeweerd 1935 (as cited in
Engstmengel, 2010) love is thus partly defined in terms of the
meaning kernel of both the economic, aesthetic and juridical
aspect.
Dooyeweerd’s already mentioned the idea of disclosure there is
more to say about the relationship between economics and ethics.
In his opinion Dooyeweerd 1935 (as cited in Engstmengel, 2010)
cultural development implies the deepening of the post-historical
linguistic, social, economic, etc. aspects to later ones. This also
holds true for the associated sciences. By taking into account
aesthetics, law, ethics and faith in economics, the last-mentioned is
 brought to a higher level. Economic theory that lacks attention for
ethical questions is as a consequence still primitive.

It is clear that as from this point Dooyeweerd differs from Robbins.

Engstmengel have an idea that the latter is often cited as an opponent of
economic science wedded to ethics. It does not seem logically possible to
associate the two studies in any form but mere juxtapolation, Robbins
remarks, as economics deals with ascertainable facts; ethics with valuations
and obligations. Although Dooyeweerd 1935 agrees that the autonomy of
both economics and ethics should be maintained, he does not leave valuations
and obligations to the latter (Engstmengel, 2010).

Dooyeweerd’s 1949 (as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) there are three reasons
in Dooyeweerd’s workc why economists should be committed to ethics.

First reason: both economics and ethics have an own sphere of norms and
with that valuations. Whereas Robbins believes the economic science is
positive and the economic principle of efficiency involves an “is”. Dooyeweerd
conceives economics as normative and frugality as an “ought.”

Second reason: Dooyeweerd rejects so-called “pure economics” and “ideal-

type” based economics which, he believes, lose sight of total reality.
According to Engstmengel (2010) economic theories are not merely an
abstract form of analyses without empirical content, but should take into
account the societal relationships in which economic behaviour is embedded.
Meaning economics should rely on sociology that studies and clarifies the
social structures of society Dooyeweerd 1949 (as cited in Engstmengel,
2010). Dooyeweerd 1955(as cited in Engstmengel, 2010) said economic
behaviour itself is shaped by several non-economic factors including ethical
values. It is for this reason Dooyeweerd averts from the idolatry of the
abstract individualistic idea of the “homo economicus” (Engstmengel, 2010).

Third reason: the disclosure of economics is not wertfrei but coloured by the
“religious” outlook, as Dooyeweerd calls it, of the economists. After all, when
economics zeros in on ethics the ethical and religious convictions of the
economists comes into play. Dooyeweerd believes there is simply no value-
freeness of thinking in both sciences (Engstmengel, 2010).

3. Ethical Issues vis-à-vis Economic Issues

3.1 Standard to determine what counts as a benefit or a cost

Ethical issues and economic issues connect intimately. Consider economic

practice of doing a cost-benefit analysis.

You were given 100 dollars ($100) to spend for a night. How you will spend
it? Spend it in a night on the town, or you donate it to the reelection
campaign of your favorite politician? Which is the better option? The night on
the town increases your pleasure. While politician’s successful campaign may
lead to more liberty in the long term.
 Professional Ethics and Values 9
Why We Have to Study Ethics

People regularly make decisions like this, weighing options by measuring

their likely costs and likely benefits against each other. A list of competing
candidates for the status of ultimate value standard includes happiness,
satisfying the will of God, long-term survival, liberty, duty, and equality.

Lucjan Klimsza, said economists implicitly adopt a value framework

when beginning a cost-benefit analysis. According to Klimsza
different value commitments can lead to the same item being
considered a cost from one perspective and a benefit from another.
Klimza state this as an example, those whose standard of value is
increasing human happiness would count a new road to a scenic
mountain vista as a benefit, while those whose standard is maintaining
an unchanged natural environment would count it as a cost (Klimsza,
2010).

3.2 Klimsza further post this question Is goodness or badness

Dooyeweerd on Economics and
Ethics
3. Ethical Issues vis-à-vis
Economic Issues
Ethical issues and economic
issues connect intimately….
The point for economic
analysis, most of which is a
matter of understanding and
predicting the consequences of
various actions….
A common assumption of
economic analysis is that
individuals are rational and
self-interested. The third
question focuses on self-
interest….
Strong forms of egoism hold
that individuals should be self-
responsible and ambitious in
their pursuit of happiness, that
they should treat other
individuals as self-responsible
trading partners……
determined by real-world practical consequences or by some other
means, such as revelations from God, faith in authorities or
authoritative institutions, appeals to rational consistency, felt senses of
empathy, or an innate conscience? (Klimsza, 2010)
Klimsza said the point for economic analysis, most of which is a
matter of understanding and predicting the consequences of various
actions, is that the relevance of economic analysis to policymaking
depends, in part, on what one believes is the final source of value
standards.
So far, there are two questions of ethics that bear directly on
economics:
(1) What is the standard of good?
(2) How does one establish that something is good?
A third relevant question of ethics is:
Who should be the beneficiaries of the good? Klimsza opinion state
that a common assumption of economic analysis is that individuals are
rational and self-interested. Therefore, the third question focuses on
self-interest. Is self-interest moral, amoral, or immoral?, post by
Klimsza. Moreover he said, is morality a matter of individuals taking
responsibility for their lives and working to achieve happiness? Or is
morality a matter of individuals accepting responsibility for others and
being willing to forgo or sacrifice for them? Klimsza continues. This is
the debate in ethics between egoism and altruism (Klimsza, 2010).

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 According to Klimsza, strong forms of egoism hold that individuals should be
self-responsible and ambitious in their pursuit of happiness, that they should treat
other individuals as self-responsible trading partners, and that those who are
unable to be self-responsible should be treated through voluntary charity. Strong
forms of altruism argue the opposite, holding that morality is primarily a matter of
helping those who are in need, that charity is more moral than trade, and that the
most moral individuals will be motivated by a spirit of self-sacrifice (Klimsza,
2010).

For example:

Carly worked hard and earned $10 million by the time she was forty. She is
now in semiretirement, enjoying the good life of travel, building her dream
home, managing her investments, and spending time with her family and
friends. Jane, by contrast, inherited $10 million at age forty, gave $9.9 million
away to charity, and lives frugally on the remaining money. Which woman is
more morally admirable?

For Klimsza, both ethical and economic analysis quickly become complex, and
the three questions noted above provide a starting point for integrating the
two fields (Klimsza , 2010).

Glossary

Erudition
The Latin root of erudition is the verb erudire which means "to teach or
train." By showing erudition, you show that you've learned a lot. If you write
with erudition, your readers will know that you are a serious scholar, as long
as you're not too far over their heads.

Holocaust
Is the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of
six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Holocaust is a word
of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire."

Insinuate
means you imply or suggest something that may or may not be true. If you
say things seemed to go wrong about the time your brother took over, you
insinuate that he had something to do with the decline.

Non-superfluous
In business non-superfluous is not being reasonable in your dealings with
people. "Once you prove your point, any additional comments are simply
superfluous."
 Professional Ethics and Values 11
Why We Have to Study Ethics

Non-luxuriance
It signifies the absence of fullness of fullness of life and wealth in people and
places.

Wertfrei
Is German word which means unbiased
You are unbiased if you can assess situations with a completely open mind.
When you have a bias, you look at the situation “from the side,” To be
unbiased you don't have biases affecting you; you are impartial and would
probably make a good judge.

References

Klimsza, L. (2010). Business Ethics; Introduction to the Ethics and Values.

:Author and Bookboon.com
Retrieved from http://bookboon.com/en/business-ethics-ebook

Shlaes, A. (2011). Revisiting FDR and 'Unimagined Power': Echoes

Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2011-06-
13/revisiting-fdr-and-unimagined-power-echoes

Shiller, R.J., and Shiller,V. (2011). “Economists as Worldly Philosophers,”

American Economic Review 101(3), 171-175.
Retrieved from
https://www.jstor.org/stable/29783736?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Bruni,L. and Sugden, R. (2013). Reclaiming Virtue Ethics for Economics

Journal of Economic Perspective 27(4), 141 – 164
Retrieved from
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23560026?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Sandel, M. J. (2013). Market Reasoning as Moral Reasoning: Why Economists

Should Re-engage with Political Philosophy," Journal of Economic
Perspectives 27(4): 121-140.
Retrieved from http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.27.4.121

Konow, J. (2014). Can Economic Ethics Be Taught?

Retrieved from https://research.cgu.edu/dpe-events-and-conferences/wp-
content/uploads/sites/37/2016/12/Konow
Course Module
Hengstmengel, J. (2010). Essay on The relationship between economics
and Ethics and the Light Dooyeweerd Sheds on It
Retrieved from https://hengstmengel.wordpress.com/2010/06/22/the-
relationship-between-economics-and-ethics-and-the-light-dooyeweerd-
sheds-on-it/

Solomon, R. C. (n.d). A Better Way to Think about Business: How Personal

Integrity Leads to Corporate Success Retrieved from
https://www.questia.com/library/79061878/a-better-way-to-think-about-
business-how-personal

Insinuate
Retrieved from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/insinuate

Luxuriant
Retrieved from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/luxuriant

Superfluous
Retrieved fromhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/
superfluous.html

Unbiased
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/unbiased