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Abstract: Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) has gained lot of interest among researchers and highway engineers in recent years because of the
environmental and financial benefits associated with lower production temperatures. However, there are some characteristics of warm-mix
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asphalt that have not been investigated in detail. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the performance of warm asphalt mixtures,
but there is a need to investigate the physical and rheological properties of warm-mix binders. This paper presents results of a study carried out
to investigate the aging characteristics of warm-mix asphalt binders. WMA binders prepared with three different warm-mix additives were
aged in a rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) at lower temperatures to simulate warm-mix asphalt aging while control binders were aged at 163°C
only. Short-term aged binders were then aged in a pressure-aging vessel (PAV) to simulate long-term aging. Several parameters like aging
index, G =sin δ, G sin δ, m-values, and stiffness of the aged binders were evaluated and results of warm-mix binders were compared with
hot-mix asphalt binders. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests were also carried out on these binders to quantify aging of the
binders with and without warm-mix asphalt additives. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002013. © 2017 American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Author keywords: Warm-mix asphalt; Aging index; Stiffness; Bending beam rheometer; Fatigue; Rutting.
64-22 binders were used in the study. The PG binders were first
short-term and long-term aged by a rolling thin-film oven (RTFO)
and pressure-aging vessel (PAV) respectively. A DSR frequency test
was applied at 0.1–100 Hz at 25–80°C. The results showed that asphalt additives are compared to determine the aging characteris-
Sasobit had a higher complex modulus than the aged control bind- tics of warm-mix asphalt. The following section discusses the effect
ers, which meant better elastic properties. of short-term and long-term aging on the properties of binders with
This paper presents the results of a study carried out to evaluate and without the addition of warm-mix additives. Control binders,
the aging characteristics of six WMA binders and two control bind- VG-30 and PMB-40, were RTFO aged at 163°C, whereas the VG-
ers aged artificially in the laboratory using RTFO and PAV aging 30-based warm-mix binders were RTFO aged at 163°C as well as at
methods. 115°C. Similarly PMB-40-based warm-mix binders were RTFO
aged at 163°C and at 135°C. RTFO-aged binders were then PAV
aged at 100°C.
Materials and Experimental Procedures
For ease of reporting results, the nomenclature as given in
Two binders, VG-30 (viscosity grade, equivalent to PG-64-16) Table 1 is used for warm-mix binder identification. The number
and PMB-40 (polymer-modified binder), were used in the present mentioned along with the ID code in Figs. 2–9 indicates the tem-
study. Both of these binders were obtained from a refinery. The perature at which the binder was RTFO aged; e.g., VE 163 indi-
PMB40 binder contains 3.56% of styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) cates Evotherm-modified VG 30 binder aged at 163°C and VE 115
polymer. Also, binders in India are still graded based on their vis- indicates RTFO aged at 115°C.
cosities and the same is used in this research. Three commercially
available warm-mix additives, Sasobit, Rediset, and Evotherm, were
used for making warm-mix binders. These additives were used to Aging Index
prepare six types of warm-mix binders. Each additive was mixed in
the required dose by weight of the bitumen with each asphalt binder. RTFO residues were tested for viscosity in a Brookfield viscometer
Sasobit and Rediset were added in the dosage of 3% by weight of (Brookfield AMETEK, Middleborough, Massachusetts) at 135°C
bitumen while Evotherm was added at the dosage of 0.5% by weight at 20 rpm with spindle number 27. Unaged binders were also tested
of bitumen. These doses were found to be optimum in another study for viscosity under the same conditions.
(Behl et al. 2015). To prepare a warm-mix binder, asphalt binder When the asphalt mixes are prepared, a binder is exposed to heat
was heated up to a temperature of 140–150°C and the required dose and because of this exposure to high temperatures the binder under-
of additive was added and mixed for 15 min with a high-shear goes maximum hardening. As a result of this hardening, there is a
blender. significant increase in the viscosity of the binder and the extent of
The binders were then aged in the RTFO as per AASHTO T240 the hardening can be quantified in terms of viscosity as per Eq. (1)
(AASHTO 2013) to simulate short-term aging and in PAV as per (Roberts et al. 1996)
AASHTO R28 (AASHTO 2016) to simulate long-term aging. Viscosity of aged binder
Since warm-mix asphalt is produced at lower temperatures, RTFO Aging index ¼ ð1Þ
Viscosity of unaged binder
aging of warm-mix binders was conducted at lower temperature as
well as at 163°C, and control binders (VG-30 and PMB-40) were Tables 2 and 3 show the viscosity of the unaged binders and of
aged at 163°C only. The lower temperatures for RTFO were selected binders aged at 163°C and at lower temperatures. The aging indices
in accordance with the temperatures at which warm asphalt mixes are also given in Tables 2 and 3.
were prepared in another study (Behl 2016). Since WMA and It is observed that the aging indices of RTFO-aged binders
HMA are subjected to similar conditions in the field, PAV aging con- at lower temperatures were significantly lower than the control
ditions were not altered and were kept the same for both WMA and RTFO-aged binders at 163°C. Tables 2 and 3 also show that warm
HMA binders. Aging index and G =sin δ were found for short term binders aged at 163°C also gave lower aging indices in comparison
aged binders. Long term aged binders were tested for stiffness, to control binders aged at the same temperatures. These values
m-value and G sin δ. The bending beam rheometer (BBR) was used indicate that the addition of warm-mix additive to bituminous
to measure stiffness and m-value of the binders with and without binder makes the binder resistant to aging. To substantiate this fur-
warm-mix additive. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy ther, warm asphalt mixes were prepared in the laboratory along
was performed on the binders to quantify the difference in aging with hot asphalt mixes. The VG-30 hot asphalt mixtures were pre-
indices of binders with and without the warm asphalt additives. pared at 150°C and VG-30-based warm mixtures were prepared at
115°C, whereas PMB-40 hot mixtures were prepared at 165°C and
Results and Discussions PMB-40-based warm mixtures were prepared at 135°C. These
mixes were then compacted to Marshall specimens. Binders were
In this paper, G =sin δ, aging index, G sin δ, stiffness, and recovered from these mixes, and the recovered binders were tested
m-values of VG-30 and PMB-40 binders with and without warm for their aging indices. Binders from mixes were extracted using a
1.94 25
2.00 VG 30 binders PMB 40 binders 19.9
1.53 20
1.45
G*/sinδ, KPa
15 12.3
1.09 1.07
8.79 9.2 8.96 8.89
1.00 10 7.17
5
0.50
0
0.00 VP 163 VE 163 VR 163 VS 163 VE 115 VR 115 VS 115
Control Sasobit Evotherm Rediset
Fig. 2. Effect of additives on rutting parameter of VG 30 binder
Fig. 1. Aging indices of binders recovered from mixes
25
21
rotovapor as per ASTM D2172 (ASTM 2011) and ASTM D5404
20 17.4
(ASTM 2012) and were then recovered using the Abson recovery
G*/sinδ, KPa
3000 200
2500 2291
G*sinδ, KPa
300
3500 245
2930 250
3000 218 208
2570 205
Stiffness, Mpa
2090 162
1900 1880
2000 1720 150
1500
100
1000
50
500
0 0
PP 163 PE 163 PR 163 PS 163 PE 135 PR 135 PS 135 PP 163 PS 163 PE 163 PR 163 PS 135 PE 135 PR 135
Fig. 5. Effect of the additives on fatigue parameter of PMB 40 binder Fig. 7. Stiffness of PMB 40 warm-mix binders
0.192
0.2
0.15
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0.30 0.24
0.20 0.22 0.22
0.19 0.18 0.10
0.20 0.16
0.10 0.00
VP VE VR VS PP PE PR PS
0.00
VP VE VR VS PP PE PR PS (a)
(a) 1030 cm-1
0.50 0.47
1700 cm-1 0.40 0.40 0.38
0.40 0.34 0.34
Absorbance
0.34 0.33
0.29 0.29 0.30 0.20
0.30 0.22
0.21
0.10
0.20
0.10 0.00
VP VE VR VS PP PE PR PS
0.00
VP VE VR VS PP PE PR PS (b)
(b) 1030 cm-1
1.60 1.37
1700 cm-1 1.40 1.30
1.20 1.13 1.09
Absorbance
0.40 1.01
0.33 1.00 0.89 0.87
0.35 0.30 0.30
0.28 0.29 0.69
Absorbance