CLIMATIC ANALYSIS REPORT

BUILDING SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY

BY: Prashanthini Rajagopal (201117010)

LOCATION: Kolkata, India

COORDINATES: 22.65°North, 88.45°East
CLIMATIC ZONE: Hot and Humid
ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL: 9.1m

GOOGLE EARTH IMAGE TO UNDERSTAND STREET ORIENTATION AND SURROUNDING AREA:

 Streets are predominantly along east-west axis, which is running

from north to south. However, according to the climatic data
building must be orientated such that the longer axis’s face north
and south.
 This orientation matches the direction of the flow of Hooghly
River. This is perhaps the reason for the high humidity almost
throughout the year of Kolkata.
 Hooghly River is prone to flooding and buildings nearby must be
raised on stilts. This will protect the occupants from flooding and
the floors must be protected from dampness.

Map of Kolkata from Google Earth Image

STREET CHARACTERSTIC:

Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata Park Street, Kolkata

Hogg Street, Kolkata Olden day residential street, Kolkata

INFERENCES:
 Most buildings are kept very close – walls either touch or almost touch one another. Awning, sun shades, projection such as
shaded balcony seems to be a common characteristic.
 Roads are predominantly wide – however, excess traffic makes it congested.
 Arches on the facade seem to be a used in many of the buildings, followed by columns. This may be due to colonial
architecture use but may have some climatic properties to block sun.

HERITAGE HOUSES OF KOLKATA:

INFERENCES:
 Spacious porticos are provided on the ground floor
 Red oxide flooring are prevalent
 Elaborate wrought-iron grills
 Green-shuttered windows
 Open terraces for outdoor sleeping during night
 Certain building elements have been influences by the colonial character such as columns and arches.
CLIMATIC SUMMARY:
AIR  According to Adaptive Comfort Model in ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, the comfort
TEMPERATURE operative temperature is taken between 21°-29.7°C
 Peak summer period ranges from April to June
 Peak winter period ranges from December January
 Sun Shades must be provided during the peak summer period – need to note solar
azimuth and altitude angles during over heated date/hour
 Sun must be allowed to infiltrate inside the building during peak winter months
 Summer months require maximum shading hours during daylight hours
 However, winter months seem to be more comfortable during daylight hours, which
mean cold temperatures are mostly restricted to night time.
 March-Oct requires shading, with max shading required for May-June months
 Nov-Feb requires sunlight, with max sunlight needed during Jan
 Red represents the timings where temperature is higher than the comfort limits. The
overheated period is between 8:30am to 8:00pm. Need to check sun-rise and sun set
to check daylight timings between this period to identify ideal time for sun shade.
However, the timing is too large and sun should enter during the winter season. Due
to this reason the timings has been shortened to 12:30pm to 3:30pm- where
temperatures are very high.
 Temperatures are high between sun-rise and sun-set. June has the max sunlight hours (5:00am –
7:00pm). In the previous page the overheated time is till 8:00pm- however, sun sets way before
that.
 According to this model March-Oct has high temperatures, while temperature peaks during April
 Between 12:00pm – 4:00am max temperatures have been recorded

RELATIVE  Relative humidity is high throughout the year. By in large the average humidity does
HUMIDITY not drop below 65% based on daily average. Humidity is high during the peak summer
and drops only slightly during the winter months. Higher precipitation levels may have
been the primary cause for the increased humidity level.
 There is a need to dehumidify the air as the relative humidity is predominantly high
throughout the air. May to Nov is almost always humid. Relative humidity of more
than 90% is recorded between July-Nov.
 Such high humidity level cannot be solved with passive methods alone and need
mechanical dehumidification to restore comfort levels during this period.
 There is no humidification required at any period of the year; however, heavy
dehumidification is required especially during June-Oct.
 Between June-Oct 0hrs of comfortable period is recorded
 High temperature will further add to the discomfort
PRECIPITATION  Precipitation starts during the summer time and reaches its peak during June-Sept.
The higher precipitation is perhaps the reason for the higher humidity- which in turn
might have affected the temperature levels. Winter periods have predominantly less
rainfall and remain mostly dry.
 High rainfall during the peak period- can use this water for rainwater harvesting. On
total 1765mm rainfall can be used.
 Sky cover would be high during the peak period- trapping heat and suppressing
release – resulting in increased temperature.
 SPECIAL CHARACTERSTIC: CALCUTTA ONE OF THE MOST FLOOD PRONE AREAS IN THE
WORLD
WIND  Annual data: winds predominantly are from north and south. This makes it easier for
design because the best orientation for this climate solely in the point of view of
radiation gain would be along north-south axis. Since winds predominantly are from
north and south- gives ample scope for cross ventilation through the longer sides.
Winds are mostly hot.
 Summer: winds predominantly originate from the south and south east. Openings can
be provided on this side with adequate sun shades to block off sun which is in a higher
altitude (easier to block).

 Winter: the winds change direction and come from the northern direction. Glazing will
mostly be provided from north to provide sun-light without the excess heat. Winds are
 generally cold.
DRIVING RAIN  Driving rain index of Calcutta falls under the sheltered zone. Vertical surfaces of the
INDEX building are mostly protected from the driving rain
 However, June has recorded the highest wind speed and during the same period more
than 300mm rainfall is estimated. Driving Rain Index may be considered for this month
in particular – southern wind direction predominant.
SKY COVER  Sky is partially or predominantly covered with clouds during the high temperature
summer period. This means that the temperatures are spiking because of the trapped
heat inside. Increased humidity due to precipitation adds to the suffocation. Sun shade
should still be provided to reduce whatever solar radiation that touches the building,
adding to the discomfort.
 Dehumidification by mechanical means is essential in this climate
PSYCHROMETRIC  According to the chart 54% of the time indoor comfort levels are not maintained
CHART  There is need to dehumidify the air – must by done mechanically
 Sun shades and various other passive means can be used to reduce heat gain indoors.
High thermal mass can used to increase time lag indoors. Design of windows in such a
way to allow sun in the winter and effectively block it during the summer months.
RADIATION  Nov-April has high direct normal radiation, that is from winter to the start of summer
months
 May and Oct approximately has equal amounts of direct and diffuse radiation
 June marks the beginning where diffuse radiation reaches the surface more than direct
 July- Aug has more diffuse radiation than direct radiation
 Sept marks the beginning of the second reversal where direct radiation is more than
the diffuse radiation
 Peak summers has more direct radiation
 Peak rainfall coincides with the increased diffuse radiation

TRADITIONAL SEASON CALENDAR OF BENGAL:

TRADITIONAL SEASON IN BENGAL TRANSLATED SEASON GREGORIAN MONTHS

Grisho Summer April-June
Borsha Monsoon June-August
Shorot Autmun August – October
Hemonto Dry Season October- December
Shit Winter December – February
Bosonto Spring February - April
AIR TEMPERATURE (12 MONTHS) DATA (CELCIUS):

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
AVERAGE 13.696775 16.82499 21.86128 24.80665 25.5326 26.4633 26.38383 26.52251 26.45 24.59034 20.23666 15.07097
DAILY MIN
DBT
AVERAGE 25.29032 28.26071 32.23549 35.31334 35.4587 33.5667 32.10323 31.46452 31.70333 31.29677 28.22334 26.35484
DAILY MAX
DBT
AVERAGE 18.92769 22.06101 26.75995 29.53013 30.0868 29.5543 28.9375 28.80336 28.6955 27.58818 23.88458 19.96519
DAILY MEAN
DBT
DIURNAL 5.230915 5.23602 4.89867 4.72348 4.5542 3.091 2.17047 2.28085 2.2455 2.99784 3.64792 4.89422
RANGE

INFERENCE ON DIURNAL RANGE:

Temperature above 29.7°C (OR CLOSE TO THE VALUE)

 Diurnal Range is high during winter months and

Temperature below 21°C
drops during the summer months.
Comfortable 21°C - 29.7°C  Monsoon season records a low diurnal range

GRAPHICAL REPRSESENTATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE OVER THE MONTHS (CELCIUS):

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Dry Bulb Temp Avg Daily degrees C Dry Bulb Temp Avg Daily Low degrees C Dry Bulb Temp Avg Daily High degrees C

INFERENCES DRAWN:

 According to Adaptive Comfort Model in ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, the comfort operative temperature is taken between
21°-29.7°C
 Peak summer period ranges from April to June
 Peak winter period ranges from December January
 Sun Shades must be provided during the peak summer period – need to note solar azimuth and altitude angles during over
heated date/hour
 Sun must be allowed to infiltrate inside the building during peak winter months
DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE THROUGHT THE YEAR:

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 16.52917 21.17083 24.1125 28.41667 29.1 31.97916 29.45 28.36667 29.9 28.40833 27.07084 22.5875
2 16.3 20.75833 26.525 28.1 28.9375 31.30833 27.95833 27.89167 27.75833 28.72083 26.0875 21.94167
3 15.96667 20.625 26.33334 29.00833 30.67083 27.33333 26.74583 28.09167 26.775 29.075 26.45833 21.475
4 15.24583 19.91666 26.0125 30.10833 31.54583 29.66667 29.5875 28.54167 29.15 28.55833 26.8375 21.51667
5 15.48333 23.04167 24.45834 29.09167 31.09167 30.4625 28.04167 29.51667 28.875 28.96667 25.75417 21.64167
6 15.875 24.41667 22.39167 29.65 30.21667 30.375 30.7375 27.0125 27.25416 29.0375 27.45 21.41667
7 17.70417 19.73333 23.625 30.53334 29.9 30.34167 30.75417 26.01667 27.95833 27.94167 25.27084 21.9
8 18.725 19.2 25.63333 31.33334 28.7 29.99167 30.76667 27.54167 27.45 26.72917 22.2 21.8
9 19.9875 20.01667 27.14167 30.64167 28.7375 30.71667 29.66667 28.36667 25.775 26.21667 22.67084 20.69167
10 20.625 22.275 27.98334 30.82917 30.39167 29.39166 28.825 28.99167 28.24583 26.94167 23.625 20.65833
11 21.04167 22.875 28.775 30.10834 31.325 28.48334 28.57917 30.29584 29.48334 28.35 24.05833 19.74583
12 20.725 23.88333 29.50833 29.83333 31.96667 29.52083 28.56667 30.52084 29.5875 28.96667 23.875 19.87917
13 20.425 23.59167 29.16667 30.13333 31.64167 28.1875 29.14167 29.025 28.52084 29.05 23.95 19.79167
14 18.76667 21.24167 27.53333 30.47083 30.94167 27.56667 28.95 28.275 29.69583 29.15 23.85417 19.25833
15 17.72083 19.10833 26.90417 30.15 31.50834 29.775 29.55 28.80833 30.6125 29.68333 22.75417 18.61667
16 16.33333 19.5875 25.9125 30.9 31.18333 30.39584 29.95 29.19167 27.125 28.98333 23.65 18.65833
17 17.22083 20.56667 26.76667 30.85834 29.89167 28.06667 28.64166 28.35834 27.39167 27.9 24.5375 19.09583
18 16.54583 20.7 27.2 30.72916 30.64583 26.9125 28.59167 27.53333 29.175 26.48333 24.53334 19.15833
19 17.725 21.40834 28.10834 32.225 31.13333 29.41667 27.70833 28.875 28.65833 28.08333 23.86667 18.9625
20 17.8 23.25833 25.16667 32.20833 31.38333 30.77083 27.675 29.34583 28.825 28.33333 22.66666 18.84584
21 18.79167 23.60834 25.96667 32.7375 32.375 29.5125 28.075 28.78333 29.10834 27.13333 22.09167 18.86667
22 19.66667 22.15 25.3 29.525 31.80833 29.2625 26.93751 29.36667 26.99167 27.59167 22.54584 17.85
23 20.12083 22.04167 23.675 30.85833 30.08334 28.9875 27.975 29.725 28.225 27.95834 23.025 19.54583
24 20.91667 21.925 24.39167 28.44167 27.64167 28.7375 29.23333 30.45833 29.84167 26.11667 22.86667 18.8625
25 20.125 25.175 25.35833 28.16667 28.15 28.72084 30.16666 29.575 29.77917 25.275 22.45416 19.28334
26 19.65 25.55 27.8 22.8 27.89167 31.21667 30.43334 28.81667 29.64583 25.35833 22.95 18.79167
27 20.36667 25.19167 30.20834 27.41667 29.24583 30.375 27.62917 27.6 30.17917 25.58333 22.85834 19.43333
28 21.74167 24.69167 30.04167 25.9 30.05833 28.5 28.94583 27.93333 29.99583 26.79167 22.45417 19.775
29 21.99167 28.9 26.13334 26.1 30.75 29.85834 29.47917 30.34167 26.64166 22.275 19.20417
30 23.15833 29.44167 28.59583 28.04583 29.90417 29.65 30.22083 28.54166 26.00417 21.84583 19.99583
31 23.48333 29.21666 30.37917 28.27083 30.37917 25.2 19.67083

HEATING AND COOLING REQUIREMENT BASED ON THE DAILY TEMPERATURE DATA:

HEATING REQUIRED (%) COOLING REQUIRED (%) COMFORTABLE PERIOD

(%)
JAN 83.9 0 16.1
FEB 35.7 0 64.3
MAR 0 6.5 93.5
APR 0 56.7 43.3
MAY 0 67.7 32.3
JUN 0 46.7 53.3
JUL 0 22.6 77.4
AUG 0 19.6 80.4
SEP 0 23.3 76.7
OCT 0 0 100
NOV 0 0 100
DEC 74.2 0 25.8
AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE EVERY MONTH:

JANUARY HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

FEBRUARY HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

MARCH HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

APRIL HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

MAY HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

JUNE HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

JULY HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

AUGUST HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

SEPTEMBER HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

OCTOBER HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

NOVEMBER HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

DECEMBER HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE:

INFERENCES DRAWN EACH MONTH ON HOURLY DATA:

MONTH INFERENCES
JANUARY Brief period for a few hours (12:00 pm-4:00pm) during the afternoon is the comfortable time. As soon as the sun
goes down temperature drops drastically to thermally uncomfortable levels. Need to retain afternoon heat as
much as possible for night time.
February Lot more thermally comfortable than Jan but night time temperatures are still very low. Afternoons are
predominantly pleasant. Towards the end of the month sun shades are required around peak afternoon times.
MARCH Around 10:00am -7:00 pm needs shading as temperatures soar up with its first taste of summer. 1:00am- 7:00
am is still very low and needs to retain heat.
APRIL Around 9:00am- 6:00pm has surge of harsh temperatures- sun shades are a major requirement during this
month. The first month where no low temperatures are recorded. Summer has arrived.
MAY Temperatures are high throughout the day. High temperatures start from 7:00 am itself and continues till 8:00
pm. Even after sun set – the night times temperatures are high. Design in such as way that heat is not trapped
inside the building and provision for outlet (stack effect) to release this heat.
JUNE More comfortable period seen but shading still required during the afternoon and temperature does not drop to
comfortable level even at night till after midnight. Certain days have complete comfortable temperatures.
JULY Night temperatures have under the comfortable range, however, afternoon temperatures are still very high. Sun
shading must be provided.
AUGUST Characteristics are almost similar to that of July. Afternoon temperatures are still high but somewhat cooler
than that of July. Night temperatures are thermally comfortable.
SEPTEMBER Days are getting more and more comfortable. Start of heating period is starting later. Afternoon temperatures
are still high enough to block sun from entering the space.
OCTOBER Uncomfortable period due to heat is restricted to 9:00am to 6:00pm. Patches of period that requires heating is
starting to become noticeable – especially after midnight.
NOVEMBER Shading is required only for the initial few days in the beginning of this month. Night time temperatures are
dropping below the comfortable limits. Need to retain heat that is captured during the day time.
DECEMBER Afternoon time temperatures are pleasant throughout while night time temperatures fall as soon as the sun
sets.

AVERAGE HOURLY DATA FOR EACH MONTH:

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 15.49677 18.53214 23.71613 26.34 26.85161 27.56 27.33226 27.4 27.23667 25.66774 21.65333 16.61935
2 15.14516 18.22857 23.38387 26.23333 26.62903 27.37 27.27742 27.31613 27.19 25.40323 21.34667 16.34194
3 14.8 17.92143 23.06452 26.14333 26.38387 27.19667 27.24839 27.22581 27.12 25.15484 21.02667 16.05806
4 14.4871 17.69286 22.80968 25.9 26.47742 27.15333 27.20323 27.09355 27.09667 25.01613 20.85667 15.75161
5 14.1871 17.42143 22.54194 25.63333 26.58065 27.09667 27.16452 26.97419 27.07333 24.90645 20.65667 15.43548
6 13.87742 17.19286 22.28387 25.38333 26.67097 27.05333 27.11613 26.84516 27.05333 24.77097 20.48 15.12903
7 15.13226 18.60714 23.62581 26.81 28.06774 28.10333 27.94516 27.7 27.86667 26.04194 21.69 16.57097
8 16.42258 20.05 24.93871 28.23333 29.44516 29.16333 28.7871 28.56452 28.69 27.3129 22.91333 18.14194
9 17.69677 21.5 26.26452 29.66 30.83548 30.22333 29.61935 29.41935 29.49333 28.58065 24.12 19.70968
10 19.71613 23.3 27.73548 30.92667 32.02581 31.12667 30.01613 29.90968 30.03333 29.29355 25.22667 21.48387
11 21.57419 24.95 29.2 32.2 33.21613 32.03 30.55806 30.4 30.57667 30.02903 26.31667 23.26774
12 23.41935 26.59286 30.67097 33.54 34.40645 32.93333 31.11935 30.89032 31.12 30.74194 27.43 25.04194
13 24.02581 27.13929 31.2 34.03 34.62581 32.82333 31.19032 30.72258 30.92 30.78387 27.60667 25.41613
14 24.64839 27.67857 31.70968 34.51333 34.86774 32.72333 31.24516 30.79677 30.71667 30.82258 27.79667 25.80645
15 25.25161 28.225 32.23548 35.00333 35.0871 32.61 31.31613 30.88387 30.51667 30.86452 27.97333 26.18065
16 24.00323 27.36429 31.43871 34.04667 34.14516 31.79667 30.77097 30.4129 30.02 29.94516 27 24.86774
17 23.21935 26.48929 30.65161 33.09 33.2 30.98667 30.24194 29.94194 29.52667 29.05806 26.00667 23.53548
18 22.45161 25.62857 29.85484 32.13333 32.25806 30.17333 29.69677 29.47097 29.03 28.27419 25.26 22.22581
19 20.96774 23.93214 28.38387 30.70667 30.7 29.62333 29.15484 29.05484 28.66667 27.67097 24.50667 21.00645
20 19.5129 22.26786 26.95484 29.3 29.36129 29.06333 28.63548 28.65484 28.30667 27.10323 23.76 19.7871
21 18.07097 20.62143 25.54194 28.00667 28.00323 28.52 28.11935 28.25484 27.94667 26.50645 23.03667 18.56452
22 17.39355 19.99286 25.09677 27.48333 27.7129 28.25333 27.85161 28.02258 27.72667 26.27419 22.61 17.99355
23 16.71935 19.37857 24.67742 26.96 27.40968 27.99 27.58065 27.78065 27.5 26.05806 22.18333 17.40968
24 16.04516 18.75714 24.25806 26.44667 27.12258 27.73 27.30968 27.54516 27.26667 25.83548 21.77333 16.81935
SHADING AND SUNLIGHT REQUIREMENT BASED ON THE DAILY TEMPERATURE DATA:
RESULTS BASED ON AVG DAYLIGHT PERIOD FROM 6:00AM-6:00PM (12HR PERIOD)

SHADING REQUIRED SUNLIGHT REQUIRED COMFORTABLE PERIOD

(HRS) (HRS) (HRS)
JAN 0 155 217
FEB 0 84 252
MAR 217 0 155
APR 279 0 93
MAY 310 0 62
JUN 300 0 62
JUL 248 0 124
AUG 248 0 124
SEP 217 0 153
OCT 186 0 186
NOV 0 0 372
DEC 0 124 248
TOTAL 2005 363 2048

INFERENCES DRAWN:

 Summer months require maximum shading hours during daylight hours

 However, winter months seem to be more comfortable during daylight hours, which mean cold temperatures are mostly
restricted to night time.
 March-Oct requires shading, with max shading required for May-June months
 Nov-Feb requires sunlight, with max sunlight needed during Jan

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE EVERY MONTH:

INFERENCES:

 Red represents the timings where temperature is higher than the comfort limits. The overheated period is between 8:30am
to 8:00pm. Need to check sun-rise and sun set to check daylight timings between this period to identify ideal time for sun
shade. However, the timing is too large and sun should enter during the winter season. Due to this reason the timings has
been shortened to 12:30pm to 3:30pm- where temperatures are very high.

TIME TABLE PLOT OF DRY BULB TEMPERATURES:

INFERENCES:

 Temperatures are high between sun-rise and sun-set. June has the max sunlight hours (5:00am – 7:00pm). In the previous page the
overheated time is till 8:00pm- however, sun sets way before that.
 According to this model March-Oct has high temperatures, while temperature peaks during April
 Between 12:00pm – 4:00am max temperatures have been recorded

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (12 MONTHS) DATA (%):

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
AVERAGE 40.93548
35.21429 42.3871 45.6334 54.6772 67.4667 73.6129 70.3544 69.7 63.6772 55.6 42.0326
DAILY 2
MIN

AVERAGE 92.64516 91.96429 93.83871 92.13333 92.06451 94.16666 97.25806 93.29032 94.1 95.22581 94.96667
91.7098
DAILY 4
MAX
AVERAGE 69.85753 65.22619 69.95699 75.11694 82.4 87.44624 82.72715 83.5861 81.68011 78.54028 71.2442
70.4722
DAILY 1
MEAN

*Shaded region represents high humidity (>70%)

 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Avg Daily percent Avg Daily Low percent Avg Daily High percent

INFERENCES:

 Relative humidity is high throughout the year. By in large the average humidity does not drop below 65% based on daily
average. Humidity is high during the peak summer and drops only slightly during the winter months. Higher precipitation
levels may have been the primary cause for the increased humidity level.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (DAILY) DATA (%):

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 67.75 78.16666 70 51.375 75.66666 73.70834 89.33334 82.83334 79.70834 82.125 69.08334 68.625
2 67.125 82.66666 81.16666 48.5 74.95834 79.625 91.08334 85.875 89.25 85.08334 79.08334 71.79166
3 70.29166 63.79167 78.75 72.20834 67.625 92.91666 95.91666 85.5 90.70834 81.58334 81.66666 74
4 76.33334 58.54167 77.125 66.58334 62.5 80.04166 86.95834 85.25 81.20834 83.95834 79.08334 71.875
5 72.25 66.83334 74.25 77.625 64.54166 82.33334 92.125 79.625 84.91666 84.41666 88.08334 73.16666
6 76.08334 55.58333 79.29166 74.45834 68.79166 82.91666 85.45834 89.25 89.29166 85.16666 78.83334 72.33334
7 74.04166 51.16667 78.66666 63.45833 62.91667 81.66666 83.95834 90.04166 82.45834 86.625 86.20834 73.83334
8 74.5 56.875 70.58334 62.54167 75.625 83.375 83.04166 83.08334 91.04166 91.54166 98.16666 73.79166
9 72.875 58.83333 68.45834 59.33333 75.625 76.08334 84.83334 79.41666 95 91.625 88.70834 74.625
10 72.95834 65.70834 68.83334 62.875 80.58334 77.91666 89.20834 82.54166 87 88.5 86.54166 70.29166
11 66.95834 72.91666 65.66666 70.33334 74.45834 84.625 88.04166 77.125 80.125 84.04166 78.91666 70.16666
12 65.75 78.875 60.625 55.375 75 80.04166 88.625 76.5 76.91666 77.70834 82.125 70.25
13 66.91666 70.66666 60.08333 66.29166 77.04166 83.58334 88 84.08334 84.5 79.875 79.58334 72.75
14 65.625 80.04166 51.04167 68.16666 78.45834 88.41666 90.54166 86.29166 77.58334 77.79166 77.5 71.33334
15 69.95834 94 80.04166 68.58334 76.79166 85.29166 86.875 84.41666 73.54166 80.75 80.04166 68.875
16 86.125 87.66666 77.95834 59.08333 72 80.5 82.83334 83.54166 88.54166 79.375 73.83334 68.95834
17 77.70834 74.54166 72.08334 71.20834 72.79166 90.66666 89.54166 87.54166 85.58334 87.29166 77.79166 71.41666
18 74.83334 53.20833 78.58334 78.66666 71.625 94.58334 90.08334 89.83334 82.16666 92.75 81.41666 69.66666
19 66.5 46.875 74.45834 74.375 65.33334 83.08334 92.95834 83.25 84.16666 83.5 79.125 75.5
20 68.16666 58.875 76.5 74.45834 77.16666 80.70834 89.54166 76.83334 83.45834 80.66666 68.83334 76.20834
21 62.70833 65.75 76.875 64.83334 73.41666 86.33334 88.25 79.95834 79.79166 88.54166 73.91666 68.41666
22 67.04166 50.41667 61.54167 76.91666 78.54166 84.58334 93.95834 76.875 87.375 85.04166 73.58334 66.625
23 68.625 54.375 57.5 73.125 79.75 82.41666 90.83334 77.5 88.5 76.58334 74.41666 63.20833
24 67.125 55.625 56.16667 71.83334 80.95834 86.08334 84.125 77.58334 80.375 73.29166 71.91666 69
25 67.875 61.29167 61.625 75.79166 79.83334 78.16666 80.70834 83.83334 81.29166 66.25 76.5 66.16666
26 66.04166 63.5 76.95834 87.5 78.04166 75.375 79.75 84.70834 80.33334 73.875 72.91666 68
27 64.83334 59.91667 69.04166 78.54166 85.04166 78.08334 89.41666 88.79166 78.95834 71.70834 75.29166 68.91666
28 64.54166 59.625 72.875 89.04166 80.33334 83.41666 84.25 84.33334 80.375 73.5 74.91666 71.20834
29 64.91666 79.45834 87.66666 89.20834 76.04166 81.5 82.08334 79.04166 75.08334 72.875 78.83334
30 69.79166 57.75 83.41666 78.375 79.41666 82.375 77.70834 84.375 76.125 75.25 75.25
31 69.33334 54.70833 75.625 86.70834 78.33334 87.70834 73.5

INFERENCES:

 There is a need to dehumidify the air as the relative humidity is predominantly high throughout the air. May to Nov is
almost always humid. Relative humidity of more than 90% is recorded between July-Nov.
 Such high humidity level cannot be solved with passive methods alone and need mechanical dehumidification to restore
comfort levels during this period.

AVERAGE HOURLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR EVERY MONTH (%):

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
1 84.64516 83.82143 86.22581 82.93333 87.03226 90.06667 93.93548 89.3871 89.63333 91.41935 90.76667 87.54839
2 85.48387 85.28571 87.87097 83.96667 87.90323 90.86667 94.19355 89.83871 89.8 92.45161 91.53333 88.09677
3 86.22581 86.35714 89.22581 84.9 88.64516 91.76667 94.41935 90.12903 90.1 93.22581 92.03333 88.80645
4 87.54839 86.96429 89.93548 86.46667 89.19355 91.93333 94.51613 90.74194 91.06667 93.19355 92.3 89.16129
5 89.03226 87.5 90.58065 88.1 89.80645 92.36667 94.90323 91.12903 91.83333 93.25806 92.46667 89.35484
6 90.35484 87.85714 91.06452 90.03333 90.32258 92.36667 95.35484 91.6129 92.6 93.29032 92.36667 89.48387
7 84.35484 81.17857 84.64516 83.9 84.54839 88.23333 91.67742 87.67742 88.3 88.06452 87.33333 83.25806
8 78.6129 74.82143 78.90323 78.4 79.22581 84.43333 88.32258 84.03226 84.66667 83.09677 82.53333 76.74194
9 73.3871 68.85714 73.58065 73.33333 74.25806 80.66667 85.09677 80.45161 81.03333 78.35484 77.66667 70.64516
10 63.22581 59.07143 64.90323 67.1 68.96774 77.1 83.25806 78.16129 78.5 74.3871 72 62.25806
11 55.12903 51.57143 57.16129 61.4 64.09677 73.56667 80.90323 75.77419 76.06667 70.80645 66.66667 55.03226
12 47.96774 45.14286 50.29032 56.23333 59.64516 70.26667 78.83871 73.64516 73.86667 67.29032 61.53333 49.35484
13 45.16129 41.89286 48.48387 53.23333 58.54839 70.66667 78.22581 74.3871 74.2 66.70968 59.83333 46.80645
14 42.58065 38.82143 46.67742 50.13333 57.41935 71.36667 77.58065 73.70968 74.46667 66.22581 58.36667 45.09677
15 39.90323 35.78571 44.96774 47.4 56.48387 72.03333 77.32258 73.29032 74.86667 65.83871 56.9 43.41935
16 45.12903 39.03571 47.12903 50.43333 59.6129 73.93333 79.32258 74.83871 76.53333 70.16129 62.03333 49.48387
17 48.48387 42.32143 49.6129 53.73333 62.83871 75.93333 81.6129 76.54839 78.13333 74.83871 67.83333 56.25806
18 52.16129 45.96429 51.06452 57.36667 66.41935 78.23333 83.87097 78.3871 80.03333 79.03226 72.53333 63.64516
19 58.35484 53.42857 58.93548 62.43333 71 80.4 86.32258 80.54839 82.3 81.3871 76.66667 68.90323
20 65.67742 61.82143 66.67742 68 75.45161 82.6 88.87097 82.87097 84.73333 83.80645 80.83333 74.06452
21 73.32258 71.46429 75.70968 73.73333 79.74194 84.8 91.09677 85.48387 87.13333 86.45161 85.26667 79.70968
22 76.54839 75.10714 78.64516 76.6 82 86.36667 92.25806 86.3871 87.9 87.74194 86.9 82.03226
23 79.96774 78.85714 81.83871 79.33333 84 88 92.96774 87.58065 88.7 88.96774 88.6 84.32258
24 83.16129 82.5 84.83871 82.16667 85.64516 89.63333 93.83871 88.83871 89.6 90.32258 90 86.3871
 DEHUMIDIFICATION HUMIDIFICATION COMFORTABLE PERIOD
REQUIRED (HRS) REQUIRED (HRS) (HRS)
JAN 403 0 341
FEB 336 0 336
MAR 403 0 341
APR 403 0 330
MAY 465 0 279
JUN 720 0 0
JUL 744 0 0
AUG 720 0 0
SEP 744 0 0
OCT 620 0 124
NOV 510 0 210
DEC 434 0 310
TOTAL 6502 0 2271

INFERENCES DRAWN:

 There is no humidification required at any period of the year; however, heavy dehumidification is required especially during
June-Oct.
 Between June-Oct 0hrs of comfortable period is recorded
 High temperature will further add to the discomfort

MONTHLY PRECIPITATION DATA:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
AVERAGE RAINFALL (mm) 12.1 24.5 44.8 55.7 153.6 311.9 332.5 349.5 287.3 147 36.9 9.4 1765.1
RAIN DAYS 1 1.8 2.4 3.7 6.8 12.8 17.2 17 13.3 6.3 1.2 0.5 84
SOURCE: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/rainfall_htm/kolkata.htm

SOURCE: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/rainfall_htm/kolkata.htm

INFERENCES:

 Precipitation starts during the summer time and reaches its peak during June-Sept. The higher precipitation is perhaps the
reason for the higher humidity- which in turn might have affected the temperature levels. Winter periods have
predominantly less rainfall and remain mostly dry.
 High rainfall during the peak period- can use this water for rainwater harvesting. On total 1765mm rainfall can be used.
 Sky cover would be high during the peak period- trapping heat and suppressing release – resulting in increased
temperature.
 SPECIAL CHARACTERSTIC: CALCUTTA ONE OF THE MOST FLOOD PRONE AREAS IN THE WORLD
WIND ROSE DIAGRAM AND ANALYSIS:

ANNUAL WIND ROSE DIAGRAM:

INFERENCES:

 Annual data: winds predominantly are from north and

south. This makes it easier for design because the best
orientation for this climate solely in the point of view of
radiation gain would be along north-south axis. Since
winds predominantly are from north and south- gives
ample scope for cross ventilation through the longer sides.
Winds are mostly hot.

 Summer: winds predominantly originate from the south

SUMMER (APRIL-AUG) WIND ROSE DIAGRAM: and south east. Openings can be provided on this side with
adequate sun shades to block off sun which is in a higher
altitude (easier to block).

PRIMARY WIND DIRECTION: SOUTH

SECONDARY WIND DIRECTION: SOUTH-EAST

 Winter: the winds change direction and come from the

northern direction. Glazing will mostly be provided from
north to provide sun-light without the excess heat. Winds
are generally cold.
WINTER (OCT-FEB) WIND ROSE DIAGRAM:
PRIMARY WIND DIRECTION: NORTH
SECONDARY WIND DIRECTION: NORTH-WEST

MONTHLY WIND SPEED DATA:

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
0.74274 1.09970 1.63037 1.45541 1.28817 2.13652 1.34865 1.27137 1.56944 0.57419 1.07513 0.43494
Average daily m/s 2 2 6 7 2 8 6 1 4 4 9 6
Average Daily 179.153 159.434 190.080 152.861 148.091 171.666 144.368 105.940 129.277 105.486 100.026
degrees 2 5 6 1 4 7 3 9 8 97.5 1 9
 Wind Speed Daily (m/s)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Avg Daily m/s

Avg Daily degrees

200

150

100

50

0
JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Avg Daily degrees

INFERENCES:

 Wind speed higher during peak summer months – can use cross ventilation effectively to bring down the indoor
temperatures to some degree
 Winter months has relatively lower wind speed – Still need to block any prevailing wind during this period, may cause
increase discomfort

CALCULATION OF DRIVING RAIN INDEX:

DRI = Annual Rainfall (m) x Average Speed of wind

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
AVERAGE RAINFALL
(mm) 0.0121 0.0245 0.0448 0.0557 0.1536 0.3119 0.3325 0.3495 0.2873 0.147 0.0369 0.0094
0.74274 1.09970 1.63037 1.45541 1.28817 2.13652 1.34865 1.27137 1.56944 0.57419 1.07513 0.43494
AVERAGE DAILY M/S 2 2 6 7 2 8 6 1 4 4 9 6
MONTHLY DRI 0.009 0.026 0.073 0.081 0.198 0.666 0.449 0.444 0.451 0.084 0.037 .004

ANNUAL DRI (SUMMATION OF MONTHLY DRI): 2.52

INFERENCES:

 Driving rain index of Calcutta falls under the sheltered zone. Vertical surfaces of the building are mostly protected from the
driving rain
 However, June has recorded the highest wind speed and during the same period more than 300mm rainfall is estimated.
Driving Rain Index may be considered for this month in particular – southern wind direction predominant.
ANNUAL PSYCHROMETRIC CHART:

INFERENCES:

 According to the chart 54% of the time indoor comfort levels are not maintained
 There is need to dehumidify the air – must by done mechanically
 Sun shades and various other passive means can be used to reduce heat gain indoors. High thermal mass can used to
increase time lag indoors. Design of windows in such a way to allow sun in the winter and effectively block it during the
summer months.

PERCENTAGE OF COMFORTABLE/UNCOMFORTABLE PERIOD BASED ON PSYCHOMETRIC CHART PRODUCED BY CLIMATE

CONSULTANT 6.0 AND REASON FOR UNCOMFORTABLE PERIOD:

COMFORTABLE (%) UNCOMFORTABLE (%) REASON FOR DISCOMFORT SUGGESTIONS

JANUARY 25 75 Low dry bulb temperature -Internal heat gain
-Passive solar direct heat
gain high mass
FEBRUARY 28 72 Low dry bulb temperature -Internal heat gain
- Passive solar direct
heat gain high mass
MARCH 44 56 Higher humidity and -Cooling
temperature levels -Dehumidification
-Sun shading of windows
APRIL 44 56 Much higher humidity level -Cooling
than March and continuous -Dehumidification
rise in dry bulb temperature -Sun shading of windows
MAY 36 64 Temperatures are soaring -Cooling
high and humidity level also -Sun Shading
way above comfort levels - Dehumidification
JUNE 54 46 Humidity peaking higher -Cooling
than the previous months -Sun Shading
and temperatures are still -Dehumidification
at very high level
JULY 59 41 Humidity at the highest out -Cooling
of the given months and -Sun Shading
temperature crossing way -Dehumidification
beyond comfort threshold
AUGUST 59 41 Temperature has come -Cooling
 down slightly but humidity -Sun Shading
levels still high
SEPTEMBER 64 36 Not much different than the -Cooling
previous 2 months -Sun Shading

OCTOBER 61 39 Temperatures have further -Cooling

de-escalated but humidity
still beyond comfort limits
NOVEMBER 44 56 Humidity levels have come
down but temperature has
dropped below comfort
levels
DECEMBER 28 72 Humidity is less and
temperature is much below
the comfort level
-Sun Shading
-Sun Shading
- Passive solar direct
heat gain high mass
-Sun Shading
-Internal heat gain
- Passive solar direct
heat gain high mass
-Sun Shading

SKY COVER: MONTHLY MAX/MEAN/MIN (%):

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
20.9408 19.7767 28.3064 47.4861 64.8387 75.6111 85.2150 80.5645 75.0694 54.5698 21.3575
Sky Cover Avg Daily 6 9 5 1 1 2 6 1 4 9 34.625 3
Sky Cover Avg Daily 5.48387 1.78571 6.12903 30.3225 44.6666 59.3548 55.1612 28.0645 15.6666 6.77419
Low 1 4 2 16 8 7 4 9 46 2 7 4
Sky Cover Avg Daily 42.2580 49.2857 59.0322 85.6666 94.8387 95.3333 99.0322 95.1612 75.4838 59.3333 39.0322
High 6 1 6 6 1 4 6 9 96 7 3 6

100
80
60
40
20
0
JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Avg Daily percent Avg Daily Low percent Avg Daily High percent

INFERENCES:

 Sky is partially or predominantly covered with clouds during the high temperature summer period. This means that the
temperatures are spiking because of the trapped heat inside. Increased humidity due to precipitation adds to the
suffocation. Sun shade should still be provided to reduce whatever solar radiation that touches the building, adding to the
discomfort.
 Dehumidification by mechanical means is essential in this climate
MONTHLY RADIATION (Wh/sq.m per hour):

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Global Horiz Rad Daily 364.293 413.767 465.575 483.680 449.445 367.474 321.766 345.512 349.282 383.877 354.610 351.096
Avg 9 9 2 7 8 4 7 3 8 8 8 9
Direct Norm Rad Daily 316.788 343.217 348.304 349.126 270.687 125.213 59.9825 87.3071 130.955 258.465 310.377 319.963
Avg 3 7 8 4 7 3 8 4 9 8 4 8
169.736 180.836 207.903 233.492 267.636 276.326 254.267 211.248 162.727
Diffuse Rad Daily Avg 7 9 202.416 6 3 4 273.947 9 7 6 163.927 8

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Avg Daily (Wh/sq.m) Avg Daily (Wh/sq.m) Avg Daily (Wh/sq.m)

INFERENCES:

 Nov-April has high direct normal radiation, that is from winter to the start of summer months
 May and Oct approximately has equal amounts of direct and diffuse radiation
 June marks the beginning where diffuse radiation reaches the surface more than direct
 July- Aug has more diffuse radiation than direct radiation
 Sept marks the beginning of the second reversal where direct radiation is more than the diffuse radiation
 Peak summers has more direct radiation
 Peak rainfall coincides with the increased diffuse radiation

ANALYSIS OF COMBINATION OF VARIABLES:

1. DRY BULB TEMPERATUREAND HUMIDITY

 Dry bulb temperature and humidity has inverse relationship – when humidity is higher temperature drops and vice-versa.
However, high humidity may add to the discomfort even if temperature drops slightly due to its effect.

2. SKY COVER AND DIFFUSE RADIATION:

300

250

200

150 Avg Daily (Wh/sq.m)

Avg Daily percent
100

50

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

There is a direct relationship between sky cover and diffuse radiation. Increased sky cover increases the diffuse radiation
During late summer months heat gain is primarily through diffuse radiation – sun shades can only partly reduce radiation
coming from direct source.

3. SKY COVER AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY:

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

RH Avg Daily percent SKY COVER Avg Daily percent

There is a direct relationship between the two variables. Increased sky cover increases the moisture level in the air. July to
September has high humidity levels and this coincides with the high sky cover during the period.
SUN PATH DIAGRAM OF KOLKATA:

Hottest month (April): Solar altitude is high (60-90 degrees) during the peak time between 12:00pm-3:00pm
Solar Azimuth is between 120-250 degrees during the same time – West/south high radiation.

Coldest month (Dec): Solar altitude is low (4-35 degrees) during the coldest period from 7:00am-10:00am
Solar Azimuth is between 118-145 degrees during the same time- Make use of east side radiation
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE LOCATION:

1. Good natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air conditioning in warm weather, if windows are well shaded and
oriented to prevailing breezes

CLIMATIC REASON FOR IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL

VARIABLES USED SUGGESTION
Wind Speed Ventilation can reduce the
Air Temperature temperature to a degree.
Solar radiation Well shades buildings can
cool down the incoming
hot air (high global
horizontal radiation) to an
extent. Ideal orientation to
capture the incoming wind
is to orient it towards the
prevailing breezes (using
wind rose).
LOCATION (1-5)
Natural ventilation alone 3
cannot reduce temperature to
such a large degree let alone
eliminate high temperatures
which touch more than 35
degrees. Wind does not
prevail 24x7 times a day.
However, this strategy can be
used allow fresh air inside the
building and to allow a
healthy number of air
exchange.

2. To capture natural ventilation, wind direction can be changed up to 45 degrees toward the building by exterior wingwalls
and planting

3. To capture natural ventilation, wind direction can be changed up to 45 degrees toward the building by exterior wingwalls
and planting

CLIMATIC REASON FOR IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE

VARIABLES SUGGESTION LOCATION LEVEL
USED (1-5)
Wind This strategy is ideal for Since wing walls can be constructed at 2
direction inducing cross any vertical surface of the building
Wind speed ventilation in the there is some lineage provided for
building. This could bring orientation of the building. However,
in fresh air inside the wind does not travel in a unidirectional
building and play a small manner and this may cut off incoming
role in passive cooling. prevailing wind condition which does
Plants may also act as not follow the chosen wind direction it
directors for the wind. is designed for. Plants may help to an
extent but it is organic in nature and
will be difficult to predict if the way it
grows can actually act as a director.
4. Long narrow building floor plan can help maximize cross ventilation
CLIMATIC REASON FOR
VARIABLES USED SUGGESTION
Wind direction Placing windows on the
Wind speed longer faces of a narrow
floor plan will be ideal for
cross ventilation as
dissipation of wind inside
the building will be
reduced. Since distance
between the two faces is
less, it is more likely that
effective cross ventilation
will be achieves.
5. To facilitate cross ventilation, locate door and window openings on opposite sides of building with larger openings facing
up-wind if possible
CLIMATIC REASON FOR
VARIABLES USED SUGGESTION
Wind direction Effective cross ventilation
Wind speed can only be achieved if
openings are provided
directly opposite to a
parallel wall. Larger
windows can increase
incidence of wind inside
the building.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE
LOCATION LEVEL
(1-5)
This depends on the size and 5
shape of the site in question.
If there is freedom to choose
the site then it is better to go
for a narrow plot.
Predominant wind direction is
from the north and south –
creating an ideal situation for
cross ventilation. Need to
provide operable windows to
block wind during winter
period.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE
LOCATION LEVEL
(1-5)
Give the high temperatures in 3
the city, providing large
openings is out of the
question. However, small or
medium sized windows can be
used to achieve this strategy
without compromising on
heat gain.
6. Screened porches and patios can provide passive comfort cooling by ventilation in warm weather and can prevent insect
problems

CLIMATIC REASON FOR IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE

VARIABLES USED SUGGESTION
Wind direction Screened porches and
Wind speed patios can protect the
Air temperature interior wall from solar
Solar radiation radiation thus reducing the
indoor air temperature.
This buffer space can cool
the wind before it enters
the building.
LOCATION LEVEL
(1-5)
In point of view of decreasing 4
heat gain in the building it is
ideal to have a
porch/patio/balcony. Since
the element is ‘screened’
ventilation is effectively
blocked – perhaps having a
mesh system with tiny spaces
for wind to enter can be
worked on.

7. On hot days ceiling fans or indoor air motion can make it seem cooler by 2.8°C or more, thus less air conditioning is needed.

CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION IS IT IDEAL FOR THE IMPORTANCE

VARIABLES CHOSEN LOCATION LEVEL
USED (1-5)
Air Due to high temperature outside and Ceiling fan would be 5
temperature variable wind speed and direction it is much needed in this
best to opt for ceiling fans to reduce location to both reduce
discomfort. Since the need for a/c is discomfort and to
dominant during the summer months , reduce reliance of a/c
 use of ceiling fan can reduce load or systems – gives a more
eliminate need for a/c in certain times of energy efficient option
the day. even though it uses
mechanical system.

8. Use open plan interiors to promote natural cross ventilation, or use louvered doors, or instead use jump ducts if privacy is
required

CLIMATIC REASON FOR IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE

VARIABLES USED SUGGESTION
Wind direction An open plan interior
Wind Speed makes sure there is no
blockage for effective
cross ventilation. If not
possible use of louvered
doors or jump ducts could
be used to produce a
similar effect.
LOCATION LEVEL
(1-5)
It is viable to produce this 3
strategy. However, given a
residential house – it might
end up looking like a narrow
corridor. Internal wall also
help delay heat gain inside the
building. May be used for
certain spaces only.

9. To produce stack ventilation, even when wind speeds are low, maximize vertical height between air inlet and outlet (open
stairwells, two storey spaces, roof monitors)
 CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Air Temperature Use of stack ventilation-
Wind Speed air warms up in the small
space and rises creating a
pressure vacuum. This
induces cooler wind to
take its place, achieving
natural ventilation and
cools the building. In a hot
climate like Kolkata it is
possible to bring this
effect.
10. A whole house fan or natural ventilation can store night time “coolth” in high mass interior surfaces (night flushing), to
reduce and eliminate air conditioning
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Air Temperature By keeping the windows
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
Many olden day traditional 5
homes in Kolkata use this
strategy through courtyard
system. A courtyard may be
used for stack effect. If it is
not possible perhaps using
other strategies mentioned
can bring the desired effect.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
The site does have high 2
 Wind Speed closed during the day
warm air gets trapped at
night. During night time
windows/openings are
opened and this lets out
the hot air and cools
thermal mass for the next
day. High diurnal ranges
perhaps is the reason for
this strategy to be
mentioned.
11. Shade to prevent overheating, open to breezes in summer, and use passive solar gain in winter
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Air Temperature High solar radiation
Solar Radiation leading to high heat gain
can be blocked by
providing sun shades
designed for the optimum
time. This can reduce heat
gain to a large extent. For
winter, lower sun angle
must be used for solar
passive heat gain. Both
these strategies reduce
load on HVAC/Heating
systems.
12. Use of high ceilings and tall operable (French) windows protected by deep overhangs and verandahs
diurnal ranges and this
strategy can be put in use.
However, closing the windows
throughout the day can
suffocate occupants with
limited air exchange. Stack
effect cannot be used
efficiently using this strategy.
Perhaps not habituated rooms
during the day can use this
strategy. – Need manual or
occupant interference. Less of
building design strategy.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
Must be used in this location. 5
Sun shades can effectively
protect the building from
incident solar radiation and by
allowing the same to enter
during winter time would be
ideal. A compromise must be
made when designing the sun
shade
 CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Air temperature High ceilings are used in
tropical climates to make
sure that the warmer air is
kept at a distance from the
user (ie-higher up). Tall
French windows can open
up space for cross
ventilation without being
too exposed to solar
radiation- which can be
blocked using large
overhangs and verandahs
13. Shaded outdoor buffer zones (port, patio, lanai) oriented to the prevailing breeze can extend living and working areas
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Air temperature Shaded outdoor buffer
Solar Radiation area used to protect the
Wind speed usable wall from direct
Wind Direction solar radiation. The shaded
buffer zone can cool down
the temperature and the
prevailing wind.
14. Provide enough north glazing to balance daylight and allow cross ventilation (about 5% of floor area)
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
These are simple yet effective 5
to protect the building from
the harsh summer sun. These
strategies must be used in the
building for bringing the
indoor conditions close to the
comfort limits. Many olden
day Kolkata houses make use
of narrow window openings
with verandahs.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
It is ideal for bringing down 4
the temperatures. Operable
screening at such spaces must
be partially opened to allow
the breeze to enter. Windows
can be kept along this wall
and used for cross ventilation.
 CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Air temperature Less sun exposure on the
Solar Radiation northern side makes it
Wind Speed ideal for having opening
Wind Direction on this side. Also, light
from the northern side is
diffused instead of directly
from the sun – causing
fewer glares. Larger
windows can be placed on
this side making it ideal
location to allow cross
ventilation.
15. Use of low pitched roof with wide overhangs
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Precipitation Used to washout excess
Air Temperature water due to rain and
DRI protecting the building
from the additional load.
Wide overhangs used as
both shading device and to
protect the building from
DRI.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
Wind direction predominantly 4
comes from the south side
during the summer time but
windows can still be provided.
South side windows can be
shaded easily (due to higher
altitude angle of the sun) and
allow cross ventilation in
north-south sides.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
Heavy rainfall only between 2
June-Aug. DRI when
calculated shows that it is
predominantly sheltered but
perhaps in June, where
rainfall and wind direction is
higher there is need for this
strategy. However, Kolkata’s
traditional houses do not use
strategy. Instead, using flat
roof for rain water harvesting
seems more ideal.
16. Use plant materials especially to the west to minimize heat gain (is summer rain allows native plant growth)
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Solar Radiation West side is exposed to
Air Temperature the highest solar radiation
and must be effectively
blocked to protect the
west-side wall from heat
gain. Using of plant
material can be an
additional layer of
protection other than the
sun shade.
17. If soil is moist, raise the building high above the ground to minimize dampness and maximize natural ventilation underneath
the building
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Wind speed Heavy rainfall can make
Precipitation the soil moist – resulting in
dampness in the floors.
This may cause sick
building syndrome as mold
formation may occur.
Providing stilts protects
the floor from contact.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
West side will be heavily 4
heated compared to the other
sides and must be protected.
Instead of using long
horizontal sun shades – a
compromise can be made be
reducing the sun shade depth
and using shade giving trees.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
The three months in monsoon 2
does increase rainfall and
floods are a regular problem
in the city. However, rainfall is
not so high to cause constant
soil dampness. Use of high
plinth level and damp-
proofing the floors would be

18. Minimize or eliminate west facing glazing to reduce summer and fall afternoon heat gain
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Solar Radiation West facing wall has
Air Temperature maximum incident solar
radiation. Glazing on the
west side would increase
indoor heat gain because
glass has a high U-value
than a brick.
19. Window overhang (designed for this latitude)or operable sun shades (awning that extend in summer) can reduce or
eliminate air conditioning
CLIMATIC REASON FOR SUGGESTION
VARIABLES USED
Solar Radiation Overhangs used to block
Air Temperature solar radiation from
entering both the building
and the walls – protects
the building from heat gain
during summer. Use of
awning more ideal as it
allows it to be pulled up to
allow sun to enter during
the winters.
enough.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
High outdoor temperatures 5
make it necessary to block as
much direct radiation as
possible during summer
months. Use of rooms that
are not used frequently can
be kept on this side to avoid
glazing.
IS IT IDEAL FOR THE CHOSEN IMPORTANCE LEVEL
LOCATION (1-5)
Awning can be used for the 5
dual purpose of blocking solar
radiation during the summer
and folding it away to allow
heat gain during the winter.
Need to calculate depth of
these sun shades using the
optimum time to block as
much solar radiation as
possible without
compromising on the cost.
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF OCCUPANTS:

TYPICAL WEEKDAYS:

TIMING USER SPACE ACTIVITY

6:00am-6:30am Parents Master room- Bathroom Morning routine
6:30am-7:30am Parents Kitchen Prepare breakfast and lunch for the day
7:30am-8:00am Children Bedroom 1 & 2- Bathroom Morning routine
8:00am-8:30am All family members Dining Room Having breakfast
8:30am-8:45am Mother Kitchen Washing dishes
8:45am-9:00am All family members - Leave the house to go to work/school
5:00pm-5:30pm Children Living Room Children come back from school and watch
TV
5:30pm-7:00pm Children Bedroom 1 & 2 Children go to bedroom to do
homework/study
5:30pm-7:00pm Mother Kitchen Mother comes back from work and starts
preparing for diner
7:00pm-7:30pm All family members Kitchen Father comes back home and all family
members sit down to have diner
7:30pm-8:30pm All family members Living Room Family members talk/watch tv/play games
8:30-9:00 All family members Terrace Family heads up to the terrace to spend
some quality time and be close to nature
9:00pm-9:30pm Children Bedrooms Children go their respective rooms to relax
9:00pm-9:30pm Mother Kitchen Washing dishes
9:00pm-9:30pm Father Study Room Office work
9:30pm-10:00pm All family members Bathroom 1,2 & 3 Night time routine to get ready for bed
10:00pm-6:00am Parents Bedroom 3 Sleeping
10:00pm-7:30pm Children Bedroom 1 & 2 Sleeping

TYPICAL WEEKEND:

TIMING USER SPACE ACTIVITY

7:30am - 8:00 am Parents Master room- Bathroom Morning routine
8:00am-9:00am Mother Kitchen Preparing breakfast
9:00am-9:30am Children Bedroom 1 & 2- Bathroom Morning routine
9:30am-10:00am All family members Dining Room Having breakfast
10:00am-10:30am Father Kitchen Washing Dishes
10:30am-12:00am All family members Living room Watching TV/ talking/playing games
12:00pm-2:00pm Children Bedroom 1 & 2 Relax/casual reading/homework/study/play
games
12:00pm-2:00pm Mother Study Room Office work
12:00pm-1:00pm Father Bedroom 3 Relaxing
1:00pm-2:00pm Father Kitchen Making Lunch
2:00pm-2:30pm All family members Dining Room Having Lunch
2:00pm-2:30pm Mother Bathroom 3 Washing Clothes
2:30pm-3:00pm Children Kitchen Washing Dishes
2:30pm-3:00pm Father Bedroom 3 Ironing Clothes
3:00pm-4:30pm Parents Whole House Sweeping/mopping the house
4:30pm-5:30pm All family members Front Yard Chatting/playing/relaxing
5:30pm-7:00pm All family members Living Room Watching TV/ talking/playing games
7:00pm-8:00pm Parents Kitchen Preparing Dinner
8:00pm-9:30pm All family members Dining Room Having Dinner
9:30pm-10:00pm Mother Kitchen Washing Dishes
10:00pm-10:30pm All family members Bathroom 1,2 & 3 Night time routine to get ready for bed
10:30pm-6:00/7:30am All family members Bedroom 1,2 & 3 Sleeping
** Red represents sunlight hours, green represents harsh summer period during sunlight hours and blue represents harsh winter
period during sunlight hours.
 Sunlight Hours (Most Used Summer 12:00pm-3:00pm Winter 7:00am – 10:00am
Spaces) (Spaces Used) (Spaces Used)
Weekdays Kitchen Occupants out of the house (n/a) Kitchen
Bedroom Dining
Weekends Kitchen Bedrooms Kitchen
Living Room Study Room Dining
Kitchen

FLOOR PLANS OF THE CHOSEN BUILDING:

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ANALYSIS OF ZONING IN PLAN AND SUGGESTIONS:
NOTE : Weekend data used as occupants are inside the house most of the time
APPROX WHERE IS IT LOCATED IS THIS COMFORTABLE FOR THE SUGGESTIONS/IMPROVEMENT
HOURS OF USE OCCUPANTS ON ZONING
DURING
SUNLIGHT
HOURS
LIVING 3 Open to north, east and The longer sides face east – which Longer side facing north will be
ROOM south sides will be thermally uncomfortable more apt as this space used for
for the occupants during one of the longest time by the
summers. Also south side has family members. North-East
opening but sun shades will position would be ideal as it will
suffice. be protected from the sun
during the summer by a large
degree and will maintain some
amount of warmth in sinters
due to east side openings
DINING 1.5 South-East with This room might be more Adequate sunshades in the
ROOMS openings on both sides uncomfortable if sunshades are south side would be idea. East
not adequate. However, due to side sunshades may not be
the lower number of hours this necessary because morning and
space is used for during the night hours would not much
sunlight hours it might be shade. Only for lunch time
adequate. shades will be required –
awning on the east most
suitable.
KITCHEN 3 South-West with south Will be the most uncomfortable as Best to zone this space in
side openings this is an uncomfortable North-west side – with small
combination of the two sides. openings in west side with
However, west side is not glazed small sun shades. Summer and
providing some relief. But winter time will be comfortable
increased solar radiation on the this way.
western wall of normal thickness
(230mm) will eventually penetrate
the building.
BEDROOM 1 2 North-West with Sun shading in the west side to
opening in the west avoid harsh summer sun.
Smaller windows must be kept
on the western side.
BEDROOM 2 2 South-West opening in Bedrooms are mostly used in the This space will be more on the
south evening and night time. So need uncomfortable side but since
for a special zoning is not space is mostly used in night it
necessary. is not of great concern. Perhaps
just adequate sun shading of
lower depth in south is
sufficient.
BEDROOM 3 2 North-East opening in Shading device in east required.
north and east.
STUDY 2 North- East opening in Good location for comfortable Opening in the north will be
ROOM east study space. better as better diffuse day
lighting will be there with
reduced solar radiation.
OUTDOOR 1 North side with trees in Ideal location for an outdoor area Placing trees in the north in
LAWN the north as well in Kolkata. front of the north facing
building makes no sense. Using
it in the sides to use as
protection from east and west
sides will be more ideal.
** Bathroom spaces not considered as it used for short intervals by the occupants

EFFECT OF SURROUNDING BUILDINGS ON THE HOUSE:

NOTE: Date of mapping is 08/04 as this day records the highest temperatures

12:00pm 1:00pm 2:00pm 3:00pm

During the peak summer period between 12:00pm – 3:00pm most of the buildings do not affect the house except for a
building in the immediate left which casts a large shadow on the west side the building. This is overall ideal as over
exposure to this side will heat up the building during the summers. Other buildings do not have much contribution due
to their lower height and distance from the building.

ELEVATIONS OF THE HOUSE TO ANALYZE POSITION OF WINDOW OPENINGS AND SHADING COMPONENT:

NORTH SIDE:
Plenty of windows provided to bring in natural diffuse
daylight inside the building. No sun shades, which is a
good thing but the trees are misplaced. There is no point
in terms of thermal comfort to place it there which
obstructs natural daylight. All landscape elements are
placed on the northern side which is good for outdoor
seating. However, placing trees and shrubs in east/west
and southern sides will block excess solar radiation on
these walls.

WEST SIDE:
No openings provided in ground floor of the building to
protect the common spaces. Bedrooms have glazing
however no sunshades are provided. This could
potentially heat up the interior spaces during the day
and the heat may be trapped for a long time.

SOUTH SIDE:
Many big windows are provided for this side but to
offset that long horizontal shading devices are provided.
Windows can be made smaller to block heat gain and
reduce shading depth to allow winter sun. South side is
an important element where it is possible to shade
easily for the summer and at the same time allow winter
time heat gain.
 EAST SIDE:
Very less glazing used and whatever shading is available
is through the projected roof. Need to make shadow
analysis to see if this is enough to shade. Since the
coldest time of the year usually are in the early morning
of the sunlight hours it is essential to allow winter sun.

ON SITE ANALYSIS/LANDSCAPING:

SOLAR RADIATION/TEMPERTURE:
 Diffuse radiation more than direct
radiation during the summer months.
Yet, the direct radiation is still
considerable and must be blocked.
 South and west side is the most
effected and the spaces that are
situated there are discussed in the
previous analysis.
 Sun shades have been provided in the
south side but are mostly missing in the
west side of the building.
 Building is oriented in the wrong way –
site restrictions must have contributed
do this.
 The ideal orientation would have been
to place the longer faces of the building
along the north and south axis.
 Trees are places in the north side of the
building, where the daylight will be
blocked and it is the only side where
direct solar radiation is minimum.

WIND DIRECTION:
Terrace Area:
 Left predominantly un-shaded even in the seating
spaces provided.
 Need for vegetation or tree canopy from the
southern side of the plot.
Glazing:
 Ideally skylight should not be provided for this
climate
 Northern side can have maximum glazing, while
southern side can be easily shaded. Avoid extreme
glazing in east and especially in the west.
 Wind is supposed to travel
predominantly in the north and south
direction in the summer and winter
respectively
 However, the building is oriented in
such a way that the longer axis faces
the prevailing wind direction.
 In addition, there are many interior
walls that cannot facilitate cross
ventilation.
OUTDOOR AREAS:
 Seating provided in the northern side
under the canopy of the large shade
giving trees. Ideal location as it is
protected from the harsh solar
radiation.
 However, need for trees to be places in
the east and west side also.
SHADING ANALYSIS:

NORTH-WEST ORIENTATION (08/04) - SUMMER HOTTEST DAY RECORDED:

Analysis:

 Western side due to no shading device

has one of the highest numbers of
hours which is exposed to the sun.
 Northern side usually will have little
sun exposure and due to the addition
of trees it will be cooler.
 In the perspective of daylight – trees
are a major obstruction.
 Outside seating area is shaded due to
the effect of both the orientation and
the trees.
 Need to provide sun shades in the
eastern side of the building

SOUTH-EAST ORIENTATION (08/04) - SUMMER HOTTEST DAY RECORDED:

Analysis:

 Southern side of the building is shaded

predominantly throughout the sunlight
hours.
 As seen from the topmost portion of
the southern façade- leaving it un-
shaded will expose the building to high
exposure.
 Although in terms of blocking the harsh
summer sun it works, this will
essentially cut of even the winter sun
due to longer depth.
 South side sun-shades need not be
very long owing to the high altitude
angle.
 East side well shaded due to the
extension from the roof
 However, this might be because the
period of time to run this simulation
for was between sunlight h ours. To
what extent this extension works on
particular morning hours will be
discussed using shadow tool.
 Analysis:

 The height of the second floor is

playing a crucial role in casting a
shadow and thus creating cooler
conditions in the terrace.
 Yet, there is need to provide shading in
the southern side, especially because it
has seating provided.
 The building itself casts some sort of
shadow on its adjacent spaces.

SHADOW ANALYSIS DURING PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT HOURS:

SUMMER: APRIL 08 (12:00PM – 3:00PM)- NORTH-WEST ORIENTATION

12:00PM 1:00PM

2:00PM 3:00PM
ANALYSIS:

 The northern side will always look shaded because the sun exposure is minimum on that façade.
 The most concerning is that at no point throughout the harsh period is the west side of the building shaded. It is left
completely exposed despite west side orientation having more direct and strong impact of solar radiation.
 Outdoor seating area is mostly shaded and might have more thermal comfort than the interiors that face the west side wall.

SUMMER: APRIL 08 (12:00PM – 3:00PM)- SOUTH-EAST ORIENTATION

12:00PM 1:00PM

2:00PM 3:00PM

ANALYSIS:

 The southern and eastern side is sufficiently shaded throughout these harsh summer hours.
 Eastern side is mostly shaded predominantly because of the timing selected but also the extended roof plays a role.
 The southern façade till 1:00pm completely shades the window, while during 2:00pm-3:00pm there is some exposure but
not enough to create any problems with thermal comfort.
 For the winter timing it is to be seen whether these huge sunshades in southern side blocks winter sun
WINTER: DECEMBER 08 (07:00AM – 10:00AM) - SOUTH-EAST ORIENTATION
NOTE: ONLY SOUTH-EAST ORIENTATION TAKEN BECAUSE THE UNCOMFORTABLE PERIOD DURING
WINTER HOURS IS MOSTLY RESTRICTED TO THE MORNINGG HOURS – SUN DIRECTION WILL BE IN
THE SOUTH AND EAST PREDOMINANTLY.

07:00AM 08:00AM

09:00AM 10:00AM

ANALYSIS:

 At 7:00am both the south and east side allow the winter sun to enter the building
 However, from 8:00am-10:00am the sunshades block almost half the window from absorbing the solar radiation
– the sun shade has to be reduced. As seen on the summer period, the southern sun shades caste a very deep
shadow and in winter it block half the available solar radiation
 The eastern side however, is almost always exposed due to lack of sunshades with the roof extension casting a
shadow only on the second floor window.
 A CHECK ON INTERIOR COMFORT THROUGH SHADOWS:

SUMMER: APRIL 08 (3:00PM)

ANALYSIS:

 BEDROOM 1 – This room is oriented in the

north-west direction. The western side
fenestration does not have enough shading
mechanism and thus fails to block sun
during a crucial period.
 BEDROOM 2 – This room faces south-east
BEDROOM 1 direction. Due to sun shades provided in the
southern side, the building blocks of the
sun. Day lighting might be a issue in such
place.
 Living Room/Dining Room – Northern light
bring sin diffuse light and openings from the
west/east brings in adequate light but not
excessive enough to heat up the space. Only
problem is the un-shaded western side
brings in unwanted sunlight inside (causes
BEDROOM 2
surface to heat up)
 BEDROOM 3 – Huge skylight given brings in
plenty of unwanted sunlight inside the
room. During midday it would become
unbearable.

LIVING AND DINING

BEDROOM 3
WINTER: DECEMBER 22 (10:00AM)

ANALYSIS:

 BEDROOM 1 –Due to the timing chosen this

bedroom will not get access to sun. This
room will be very cold during the morning
hours.
 BEDROOM 2 – Sunlight falls inside the room,
making this room more comfortable during
the morning hours when temperatures drop
drastically. Openings on the southern side
allows sunlight to enter, however, sun shade
depth can be reduced to allow more
sunlight.
 Living Room/Dining Room – Despite the
windows being available on the southern
and eastern side this space is mostly shaded.
This could be because of the heavy shading
in the southern side. Eastern side is also
partially shaded through the extension of
the roof.
 BEDROOM 3 – The room that will mostly
have better thermal comfort due to skylight.
However, winter is only harsh for two
months, so primary importance is to avoid
heat gain.
GUIDELINES CHECKLIST:
NOTE: ONLY LEVEL 5, 4 AND 3 CONSIDERED. THE STRATEGIES WHICH HAVE A TICK MARK ARE THE ONES USED BY THE BUILDING.

LEVEL 5: HIGHLY IMPORTANT

o Long narrow building floor plan can help maximize cross ventilation
 On hot days ceiling fans or indoor air motion can make it seem cooler by 2.8°C or more, thus less air conditioning is needed.
o To produce stack ventilation, even when wind speeds are low, maximize vertical height between air inlet and outlet (open
stairwells, two storey spaces, roof monitors)
 Shade to prevent overheating, open to breezes in summer, and use passive solar gain in winter- - - - - - criteria partially met
 Use of high ceilings and tall operable (French) windows
o Minimize or eliminate west facing glazing to reduce summer and fall afternoon heat gain
 Window overhang (designed for this latitude)or operable sun shades (awning that extend in summer) can reduce or
eliminate air conditioning - - - - - - - - - - Used in the southern side

LEVEL 4: IMPORTANT

o Screened porches and patios can provide passive comfort cooling by ventilation in warm weather and can prevent insect
problems
o Shaded outdoor buffer zones (port, patio, lanai) oriented to the prevailing breeze can extend living and working areas
 Provide enough north glazing to balance daylight and allow cross ventilation (about 5% of floor area)
o Use plant materials especially to the west to minimize heat gain (is summer rain allows native plant growth)

LEVEL 3: MODERATE IMPORTANCE

 Good natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air conditioning in warm weather, if windows are well shaded and
oriented to prevailing breezes
 To facilitate cross ventilation, locate door and window openings on opposite sides of building with larger openings facing
up-wind if possible
o Use open plan interiors to promote natural cross ventilation, or use louvered doors, or instead use jump ducts if privacy is
required

SCOPE OF BETTERMENT:

1. Use of higher thermal mass to delay the transmission of heat indoors

2. Use of light colors to reflect heat as much as possible
3. Plenty of rainfall to capture for rainwater harvesting during monsoon months
4. Use of polished reflective surface on the roof - since most of the solar radiation is incident throughout the day
5. Orient the building along East-West axis – longer sides face north and south
6. Use of courtyard for producing stack effect
7. Place spaces that are less used (storage area, toilets etc) on west and east side – protects interior spaces from heat gain.
8. Air cavity in ceiling – to delay transmission of heat from the roof (as roof has high incident solar radiation.
9. Heat insulating material on the wall (eg.-Polystyrene foam, mineral wool, fiberglass etc)

*** In addition to the above 9 strategies, Level 5 and Level 4 of Design Guidelines checklist has to be met
WHAT I LEARNT FROM THE ASSIGNMENT:

 Overlapping climatic data with building design more efficiently

 Recognizing the extent of which simple strategies such as orientation, sun shades and trees can create a huge impact on a
building
 Finding the optimum time to create a sun shade for and how sometimes it has to be compromised to take into consideration
the winter sun
 Use of Shadow Analysis plug-in in Sketch up 2017 to come up with an overview of how an element can change the thermal
properties of a building
 Zone spaces based on activity analysis and temperature/solar radiation data
 Better understanding of climate consultant 6.0 and how to use it during preliminary design stage