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EGM6813 Spring 2020

Fluid Dynamics II – Viscous Flow S. Balachandar


Homework Sheet III
(due February 11th)

1) In several applications it is necessary to consider fluid motion in a moving frame of


reference. Derive the following equation of motion for a non-inertial frame
Dv d 1
 2  v   r       r   a0  b    T .
Dt dt 
In the above, v, is the velocity field in the non-inertial frame,  is the angular velocity of
the moving frame, a0 is the translational acceleration of the non-inertial frame

2) Consider a mug of coffee placed on a turntable of a microwave oven rotating at a


constant angular velocity . The center of the mug is at a distance R from the axis of
rotation. Under steady state coffee in the mug can be considered hydrostatic. Show that the
surfaces of constant pressure inside the coffee are paraboloids. Do the problem both with
the non-inertial frame attached to the axis of the turntable and to the coffee mug.

3) Steady pipe flow: Obtain the velocity profile for a fully developed incompressible
laminar flow through a circular pipe of radius r0 when a constant uniform axial pressure
gradient, dp / dz  G , is imposed along the pipe. Show that Darcy’s friction factor,
defined as,   8 wall /  u 2 , is equal to 64 / Red . Here Red is Reynolds number based on
pipe diameter. u is the average axial velocity and  wall is the wall shear stress.

Geological application: Lava is forced out from inside the earth by pressure gradient
arising from density difference between the lava (2700 kg/m3) and the overlying rock (3000
kg/m3). If viscosity of lava is about 100 (N-s/m2), evaluate the steady flow rate of lave
through a vertical cylindrical conduit of diameter D. Viscous flow through a circular
conduit is generally considered to be laminar below a Reynolds number (based on diameter
and centerline velocity) of about 5000. For the lava flow, what is the largest conduit
diameter for the flow to be considered laminar.

4) Start-up pipe flow: Consider the solution for the transient flow field if the uniform axial
pressure gradient were to be applied only starting from time t=0. I.e. dp / dz  G H (t ).
This is a challenging problem and you need to use separation of variables and orthogonality
properties of Bessel function. I will provide Josh the solution. Please free to discuss with
Josh during his office hours.

Geological application: If the lava flow is suddenly erupting find the time scale on which
the flow would settle down to a steady flow for a conduit of diameter (a) 1 m and (b) 10
m. Assume the flow to be laminar in both cases.

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