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3) Steady pipe flow: Obtain the velocity profile for a fully developed incompressible
laminar flow through a circular pipe of radius r0 when a constant uniform axial pressure
gradient, dp / dz G , is imposed along the pipe. Show that Darcy’s friction factor,
defined as, 8 wall / u 2 , is equal to 64 / Red . Here Red is Reynolds number based on
pipe diameter. u is the average axial velocity and wall is the wall shear stress.
Geological application: Lava is forced out from inside the earth by pressure gradient
arising from density difference between the lava (2700 kg/m3) and the overlying rock (3000
kg/m3). If viscosity of lava is about 100 (N-s/m2), evaluate the steady flow rate of lave
through a vertical cylindrical conduit of diameter D. Viscous flow through a circular
conduit is generally considered to be laminar below a Reynolds number (based on diameter
and centerline velocity) of about 5000. For the lava flow, what is the largest conduit
diameter for the flow to be considered laminar.
4) Start-up pipe flow: Consider the solution for the transient flow field if the uniform axial
pressure gradient were to be applied only starting from time t=0. I.e. dp / dz G H (t ).
This is a challenging problem and you need to use separation of variables and orthogonality
properties of Bessel function. I will provide Josh the solution. Please free to discuss with
Josh during his office hours.
Geological application: If the lava flow is suddenly erupting find the time scale on which
the flow would settle down to a steady flow for a conduit of diameter (a) 1 m and (b) 10
m. Assume the flow to be laminar in both cases.