CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

There are so many languages in the world that is used to organize

the exchange of information in any situation. The existence of different

languages in the world can be an obstacle for people to communicate. To

make the communication among people using those languages to be

possible the existence of translation is needed. Translation has a function

to abridge two or more different languages so that people can

communicate each other. Translation can be a tool to acces or exchange

information and knowledge in different languages.

Translation activities continue until now, along with the

developments of cultures, writing and civilizations. Recently, information,

tecnology, education have developed so fast. They can be spread out to

many countries entirely because translation has been involved to make them

worldwide. Such as in literary works, nowadays many people can access

and enjoy many short stories, novels, plays, and poetries written in foreign

languages, so the translation would be needed to make the readers easier to

read.

One of the novels for examples, a popular short story in Indonesia,

Romeo and Juliet by the works of Shakespeare, can be enjoyed in Indonesia

because they have been translated in Bahasa Indonesia. To translate such a

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 work, a translator should use various strategies as they may have different

characteristics. Translating literary works may be different from document

works. Translating literary work, such as novels, is a complex activity since

it deals with different languages, different system, and culture. One of the

problems in translating literary works is they contain idiomatic expression.

Translating idiomatic expression in a text is not always obvious, some

more easily recognizable than others (Baker, 1992.p65). An other difficulty

in translating idioms is finding their equivalence of them. A translator

cannot translate the idiom literally by finding the meaning of each word in

the dictionary. Idioms are usually used in informal daily conversation or

situations and it is an important aspect in learning English. Idiomatic

expression in spoken way will sound good in English and avoid

awkwardness in daily conversation, but in written ways the reader may have

difficulties to understand them.

An example, one of the idiomatic expression in the novel Me Before

You by Jojo Moyes as follow.

SL : I will drive home and leave you stuck here with the pointy-heads

TL : Aku akan pulang dan kau kutinggalan disini bersama orang-orang

menyebalkan ini

The Phrase the pointy-heads transferred into the target language of bersama

orang-orang menyebalkan ini. The meaning of the pointy-heads in literaly is

intellectuals or experts. However, the phares the pointy-heads in the sentence

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refers to a mild ridicule which used by an anti-intellectual. The anti-intellectual

here is Louisa. In the context of the sentence, Louisa did not like to be a part of

Alicia’s wedding party with many rich people there. She thought that many rich

people there are bad people. The use of the pointy-heads is the representation of

anti-intellectual. In addition, the target language of bersama orang-orang

menyebalkan ini proofs a mild ridicule in this situation.

Based on the explanation above, it is interested to analyze the idiomatic

expression in translation in the scope of translation strategies. There are two

reasons why “Me Before You”novel is taken as the object of the research. First,

Jojo Moyes is teh #1 New York Times best selling author that has written the

modern love story which contains a great deal of idiomatic expressions. It is

interesting to study how the translator employs translation strategies that affect the

meaning equivalences on the idiomatic translation in both novels. Second, the

story of the novel is interesting

Based on the previous explanations the researcher wants to conduct the

research entitled “A Translation of Idiomatic Expression In Me Before You by

Jojo Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by Tanti Lesmana”.

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1.2 Problem Limitation

There are many novels which have been translated from English into

Indonesia language. Translation does not only change writings from one language

to another, words by words, or sentence by sentence, it is also interpreting the

cultural differences.Translating is the thing in transferring the source language

into the target language. One of problems involved in translation is idiomatic

expression. Because it needs special knowledge to understand the meaning inside

the idiomatic, because idiomatic expression could not translated literaly and it is

related to the culture from source language and target language.

It is interesting to analyze the translation of idiomatic expressions because

idioms appear frequently in a novel. An idiom is unique to a language and cannot

be understood simply from the meaning of its individual words. In other words,

the actual meaning of an idiom is not the total of the meaning of its individual

parts. Thus, idiomatic expressions cannot be literally translated into another

language. An idiom or fixed expression is hardly ever matched between the SL

and the TL.

Based on the backgroud of the problems, this research focuses on the types

of idiomatic expression, the strategies used by the translator in translating

idiomatic expression, and the meaning equivalence degree of the translation of

idiomatic expressions which occurs in “Me Before You” by Jojo Moyes into

“Sebelum Mengenalmu”by Tanti Lesmana.

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1.3 Research Questions

Based on the problems previously identified, this study formulates the

problems as follows.

1. What are the types of idiomatic expressions presented in Me Before You

by Jojo Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by Tanti Lesmana?

2. What are the strategies used by translator in translating idiomatic

expressions Me Before You by Jojo Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by

Tanti Lesmana?

3. How are the degree meaning equivalence of the translation of idiomatic

expressions in Me Before You by Jojo Moyes into their tranlation in

Sebelum Mengenalmu by Tanti Lesmana?

1.4 Research Objectives

Based on the formulations of the problems, the objectives of the study are as

follows:

1. To describe the types of idiomatic expession in Me Before You by Jojo

Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by Tanti Lesmana

2. To describe the strategies used by translator in translating idiomatic

expression in Me Before You by Jojo Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by

Tanti Lesmana

3. To describe the meaning equivalence degree of the translation of idiomatic

expression Me Before You by Jojo Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by

Tanti Lesmana.

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1.5 Research Significances

1. Theoretically, this research is aimed to give some additional references to

other researchers in the field of translation and translation aspects since

this research uses the original English novel compared to the translated

one in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Practically, this research is expected to be useful for the following; The

academically, the result of this study will provide information about the

bilingual translation of English novel and its Bahasa Indonesia translation

in terms of translation of English idiomatic expression. Therefore, this

research will be useful to be a valuable source and a reference to whom

takes the relevant research study. The reader, the result of this study is

expected to help people in understanding the bilingual translation of

English and Bahasa Indonesia and to give some insights in the field of

translation especially in idiomatic expression.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Theories

2.1.1 Translation

Translation is a process of communication which is the objective of

translating to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. There are

so many scholars define translation in many ways. However, the core of each is

just the same. The elements of translation itself are Source Language (SL), Target

Language (TL), and Equivalency.

According to Catford (1965, p.20) translation is the replacement of textual

material in one language by equivalent textual material in another. Meanwhile,

Wills (1982, p.112) states that translation is a procedure, which leads from a

written SL text to an optimally equivalent TL text and requires the syntactic,

semantic, stylistic, and text pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the

original text. Nida and Taber (1982, p.12) propose that translating consists of

reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source

language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in term of style.

Newmark (1988, p.32) says that translation is the super ordinate term for

converting the meaning of any source language utterance to the target language.

Brislin (1976, p.1) defines translation as general term referring to the transfer and

ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in

written or oral form, whether the languages are in written or oral form, whether

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languages the languages have established orthographies or do not have such

standardization, or whether one or both languages are based on signs, as with sign

languages of the deaf.

2.1.2 Types of Translation

Jakobson (1959) states that there are three types of written translation.

They are intralingual translation (monolingual translation), interlingual translation

(bilingual or multilingual translation), and intersemiotic translation (verbal sign

into non-verbal sign). Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which

verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language.

Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is

bilingual or multilingual. Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of

verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems. The example of

bilingual translation is a novel translation from Bahasa Indonesia into English and

vice versa. Because of the bilingual translation the reader can read the literary

works without mastering the original language.

2.1.3 Idiom

According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Idiom is a group

of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning that is different from the

meanings of each word on its own. And then, in the formal context idiom can be

says as the style of expression in writing, speech, or music that is typical of a

particular period, person, or group. First example in sentence "have bitten off

more than you can chew" is an idiom that means you have tried to do something

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which is too difficult for you. Some idioms are fixed in their form, and cannot be

changed or varied so that the best way to understand an idiom is to see it in the

context.

McCarthy and O’Dell (2003, p.6) state that idioms are expressions which

have a meaning that is not obvious from the individual words, example: the idiom

“drive somebody round the bend” means “make somebody angry or frustrated”,

but we cannot know this just by looking at their words. According to Wright, J.

(2002, p.7), idiom is an expression that has two features: (a) idiom is fixed and is

recognized by native speakers; (b) idiom uses language in a non-literal –

metaphorical – way.

Idioms are expression peculiar to a language. These expressions play

important part in all languages. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, there are two definitions of type. Both of them are countable noun.

The first type is “a particular group of people or things which shares similar

characteristics and forms a smaller division of a larger set”. The second type is “a

person who seems to represent a particular group of people, having all the

qualities that you usually connect with that group”. Meanwhile Nida and Taber

(1974, p.202) define an idiom as an expression consisting of several words and

whose meaning cannot be delivered from the meaning individual words.

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 It is necessary to observe idiom typology which is suggeted by Fernando

(1996,p.35) distuingishing three sub classes of idioms:

1. Pure idiom

Pure idiom is a type of conventionalized, non literal multiword

expressions whose meaning cannot be understood by adding up the

meanings of the words that make up the phrase. For example :

SL : Whatever you do, don;t spill the beans!

TL : Apapun yang kau lakukan, jangan sebarkan rahasia tersebut!

From the terms above, spill the beans which has nothing to do with the

beans it is type of pure idiom. The meaning is not letting fall leguminous

seeds, instead, the meaning must be learn as a whole unit as ‘commit an

indiscretion.

2. Semi idiom

Semi idiom is a type of idioms whose one/more literal constituents and at

least one with a non literal sub sense, usually special to that co-occurrence

relation and no other. For example :

SL : Don’t worry, i will foot the bill.

TL : Jangan khawatir, aku yang akan membayar.

The example showed that foot the bill is one example of a semi-idiom, in

which foot is the non-literal element, whereas the word bill is used

literally.

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3. Literal idiom

literal idiom, is less semantically complex than pure and semi idioms.

However, they meet the salient criterion for idioms that is invariance or

restricted in variations for examples, on foot, on the contrary, Happy New

Year, Happy/ Merry Christmas. Multiword expressions whose optional

element, but restricted in variance, also belongs to the literal idioms (e.g.

abstain (from), develop (from/into).

Idioms have been categorized by many scholars with different classes. In

1982, Hockett categorized idioms into six types, namely substitute, proper name,

abbreviation, English phrasal compound, figure of speech, and slang (Hockett as

cited in Strässler. 1982). The explanation about each type of idioms as follows:

1. Substitution

This type of idiom consists of personal pronouns and numerals such as the

personal person (he, she, it, and they), the demonstratives (this, these, that,

ad those), and the verb “do”.

2. Proper name

It usually refers to name of people, places, animals, spirits, and vehicles

that create new idioms.

3. Abberviation

The use of part for a whole for example a phone which is a part of a word

telephone, UNESCO which stands for United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization.

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 4. Phrasal compound

Compound itself means a noun, an adjective or a verb that has been

created from two or more simple words and it is linked with a hyphen (-)

for example: well-dressed, well-known, boyfriend.

5. Figures of speech

The meaning of the words have a “deep” meaning, which is different from

the “surface” meaning, the classification for figure of speech are

hyperbole, litotes, oxymoron, and irony.

6. Slang

Slang can be defined as the use of informal words.

From the different various types of idioms we can conclude that fernando’s

idiom types are focused on the semantic and lexical features. On the other hand,

Hocket’s types of idioms show that idioms can be alsoo unlexical and

multilexical.

2.1.4 The Strategies In Translating Idioms

Once an idiom or fixed expression has been recognized and interpreted

correctly, the next step is to decide how to translate it into the target language.

The strategies which are used in this novels are those proposed by Baker (1992).

They are going to be illustrated more by using some examples of idiomatic

expressions in both English and Indonesia as the source and target language.

1. Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning and Form

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 By using this strategy, the translator tries to find an idiom in the target

language which is equivalent to the source language both in terms of

meaning as well as lexical items. This strategy is hardly achieved because

languages differ radically in the way they identify a single concept.

However, it is regarded as the ideal strategy for translating idioms. For

example :

SL : Jeff has such a big head and thinks he’s in charge of

everything.

TL : Jeff sangat besar kepala dan berpikir bisa mengatur

segalanya.

The idiom big head which means ‘ someone who believes that they are

very clever or good at an activity and who thinks that pther people should

admire them’ translated into ‘besar kepala’ because both of target

languange and source language has the same structure.

2. Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form

In this case the meaning of the target idiom is the same as that of the

original idiom but the lexical items are different. For example :

SL : the children is playing cat and mouse in the house

TL : Anak-anak sedang bermain petak umpet di dalam rumah.

The idiom playing cat and mouse which means ‘altenate between

kinds of behavior when dealing with someone, often in matter of pursuit’,

can be translated into bermain petak umpet. Even playing cat and mouse

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 has dissimilar form with petak umpet, they have exactly the same meaning

with the source languange.

3. Translation by Paraphrase

This strategy is most commonly used in the process of translating idioms

in the cases that the translator cannot find any equivalents for the source

idiom. Earlier in the article, it was pointed out that when no equivalents

exist, it is not a wise act to omit the whole idiom but to present more

clarifications on it. Because of the lexical or stylistic differences between

the two languages, we will not always have correspondence. We should

elaborate more on the source idiom to transfer its meaning to the target

language. For example :

SL : The old man is kick the bucket.

TL : Kakek itu meninggal dunia.

The idiom ‘kick the bucket’ which means ‘die’ have no match or

similar preferences in target language, if translated using literal transation

it become ‘menendang ember’. So, it paraphrased into meninggal dunia

which more acceptable in target languanage than translated literally.

4. Translation by Omission

As with single words, an idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in

the target text. It is because it has no close equivalent in the target

language, its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reasons

(Baker, 1992, p.77). The example is presented below.

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 SL: I shall have to ask them what the name of the country is, you

know.

TL: Tapi aku harus bertanya pada mereka nama negeri ini.

It can be seen in the example above that you know is not realized in

Bahasa Indonesia. According to Dictionary of Idioms and Phrasal Verbs,

the idiomatic expression you know is used to open a conversation or switch

to a new topic. The translator applies the omission strategy by letting the

idiom you know be not translated to get effectiveness and considers that

the readers will easily understand the meaning of the idiom. Since it is

very difficult to translate idioms into idioms, then a translator may apply

non idiomatic translation in order to maintain the meaning of the translated

expressions in the target language. Moreover, he or she has a choice not to

realize an idiom in the translation since it has no close match in the target

language or its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased.

2.1.5 The Degree of Meaning Equivalence

According to Larson (1984, p.3), translation is done by going from the

form of the first language to the form of second language by way of semantic

structure. When a translator makes a translation, it means that he or she transfers

meaning of source text. What is necessary to consider is that the meaning must be

maintained constantly or, in other words, when the change of form occurs, the

meaning must be maintained. It is the characteristic of a language that the same

meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items (forms).

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 Furthermore, Bell’s theory (1991, p.6) is applied for the conception of

equivalence. Bell states that texts in different languages can be equivalent in

different degrees (fully or partly equivalent), in respect of realization and ranks.

Based on this theory, this research is design by making a classification of

equivalent and non-equivalent meanings. Equivalent meaning is classified into:

fully equivalent, i.e. complete meaning; and partly equivalent, that categorized

into increased meaning and decreased meaning. While, non-equivalent meaning is

classified into different meaning and no meaning. This classification can be

described as below.

1. Fully equivalent or complete meaning: It occurs when the meaning in the

source language test is completely transfered in the target language text.

2. Partly equivalent: Partly-equvalent meaning describes that the translated idioms

may add or reduce the meaning of the SL’s idioms. This is categorized by

increased and decreased meanings.

1. Increased meaning

Increase meaning occurs when there is an addition of information realized

by a new meaning which is not found in the source language text.

2. Decreased meaning

Decreased meaning occurs when a part of a meaning in the source

language text is omitted in the target language text.

The translation is considered non-equivalent when the information or the meaning

in the TL has different or no meaning with the SL text.

1. Completely different meaning

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 Completely different meaning occurs when the translator changes the

information contained in the source language text by using words which

have different meaning in the target language text.

2. No meaning occurs when the translator ommits to translate an expression

in the source language text so that the target language text loses all

information contained in source language text.

2.1.6 Context

The context influences the meaning of a phrase or sentence. It is linked to

the environment in which the communication takes place. In translation, the

context is very important: one word may mean a different thing depending the

context in which it is used. Understanding, to translate you need to understand the

text. A good understanding is the key to an efficient translation. A sentence or a

text is composed of words and phrases, but it requires thought, comparing the

sentences around it to fully understand its meaning.

The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists

from different perspectives, such as pragmatics and systemic-functional

linguistics. Among them, Halliday’s approach shows clear advantages in

translation study with its emphasis on language function. The concept of context

consists of three strata: context of culture, context of situation and co-text.

Context of culture and context of situation are outside of language itself. Co-text,

also known as linguistic context, is certainly inside of language itself. There is a

close interdependent relationship between language and context. Context

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determines and is constructed by the choice of language. On the one hand,

language, when considered as a system--its lexical items and grammatical

categories—is related to its context of culture. While on the other hand, the

specific text and its component parts are related to its context of situation. To be

specific, context of culture is related to genre, context of situation is related to

register, and co-text to the discourse itself.

Context of situation consists of three aspects: field, tenor and mode. Field

refers to what is happening, to the nature of social action that is taking place. It

answers such questions as what it is that the participant is engaged in. Tenor refers

to who is taking part, to the nature of the participants, their status and roles: what

kind of role relationship obtain among the participants, including permanent and

temporary relationships of one kind or another, both the types of speech role that

they are taking on in the dialogue and the whole cluster of socially significant

relationships in which they are involved. Mode refers to what part the language is

playing, what it is that the participants are expecting the language to do for them

in that situation: the symbolic organization of the text, the status that it has, and its

function in the context, including the channel and also the rhetorical mode, what

is being achieved by the text in terms of such categories as persuasive, expository,

didactic and the like. Collectively the three aspects of situational context are

called register.

Context of situation is closely related to various texts. Certain situational

context asks for certain text and in return, certain text creates certain context. In

the process of communication, the meaning system is largely determined by the

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three aspects of situational context: ideational meaning by field, interpersonal

meaning by tenor and textual meaning by mode (Baker, 2000: 9). Studies in

register analysis are of significance to translators. In the translation process, first,

through the analysis of the linguistic feature of the SLT, its register can be

identified and thus the determination of its context of situation is possible.

Second, in the production of the TLT, the proper words and expressions in the TL

should be chosen so that the corresponding context of situation can be

reestablished in the TLT.

Seeking the equivalence of meaning is in fact seeking the equivalence of

situational context. In translation, equivalence should not be based on one aspect

of meaning (say ideational meaning); the translator must pursue equivalence of

three aspects of meaning at the same time. Since the complete identity of

situational context and meaning system between cultures is impossible, the

complete equivalence is equally impossible. “Texts in different languages can be

equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent in respects of context,

of semantics, of grammar, of lexis etc), and at different ranks (word-for-word,

phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence) (baker,2000.p.6).

The translator has to turn to cultural context, since “what are relevant to

translation are not only situational context but also cultural context. Language is a

substantial but partial reflection of a culture.” (Newmark, 1991,p.73). A language

reflects the culture of a society, not only in its option of vocabulary, but also in its

syntax and way of organizing ideas. In single context world, the author

communicates with the source text readers who share the same cultural

19
background knowledge with him/her. Therefore, it can co-operate with each other

in the process of communication quite harmoniously. But the process of

translation often breaks this harmony. “Translation is displaced and disjoined

communication.”( Neubert, 1992,p.10). In translation, the original text is deprived

of its context and the information it carries is encoded in an entirely different

language with an entirely different context. The reader may not be able to meet

the expectation of the author, thus there comes information gap. The translator’s

job is to make up this gap and harmonize the communication. So Nida

(1998,p.308) said, “For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more

important than bilingualism”. When the cultural factors are incompatible in the

target cultural context, the translator has to choose different strategies to cope

with this cultural clash.

2.1.7 Me Before You Novel

Me Before you is a romance novel written by Jojo Moyes. The book was

first published on 5 January 2012 in the United Kingdom. A sequel titled After

You was released 29 September 2015 through Pamela Dorman Books. A second

sequel, Still Me, was published in January 2018. They had nothing in common

until love gave them everything to lose. Louisa Clark is an ordinary girl living an

exceedingly ordinary life steady boyfriend, close family who has barely been

farther afield than their tiny village. She takes a badly needed job working for

exMaster of the Universe Will Traynor, who is wheelchair bound after an

accident. Will has always lived a huge life big deals, extreme sports, worldwide

20
travel and now he’s pretty sure he cannot live the way he is. Will is acerbic,

moody, bossy but Lou refuses to treat him with kid gloves, and soon his happiness

means more to her than she expected. When she learns that Will has shocking

plans of his own, she sets out to show him that life is still worth living.

2.2 Review of Related Studies

This study is not of the first to analyse Idiomatic Expression translation in a

literary work. There have been many researcher analysed Idiomatic Expression in

literary works. There are three studies which are closely related to this thesis.

The first is “An Analysis of the Idiomatic Translation Found in The Subtitles

of Movie Entitled Scream” conducted by Dhian Ambarwati, a student at English

Department, Airlangga University graduated in 2006. The research deals with

idiomatic expression and meaning equivalence. In this study, she attempts to point

out that translating idiomatic expression in movie, one has to take into

consideration in choosing of the translation method.

The second, Diah Cory Andarini in her thesis “The Translation of Idiomatic

Expressions in Clark’s Because She Can into Its Translated Version Bos dari

Neraka by Yuanita”, a student at English Department, Airlangga University

graduated in 2006. This research contains about the types of idiomatic expression,

translation strategies and meaning equivalence on translation of idiomatic

expressions.

The third, Lukman Dwi Adisetia in his thesis which is entitled “A Translation

Analysis of Idiomatic Expressions in Chocolat by Joanne Harris and Its

Translation By Ibnu Setiawan”. This study is intended to analyze the translation

21
strategies used by the translator in translating the idiomatic expressions; and the

degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of idiomatic expressions in

Chocolat by Joanne Harris and into Chocolat by Ibnu Setiawan.

From the related studies, there are similarities with this research. Those

researches use the same object Idiomatic Expression itself, but using the different

theories, the novels and focuses of the study.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

The purpose of this study is to analyze the occurrences of English idiom

expressions in Jojo Moyes’s Me Before You and Tanti Lesmana’s Sebelum

Mengenalmu. This research aims to study the three problems, specifically the

types of english idiomatic expression, the translation strategies, and also the

meaning equvalence of translated english idiomatic expression. The research

focuses on the types of idiomatic which realizing in both novels and describing

the translation strategies that used in translating those idiomatic expressions also

describing the extent to which the Bahasa Indonesia translation are equivalent to

those of the English This study adopts and applies Baker’s theory of equivalence

is employed in this research.

To start this analys, it is very important to understand first about what

translation is. Based on the theories proposed by scholars, the researcher considers

that translation involvse into two different languages which is the SL and the TL.

The goal of the translation is to make the massage from its original source into the

target language natural as possible.

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 Regarding the types of idiomas, the researcher combines all three Fernando’s

types of idiom: pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom also two of six Hockett’s

types of idiom: phrasal ccompound and slang. So there are five types of idiom in

this research which are pure idiom, semi idiom, literal idiom, phrasal compounds,

and slang.

To analyze the strategies used by the translator in translating idioms, from

English (SL) to Indonesian (TL), the reasearcher applies the theory proposed by

Baker (1992,p.78). There are four strategies: first, by using an idioms of similar

meaning and form, by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, by

parapharing, and translation by ommision. The reasearcher complates with these

four strategies by adding one more strategy propesd by Newmark (1988,p.48) that

is by translating literally. Translating literally is conducted to maintain the SL

idiom form into the TL, while parapharasing is conducted because there is a

different stylistic preference between the SL and the TL.

In terms of equivalence oof the idioms, the researcher applies the theory

proposed by Bell (1991,p.6). He states that the equivalence of meaning of a

trasnlation can be basically divide into two: equivalent and non-equivalent.

Equivalent involves two kinds of meanings namedly fully and partly equivalent.

In terms of fully equivalent there are increased and decreased meanings. A

translation is considered fully equivalent if the meaning or massage of a translated

idiom is a complate as the original. Its is considered partly equivalent if there is a

change in the meaning. The last is non equivalent which involves two kinds of the

meanings or massage of translated idioms. They may have a different meaning or

23
no meaning at all. In short below this page will describe the theoritical framework

of this research.

Figure 2.3 Teoritical Framework

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter discusses the research method including Research design,

Data Sources, Data Collection Technique, Data Analysis Technique, Instrument,

and Trustworthiness.

3.1 Research Design

The research of this study used descriptive qualitative research because the

data sources are texts. According to Flick (2009,p.63), “qualitative research is

centrally concerned with the production and analysis of texts, such as transcripts

of interviews or field notes and other analytic materials”. This research aimed to

understand the translation of idiomatic expression in the novel and will be

analyzed by description. The researcher uses this research method because this

research is proposed to find out the types of Idomatic Expression in the novels and

the translation strategies were used in translating English Idiomatic expression

cotained in Me Before You by Jojo Moyes into Sebelum Mengenalmu by Tanti

Lesmana. Also, the researcher tries to compare the meaning equivalence in both

novels. The clarifying of the topic can be done by analysing the data taken from

novel.

3.2 Data Sources

The data sources of this research consist of primary and secondary data.

The primary data is English novel entitled Me Before You written by Jojo Moyes

25
in 2010 and its translation entitled Sebelum Mengenalmu translated by Tanti

Lesmana in 2013. Subsequently, the secondary data used by the researcher are

other research such as journals and theses which are related to the study. In

addition, other data are taken from books either printed or digital to find the

theories which are related to idiomatic expression, and from Oxford Dictionary of

idiom and other relevant dictionaries to find the meaning.

3.3 Data

The data used in this research is the the English idiomatic expression

found in Me Before You by Jojo Moyes and their translation Sebelum

Mengenalmu by Tanti Lesmana. The English idiomatic expression are in the form

of words, phrases and clauses. Here, the researcher collects and classifies them

into certain criteria of translation strategies categories such as Idioms of similar

meaning and form, Idioms of similar meaning but dissimilar form, Translation by

paraphrase, Translation by Ommision, and Translating Literally.

3.4 Data Collection Technique

The data collection of this research collected by using the following steps:

1. Read the English novel Me Before You by jojo moyes and also read the

Indonesian version to understand the context of the story.

2. Re-read the two novels and underlying the idioms in the ST and it’s translation

in TT.

3. Identifying the idoms found in the ST and their translation in the TT.

26
4. Classifying Idioms found in the ST and their translation in the TT into the

columns ( data istrument 3.6) based on types of idioms, strategies of translation

idioms, and the meaning equivalence.

3.5 Data Analysis

The data analysis is the process of translating idioms searching and arranging

the collected data. The techniques of analysing data are carried out as follows:

1. The researcher compares idiomatic expressions in both versions, English and

Bahasa Indonesia version were compared.

2. The researcher analysed and classified based on types of idiomatic and

translation strategies.

3. The researcher analysed based on the comparison to determine the degree of

meaning equivalence.

4. The researcher make classification of the data easier to understand, each of the

data was encoded.

No : Datum Number

S : Page of Source Language

T : Page of Target Language

SL : Source Language Text ( Me Before You Novel)

TL : Target Language ( Sebelum Mengenalmu Indonesia Version)

a. Types of Idioms

PI : Pure Idiom

SI : Semi Idiom

27
 LI : Literal Idiom

PC : Phrasal Compound

SL : Slang

b. Translation Strategies Category

ISMF : Using an Idiom of similar Meaning and form

IDF : Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning but disimilar Form

TP : Translation by paraphrase

TO : Translation of Omission

TL : Literal Translation

c. Equivalence Meaning Category

Eq : Equivalent

Non Eq: Non Equivalent

Feq : Fully Equivalent ( Complete Meaning)

PEq : Partly Equivalent

IM : Increased Meaning

DM : Decreased Meaning

DifM : Different Meaning

NM : No Meaning

28
 Table.1. Data Sheet of the Classifying of the Types, Translation Strategies
and Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Idiomatic Expression in the Original
And Translated Me Before You Novel

Degree of Meaning
Equivalence

Data Type of idioms Translation strategies Eq

Non Eq
Feq Peq

No Code (CM)

PI SI LI PC SL IS IDF TP TO TL IM DM DiF NM
SL TL
MF M

Terrible.
Parah
S.03 Raining
Hujan
1. / cats   
deras
T.10 and
sekali.
Dogs.

No: Datum Number TO: Translation of Omission

S: Page of Source Language TL: Literal Translation

T: Page of Target Language Eq: Equivalence

Sl : Source Language Text ( me Before You Novel) Non Eq: Non Equivalence

TL: Target Language ( Sebelum Mengenalmu Indonesia Feq : Fully Equivalence (

Version) Complete Meaning)

PI : Pure Idiom PEq: Partly Equivalence

SI : Semi Idiom IM : Increased Meaning

LI : Literal Idiom DM : Decreased Meaning

PC: Phrasal Compound DifM : Different Meaning

SL : Slang NM : No Meaning

ISMF: Using an Idiom of similar Meaning and form

IDF : Using an Idiom of similar Meaning but disimilar Form

TP: Translation by paraphrase

29
3.6 Data Instrument

According to Arikunto (2010,p. 265), research instrument is the tools used by

researcher in doing a research to collect the data, so that the research can be

systematic and researcher is easier to get the data. In this analysis, the researcher as

the first instrument and the secondary instrument uses the data sheet. The data sheet

contains types of idiom, strategies used in the translation and degree meaning

equivalence of idiomatic expression.

3.7 Trustworthiness

In order to confirm the validity and the trustiness of the research, triangulation

technique is applied in this research. According to Bell (1999: 102) , triangulation

technique is a cross-checking method which investigates one phenomenon or real

condition of individual records by gathering the data from several informants and

sources. The aim of triangulation is to provide the data in a study for giving the

validity and the trustiness of the research. Based on Moleong (2009: 173) data

trustworthiness could be achieved after credibility, transferability, dependability,

conformability, and are checked and proven. The researcher uses all of them to

qualify the trustworthiness.

Credibility focuses on the data accuracy in which the researcher gains the

accuracy by reading the novel. Afterwards, all the data are classified and categorized

based on the previous studies. Dependability used to verify and validate the data. This

technique is implemented by the researcher by checking the data using Kamus Bahasa

Inggris and Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher also uses other

sources to finish this research such as books, journals, theses, papers and other written

sources from the internet that is reliable and related to the topic in this research. To

30
get the conformability and transferability, the data found and constructed by the

researcher are checked by the expert jugments. The expert judgment are Devi

Rosmawati S.S., M.Hum and Apriliana Hapsari S.S., M.Hum. They are lecturers in

English Literature Study Program of Respati Yogyakarta University.

31
 CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSON

The chapter consists of two sub chapters. Those sub chapters are finding and

discussion. In the finding of the research, the researcher presents three objectives

such as the types of idiom, the strategies of translating idiom, and the degree of

meaning.

4.1 FINDINGS

This sub chapter, the researcher presents three objectives such as the types of

idiom, the strategies of translating idiom, and the degree of meaning. The

researcher presents the findings into tables which contain of number an

percentage.

4.1.1 TYPES OF IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION

There are 72 idiomatic expressions found in Jojo Moyes novel entitled Me

before You. The researcher found slang is mostly used in this novel. In other

words, slang is the type of idiomatic expression which mostly used in Jojo

Moyes’s novel. It can be seen in the following table.

Table 4.1 Types of Idiomatic Translation

No Type of idiomatic translation Frequency Percentage

1 Pure idiom 15 20.83%
2 Semi idiom 0 0
3 Literal idiom 21 29.17%
4 Phrasal compound 9 12.5%
5 Slang 27 37.5%

32
 Total 72 100%

From to the novel Me before You, the researcher found four (4) types of

idiomatic expression. It can be seen that in the pure idiom, there are 15 pure

idioms in the novel with the percentage of 20.83%. The literal idiom also found in

the novel with the occurrence of 21 or it has a percentage of 29.17%. The phrasal

compound found in this novel. The researcher found 9 phrasal compounds with

the percentage of 12.5%. The last type of idiom is slang. The researcher found 27

idioms of slang. The percentage of slang is 37.5% in the novel Me Before You.

However, the type of idiomatic named semi idiom were find in the novel Me

Before You.

4.1.2 THE STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION

The researcher found that the strategies in translating idiomatic expression

were 72 idiomatic expressions in Jojo’s novel Me Before You. It can be seen in the

table 4.2, the mostly used strategy in translating idiomatic expression is in

paraphrase strategy. It has 33.33% of percentage in the paraphrase strategy. In

other word, the similar meaning and form strategy also finds in Jojo’s novel with

27.78% of percentage. The strategy of using idiom in similar meaning but

dissimilar form gets 22.22% of percentage. The strategy of omission found only

two or 2.78% in the novel. The literal translation also found in the novel with

occurrence of 10 or 13.89%. The strategies in translating idiomatic expression can

be seen clearly in table 4.2 .

33
 Table 4.2 The Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expression

No Translation Strategies Frequency Percentage

Using an idiom of similar
1 20 27.78%
meaning and form
Using an idiom of similar
2 16 22.22%
meaning but dissimilar form
3 Translation by paraphrase 24 33.33%
4 Translation by omission 2 2.78%
5 Literal Translation 10 13.89%
Total 72 100%

4.1.3 THE DEGREE OF MEANING EQUIVALENCE

The researcher presents the degree of meaning equivalence to show that there

are five degrees of meaning equivalence which use in translating Jojo’s novel Me

Before You. The researcher found that the complete meaning mostly found in this

novel. The degree of non-equivalent meaning gets 16.67% of percentage in this

novel. The degree of meaning equivalence gets 83.33% of percentage. It means

that in the partly equivalence, there are divided into two parts. There are increased

meaning and decreased meaning. The table 4.3 shows the degree of meaning

equivalence in the novel.

The table shows that in translating of idiomatic expression that the highest

degree of meaning equivalnce is the complete meaning strategy 48 frequency. The

lowest degree of meaning equivalence is no meaning 2 frequecy.

34
 Table 4.3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalence

No Degree of Meaning Equivalence Frequency Percentage

Complete Meaning 48 66.67%

1. Equivalence Meaning
Increased Meaning 5 6.94%

Decreased Meaning 7 9.72%

Total of Equivalence Meaning 60 83.33%

Different Meaning 10 13.89%

Non-Equivalence
2.
Meaning
No Meaning 2 2.78%

Total of Non-Equivalence Meaning 12 16.67%

Total 72 100%

Table 4.4 The Relation of the Translator’s Strategy in Translating the

Idiomatic Expression

Degree of Meaning Equivalent

No Strategies Total
Com Inc Dec Diff No

Using an
idiom of
1 similar 15 3 2 20
- -
meaning (20.83%) (4.17%) (2.78%) (27.78%)
and form
2 Using an

35
 idiom of 8 - 2 - 16
dissimilar (11.11%) (2.78%) 6 (22.22%)
meaning (8.33%)
and form

Translation 4
15 2 1 2 24
3 by (5.55%)
(20.83%) (2.78%) (1.39%) (2.78%) (33.33%)
paraphrase

2
Translation 2
4 - - - - (2.78%)
by omission (2.78%)

Literal 10 10
5
translation (13.89%) - - - - (13.89%)

48 5 7 10 2 72
(66.67%) (6.94%) (9.72%) (13.89%) (2.78%) (100%)

According to the table 4.4, the researcher presents the relation of the

translator’s strategy in translating the idiomatic expression. It can be described

that based on the table above, it can be concluded that there are two strategies

which are mostly used in translation such as similar meaning and paraphrase

strategies. The first is similar meaning and form strategy which is mostly used in

translation as the results in complete meaning. The frequency is 15 or 20.83%. In

addition, it is followed by increased meaning with the occurrences of 3 or 4.17%.

The last is decreased meaning which has 2 occurrences or 2.78%. There is no data

found in different meaning and no meaning in degree equivalent meaning.

The second is dissimilar form strategy which is used by translator that has

complete meaning with 8 data or 11.11%. The result of different meaning is 6 data

or 8.33% and decreased meaning gets 2 data or 2.78%.

36
 The third is paraphrase strategy that has complete meaning as much as 15

occurrences or 20.83%. The different meaning is 4 data or 5.55%. In addition,

both increased meaning and no meaning gets two data or 2.78%. The decreased

meaning which get one data or 1.39%.

The fourth is omission strategy which results only in decreased meaning. It

gets two data or 2.78%. There is no result of complete meaning, increased

meaning, different meaning and no meaning of data.

The fifth is literal translation strategy which is used in translation as the

result of complete meaning with the percentage of 13.89% or 10 occurrences.

However, there is no data in the translation by literal translation strategy which

results in increased meaning, decreased meaning, different meaning and no

meaning.

According to the data finding table 4.4, the researcher found that the most

strategies are similar meaning and paraphrase strategies. In addition, the results of

those strategies are in complete meaning and there also has less frequency of non-

equivalent meaning in each strategy. However, the omission strategy in translation

process has less of data; the translator does not use this strategy well in

transferring the source of data into the target language. Most strategies are similar

meaning and paraphrase strategy to translate Jojo Moyes novel Me Before You.

4.2 DISCUSSION

In this sub-chapter, the researcher presents the description of three objectives

there are the discussion about types of idiomatic translation, the strategies in

37
translating idiom and the degree of meaning equivalence. The description shows

into several examples related to those objectives. As follow :

4.2.1 TYPES OF IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION

The researcher presents the data analysis of the types of idiomatic translation.

The researcher gives three examples for each category of types of idiomatic

translation. The types of idiomatic expression are pure idiom, semi idiom, literal

idiom, phrasal compound, and slang.

1. PURE IDIOM

Datum 1

SL : Raining cats and dogs

TL : Hujan deras sekali

Pure idiom is a type of conventionalized, non literal multiword

expressions.According to Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, the idiomatic expression

Raining cats and dogs contains the meaning of rain very hard. The source

language translates into target language (Indonesia) as hujan deras sekali. The

idiomatic expression above describes the weather in the beginning of the story. It

describes the atmosphere before Will has an accident. The author presents the bad

weather to shows the bad accident which happened to Will. The author uses the

pure idiom to show how bad the weather is and indicate the beginning of Will’s

bad life.

38
 Datum 8

SL : My Mum doesn’t really go out. It’s not my cup of tea

TL : Tidak ibuku tidak suka pergi kemana-mana. Lagipula, Ini bukan jenis

musikku

The idiomatic expression It’s not my cup of tea is transferred into Ini bukan

jenis musikku because the contex is about watching concert. According to Oxford

idiom dictionary, the source of language It’s not my cup of tea has meaning “not

what you like o one’s interested in”. The translator does not transfer the source of

language literally because it contains metaphorical expression or has idiomatic

expression. The expression cannot be translated as the real meaning because it is

not described clearly. The expression my cup of tea cannot be translated as

secangkir tehku in the target language. The real meaning is hidden and cannot be

understood directly. The readers must check to the idiom dictionary in avoiding

misconception.

Datum 4

SL : She has the gift of the flab

TL : Dia pintar melantur

According to Oxford idiom dictionary, the idiomatic expression She has

the gift of the flab means the ability with eloquence and fluency. In the late 18th

39
century, term “flab/gab” was an informal word from “conversation” or “chatter”.

In Scotland, it was associated with the meaning of “mouth”. When the translator

tries to transfer the source of language, it is transferred through the context of the

sentence. It cannot be translated word by word because the idiomatic expression

She has the gift of the flab has different meaning with the real meaning. It depends

on the context which is about a speech, chat or conversation. The target language

shows the meaning as Dia pintar melantur as informal word as melantur or refers

to eloquence and fluency of speech or chatter.

2. LITERAL IDIOM

Literal idiom is less semantically complex than pure and semi idioms.

Datum 20

SL : Happy Birthday

TL : Selamat ulang tahun

The meaning of literal idiom from a source language of Happy Birthday

transferred to target language as Selamat ulang tahun and it uses paraphrase

strategy. It is an interjection utterance. The idiomatic expression of Happy

Birthday used to celebrate someone’s birthday. The idiomatic expression of

Happy Birthday tries to deliver the good wishes of the speaker to his/her friend’s

birthday.

Datum 30

SL : Christmas events

TL : Acara-acara Natal

40
 The idiomatic expression of Christmas in the source language transferred

literally into target language as Natal. It is in the form of a phrase Christmas.

According to Oxford dictionary, Christmas is yearly celebration of the birth of

Christ. In other words, Christmas has a full meaning of a Christian festival to

celebrate Jesus’s birth. Most Christian celebrates Christmas every 25 December.

The target language translates it literally.

Datum 28

SL : I drank too much to show off

TL : Aku minum terlalu banyak, untuk pamer

The idiomatic expression of show off means pamer in the target language.

According to Cambridge dictionary, the meaning of show off refers to an action

that has a purpose to get attention. In addition, Oxford learners’ dictionary states

that show off means “action or behavior that shows how you feel”. According to

KBBI, pamer means menunjukan sesuatu yang dimiliki kepada seseorang dengan

maksud memperlihatkan melebihkan atau menyombongkan diri.

3. PHRASAL COMPOUND

Compound itself means a noun, an adjective or a verb that has been

created from two or more simple words and it is linked with a hyphen (-). In other

words, a phrasal compound is the use of two or more words to create a single idea.

41
 Datum 37

SL : pinguin-suited man

TL : pria bersetelan penguin

The phrasal compound pinguin-suited shows that a man has dressed

penguin-suited. The reader will catch the meaning through the context that

somebody wears some suits like “a penguin”. It can be seen through the style of

the person who wears that formal suite. A penguin-suited also refers to a tuxedo.

Datum 38

SL : an able-bodied person

TL : orang yang mampu dan berbadan sehat

The meaning of an able-bodied person refers to someone who has

physically strong and healthy. It shows that somebody has good physic rather

than weak physic. The meaning emphasizes that somebody who has good and

health physic will be able to do something.

Datum 43

SL : “Just trying to help my girlfriend get the best out of her job”, he said.

TL : Oh, aku hanya mencoba membantu pacarku menikmati

pekerjaannya, sahut Patrick.

42
 The idiomatic expression of my girlfriend is transferred into target

language as pacarku. The source of language and the target language has the

similar meaning and form. According to Kamus Bahasa Indonesia – Inggris by

Shadily, the meaning of pacar is girlfriend or boyfriend. According Oxford

dictionary, girlfriend means a “woman that is having romantic relationship with”.

In the context of the sentence, it refers to a girl that is why it is called as girlfriend

because the speaker is a man named Patrick. The speaker tries to emphasize that

the girl is his mine. It shows a possessive utterance to emphasize that the girl

relates to him.

4. SLANG

Slang can be defined as the use of informal words. Slang is used by young

people to communicate in informal language. Young people or young generation

uses slang in their daily life. Slang language cannot be used to communicate with

old people because it is informal language and sometimes it refers to vulgar slang

language.

Datum 50

SL : Piss off! You two. Nathan grinned and disappeared.

TL : Sudah ah, kalian berdua. Nathan nyengir lebar lalu menghilang.

The idiomatic expression in slang language above shows that the

speaker wants to leave the place. In other words, the slang language Piss off!

has a meaning of “go away” or “to leave”. This vulgarism was in use

throughout the 20th century, particularly in British speech. The word piss has

43
no specific significance, but adds intensity and often overtones of

exasperation, both where used descriptively and as an instruction. The context

of the slang language expresses that Nathan will leave that place. This is

informal language that uses to communicate with the same degree of age or a

communication between young people. The words Piss off! cannot be used to

communicate with parents or old people. That is informal language and does

not refer to a polite language.

Datum 51

SL : Fuck you Will Traynor, Fuck you.

TL : Persetan denganmu Will Traynor, Persetan denganmu.

The idiomatic expression of fuck you as a vulgar slang language

use to express anger. According to the context of the story in Jojo’s novel

Me before you, it happens when Louisa expresses her love to Will but Will

does not want to continue their relationship. Will refuses the new

relationship with Louisa because Will decides to end his life in the

Dignity. The expression of anger can be seen in Louisa’s words Fuck you.

It is a vulgar slang that uses to express how anger the speaker is.

44
4.2.2 THE STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC

EXPRESSION

1. USING IDIOM OF SIMILAR MEANING AND FORM

The meaning of idiom in the target language is equivalence to the source

language both in terms of meaning as well as lexical items. The translation of the

idiom is similar in the form and meaning.

Datum 34

SL : These very nice gentlemen have offered to help us, I said.

TL : orang-orang baik ini menawarkan untuk membantu kita, kataku.

The meaning of gentlemen also refers to a type of idiom named phrasal

compound. The idiom is created by two words as gentle and men. It combines to

be gentlemen as plural form. According to Oxford learner dictionary, the meaning

of gentle is “something not rough or violent”. In addition, the meaning of man is

“adult male human being” based on Oxford learners’ dictionary. However, when

two words combine as gentlemen, it has meaning of “man who is polite and

behaves well” based on Oxford learners’ dictionary. The meaning gentlemen here

refer to plural form which shows that there is more than one man in the context of

the sentence. Those men refer to a good men or good guys. It can be proven by the

words “these very nice gentlemen” which transferred into target language as

“orang-orang baik ini”. The context of the sentence shows that gentlemen has

similar meaning and form strategy. Both source of language and target language

have the same meaning.

45
 Datum 32

SL : My voice cut into silence

TL : suaraku mengiris keheningan

The meaning is similar to this phrasal verb of cut into. It also refers to

literal idiom. The idiom cut into has the meaning of interrupting someone or

something. In this case, the sentence I cut it into silent mean suaraku mengiris

keheningan. It can be described that a speaker’s voice cut into the silent situation.

The subject of the sentence refers to the speaker’s voice because the context of the

sentence shows the silent situation is cut by the voice.

Datum 41

SL : You’re so two-faced

TL : kau memang bermuka dua

According to Oxford learner’s dictionary, the idiomatic expression of two-

faced has meaning as deceitful or insincere. It can be said that the meaning of two-

faced is as the same as hypocrite. A hypocrite is someone who hides his true

feeling and intention. The meaning of Two faced has similar meaning and form.

The translator transfers the target language as bermuka dua which has the similar

meaning as two-faced. In relating to the context of the sentence, it means that

someone has two personalities. He hides his feeling from other by presenting the

“the other side of his face”. It does not mean that someone really shows the other

side of his face but it means another. It is an idiomatic expression which has

another meaning as pretending.

46
 2. USING IDIOM OF SIMILAR MEANING BUT DISSIMILAR FORM

The meaning of the target idiom is the same as that of the original idiom but

the lexical items are different.

Datum 3

SL : So, it’s hardly rocket science.

TL : Itu kan tidak susah.

The idiomatic expression of it’s hardly rocket science indicates that

something is not difficult to understand. It means that the idiomatic expression it’s

hardly rocket science describes an easy way to understand something in humorous

expression. It refers to pure idiom in the type of idiom. The idiomatic expression

it’s hardly rocket science has dissimilar form strategy. It has the same meaning

but also has dissimilar form of strategy.

Datum 5

SL : His bark is worse than his bite

TL : Dia hanya dari luarnya saja tampak galak

The idiomatic expression above has the similar meaning but in dissimilar

form strategy. The idiomatic expression His bark is worse than his bite also refers

to pure idiom which has meaning in target language as Dia hanya dari luarnya

saja tampak galak. According Oxford dictionary, the meaning of bark is saying

something in a loud unfriendly. In addition, the meaning of bite is answering

47
somebody angrily. The idiomatic expression can refers to an animal named dog

because the words bark and bite can describe an animal’s behavior which is biting

and barking. However, if the translator is transferred the source of language into

the target language based on the context of the sentence, it refers to somebody or

someone who has unfriendly behavior. It means that the man is unfriendly person.

The idiomatic expression above has the similar meaning but dissimilar form.

Datum 10

SL : Your mother’s over the moon

TL : Ibumu senang bukan main

The idiomatic expression of over the moon is transferred into target language

as senang bukan main. The idiomatic expression over the moon also refers to pure

idiom which has meaning of extremely happy or delighted. The translator

transfers the source of language over the moon into the target language of senang

bukan main. Both expressions have different form but it has the same meaning as

happy. The idiomatic expression here has the similar meaning but dissimilar form.

3. TRANSLATION BY PARAPHRASE

This strategy is used in the process of translating idioms in the cases that the

translator cannot find any equivalents for the source idiom.

Datum 12

SL : Cooking with gas now, eh, Pat?

48
 TL : Latihan gila-gilaan sekarang, eh, Pat?

The idiomatic expression above refers to paraphrase strategy. In addition,

it also refers to a type of pure idiom. According Oxford dictionary of idiom, the

idiomatic expression meaning of Cooking with gas refers to be on the right lines

or be on the way to rapid success. The idiomatic expression of Cooking with gas

is transferred into target language as Latihan gila-gilaan. The idiomatic meaning

from SL translates to TL by using different word or form which has the same

meaning.

Datum 17

SL : Oh, Shut up Louisa.

TL : Oh, diamlah Louisa

The idiomatic expression of shut up is in the form of phrasal verb. The

meaning of this idiomatic expression is asking someone to stop talking. The

translator delivers the meaning in the target language completely. It shows that the

speaker wants to end the conversation by saying shut up. The idiomatic

expression shut up also refers to a slang language. It uses in informal situation.

Many people use this term to talk with their intimate friends or close friends. It is

not allowed to speak with parents or family member who has different age

because it is informal utterance.

49
 4. TRANSLATION BY OMISSION

An idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the target text. It is because

it has no close equivalent in the target language.

Datum 9

SL : Jesus, you are a pain in the arse

TL : Ya tuhan kau benar-benar menyebalkan

The omission strategy in the idiomatic a pain does not translate in the target

language. There is no suitable meaning for this term in the target language when it

relates to the context of the sentence. The meaning of the phrase a pain is

expectation to the contrary. In other words, the single word pain does not translate

in the target language because there is no suitable meaning. In addition, the single

word pain is omitted when it is transferred into the target language. The context of

the sentence will change if the term pain is added in the target language.

Datum 58

SL : I am fucking genius

TL : aku memang jenius

The term of fucking in the source of language is not transferred into the target

language because there is no match meaning in the context of the sentence.

According to Oxford learners’ dictionary, the term fuck uses to express surprise or

show anger. The translator does not transfer the term fuck in the target language

because it will change the meaning. In addition the terms fuck also as a vulgar

50
slang. In other words, the term fuck refers to omission strategy and type of idiom

named slang. In the context of the sentence, the term fuck expresses how genius

he is. The term genius shows one’s special skill or ability. The term fucking refers

to informal language which also refers to vulgar slang language. The term fuck or

fucking means sialan. The term fuck can be as an exclamation to show annoyance

or impatience. However, the term fuck does not use in the target language. The

translator does not give information because she does not translate the term

fucking in the target language.

5. LITERAL TRANSLATION

Literal translation is the translation that based on word-for-word translation or

the translation which is closely to the form of the source of language. In addition,

it can change based on the grammatical suitability of the target language.

Datum 23

SL : yes it was my birthday. My parents were doing a special dinner.

TL : ya, pada hari ulang tahun saya, orang tua saya mengadakan makan

malam istimewa.

The idiomatic expression of my birthday is transferred into target language as

hari ulang tahun. According to Oxford learner’s dictionary, birthday means “an

anniversary of the day on which you were born”. According to Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), the term ulang tahun means hari lahir or hari ketika

peristiwa penting terjadi. When somebody wants to remember his/her birthday,

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he/she probably celebrates it with a party. The translator translates the source

language “yes it was my birthday. My parents were doing a special dinner” into

“ya, pada hari ulang tahun saya, orang tua saya mengadakan makan malam

istimewa”. The source language is transferred by using literal translation. The

readers can catch the meaning easily.

Datum 19

SL : I grinned back at him

TL: Aku balas nyengir lebar padanya

The terms grinned back transfer into balas nyengir lebar based on the context

of the sentence. In addition, the idiomatic expression grinned means wide smile.

The idiomatic expression grinned back has the same meaning with balas nyengir

lebar in the target language. The translator uses literal translation in transferring

the source of language. The readers read the target language without difficulty in

understanding the meaning of the idiomatic expression.

4.2.3 THE DEGREE OF MEANING EQUIVALENCE

1. FULLY EQUIVALENCE/ COMPLETE MEANING

It means that the meaning in the source language text is completely

transferred in the target language text.

Datum 24

SL : He looked at peace

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 TL : dia kelihatan damai

The phrasal verb looked at means “see or look at someone or something”.

The literal translation is used by the translator in transferring the source language

into the target language. The phrasal verb looked at refers to kelihatan. The

translator does not transfer the meaning into melihat or memandang because it

also depends on the context. When the source of language He looked at peace is

transferred into dia kelihatan damai, the meaning is suitable in the context of the

sentence. The context of the source of language means that someone looks

peaceful.

Datum 63

SL : poor man

TL : laki-laki malang

The meaning of poor man is a man who has no money. According to Oxford

learner dictionary, the meaning of poor is having very little money. It also refers

to unlucky. The idiomatic expression of poor man refers to laki-laki malang. It

does not mean that poor man has meaning of a needy man or a man who has little

money. The context of the idiomatic expression poor man means laki-laki malang

or unlucky person.

Datum 31

SL : We never leave a man down

TL : kami tidak akan meninggalkan tentara yang terluka

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 The meaning of leave down means meninggalkan in the target language.

According to Cambridge dictionary, the meaning of leave down refers to go away

from someone or something. According to Oxford learner’s dictionary, the

meaning of leave down means go away from a place or person. The target

language is transferred by the translator to show that somebody goes away from

that place or others. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the meaning

meninggalkan has several meanings such as membiarkan tinggal, menyisakan,

pergi dari, membuang, melalaikan but the researcher finds the suitable meaning

for the context of the idiomatic expression that is pergi dari or menghindar dari.

It means that the target language meninggalkan has the same meaning as pergi

dari when the source language changes into the target language. It must relate to

the context of the sentence to get the meaning clearly.

2. PARTLY EQUIVALENT

A. INCREASED MEANING

Increase meaning occurs when there is an addition of information realized by a

new meaning which is not found in the source language text.

Datum 22

SL : But you cannot sleep down here! You can be comfortable like this

TL : Tapi kalian tidak bisa tidur dilantai begitu! Kalian pasti tidak

nyaman

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 The sentence of the source language transferred into the target language by

adding some information. The phrasal verb sleep down means that the condition

when the body is at rest with the eyes closes. The context of the sentence in the

source language refers to someone who sleeps on the floor. It can be describe that

the source language But you cannot sleep down here! You can be comfortable like

this has meaning in the target language as Tapi kalian tidak bisa tidur dilantai

begitu! Kalian pasti tidak nyaman. The translator is transferred the phrasal verb

sleep down into tidur dilantai and it indicates as the increased meaning in

translating the text. The source of language does not mention an object named

floor but the translator is transferred into the target language by adding the object

of floor. The increased meaning can be seen clearly by the meaning of the text in

the target language. It means that an addition of information in the target language

shows the increased meaning.

Datum 49

SL : I ended up in this bloody thing

TL : Sejak aku berakhir di kursi roda sialan ini

The source of language above clearly shows that the translator adds some

information in the target language. The term bloody thing in the source of

language does not get any information about the object of discussion. However, in

the target language, the translator adds information that is the wheelchair.

According to Oxford dictionary, the wheelchair is a chair with wheels for

somebody who is unable to walk. The translator adds information in the target

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language by adding the object of wheelchair to complete the meaning. The

translator tries to deliver the message of the sentence that the subject is trapped in

the wheelchair because of an incident. The subject cannot accept his new

condition and states the utterance of bloody thing to express how disappointed he

is.

B. DECREASED MEANING

Decreased meaning occurs when a part of a meaning in the source language text is

omitted in the target language text.

Datum 62

SL : He looked up in disbelief, “you crazy bitch”

TL : Richard mendongak tak percaya “dasar prempuan sinting”

The term crazy has meaning of foolish in the target language and when the

single word crazy combines with bitch, it becomes crazy bitch. The idiomatic

expression of crazy bitch means perempuan jalang when it translates into the

target language. However, the translator does not use the term jalang in the target

language. The translator is transferred the term crazy into the target language. It

becomes perempuan sinting in the target language. In fact the suitable meaning is

perempuan jalang. The translator does not translate the term jalang into the target

language to make the polite sentences. In other words, the omitting information in

the target language can change the meaning. In other words, there is a decreased

meaning in the target language because the translator does not transfer the term

bitch clearly in the target language.

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 Datum 39

SL : I think that is a very responsible thing to do, very civic-minded, I agreed

TL : sangat bertanggung jawab, sangat memikirkan kepentingan orang lain,

aku sependapat.

There is a decreased meaning in the sentence I think that is a very responsible

thing to do, very civic-minded, I agreed. The translator does not transfer the words

I think that in the target language. The translator is transferring the source of

language as sangat bertanggung jawab, sangat memikirkan kepentingan orang

lain, aku sependapat. However, the translator does not translate I think that. It is

the decreased meaning. The decreased meaning occurs when a part of a meaning

in the source language text is omitted by the translator in the target language text.

According to Oxford learners dictionary, the term think has meaning as “have

particular idea or opinion about something or someone”. When the phase I think

that deliver into the target language as aku berpikir bahwa, the meaning of the

sentence will be understood clearly by the readers. The meaning of the sentence

will be completely transferred in the target language. The target language above

does not deliver the meaning completely because there is no subject of the

sentence. It has a decreased meaning.

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2. NON EQUIVALENCE

A. DIFFERENT MEANING

Completely different meaning occurs when the translator changes the

information contained in the source language text by using words which have

different meaning in the target language text.

Datum 45

SL : I will drive home and leave you stuck here with the pointy-heads

TL : Aku akan pulang dan kau kutinggalan disini bersama orang-orang

menyebalkan ini

The term the pointy-heads transferred into the target language of bersama

orang-orang menyebalkan ini. The meaning of the pointy-heads is intellectuals or

experts. However, the term the pointy-heads in the context of the sentence refers

to a mild ridicule which used by an anti-intellectual. The anti-intellectual here is

Louisa. In the context of the sentence, Louisa does not like to be a part of Alicia’s

wedding party with many rich people there. She thinks that many rich people

there are as a bad people. The use of the pointy-heads is the representation of anti-

intellectual. In addition, the target language of bersama orang-orang menyebalkan

ini proofs a mild ridicule in this situation.

Datum 72

SL : Bloody hell, its cold up here

TL : Ya Tuhan, dingin sekali disini

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 According to Oxford dictionary, the terms of hell means “a place believed to

be the home of wicked person after death”. In addition, hell also has meaning as

“very unpleasant situation or experience causing great suffering”. In addition, the

meaning of Tuhan in KBBI (kamus besar bahasa indonesia) that Tuhan is sesuatu

yang diyakini, dipuja dan disembah oleh manusia. According to Oxford

dictionary, Tuhan or God is the maker and ruler of the universe. The translator

delivers the source of language hell into the target language Tuhan which has

different meaning. Both terms have different meaning and refer to non-equivalent

meaning.

B. NO MEANING

No meaning occurs when the translator omits to translate an expression in the

source language text so that the target language text loses all information

contained in source language text.

Datum 46

SL : “Bugger”, said Thomas

TL : “Bugger”, kata Thomas

The idiomatic expression Bugger has no meaning when it transferred into

the target language. There is no suitable expression to change the term Bugger.

The translator omits to translate bugger in the target language and the target

language loses information about the term. The readers cannot get the information

in the target language because the translation does not give much information. The

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translator does not add the information needed in the target language about the

idiomatic expression of bugger. The translator lets the term untold in the target

language.

Datum 47

SL : “Read your bloody gossip magazines or whatever it is you do when

you’re not making tea”

TL : “Pergilah membaca majalah-majalah gossip sialanmu, atau apapun

kegiatanmu kalau tidak sedang menyeduh teh”

The translator does not translate the term bloody in the target language. It has

no meaning in the target language. The term bloody is an intensifying expletive

such as very, really, total and complete. However, the translator does not add the

information in the target language. It has no meaning when it is transferred into

the target language. The readers lose the information and cannot catch the

meaning clearly because the source of language is not transferred completely in

the target language.

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 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

This chapter described the conclussion and suggestion based on the finding

and discusiion. Based on finding and discussion there four types of idioms ; pure

idiom, literal idiom, phrasal compound, and slang. The researcher found 72

idiomatic expressions of the types of idiom in the novels. The occurrence showed

15 pure idioms, 21 literal idiom, 9 phrasal compounds idiom, and 27 slang idiom.

It can be concluded that the highest type of idiom is slang. The highest type of

idiom is slang language because the target of reader is young people or young

generation. Young people or young generation uses slang in their daily life.

Conversational slang used by young people, because they are cheerful, creative,

and full of the new ideas. They can create a new words that become fresh and easy

to understand. That why the highest type of idiom in this reseach is slang.

Based on finding and discussion there are five types of strategies in

translating idiomatic expression; Using similar meaning and form, using similar

meaning but dissimilar form, parapharase, ommision, and literal translation. The

researcher found that the highest strategy in translating idiomatic expression is

paraphrase strategy. There is 24 data of paraphrase strategy. The similar meaning

and form strategy has 20 data. The similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy

has 16 data. The omission strategy has 2 data. The literal translation has 10 data in

the novel. The second objective, the translator mostly uses the strategy of

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paraphrase in the novel because paraphrase is explanatory translation. This stategy

is used to solve the unequal problems at word level or the translator can not find

the English idiom that can convey the same meaning or at least has closest

meaning with Indonesian idiom.

The researcher concludes that the last objective of this study is the degrees of

meaning equivalence in the translation of the idiomatic expressions. In the term of

meaning equivalence, most of the idiomatic expressions in the novel shows

equivalence meaning. In this research, the researcher found that most of the

strategies results are in complete meaning 48 data and less frequency of non-

equivalent meaning 2 data.

The researcher concludes that the most types of idiom is slang, the strategies

in translating idiomatic expression is paraphrase strategies, and the degree of

meaning equialence is fully meaning. So the translator use this strategy well in

transferring the source of data into the target language.

5.2 SUGGESTION

The researcher gives several suggestions after presenting the analysis above.

The suggestions are as follow:

1. To The Researcher

The researcher hopes that this research study can be one of the references to

the other researchers who want to analyze idiomatic expression. Hopefully,

the other researcher will get some information about type of idiomatic

expression, the strategies and degree of equivalent in translating idiom as the

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topic of discussion. The researcher hopes that the other researcher who wants

to analyze the same field will collect more information and references about

idiom and the strategies in the journals, articles, books and other related

references.

2. To The Lecturer

The researcher hopes that the lecturer can give guidance to the students in

analyzing idiom. Hopefully, the lecturer also helps the students in enrich their

understanding about the topic of discussion if there is a difficult way in

analyzing or understanding the strategy, degree of meaning and type of idiom.

The lecturer can give a suggestion and knowledge about the idiomatic

expression to help the students in finishing their study.

3. To The Translator

The researcher hopes that the translator can transfer the source of language

into the target language correctly. The translator also hopes that to make a

good translation, the translator must pay attention to the strategies in

translating the text, the using of type idiom and the degree of equivalent

meaning in translating the text. The researcher also hopes that the translator

can enrich his/her knowledge about idiomatic expression and choose suitable

language in the target language.

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