 Before you print, think about protecting the environment.

Fundamentals of Biology

No. 1. lesson

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Concept of Biology

Biology is a natural science that deals with

structure, function, development and
evolution of living organism and investigates
the interrelationship between living organism
and its enviromental.

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Characteristics of living organism
1) All living things are highly organized and contain many complex chemical
substances.
2) All living things contain one or more cells.
3) All living things use energy.
4) Living things have a definite form and have a limited size.
5) Living things grow.
6) Living things respond to changes in the environment.
7) Living things can reproduce.
8) Living things eventually die.
Living organisms are open systems
Living organism

material cycle energy exchange

Enviroment Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Life Functions
Respiration is defined as the movement of
oxygen from the outside environment to the
cells within tissues, and the transport of
carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.

lungs

stoma

gill tracheas

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 REGULATION
the process where a living thing controls and coordinates its various
activities.
in animals--
1) nervous system uses nerve cells
2) endocrine system uses hormones
in plants--
some parts produce hormones

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
EXCRETION
the process by which living things remove waste products
produced by cell activities

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 GROWTH
the process by which living things increase in size or cell number

NUTRITION
the process by which living things take in materials from its environment for
growth and repair; there are 2 types
1) autotrophic nutrition: inorganic materials organic materials
2) heterotrophic nutrition: organic materials organic materials

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
REPRODUCTION
the process by which living things produce new living things of the same
kind
there are 2 types
1) asexual reproduction: involves one parent and the offspring is the same
that parent is
2) sexual reproduction: involves two parents and the offspring is a
combination of both parents

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 TRANSPORT
the process by which usable materials are taken into the living thing
(organism, cell. tissue, organ, etc.) (ABSORPTION)
and distributed throughout the living thing (CIRCULATION)

SYNTHESIS--
the process by which smaller, simple substances are combined
chemically to form larger, more complex substances

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Branches of Biology (more than 60)
Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles
Agriculture – the study of producing crops and raising livestock, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans Histology – the study of cells and tissues,
a microscopic branch of anatomy
Astrobiology (also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy) – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe
Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to
biotechnology
Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
Biolinguistics – the study of the biology and evolution of language.
Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling
Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings
Biomedical research – the study of health and disease Pharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs
and synthetic medicines
Biomusicology – the study of music from a biological point of view.
Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biosemiotics – the study of biological processes through semiotics, by applying the models of meaning-making and communication
Biotechnology – the study of the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
Synthetic biology – research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature
Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment
Botany – the study of plants
Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
Cognitive biology – the study of cognition as a biological function
Conservation biology – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings
Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth)
Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
Environmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time
Genetics – the study of genes and heredity.
Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying
DNA sequence
Hematology (also known as Haematology) – the study of blood and blood-forming organs.
Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms
Limnology – the study of inland waters
Marine biology (or biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
Bacteriology – the study of bacteria Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN
1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
Marine biology (or biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living
beings
Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
Bacteriology – the study of bacteria
Mycology – the study of fungi
Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism
Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with
biochemistry
Nanobiology – the study of how nanotechnology can be used in biology, and the study of living organisms and parts
on the nanoscale level of organization
Neuroscience – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including
Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction
Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms
Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology
Quantum biology – the study of quantum mechanics to biological objects and problems.
Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology
Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular
structure of biological macromolecules
Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior, including:
Ethology – the study of animal behavior
Entomology – the study of insects
Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
Ichthyology – the study of fish
Mammalogy – the study of mammals
Ornithology – the study of birds

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Scientific methodology

1. Make observations.

2. Speculate, ask a question.

Revise your
Ask new
3. Form a hypothesis to answer the question. hypothesis.
questions.

4. Make a prediction: What else would be true if your hypothesis is correct?

5. Design and conduct an Reexamine the

experiment that uses experiment for
quantifiable data to test uncontrolled
Your prediction variables.

Use statistical tests to

evaluate
the significance of your
Significant results results. Results do not
support hypothesis support hypothesis.

Experiment repeated and results verified Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

by other researchers 1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
Concepts of taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus : was a Swedish

botanist, physician, and zoologist

Systema Naturae (1735)

binomial nomenclature (genus name + species

name)

Artificial classification of organism

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
Charles Darwin
was an English naturalist, geologist and
biologist

Concept of evolution
Concept of selection
On the Origin of Species,(1859)

Phylogenetic classification of
organism
Concept of species: species is the
basic unit of biological
classification and a taxonomic
rank. Organisms of species are
similar because of their common
origin and can produce fertile
offspring

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Phylogenetic Tree of Life

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
 Categories of taxonomy rank

Subspecies
Variety Categories under species
Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN Form
1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
Levels of Organizations

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
Cells
Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

Tissues
Made up of cells that are similar in structure and
function and which work together to perform a specific
activity

Organs
Made up of tissues that work together to
perform a specific activity

Organ Systems
Groups of two or more organs that work
together to perform a specific function for
the organism.

Organisms: unit of levels of organizations

Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes.
Meaning they can take in materials, release energy from food,
release wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce.
Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN
1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
A population is all the organisms of the same group or species,
which live in a particular geographical area at the same time, and
have the capability of interbreeding.

A biocenosis the interacting organisms and more pupaltion living

together in a habitat (biotope).

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
A biome is a community of plants and
animals that have common characteristics
for the environment they exist in. They can
be found over a range of continents.

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester
The biosphere known as the ecosphere is the worldwide sum of
all ecosystems (is a community of living organisms in conjunction
with the nonliving components of their environment)

Fundamentals of Biology TTBBE1010_EN

1. lesson. 2019/2020 1st semester