Kundalini

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Kundalini (Sanskrit: कुण्डलिनी kuṇḍalinī, pronunciation (help·info), "coiled snake"), in Hinduism is a

form of divine energy (or shakti) believed to be located at the base of the spine (muladhara). It is an
important concept in Śaiva Tantra, where it is believed to be a force or power associated with
the divine feminine. This energy, when cultivated and awakened through tantric practice, is believed
to lead to spiritual liberation. Kuṇḍalinī is associated with Paradevi or Adi Parashakti, the supreme
being in Shaktism; and with the goddesses Bhairavi and Kubjika.[1][2] The term, along with practices
associated with it, was adopted into Hatha yoga in the 11th century.[3] It has since then been adopted
into other forms of Hinduism as well as modern spirituality and New age thought.
Kuṇḍalinī awakenings have been described as occurring by means of a variety of methods. Many
systems of yoga focus on awakening Kuṇḍalinī through: meditation; pranayama breathing; the
practice of asana and chanting of mantras.[4] Kundalini Yoga is influenced
by Shaktism and Tantra schools of Hinduism. It derives its name from its focus upon the awakening
of kundalini energy through regular practice of Mantra, Tantra, Yantra, Asanas or Meditation.[4][5] The
Kuṇḍalinī experience is frequently reported to be a distinct feeling of electric current running along
the spine.[6][7][8]

Contents

 1Etymology
 2In Śaiva Tantra
 3Description
 4Kundalini experiences
o 4.1Invoking Kundalini experiences
 4.1.1Hatha yoga
 4.1.2Shaktipat
o 4.2Kundalini awakening
  5Religious interpretations
o 5.1Indian interpretations
 6Western significance
o 6.1New Age
 7Psychology
 8See also
 9References
 10Further reading
 11External links

Etymology[edit]
The concept of Kuṇḍalinī is mentioned in the Upanishads (9th – 3rd centuries BCE).[9][verification needed] The
Sanskrit adjective kuṇḍalin means "circular, annular". It is mentioned as a noun for "snake" (in the
sense of "coiled") in the 12th-century Rajatarangini chronicle (I.2). Kuṇḍa (a noun meaning "bowl,
water-pot" is found as the name of a Nāga (serpent deity) in Mahabharata 1.4828). The 8th-
century Tantrasadbhava Tantra uses the term kundalī ("ring, bracelet; coil (of a rope)").[10]:230[clarification
needed]

The use of kuṇḍalī as a name for Goddess Durga (a form of Shakti) appears often
in Tantrism and Shaktism from as early as the 11th century in the Śaradatilaka.[11] It was adopted as
a technical term in Hatha yoga during the 15th century, and became widely used in the Yoga
Upanishads by the 16th century. Eknath Easwaran has paraphrased the term as "the coiled power",
a force which ordinarily rests at the base of the spine, described as being "coiled there like a
serpent".[12]

In Śaiva Tantra[edit]

Statues of Shiva and Shakti at Kamakhya temple, one of the oldest Shakti Peethas, important shrines
in Shaktism, the goddess-focused Hindu tradition

Kuṇḍalinī arose as a central concept in Śaiva Tantra, especially among the Śākta cults like
the Kaula. In these Tantric traditions, Kuṇḍalinī is "the innate intelligence of embodied
Consciousness".[13] The first possible mention of the term is in the Tantrasadbhāva-tantra (8th
century), though other earlier tantras mention the visualization of Śākti in the central channel and the
upward movement of prana or vital force (which is often associated with Kuṇḍalinī in later
works).[14] According to David Gordon White, this feminine spiritual force is also
termed boghavati, which has a double meaning of "enjoyment" and "coiled" and signifies her strong
connection to bliss and pleasure, both mundane physical pleasure and the bliss of spiritual liberation
(moksha), which is the enjoyment of Shiva's creative activity and sexual union with the Goddess.[15]
In the influential Śākta tradition called Kaula, Kuṇḍalinī is seen as a "latent innate spiritual power",
associated with the Goddess Kubjika (lit. "the crooked one"), who is the supreme Goddess
(Paradevi). She is also pure bliss and power (Śākti), the source of all mantras, and resides in the six
chakras along the central channel. In Śaiva Tantra, various practices
like pranayama, bandhas, mantra recitation and tantric ritual were used in order to awaken this
spiritual power and create a state of bliss and spiritual liberation.[2][15]
According to Abhinavagupta, the great tantric scholar and master of the Kaula and Trika lineages,
there are two main forms of Kuṇḍalinī, an upward moving Kuṇḍalinī (urdhva) associated with
expansion, and a downward moving Kuṇḍalinī (adha) associated with contraction.[16] According to the
scholar of comparative religion Gavin Flood, Abhinavagupta links Kuṇḍalinī with "the power that
brings into manifestation the body, breath, and experiences of pleasure and pain", with "the power of
sexuality as the source of reproduction" and with:
"the force of the syllable ha in the mantra and the concept of aham, the supreme subjectivity as the
source of all, with a as the initial movement of consciousness and m its final withdrawal. Thus we
have an elaborate series of associations, all conveying the central conception of the cosmos as a
manifestation of consciousness, of pure subjectivity, with Kuṇḍalinī understood as the force
inseparable from consciousness, who animates creation and who, in her particularised form in the
body, causes liberation through her upward, illusion-shattering movement."[16]

Description[edit]
According to William F. Williams, Kundalini is a type of religious experience within
the Hindu tradition, within which it is held to be a kind of "cosmic energy" that accumulates at the
base of the spine.[17]
When awakened, Kundalini is described as rising up from the muladhara chakra, through the
central nadi (called sushumna) inside or alongside the spine reaching the top of the head. The
progress of Kundalini through the different chakras is believed to achieve different levels of
awakening and a mystical experience, until Kundalini finally reaches the top of the
head, Sahasrara or crown chakra, producing an extremely profound transformation of
consciousness.[6]:5–6
Swami Sivananda Saraswati of the Divine Life Society stated in his book Kundalini Yoga that
"Supersensual visions appear before the mental eye of the aspirant, new worlds with indescribable
wonders and charms unfold themselves before the Yogi, planes after planes reveal their existence
and grandeur to the practitioner and the Yogi gets divine knowledge, power and bliss, in increasing
degrees, when Kundalini passes through Chakra after Chakra, making them to bloom in all their
glory..."[18]
Reports about the Sahaja Yoga technique of Kundalini awakening state that the practice can result
in a cool breeze felt on the fingertips as well as the fontanel bone area.[19][20]

Kundalini experiences[edit]
Invoking Kundalini experiences[edit]
Yogis such as Muktananda consider that Kundalini can be awakened by shaktipat (spiritual
transmission by a Guru or teacher), or by spiritual practices such as yoga or meditation.[21]
The passive approach is instead a path of surrender where one lets go of all the impediments to the
awakening rather than trying to actively awaken Kundalini. A chief part of the passive approach
is shaktipat where one individual's Kundalini is awakened by another who already has the
experience. Shaktipat only raises Kundalini temporarily but gives the student an experience to use
as a basis.[22]
He subsequently came to believe "As the ancient writers have said, it is the vital force
or prana which is spread over both the macrocosm, the entire Universe, and the microcosm, the
human body... The atom is contained in both of these. Prana is life-energy responsible for the
phenomena of terrestrial life and for life on other planets in the universe. Prana in its universal
aspect is immaterial. But in the human body, Prana creates a fine biochemical substance which
works in the whole organism and is the main agent of activity in the nervous system and in the brain.
The brain is alive only because of Prana...[23]
...The most important psychological changes in the character of an enlightened person would be that
he or she would be compassionate and more detached. There would be less ego, without any
tendency toward violence or aggression or falsehood. The awakened life energy is the mother of
morality, because all morality springs from this awakened energy. Since the very beginning, it has
been this evolutionary energy that has created the concept of morals in human beings.

The American comparative religions scholar Joseph Campbell describes the concept of Kundalini as
"the figure of a coiled female serpent—a serpent goddess not of "gross" but "subtle" substance—
which is to be thought of as residing in a torpid, slumbering state in a subtle center, the first of the
seven, near the base of the spine: the aim of the yoga then being to rouse this serpent, lift her head,
and bring her up a subtle nerve or channel of the spine to the so-called "thousand-petaled lotus"
(Sahasrara) at the crown of the head...She, rising from the lowest to the highest lotus center will
pass through and wake the five between, and with each waking, the psychology and personality of
the practitioner will be altogether and fundamentally transformed."[24]
Hatha yoga[edit]

Mode of action of mudras, serving to trap energy-fluids (breath, prana, bindu, amrita) and thus help to unblock
the central sushumna channel, allowing kundalini to rise[25]

According to the Goraksasataka, or "Hundred Verses of Goraksa", hatha yoga practices such
as mula bandha, uddiyana bandha, jalandhara bandha and kumbhaka can awaken
Kundalini.[26] Another hathayoga text, the Khecarīvidyā, states that khechari mudra enables one to
raise Kundalini and access various stores of amrita in the head, which subsequently flood the
body.[27]
Shaktipat[edit]
The spiritual teacher Meher Baba emphasized the need for a master when actively trying to awaken
Kundalini:
Kundalini is a latent power in the higher body. When awakened, it pierces through six chakras or
functional centers and activates them. Without a master, the awakening of the kundalini cannot take
anyone very far on the Path; and such indiscriminate or premature awakening is fraught with
dangers of self-deception as well as the misuse of powers. The kundalini enables man to
consciously cross the lower planes and it ultimately merges into the universal cosmic power of which
it is a part, and which also is at times described as kundalini ... The important point is that the
awakened kundalini is helpful only up to a certain degree, after which it cannot ensure further
progress. It cannot dispense with the need for the grace of a Perfect Master.[28]

Kundalini awakening[edit]
The experience of Kundalini awakening can happen when one is either prepared or unprepared.[22]
According to Hindu tradition, in order to be able to integrate this spiritual energy, a period of careful
purification and strengthening of the body and nervous system is usually required
beforehand.[29] Yoga and Tantra propose that Kundalini can be awakened by a guru (teacher), but
body and spirit must be prepared by yogic austerities, such as pranayama, or breath control,
physical exercises, visualization, and chanting. The student is advised to follow the path in an open-
hearted manner.[22]
Traditionally, people visited ashrams in India to awaken their dormant kundalini energy with regular
meditation, mantra chanting, spiritual studies and physical asana practice such as kundalini yoga.

Religious interpretations[edit]
Indian interpretations[edit]
Kundalini is considered to occur in the chakra and nadis of the subtle body. Each chakra is said to
contain special characteristics[30] and with proper training, moving Kundalini through these chakras
can help express or open these characteristics.
Kundalini is described as a sleeping, dormant potential force in the human organism.[31] It is one of
the components of an esoteric description of the "subtle body", which consists of nadis (energy
channels), chakras (psychic centres), prana (subtle energy), and bindu (drops of essence).
Kundalini is described as being coiled up at the base of the spine. The description of the location can
vary slightly, from the rectum to the navel.[10]:229–231 Kundalini is said to reside in the
triangular sacrum bone in three and a half coils.[19]
Swami Vivekananda describes Kundalini briefly in his book Raja Yoga as follows:[32]
According to the Yogis, there are two nerve currents in the spinal column, called Pingalâ and Idâ,
and a hollow canal called Sushumnâ running through the spinal cord. At the lower end of the hollow
canal is what the Yogis call the "Lotus of the Kundalini". They describe it as triangular in a form in
which, in the symbolical language of the Yogis, there is a power called the Kundalini, coiled up.
When that Kundalini awakens, it tries to force a passage through this hollow canal, and as it rises
step by step, as it were, layer after layer of the mind becomes open and all the different visions and
wonderful powers come to the Yogi. When it reaches the brain, the Yogi is perfectly detached from
the body and mind; the soul finds itself free. We know that the spinal cord is composed in a peculiar
manner. If we take the figure eight horizontally (∞), there are two parts which are connected in the
middle. Suppose you add eight after eight, piled one on top of the other, that will represent the spinal
cord. The left is the Ida, the right Pingala, and that hollow canal which runs through the center of the
spinal cord is the Sushumna. Where the spinal cord ends in some of the lumbar vertebrae, a fine
fiber issues downwards, and the canal runs up even within that fiber, only much finer. The canal is
closed at the lower end, which is situated near what is called the sacral plexus, which, according to
modern physiology, is triangular in form. The different plexuses that have their centers in the spinal
canal can very well stand for the different "lotuses" of the Yogi.

When Kundalini Shakti is conceived as a goddess, then, when it rises to the head, it unites itself with
the Supreme Being of (Lord Shiva). The aspirant then becomes engrossed in deep meditation and
infinite bliss. Paramahansa Yogananda in his book God Talks with Arjuna: The Bhagavad
Gita states:[33]
At the command of the yogi in deep meditation, this creative force turns inward and flows back to its
source in the thousand-petaled lotus, revealing the resplendent inner world of the divine forces and
consciousness of the soul and spirit. Yoga refers to this power flowing from the coccyx to spirit as
the awakened kundalini.

Paramahansa Yogananda also states:

The yogi reverses the searchlights of intelligence, mind and life force inward through a secret astral
passage, the coiled way of the kundalini in the coccygeal plexus, and upward through the sacral, the
lumbar, and the higher dorsal, cervical, and medullary plexuses, and the spiritual eye at the point
between the eyebrows, to reveal finally the soul's presence in the highest center (Sahasrara) in the
brain.[33]

Western significance[edit]
Sir John Woodroffe (1865–1936) – also known by his pseudonym Arthur Avalon – was a British
Orientalist whose published works stimulated a far-reaching interest in Hindu
philosophy and Yogic practices. While serving as a High Court Judge in Calcutta, he
studied Sanskrit and Hindu Philosophy, particularly as it related to Hindu Tantra. He translated
numerous original Sanskrit texts and lectured on Indian philosophy, Yoga and Tantra. His book, The
Serpent Power: The Secrets of Tantric and Shaktic Yoga became a major source for many modern
Western adaptations of Kundalini yoga practice. It presents an academically and philosophically
sophisticated translation of, and commentary on, two key Eastern
texts: Shatchakranirūpana (Description and Investigation into the Six Bodily Centers) written by
Tantrik Pūrnānanda Svāmī (1526) and the Paduka-Pancakā from the Sanskrit of a commentary by
Kālīcharana (Five-fold Footstool of the Guru). The Sanskrit term "Kundali Shakti" translates as
"Serpent Power". Kundalini is thought to be an energy released within an individual using specific
meditation techniques. It is represented symbolically as a serpent coiled at the base of the spine.[34]
In his book Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India, Heinrich Zimmer wrote in praise of
the writings of Sir John Woodroffe:[35]
The values of the Hindu tradition were disclosed to me through the enormous life-work of Sir John
Woodroffe, alias Arthur Avalon, a pioneer and a classic author in Indic studies, second to none, who,
for the first time, by many publications and books made available the extensive and complex
treasure of late Hindu tradition: the Tantras, a period as grand and rich as the Vedas, the
Epic, Puranas, etc.; the latest crystallization of Indian wisdom, the indispensable closing link of a
chain, affording keys to countless problems in the history of Buddhism and Hinduism, in mythology
and symbolism.

When Woodroffe later commented upon the reception of his work he clarified his objective, "All the
world (I speak of course of those interested in such subjects) is beginning to speak of Kundalinî
Shakti." He described his intention as follows: "We, who are foreigners, must place ourselves in the
skin of the Hindu, and must look at their doctrine and ritual through their eyes and not our own."[36]
Western awareness of kundalini was strengthened by the interest of Swiss psychiatrist and
psychoanalyst Dr. Carl Jung (1875–1961). Jung's seminar on Kundalini yoga presented to the
Psychological Club in Zurich in 1932 was widely regarded as a milestone in the psychological
understanding of Eastern thought and of the symbolic transformations of inner experience. Kundalini
yoga presented Jung with a model for the developmental phases of higher consciousness, and he
interpreted its symbols in terms of the process of individuation, with sensitivity towards a new
generation's interest in alternative religions and psychological exploration.[37]
In the introduction to Jung's book The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga, Sonu Shamdasani puts forth
"The emergence of depth psychology was historically paralleled by the translation and widespread
dissemination of the texts of yoga... for the depth psychologies sought to liberate themselves from
the stultifying limitations of Western thought to develop maps of inner experience grounded in the
transformative potential of therapeutic practices. A similar alignment of "theory" and "practice"
seemed to be embodied in the yogic texts that moreover had developed independently of the
bindings of Western thought. Further, the initiatory structure adopted by institutions of psychotherapy
brought its social organization into proximity with that of yoga. Hence, an opportunity for a new form
of comparative psychology opened up."[36]:xviii-xix
The American writer William Buhlman, began to conduct an international survey of out-of-body
experiences in 1969 in order to gather information about symptoms: sounds, vibrations and other
phenomena, that commonly occur at the time of the OBE event. His primary interest was to compare
the findings with reports made by yogis, such as Gopi Krishna (yogi) who have made reference to
similar phenomenon, such as the 'vibrational state' as components of their kundalini-related spiritual
experience. He explains:
There are numerous reports of full Kundalini experiences culminating with a transcendental out-of-
body state of consciousness. In fact, many people consider this experience to be the ultimate path to
enlightenment. The basic premise is to encourage the flow of Kundalini energy up the spine and
toward the top of the head—the crown chakra—thus projecting your awareness into the higher
heavenly dimensions of the universe. The result is an indescribable expansion of consciousness into
spiritual realms beyond form and thought.[38]

Sri Aurobindo was the other great scholarly authority on Kundalini, with a viewpoint parallel to that of
Woodroffe but of a somewhat different slant - this according to Mary Scott, herself a latter-day
scholar on Kundalini and its physical basis, and a former member of the Theosophical Society.[39]
New Age[edit]
Kundalini references may be found in a number of New Age presentations, and is a word that has
been adopted by many new religious movements.[40]

Psychology[edit]
According to Carl Jung "... the concept of Kundalini has for us only one use, that is, to describe our
own experiences with the unconscious ..."[41] Jung used the Kundalini system symbolically as a
means of understanding the dynamic movement between conscious and unconscious processes.
He cautioned that all forms of yoga, when used by Westerners, can be attempts at domination of the
body and unconscious through the ideal of ascending into higher chakras.[42][page needed]
According to Shamdasani, Jung claimed that the symbolism of Kundalini yoga suggested that the
bizarre symptomatology that patients at times presented, actually resulted from the awakening of the
Kundalini. He argued that knowledge of such symbolism enabled much that would otherwise be
seen as the meaningless by-products of a disease process to be understood as meaningful symbolic
processes, and explicated the often peculiar physical localizations of symptoms.[42]:xxvi
The popularization of eastern spiritual practices has been associated with psychological problems in
the west. Psychiatric literature notes that "since the influx of eastern spiritual practices and the rising
popularity of meditation starting in the 1960s, many people have experienced a variety of
psychological difficulties, either while engaged in intensive spiritual practice or
spontaneously".[43] Among the psychological difficulties associated with intensive spiritual practice we
find "Kundalini awakening", "a complex physio-psychospiritual transformative process described in
the yogic tradition".[43] Researchers in the fields of Transpersonal psychology,[30] and Near-death
studies[44] have described a complex pattern of sensory, motor, mental and affective symptoms
associated with the concept of Kundalini, sometimes called the Kundalini syndrome.[45]
The differentiation between spiritual emergency associated with Kundalini awakening may be viewed
as an acute psychotic episode by psychiatrists who are not conversant with the culture. The
biological changes of increased P300 amplitudes that occurs with certain yogic practices may lead to
acute psychosis. Biological alterations by Yogic techniques may be used to warn people against
such reactions.[46]
Some modern experimental research seeks to establish links between Kundalini practice and the
ideas of Wilhelm Reich and his followers.[47]

See also[edit]
 Temporal lobe epilepsy
 Mystical experience

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36. ^ Jump up to:a b Jung, Carl Gustav (1996). The Psychology of
Kundalini Yoga: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1932 by C.G. Jung.
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-0-
691-02127-0.
37. ^ Nichol, Davi (1999). "Psychoanalytic Books". A Quarterly Journal of
Reviews.
38. ^ Buhlman, William (2011). The Secret of the Soul: Using Out-of-Body
Experiences to Understand Our True Nature (1st ed.). San
Francisco: HarperCollins. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-06-196808-2.
39. ^ Scott, Mary (1983). Kundalini in the Physical World. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 259–263. ISBN 978-0-7100-9417-9.
40. ^ "Yoga Journal" (63). Active Interest Media, Inc. July–August 1985:
42. ISSN 0191-0965. Retrieved 5 January 2017. I just wanted to talk to
someone who would understand about kundalini and wouldn't think I
was crazy ...
41. ^ Hayman, Ronald (2001). A Life of Jung. New York: W. W. Norton.
p. 304. ISBN 978-0-393-32322-1. Retrieved 5 January 2017. the
concept of Kundalini has for us only one use ...
42. ^ Jump up to:a b Shamdasani, Sonu (2012). The Psychology of
Kundalini Yoga: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1932 by C.G.
Jung (New ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-
1-4008-2191-4.
43. ^ Jump up to:a b Turner, R. P.; Lukoff, D.; Barnhouse, R. T.; Lu, F. G.
(July 1995). "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive
diagnostic category in the DSM-IV". The Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease. 183 (7): 435–444. doi:10.1097/00005053-199507000-
00003. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 7623015.
44. ^ Kason, Yvonne (2008). Farther Shores: Exploring How Near-Death,
Kundalini and Mystical Experiences Can Transform Ordinary
Lives (Revised ed.). Bloomington, New York: Author's Choice
Press. ISBN 978-0-595-53396-1.
45. ^ Greyson, Bruce (1993). "Near-death experiences and the physio-
kundalini syndrome". Journal of Religion & Health. 32 (4): 277–
290. doi:10.1007/BF00990954. PMID 24271550.
46. ^ Bharadwaj, Balaji (2012). "Proof-of-concept studies in Yoga and
mental health". International Journal of Yoga. 5 (1):
74. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.91719. PMC 3276938. PMID 22346071.
47. ^ Rudra. Kundalini, die Energie der Natur, die Natur der Energie im
Menschen körperliche und psychische Begleiterscheinungen bei
Erweckung der Energie im Körper (Worpswede, Germany: Wild
Dragon Connections, 1993) ISBN 978-3980256018 (in German)

Further reading[edit]
 Aun Weor, Samael (2009). Kundalini Yoga. EDISAW. ISBN 978-85-62455-
03-2.
 Avalon, A. (1974). The Serpent Power: The Secrets of Tantric and Shaktic
Yoga. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23058-0.
 Karmokar, G. (2006). Kundalini – From Hell to Heaven. Zen Way
Center. ISBN 978-0-9777456-0-9.
 Kripananda, S. (1995). The Sacred Power: A Seeker's Guide to Kundalini.
Siddha Yoga Publications. ISBN 978-0-911307-39-9.
  Krishna, G. (1989). The Awakening of Kundalini. Institute for
Consciousness Research. ISBN 978-0-917776-06-9.
 Krishna, G. (1993). Higher Consciousness and Kundalini. Institute for
Consciousness Research. ISBN 978-0-917776-05-2.
 Krishna, G. (1993). Living with Kundalini. Shambhala. ISBN 978-0-87773-
947-0.
 Krishna, G. (1997). Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man.
Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-57062-280-9.
 Mookerjee, A. (1981). Kundalini: The Arousal of the Inner Energy (2nd ed.).
Destiny Books. ISBN 978-0-89281-020-8.
 Muktananda, S. (1995). Kundalini: The Secret of Life (erd ed.). U B S
Publishers' Distributors Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7476-038-8.
 Petty, A. (2007). Kundalini Rising: Exploring the Chakra/Asanas
Connection. Kitsune Books. ISBN 978-0-9792700-0-0.
 Scott, Mary (2006). The Kundalini Concept: Its Origin and Value. Jain Pub
Co. ISBN 978-0-89581-857-7.
 Sannella, L. (1987). The Kundalini Experience: Psychosis or
Transcendence. Integral Publications. ISBN 978-0-941255-29-5.
 Springett, Tara (2014). Enlightenment Through the Path of Kundalini: A
Tibetan-Buddhist Guide to Safe Awakening and Overcoming Difficult
Symptoms. Higher Consciousness Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5060-6761-2.
 White, J. (1998). Kundalini, Evolution and Enlightenment. Paragon
House. ISBN 978-1-55778-303-5.
 Yogananda, Paramahansa (1995). God Talks With Arjuna: The Bhagavad
Gita. Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 978-0-87612-030-9.

External links[edit]
 Kundalini at Curlie
 Kundalini - An Occult Experience, G. S. Arundale (1938).

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