INTRODUCTION

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of the research that has been
done. Like any bibliography, an annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of research sources. In
addition to bibliographic data, an annotated bibliography provides a brief summary or annotation. Each
citation is followed by a brief, usually about 150 words, descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the
annotation. The annotation usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or evaluation.
An annotation briefly restates the main argument of a source. An annotation of an academic source, for
example, typically identifies its thesis or research question, or hypothesis, its major methods of
investigation, and its main conclusions. Depending on the assignment, the person who writes the
annotation will be asked to reflect, summarize, critique, evaluate or analyze the source.

CONTENT OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

An annotation should include the complete bibliographic information for the source. It should also
include some or all of the following:

 An explanation about the authority and/or qualifications of the author.

 Scope or main purpose of the work.

 Any detectable bias.

 Intended audience and level of reading.

 A summary comment.
TYPES OF ANNOTATIONS

Annotations may be written with different goals in mind.

Indicative annotations

This type of annotation defines the scope of the source, lists the significant topics and explains
what the source is about. In this type of entry, there is no attempt to give actual data such as hypotheses,
proofs, etc.

Informative annotations

This type of annotation is a summary of the source. An informative annotation should include the
thesis of the work, arguments or hypotheses, proofs and a conclusion.

Evaluative annotations

This type of annotation assesses the source's strengths and weaknesses—how the source is useful
and how it is not. Simply put, an evaluative annotation should evaluate the source's usefulness.
Combination annotations

Most annotated bibliographies contain combination annotations. This type of annotation will
summarize or describe the topic, and then evaluate the source's usefulness.

WRITING STYLES

No matter which writing style is used for annotations, all entries should be brief. Only the most
significant details should be mentioned. Information that is apparent in the title can be omitted from the
annotation. In addition, background materials and any references to previous work are usually excluded.

Telegraphic Style

A telegraphic writing style gets the information out quickly and concisely. Maintaining clarity,
complete and grammatically correct sentences are not necessary.

Complete sentences Style

A complete sentences writing style utilizes coherent sentences that are grammatically correct.
Subjects and conjunctions are not eliminated even though the tone may be terse. Long and complex
sentences are to be generally avoided.

Paragraph Style

A paragraph writing style utilizes a full, coherent paragraph. This can sometimes be similar to the
form of a bibliographic essay. Complete sentences and proper grammar must be used.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE (APA STYLE)

APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological
Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations
and a reference list. For every in-text citation, there should be a full citation in the Reference List and vice
versa.

REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT

In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what
information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.

Examples:

Works by a single author

The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)

If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in
parentheses.

Simon (1945) posited that

Works by multiple authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.
In parenthetical material, join the names with an ampersand (&).

as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)

In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."

as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated Prepared by Cornell University Library PSEC
Documentation Committee – November 2002; revised February 2010.

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.

Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found

In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al."
(Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.

Kahneman, et al. (1991) found

Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.

The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they
appear in a text reference.

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)

When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and
abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply
enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without
difficulty.

(NIMH, 2007)

Works with no author

When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial
articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an
article or chapter of a book. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)

 Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)

Specific parts of a source

To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, et cetera
(with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.

(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)

If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the
paragraph number preceded by the paragraph symbol or the heading and following paragraph.

(Mönnich & Spiering, 2008 ¶ 9) Prepared by Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation
Committee – November 2002; revised February 2010.

REFERENCE LIST

References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list
provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.

 Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without
authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.

 Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an
ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.

e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.

 Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a
title.

 Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals
that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to
designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.

 Indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are
indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".

 Underlining vs. Italics: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and
journals.
Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.

1. Internet Address: A stable Internet addresses should be included and should direct the reader as
close as possible to the actually work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If
there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the work’s URL is not stable, as is often the
case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site
you retrieved the work from.

2. Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the
date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is
subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you
retrieved the information.

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION STYLE (MLA STYLE)

MLA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the Modern Language
Association for acknowledging sources used in a research paper. MLA citation style uses a simple two-
part parenthetical documentation system for citing sources: Citations in the Text of a paper are used to
point to an alphabetical Works Cited list that appears at the end of the paper. Together, these references
identify and credit the sources used in the paper and allow others to access and retrieve this material.

WORKS CITED LIST

References cited in the text of a research paper must appear at the end of the paper in a Works Cited list or
bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source that
specifically supports your research.

 Arrange entries in alphabetical order by authors' last names (surnames), or by title for sources
without authors.

 Capitalize the first word and all other principal words of the titles and subtitles of cited works
listed. (Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions, or the "to" in
infinitives.)

 Shorten the publisher's name; for example, omit articles, business abbreviations (Co., Inc.), and
descriptive words (Press, Publisher).

 When multiple publishers are listed, include all of them, placing a semicolon between each.

 When more than one city is listed for the same publisher, use only the first city.

 Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.

 Pagination: Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.

  Indentation: Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent
lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."

 Italics: Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.

EXAMPLES

Books:

References to an entire book should include the following elements:

 author(s) or editor(s)

 the complete title

 edition, if indicated

 place of publication

 the shortened name of the publisher

 date of publication

 medium of publication

No author or editor:

Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study. 33rd ed. Princeton, NJ: Peterson's Guides, 1999. Print.

One author:

Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. New York: Putnam, 1955. Print.

Another work, same author:

Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited. New York: Knopf, 1999. Print.

Two authors:

Cross, Susan, and Christine Hoffman. Bruce Nauman: Theaters of Experience. New York: Guggenheim
Museum; London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Print.

Three authors:

Lowi, Theodore, Benjamin Ginsberg, and Steve Jackson. Analyzing American Government: American
Government, Freedom and Power. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 1994. Print.

More than three authors:

Gilman, Sandor, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: University of California P, 1993. Print.

Corporate author:
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. A Guide to the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell
University. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U, 1973. Print.

Multivolume work:

Morison, Samuel Eliot, Henry Steele Commager, and William E. Leuchtenburg. The Growth of the
American Republic. 2 vols. New York: Oxford UP, 1980. Print.

Essay or Chapter in Edited Books or Anthologies:

References to an essay or chapter in an edited book or compilation must include the following elements.

 essay or chapter author(s)

 essay or chapter title

 book title

 book editor(s) or compilers

 place of publication

 the shortened name of the publisher

 date of publication

 inclusive page numbers of the cited piece

 medium of publication

Article in a book:

Kowalewski, Michael. "Jack Kerouac and the Beats in San Francisco." San Francisco in Fiction: Essays
in a Regional Literature. Ed. David Fine and Paul Skenazy. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1995.
126-43. Print.

Reprinted article:

Hunt, Tim. "The Misreading of Kerouac." Review of Contemporary Fiction 3.2 (1983): 29-33. Rpt. in
Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carl Riley. Vol. 61. Detroit: Gale, 1990. 308-10. Print.

Articles or entries from reference books:

If the article or entry is signed, place the author's name first; if it is unsigned, give the title first. For well
known reference works, it is not necessary to include full publication information. Include only the title of
the reference source, edition, and date of publication.

Dictionary entry:

"Accord." Def. 5b. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.
Encyclopedia entry:

Bergman, P. G. "Relativity." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed. 1987. Print.
Article from a less familiar reference book:

For articles from less familiar reference sources, include the full publication information.

Sherrow, Victoria. "Politics and Hair." Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Westport: Greenwood,
2006. Print.

Article in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

References to periodical articles must include the following elements:

 author(s)

 article title

 publication title (journal, magazine, etc.)

 volume number

 publication date (abbreviate months, if used)

 the inclusive page numbers

 medium of publication

Journal article, one author:

Shefter, Martin. "Institutional Conflict over Presidential Appointments: The Case of Clarence Thomas."
PS: Political Science & Politics 25.4 (1992): 676-79. Print.

Journal article, two authors:

Ginsberg, Benjamin, and Martin Shefter. "Ethics Probes as Political Weapons." Journal of Law & Politics
11.3 (1995): 497-511. Print.

Magazine article:

Pirisi, Angela. "Eye-catching advertisements." Psychology Today Jan.- Feb. 1997: 14. Print.

Newspaper article, no author:

"Africa Day Celebrated in Havana." Granma International 31 May 2009, English ed.: 16. Print.

Newspaper article, one author, discontinuous pages:

Yurth, Cindy. "Goodbye to Forest Lake Hero." Navajo Times 11 June 2009: A1+. Print.

Government Documents

References to government documents vary in their required elements. In general, if you do not know the
writer of the document, cite the government agency that issued the document as author.
 State document:

New York State. Commission on Capital Punishment. Report of the Commission to Investigate and
Report the Most Humane and Practical Method of Carrying Into Effect the Sentence of Death in
Capital Cases. Albany: Troy, 1888. Print.

Federal document:

United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. The Future of the Independent
Counsel Act. Hearings 106th Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 1999. Print.

International document:

United Nations. General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women. New York: United Nations, 1979. Print.

Audio Visual

Film or video recording:

Annie Hall. Dir. Woody Allen. 1977. Videocassette. MGM/UA Home Video, 1991.

Sound recording:

Counting Crows. August and Everything After. DGC, 1993. CD. Prepared by the Cornell
University Library PSEC Documentation Committee – revised August 2009

Sound recording, specific song:

Counting Crows. "Mr. Jones." August and Everything After. DGC, 1993. CD.

CD-ROM

Citations should include the medium of the electronic publication (CD-ROM), the name of the
vendor that made the material available on CD-ROM, and publications dates for the version used,
if relevant.

"Marriage." Encyclopedia Judaica. CD-ROM. Vers. 1.0. Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia, 1997.

Citing Materials from Online Sources

Online Sources:

Citations for online sources, like those for print sources, should provide information that both
identifies a source and allows that source to be located and retrieved again. All citations should
include the medium of publication (Web) and the date the content was accessed. If the source is
difficult to locate or your instructor requires a URL, list the complete address within angle brackets
after the date. In many cases, it is also necessary to identify the Web site or database that has made
the material available online. Because there are currently few standards that govern the
organization and presentation of online publications, the information that is available to fulfill
these objectives can vary widely from resource to resource. In general, references to online works
require more information than references to print sources.

Web page:

This example includes the optional URL. All other examples below use the shorter citation format.

Cornell University Library. "Introduction to Research." Cornell University Library. Cornell

University, 2009. Web. 19 June 2000.

http: //www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/intro.

Personal Web site:

If a work is untitled, you may use a genre label such as Home page, Introduction, etc.

Rule, Greg. Home page. Web. 16 Nov. 2008.

Entry in an online encyclopedia:

"Einstein, Albert." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1999. Web. 27

Apr. 2009.

Article from a less familiar online reference book:

Nielsen, Jorgen S. "European Culture and Islam." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World.
Ed. Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan Reference-Thomson/Gale, 2004. Web. 4 July 2009.

Article in an online periodical:

If pagination is unavailable or is not continuous, use n. pag. in place of the page numbers. Chaplin,
Heather. "Epidemic of Extravagance." Salon 19 February 1999: n. pag. Web. 12 July 1999.

Article in a full-text journal accessed from a database:

Fox, Justin. "Who Wants to Be an Internet Billionaire?" Fortune 8 Nov. 1999: 40- . ABI/INFORM
Global. ProQuest Direct. Web. 15 Nov. 2005.

Online book with print information:

Frost, Robert. North of Boston. 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1915. Google Books.
Web. 30 June 2009.
PURPOSE OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of the
source. In order to write a successful annotation, each summary must be concise. An annotation should
display the source's central ideas and give the reader a general idea of what the source is about. The other
purposes are

Learning about a topic

Writing an annotated bibliography is an excellent way to begin any research project. While it may
seem easier to simply copy down bibliographical information, adding annotations will force the researcher
to read each source carefully. An annotation requires the source to be critically analyzed, not simply read
over.

Formulating a thesis

Any form of research paper or essay will require some form of argument. This is called a thesis. A
developed thesis needs to be debatable, interesting and current. Writing an annotated bibliography will
give the researcher a clear understanding about what is being said about his/her topic. After reading and
critically analyzing sources, the researcher will be able to determine what issues there are and what people
are arguing about. From there, the researcher will be able to develop his/her own point of view.

To assist other researchers

Extensive and scholarly annotated bibliographies are sometimes published. The purpose of these
annotated bibliographies is to provide a complete and comprehensive overview of any given topic. While
a typical researcher may not have their own annotated bibliography published, a search for previously
published annotated bibliographies related to their topic could prove very beneficial.
SELECTING THE SOURCES

The quality and usefulness of the bibliography will depend on the selection of sources. Define the scope of
research carefully so that we can make good judgments about what to include and exclude. The research
should attempt to be reasonably comprehensive within well-defined boundaries. Consider these questions
to help us find appropriate limits for our research

 What problem am I investigating? What question(s) am I trying to pursue?

If the bibliography is part of our research project, this project will probably be governed by a
research question. If the bibliography is an independent project on a general topic, try formulating
our topic as a question or a series of questions in order to define our search more precisely.

 What kind of material am I looking for? (academic books and journal articles or government
reports or policy statements or articles from the popular press or primary historical sources etc.)

 Am I finding essential studies on my topic? (Read footnotes in useful articles carefully to see
what sources they use and why.)

The following reading strategies can help us identify the argument of our source

 Identify the author's thesis or research question. Both the introduction and the conclusion can help
us with this task.

 Look for repetition of key terms or ideas. Follow them through the text and see what the author
does with them. Note especially the key terms that occur in the thesis or research question that
governs the text.

 Notice how the text is laid out and organized. What are the main divisions or sections? What is
emphasized? Why? Accounting for why will help us to move beyond listing contents and toward
giving an account of the argument.

 Notice whether and how a theory is used to interpret evidence or data. Identify the method used to
investigate the problem addressed in the text.

 Pay attention to the opening sentence of each paragraph, where authors often state concisely their
main point in the paragraph.

 Look for paragraphs that summarize the argument. A section may sometimes begin or conclude
with such a paragraph.

ASSESSING THE RELEVANCE AND VALUE OF SOURCES

The following questions should be asked in order to assess the relevance and value of sources

 Are you interested in the way the source frames its research question or in the way it goes about
answering it? Does it make new connections or open up new ways of seeing a problem.

 Are you interested in the way the source uses a theoretical framework or a key concept?

 Does the source gather and analyze a particular body of evidence that you want to use?
 How do the source's conclusions bear on our own investigation?
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Bibliographic details

Paperback, 868 pages, publication date: 2011,

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