Sound bedrock stratum

地盤勘察

岩土勘探

‫چ‬ᔆᖂ, ՒԺᖂ, ࡿ‫ف‬Ժᖂʳ

地形,‫چ‬Ⴈʳ
 ֽሐྒྷၦ

現場偵察

案頭研究

平面圖

‫چ‬೴ࡿՒઔߒૠቤʳ

‫چ‬ᎎ ۞ྥ‫چ‬෻ૻࠫ‫چ‬ቹʳ

ྒྷᚘʳ
案頭研究

初步行動

主要的
 航攝照片

ֽ֮ᖂʳ

崩積土 航攝地質特徵

公共事業設備,水管設施

初步階段 現場偵察

細緻視覺的考察

水道學
 檢討

᧢ฆʳ

Ւ‫چ‬ʳ

௽ᐛʳ ᧢ฆࢤʳ
 水蝕石灰岩地形

土石壩
借土坑

勘探

೮൶ʳ
 大理石

水蝕石灰岩地形
護坡

平整水平

管道內底水平

挖孔
探井 斜坡面剝離

反鏟挖土機
探井
Figure 1.1b-
斜坡面剝離
 探井

手螺旋鑽

旋轉式 鑽探
旋轉岩心鑽探
 b.

鏈動螺鑽

敲擊刀
 祼孔鑽孔

旋轉岩心鑽探

沖洗鑽探

證實

干擾
旋挖鑽機
 土壤干擾

應力釋放

膨脹

壓實

位移
 原狀土樣

非原狀土樣

取樣器

開管取樣器

薄管取樣器

薄壁固定活塞取樣器
分類 含水量 密度

變形 固結
薄管取樣器
薄壁固定活塞取樣器
分裂桶標準貫入試驗取樣器 (SPT)

旋轉式核心取樣器

岩芯鑽管

麥氏取樣器

塊狀樣本
分裂桶標準貫入試驗取樣器
能伸縮的 岩芯鑽管
岩芯鑽管
Page 23
 觀測孔
Observation well --A well drilled into an aquifer
for the purpose of obtaining water level, water
temperature, or water quality data.

豎管水壓計
開敞式孔隙水壓計
‫֞ڍ‬መៀᕴʳ

‫៳׬‬௑ᥞᐚᣊী
 S L O P E I N D I C A T O R 29

豎管水壓計 Standpipe Piezometer

Applications
Standpipe piezometers are used to Riser Pipe
monitor piezometric water levels.
Observation wells are used to moni-
tor ground water levels. Typical appli-
cations include: 膨潤土水泥灌漿
Bentonite-Cement Grout
• Monitoring pore-water pressure to
determine the stability of slopes,
embankments, and landfill dikes.
Water Level produced by
• Monitoring the effectiveness of pore-water pressure at the
dewatering schemes. filter tip 孔隙水壓力
• Monitoring seepage and ground 濾嘴
water movements in embank-
ments, landfill dikes, and dams.
Bentonite Seal 膨潤土密封
Standpipe Piezometers
The standpipe piezometer, sometimes
called a Casagrande piezometer, con- Sand Filter Zone
sists of a filter tip joined to a riser pipe.
The filter tip is made from polyethy- Filter Tip
lene or porous stone and has 60 Water Level Indicators
micron pores. The riser pipe is typi-
Water levels in either the standpipe
cally made from PVC plastic pipe.
piezometer or the observation well
After the filter tip and riser pipe are are measured with a water level indi- Water level in standpipe (Casagrande) piezometer is
installed downhole, a sand filter zone cator. produced by pore-water pressure at the filter tip.
is tremied into place around the filter
A water level indicator consists of a
tip. The top of the filter zone is sealed
probe, a graduated cable or tape,
with bentonite to isolates the pore-
and a cable reel with built-in electro-
water at the tip. The annular space Riser Pipe
nics. The probe is lowered down the
between the riser pipe and the bore-
standpipe until it makes contact with
hole is backfilled to the surface with a
water. Contact is signaled by a light
bentonite grout to prevent vertical
and buzzer built into the cable reel.
migration of water. The riser pipe is
The depth-to-water reading is taken Sand or Gravel Backfill
terminated above ground level with a
from the cable or tape.
vented cap.
A unique detection circuit combined
Standpipe piezometers can be Water Level produced by
with a sensitivity feature helps users ground water migrating
pushed into very soft soil. In this case,
obtain consistent measurements and down to the filter tip as
a steel well point is used instead of the
eliminates false triggering in different well as by water around
filter tip, and steel pipe is used instead the tip.
well and water conditions.
of plastic pipe.
See the Water Level Indicator
Observation Wells 觀測孔 datasheet for more information.
An observation well also uses a filter
tip, but there is no bentonite seal and Advantages
the borehole is backfilled with gravel • Economical components.
Sand Filter Zone
or sand rather than a bentonite grout. • Simple to read.
Since the filter tip is not isolated from • Excellent, long-term reliability.
Filter Tip
vertical migration of water, this type
of installation is useful for monitoring
the general water level, but not pore-
water pressure.
Water level in observation well is produced by the
intake of the entire borehole.

G E O T E C H N I C A L & S T R U C T U R A L I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N

Page 26a
 豎管水壓計

Applications Standpipe Piezometer

The measurement of water levels
in soil or rock, including:

„
Construction control and stability For borehole installations, bentonite „
Drive-in piezometers can be
monitoring of embankments, and grout are used to seal the installed to depths in excess of
dams and reservoirs. borehole above the tip. Groundwater 10m in soft soils (shear strength
can enter the tube only via the tip. less than 20 kPa).
„
Stability investigations of natural
and cut slopes.
Depth to the water level is measured „
Response to head variations is
with a water level meter. The water comparatively slow, generally
„
Control of de-watering and
pressure corresponds to the height used for long term readings in
drainage operations.
of the water surface in the standpipe high permeability ground (greater
„
Hydrological investigations and
water supply.
above the piezometer tip. than approximately 10-6m/s).
„
Pollution and environmental
A bourdon pressure gauge „
Water Level Meter readings are
connected to the top of the standpipe feasible only in near-vertical
studies. will be required to measure artesian downward installations; other
„
Construction control of shallow heads. inclinations are feasible using a
underground works.
Bourdon gauge readout.
„
Permeability measurements.
„
Standpipes may be undesirable in
Advantages and Limitations construction areas due to their
vulnerability to damage from
„
Ideal piezometer to ascertain the construction traffic.
Operating Principle
piezometric level during routine „
Semi-rigid standpipe tubing may
site investigation. kink or break in zones of extreme
A standpipe tube with a porous „
Simple low cost system. ground movement for example
piezometer tip connected at its lower „
In favourable circumstances land slips.
end is installed in a borehole. standpipes can be installed and
Alternative types may be driven or head readings taken in boreholes
pushed into soft soil, and different tip to depths in excess of 200m, with
designs are available to suit various effective and accurate installation
types of ground. of the filter and backfill grout.

BELL LANE, UCKFIELD, EAST SUSSEX, TN22 1QL, ENGLAND

Telephone: Telefax:
DATA SHEET
Nat 01825 765044 Nat 01825 761740
Int +44 1825 765044 Int +44 1825 761740 W1
email: sales@soil.co.uk Website: www.soil.co.uk

Page 26b
 ‫៳׬‬௑ᥞᐚᣊী ‫៳׬‬௑ᥞᐚᣊী

豎管 開敞式孔隙水壓計

Page 26c
 膨潤土水泥灌漿

膨潤土密封

濾嘴

水壓計
 探土孔

標準貫入試驗

輕型動力觸探

對開式取樣[土]器
標準貫入試驗

Page 28a
輕型動力觸探
輕型動力觸探
輪葉試驗

黏稠度

滲透測試

滲透係數 變水頭滲透計
輪葉試驗
滲透測試
降落水頭滲透試驗
平板承載試驗

變形特徵

抽水試驗
現場密度試驗
 承載測試

抽水試驗

水位降低量
 現場密度試驗

Most commonly adopted

承載測試
實驗室試驗
實驗室試驗