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Stratigraphy of ~2.5 Ga Dongargarh Belt, Central India: Key Observations and

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 Gondwana Geological Magazine
GGM
Special Volume No.16, 2014, pp. 41-48 www.ggsnagpur.org

Stratigraphy of ~2.5 Ga Dongargarh Belt, Central India:

Key Observations and Suggested Revisions
1 2
Sarajit Sensarma and Dhruba Mukhopadhyay
1
Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007 , India
2
Raman Centre for Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, India
E-mail:sensarma2009@gmail.com; dhruba_38@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract

The end-Archean-Palaeoproterozoic (~2.5 Ga) volcano-sedimentary sequence in the Dongargarh belt (Dongargarh Supergroup), Central
Indian craton, was classified by Sarkar (1957, 1958 and 1994) into Nandgaon Group and Khairagrah Group, with an unconformity in between.
We propose a revision of this classification. The Bortalao Formation just above the unconformity is split up into two units: Chandsuraj
Formation, an integral part of the folded volcano-sedimentary sequence and Bijepar Formation unconformably overlying the above sequence.
Geochemical characters suggest a petrogenetic link between different mafic volcanics and the interactive relation between silicic and mafic
volcanics indicates their near-coeval nature. There is no structural discordance between different units in the folded sequence, though there
might have been time gaps of unspecified duration between these different units. Hence, these volcano-sedimentary units are placed within one
conformable sequence and named as Dongargarh Group, which is unconformably overlain by the Bijepar Formation. Dongargarh Granite is
older than Bijepar Formation and tentatively placed above the Dongargarh Group, though its position may be further down within the
Dongargarh Group.

Keywords: Stratigraphy, Dongargarh Group, Dongargarh Granite, End-Archean-Palaeoproterozoic, Silicic-mafic volcanism, Central India.

Introduction volcanics have been carried out in recent years (e.g.,

There has been a renewed interest in the study of end-
Archean-Palaeoproterozoic (2.7 - 2.4 Ga) granite-greenstones
successions all over the world because end-Archean-
Palaeoproterozoic transition is recognised as a major crust
building period in Earth's history and repository of several
metal deposits (Condie, 1989; Hawkesworth et al., 2010). The
end-Archean-Palaeoproterozoic sequence of volcano-
sedimentary rocks in the Dongargarh belt, Central Indian
Craton, earlier named as the Dongargarh System (Sarkar,
1957, 1958) and subsequently as the Dongargarh Supergroup
(Sarkar, 1994), forms a belt, which extends southerly into
Kotri region. This volcano-sedimentary sequence comprised
predominantly of bimodal volcanic suite and thin interspersed
sedimentary rocks of mature and immature types and
characterised as a bimodal large igneous province (LIP)
(Sensarma, 2007). Since the pioneering work of Sarkar (1957,
1958, 1994) on general geology and stratigraphy of the belt, no
new integrated regional study is published on this area,
although a number of geochemical studies on the Dongargarh
Deshpande et al., 1990; Gangopadhyay and Roy, 1992; Sarkar
et al., 1994; Asthana et al., 1996; Neogi et al., 1996; Sensarma
et al., 2002, 2004).
Some of the critical observations on the relationships
between lithostratigraphic units in the northern part of the belt
are presented, in the background of new ideas on magmatic
processes and its geochemistry, which provides new
understanding to the geology and stratigraphic framework of
the belt.
Geological Setting
The Son-Narmada lineament extending in ENE-WSW
across central India separates the northern Bundelkhand
Protocontinent from the southern Deccan Protocontinent, each
having distinctive geological characters (Yadekar et al., 1990,
Jain et al., 1995). A broad tectonic zone, the Central Indian
Tectonic Zone (CITZ), defines this lineament (Acharyya and
Roy, 2000; Roy et al., 2000). The Deccan Protocontinent hosts
a collage of low grade, N-S trending volcano-sedimentary
42 Sarajit Sensarmal and Dhruba Mukhopadhyay
Fig.1. Location of the Dongargarh Supergroup (now Dongargarh Group DG), Central India.
assemblages of Sakoli belt, Dongargarh belt, etc., with
discordant structural relationship with the lineament.
The end-Archean-Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rocks
of the Dongargarh Supergroup forms a belt of about 100 km
width that extends in a NNE-SSW direction for ~300 km,
sandwiched between the Sakoli belt and gneisses on the west
and the Chhattisgarh basin along with older gneisses on the east
(Fig. 1). This succession of rocks comprises pyroclastic acid
volcanics, basic and intermediate volcanics, volcano-clastics,
arenite, arkosic wacke and granite. Bhattacharya (see in
Fermor, 1934, 1935) was first to investigate this succession of
rocks. Later Sarkar (1957, 1958) presented a geological map
(1:32000) covering about 900km2 area and proposed a
stratigraphic succession for the area (Table 1).
The rocks of Dongargarh succession are weakly folded
into a regional synclinal structure (Sitagota Syncline) with the
fold axis plunging towards north at about 20o. The succession
Table 1: Comparative stratigraphic succession of the Dongargarh belt, Central India.
Sarkar (1957, 1958, 1994)
Mangikhuta Volcanics
Karutola Formation
Dongargarh Khairagarh Group Sitagota Volcanics
Supergroup Bortalao Formation
----------------------Unconformity----------------------
Dongargarh Granite
Pitepani Volcanics
Nandgaon Group ----- Unconformity----
Bijli Rhyolite
----------------------Unconformity----------------------
Amgaon Group (Basement gneiss etc.)
comprises a basal igneous suite (Nandgaon Group) and an
overlying sedimentary-volcanic assemblage (Khairagarh
Group) separated by an unconformity (Table 1). The plutonic
activity represented by Dongargarh granite, was placed
between Nandgaon and Khairagarh groups (Sarkar, 1957,
1958, 1994). He also mapped several unconformities/
disconformities within Nandgaon and Khairagarh groups
(Table 1). According to Sarkar (1957, 1958), all the units have
steep dip with foliations parallel to the axial plane of the
syncline. The Great Darekasa Fault cuts across the eastern limb
of the folded sequence. One of the interesting rock types
occurring within Bijli rhyolite is Bhattacharya's
'conglomerated and recrushed mylonites' (see in Fermor, 1934,
1935) which were later identified by Sarkar (1956, 1957, 1958)
as rhyolitic conglomerate of sedimentary origin. The clasts as
well as the matrix of the rock are of same composition
(rhyolitic).
This work
Bijepar Formation (low dipping immature sediments)
--------------------Unconformity----------------
Dongargarh Granite
-----------------Intrusive contact----------------
Mangikhuta Volcanics
Karutola Formation
Sitagota Volcanics
Chandsuraj Formation
Pitepani Volcanics Dongargarh
Bijli Rhyolite Group
(with Halbitola Rhyolitic breccio-conglomerate Member)
Basement ? ?
 Stratigraphy of ~2.5 Ga Dongargarh belt, Central India
Fig. 2. Geological map of the area around Salekasa-Darekasa-Bijepar-Bortalao, Bhandara District, Maharashtra and Rajnandgaon District,
Chhattisgarh.
In this paper a revision of status of Bortalao Formation
and of the unconformity between Nandgaon and Khairagarh
Groups has been proposed along with designating Dongargarh
sequence as Dongargarh Group instead of Dongargarh
Supergroup (Fig. 2, Table 1). These conclusions are based on a
study covering an area of about 450 km2 between Latitude 21°
5' : 21° 20' N and Longitude 80° 20' : 80° 42' E and are of
critical importance for understanding the Dongargarh
succession because the main regional structure and all the
lithostratigraphic units are exposed in this area. Detailed
mapping (1:25000) has been carried out along as many
traverses as possible across the trend of the litho-types with
additional inputs from satellite imageries and aerial
photographs. Low outcrop density, inaccessibility of some
parts due to dense forests and partial to total obliteration of
many primary features and mineralogy by low grade
metamorphism and other secondary processes are
impediments to continuous tracing of the formations. Even so,
an attempt has been made to identify different litho-types, their
disposition and study their relationships.
43
Geochronology
Limited geochronological data are available on the
Dongargarh rocks. Bijli rhyolite, the basal unit of Nandgaon
Group, yielded Rb-Sr isochron ages of 2180 ± 25 Ma (ISR =
0.7057 ± 0.0015) (Sarkar et al., 1981) to 2503 ± 35 Ma (ISR =
0.7035 ± 0.0017) (Krishnamurthy et al., 1990). The samples
analysed by Sarkar et al. (1981) come from the northern part of
Bijli rhyolite mapped by Sarkar (1957, 1958), but samples of
Krishnamurthy et al. (1990) were collected further south. Rb-
Sr isotope analyses by Dr. K. Gopalan (NGRI, Hyderabad,
personal communication) on a fresh set of samples of Bijli
Rhyolite collected by us from Salekasa area (21°21'N : 80°
32'E) suggests an isochron age of 2089 ± 29 Ma (ISR = 0.7231
0.0028). The large range of the Rb-Sr dates is probably due to
disturbance of the isotopic system during deformation and
metamorphism. Recently, U-Pb single-crystal zircon dating of
the oldest rhyolite in the Kotri belt, the southern extension of
the Dongargarh belt, has yielded an emplacement age of ~2530
Ma (Ghosh, 2004). The intrusive Dongargarh granite gives
44 Sarajit Sensarmal and Dhruba Mukhopadhyay
Rb-Sr isochron ages of 2270 ± 90 Ma (Sarkar et al., 1981) to
2465 ± 22 Ma (ISR = 0.7010 ± 0.0042) (Krishnamurthy et al.,
1990). Thus, the Dongargarh granite and Bijli rhyolite could
not be geochronologically discriminated.
Status of Bortalao Formation
Mapping reveals that Bortalao Formation, the basal unit
of Khairagarh Group (Table 1) comprises of two stratigraphic
units: (i) Dark green coloured foliated volcano-clastic rocks
concordant to Pitepani volcanics below and Sitagota volcanics
above. These lithounits form part of the folded volcano-
sedimentary sequence exposed within the Sitagota Syncline.
The foliated character of these rocks is easily discernible in
several locations including on the railway track between
Darekasa and Salekasa (Fig. 3). (ii) Polymictic conglomerate-
arkosic sandstone-siltstone association unconformably
overlying all the volcanic and sedimentary units of Nandgaon
and Khairagrah Groups (Table 1; Fig. 4).
On the basis of the above observations, the Bortalao
Formation has been split into two units. Following the
recommendation of the Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature
of India (GSI, 1971), the former unit is given a formational
status and is formally called the Chandsuraj Formation while
the latter unit is described as the Bijepar Formation (Table 1)
(Sensarma and Mukhopadhyay, 2003).
The Chandsuraj Formation comprises dark green
coloured foliated volcano-clastic rocks with clear presence of
mafic glass fragments. The foliation is parallel to the fabric
present in all the volcanic units as well as the axial surface of
the folded structure (Fig.3). It thus forms part of the folded
volcano-sedimentary sequence. These rocks were probably
described as green sandy tuff within Bortalao Formation by
Sarkar (1957, 1958).
The principal constituents of the polymictic
conglomerate of Bijepar Formation, on the other hand, are
pebbles and cobbles of pyroclastic silicic volcanic rocks,
Fig. 3. Vertical to subvertical foliation in the Chandsuraj Formation.
Railway section, west of Darekasa.
granite, quartz veins, arenite which appear to have been
derived from underlying Bijli rhyolite, Dongargarh granite
and the Karutola Formation, respectively. The bottom surface
of the newly defined Bijepar Formation also transgresses the
formational contacts of all the volcanic units, the Karutola
Formation (mature arenite) and the newly defined Chandsuraj
Formation. Bedding in Bijepar Formation is low-dipping
(10°- 20°) (Fig. 4) and is structurally discordant with the
bedding in the underlying Karutola Formation. Primary flow
bands of Bijli rhyolite and axial plane foliation developed
within the underlying volcanic units of the Sitagota syncline.
There is thus the clear presence of an angular unconformity at
the base of the Bijepar Formation.
The possibility of presence of other intra-volcano-
sedimentary units at different stratigraphic levels within the
volcano-sedimentary sequence is recognised.
The Volcanic Units
The geochemical study indicates that Pitepani and
Sitagota volcanics represent two volcanic pulses derived from
the same magma source (Sensarma et al., 2002; Sensarma,
2007). The Mangikhuta volcanics, on the other hand, is related
to Sitagota volcanics through a process of crystal fractionation
(Sarkar et al., 1994; Sensarma, 2007, 2011). The mafic rocks
of Pitepani and Sitagota volcanics and the andesite/basaltic
andesite of Mangikhuta volcanics plot along the same trend on
a number of geochemical diagrams, signifying their
petrogenetic connection (Figs. 5 and 6). This supports their
inclusion within one sequence.
Bijli rhyolite is poorly sorted thick pyroclastic unit with
number of pyroclastic facies such as welded tuff, rheomorphic
welded tuff and breccia. Geochemical and petrological
modeling suggests crustal derivation at various depths with
input of mantle material (Sensarma et al., 2004). The presence
of aphanitic mafic rounded clots and veins in the silicic
volcanic rocks suggest near-contemporaneity of silicic and
Fig. 4. Cross-bedding in Bijepar Formation, south of Bortalao. Beds show
gentle dip towards right.
 Stratigraphy of ~2.5 Ga Dongargarh belt, Central India
Fig. 5. On Mg# vs. Cr (ppm) diagram samples from mafic volcanic units
plot along a common trend implying their petrogenetic link. P1 & P2:
high Mg and low-Mg basalts in Pitepani volcanics, S1 and S2: high Mg
and low-Mg basalts in Sitagota volcanic, MV: Mangikhuta volcanics.
mafic melts (c.f. Ghosh and Pillai, 2000). The siliceous high-
magnesian basalts (SHMB) of Pitepani volcanics are
produced by interaction of silicic and mafic melts (Sensarma
et al., 2002). Therefore, the evidence suggests that the
different volcanic units of Dongargarh Group are parts of a
continuous volcanic sequence.
Time Gaps between the Units
The possibility of existence of time gap between
successive units of Dongargarh Group cannot be ruled out, but
the structural mapping indicates absence of any structural
discordance between these units. The immature greywacke
(Chandsuraj Formation), identified as a mafic volcano-clastic
deposit (Sensarma, 2009) was deposited in between two
pulses of basaltic volcanism (Pitepani and Sitagota Volcanics)
and made up of predominantly mafic volcanic derivation
material with lesser amounts of rounded quartz sand. Local
reworking in terrestrial and shallow water sedimentary
systems may have altered the volcanic debris and imparted
occasional textural maturity to quartz sand of the deposit. This
suggests a time-interval between the Pitepani and Sitagota
volcanic pulses.
On the other hand, in Karutola Formation the excellent
roundness and good sorting of the framework grains, presence
of adhesion structures in conjunction with intercalated
mudstone indicate interactions of aeolian and coastal marine
processes (Chakraborty and Sensarma, 2008). Occurrence of
this mature quartz arenite horizon between Sitagota and
Mangikhuta Volcanics indicates a pause in volcanicity in the
45
Fig. 6. On Mg# vs. immobile major element ratio CaO/Al2O3 diagram,
mafic volcanic units plot along a common trend, again implying their
petrogenetic link. Legend: as given in Fig. 5.
belt, but this was likely to be of short duration as the volcanic
units above and below it are related by igneous fractionation
(Sarkar et al., 1994; Sensarma, 2007, 2011).
Position of the Dongargarh Granite
The stratigraphic position of Dongargarh granite is
somewhat equivocal. Sarkar (1957, 1958) suggested that the
constituents of Dongargarh Supergroup are separated by
unconformities and Dongargarh Granite is intrusive into
Nandgaon Group but unconformably underlies Khairagarh
Group. There is definite field evidence of intrusion of
Dongargarh granite into Bijli rhyolite in the form of thick
sheets and veins. Enclaves of rhyolite in granite are common.
Mafic enclaves are also found, but their relation to the different
mafic volcanics of Dongargarh Group is uncertain. No direct
evidence of intrusion of Dongargarh granite into the Pitepani,
Sitagota or the Mangikhuta volcanics is observed in the field.
The REE plots for Dongargarh granitoids and Bijli
rhyolites are shown in Fig. 7. Although some samples of
Dongargarh granite have higher LREE (e.g., La >1000 times
chondritic) and total REE abundance compared to Bijli
rhyolites (La £ 450 times chondrite), close geochemical
similarity of different immobile incompatible element ratios
(e.g., average Th/U: 5.8 vs. 5.12, Ta/Th 0.03-0.08 vs. £ 0.06;
Zr/Hf (36 vs. 35) including overlapping REE plots of
Dongargarh granite and Bijli rhyolite (Gangopadhyay and Ray,
1997; Sarkar et al., 1994; Ramachandra and Roy, 1998;
Sensarma, 2012) indicate possible genetic connection between
the silicic plutonism and volcanism, and their broadly coeval
46 Sarajit Sensarmal and Dhruba Mukhopadhyay
Fig. 7. C1-chondrite normalized Rare Earth Elemets (REE) plot for (a)
Dongargarh granitoids and (b) Bijli rhyolirtes. (c) Average REE pattern
for Dongargarh granitoids and Bijli rhyolites are shown for comparison.
Data source: Granitoids (Ramachandra and Roy, 1998), Bijli rhyolites
(Sensarma et al., 2004).
nature, though the field evidence definitely indicates that the
granite intrusion followed the silicic volcanic outpouring.
Therefore, the stratigraphic position of Dongargarh granite is
definitely younger than the Bijli rhyolite and the Pitepani
Volcanics and older than the Bijepar Formation. Because all
Dongargarh volcanic units form one sequence, we tentatively
place Dongargarh granite at the top of Dongargarh Group, but it
can be lower within the Dongargarh Group.
Basement
The basement to Dongargarh Group was not observed
during present study. But the presence of quartz arenite
(Karutola Formation) within the volcanic sequence certainly
indicates presence of granitoid rocks in the provenance, which
may or may not be the basement to volcanics. A granite gneiss
source terrain outside the basin and a hot, humid climate is
suggested for abundant supply of quartz sand to the Karutola
shoreline (Chakraborty and Sensarma, 2008). Sarkar (1957,
1958) suggested Amgaon Gneiss to be the basement, but in the
absence of clear field evidence and precise geochronological
and isotopic data this could not be confirmed.
Conclusions
1. The Dongargarh Supergroup is named as the Dongargarh
Group. Bortalao Formation is split into Chandsuraj
Formation and Bijepar Formation. Chandsuraj
Formation is a mafic volcano-clastic unit and part of the
folded volcano-sedimentary sequence of Dongargarh
Group. Low-dipping Bijepar Formation represents cover
sediments that uncomformably overlies this folded
sequence.
2. The petrogenetic link amongst mafic volcanic units and
interactive relations between silicic and mafic
magmas suggest their near-coeval nature and supports
their grouping together in one sequence (Dongargarh
Group).
3. There is no structural discordance between the different
formations of Dongargarh Group, and these are folded
together. However, there may be time gaps of
unspecified duration between the different formations.
4. Dongargarh granite is tentatively placed above
Dongargarh Group, but its position may come lower
down in Dongargarh Group, if more precise
geochronological information or new field evidence
comes up.
5. Bijepar Formation, which unconformably overlies
Dongargarh Group, is obviously not a part of the
Dongargarh sequence. It may be equivalent to some
component of the younger sediment dominated
Chhattisgarh Supergroup in the central Indian Craton.
Further mapping is necessary to unravel this relation.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. M.K. Roy for inviting us to write this
paper. A part of the work was supported by the grant of
Research Project to D.M. from CSIR, New Delhi. An UGC-
Research Grant to S.S. also helped considerably to support
fieldwork related expenses. D.M. acknowledges support from
INSA through its Honorary Scientist Programme. S.S.
acknowledges the infrastructural support in the Department of
Geology, University of Lucknow during preparation of this
manuscript. We have been greatly benefitted from discussions
and collaboration with Dr. Tapan Chakaborty of Indian
Statistical Institute, Kolkata at various stages of the work.
 Stratigraphy of ~2.5 Ga Dongargarh belt, Central India
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