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PERIMETER
T
P OR
PASS
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This booklet shows how to calculate the area and perimeter of common plane shapes.
Football fields use rectangles, circles, quadrants and minor segments with specific areas and perimeters
to mark out the playing field.
Write down the name of another sport that uses a playing field or court and list all the plane shapes
used to create them below (include a small sketch to help you out):
Sport:
Shapes list:
Q Use all four squares below to make two shapes in which the number of sides is also equal to four.
Compare the distance around the outside of your two shapes.
Write down what you discovered and whether or not it was different from what you expected.
Area is just the amount of flat space a shape has inside its edges or boundaries.
A unit square is a square with each side exactly one unit of measurement long.
So the area of the shaded shape below is found by simply counting the number of unit squares that make it.
1 unit 1 2 3 4
Area (A) = 10 square units
5 6 = 10 unit2
7 8 9 10
Here are some examples including halves and quarters of unit squares:
(i)
Area (A) = 2 whole square units + 2 half square units
1 unit
= 2 square units + 2 # 1 square units
2
= ^2 + 1h square units
= 3 units2
When single units of measurement are given, they are used instead of the word ‘units’.
(ii)
Area (A) = 2 whole squares + 2 half squares + 2 quarter squares
= 2 square cm + 2 # 1 square cm + 2 # 1 square cm
2 4
= ^2 + 1 + 0.5h square centimetres
1 cm
= 3.5 cm2
a b
1 unit 1 mm
Area =
whole squares Area =
whole squares
= units2 = mm2
1 unit
c d
1 m
Area =
whole + half squares Area =
whole + half squares
= m2 + #
1 m2 = units2 + #
1 units2
2 2
= m2 = units2
e f
1 unit 1 cm
Area =
whole + quarter squares Area =
whole + quarter squares
= units2 + #
1 units2 = cm2 + #
1 cm2
4 4
= units2 = cm2
g
Area =
whole + half + quarter squares
= units2 + #
1 units2 + #
1 units2
1 unit 2 4
= units2
a 1 cm b
1 unit
Area =
Area =
c d
1 mm
1 m
Area =
Area =
e f
1 mm
1 unit
Area =
Area =
g h
1 km
R E S * AR E A
UA
ING IT SQ
US
IN G
UN
UNI T
...../...../20....
US
SQ
A UA
E S * AR E R
1 cm
Area =
Area =
a 68 units2 @, using whole squares only. b 65 units2 @, include half squares in your shape.
1 unit 1 unit
c 63 mm2 @, include quarter squares in d 64.5 cm2 @, include halves and quarters.
your shape.
1 mm 1 cm
4 An artist has eight, 1 m2, square-shaped panels which he can use to make a pattern.
The rules for the design are:
- the shape formed cannot have any gaps/holes.
1 m
i.e. or
The word perimeter is a combination of two Greek words peri (around) and meter (measure).
So finding the perimeter (P) means measuring the distance around the outside!
Start/end of path around the outside
1 unit
These examples shows that we only count all the outside edges.
(i)
2 units Start/end of path around the outside
1 unit 1 unit
2 units
Perimeter (P) = 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 units Sides of unit squares inside the shape not included
= 6 units
It does not matter where you start/finish, but it is usually easiest to start from one corner.
(ii)
3 units
1 unit 1 unit
1 unit 1 unit
1 unit
1 unit 1 unit
TE
T
S I NG U N I
RU
S ING U N I
1 Calculate the perimeter of these shaded shapes:
RU
...../...../20....
TE
T
SQ
ME UA
RES * PERI
a
1 unit Perimeter =
+ + + units
= units
b Perimeter =
+ + + units
1 unit
= units
c
Perimeter =
+ + + + + units
1 unit
= units
2 Write the length of the perimeter (P) for each of these shaded shapes:
a b c d
A simple multiplication will let you calculate the area of squares and rectangles.
For squares and rectangles, just multiply the length of the perpendicular sides (Length and width).
Length Length
All measurements (or dimensions) must be written in the same units before calculating the area.
c d
Area =
# units2 Area =
# mm2
3 units
5 mm
length width length width
= units2 = mm2
2 units 3.2 mm
2 Calculate the area of these squares and rectangles. Round your answers to nearest whole square unit.
a b * AREA: SQUARES
AND RECTANGLES
AND RECTANGLES
43 mm
1.4 km 7 cm ...../...../20....
* AREA: SQUARES
Area =
# km2 Area =
# cm2
length width length width
= km2 = cm2
. km2 (to nearest whole km2) . cm2 (to nearest whole cm2)
Area: Triangles
Height
(Length)
Base (width)
= 1 of width (base (b) for a triangle) # Length (height (h) for a triangle) units2
2
= 1 # b # h units2
2
This rule works to find the area for all triangles!
(i)
Area = 1 # base # height
2
=1
4 m 5 m
# 3m # 4m Height = use the perpendicular height
2
6 m = 6 m2
The rule also works for this next triangle which is just the halves of two rectangles combined.
5.4 mm
= 10.8 mm2
For unusual triangles like this shaded one, we still multiply the base and the perpendicular height
and halve it.
(iii) Area = 1 # base # height
2
2 units = 1 # 1.5 units # 2 units
2
1.5 units
= 1.5 units2
TR
* A REA
IANGL
1 Calculate the area of the triangle that cuts these two shapes in half. ...../...../20.... ES
S
LE *A
REA: TRIANG
a b
4 units
8 units
2 units
1
Area = # # units2 1
Area = # # units2
2 2
base height base height
= units2 = units2
8 mm 12 cm
12 mm
Area =
# # mm2 Area =
# # cm2
= mm2 = cm2
c d
7.5 units 4.5 m
Remember:
same units
10 units 600 cm needed.
Area =
# # units2 Area =
# # m2
= units2 = m2
e
Area =
# # m2
4 m
5 m
= m2
Area: Parallelograms
Parallelograms have opposite sides equal in length and parallel (always the same distance apart).
We can make them look like a rectangle by cutting the triangle off one end and moving it to the other.
height
12 m
13 m 12 m 12 m 13 m 13 m 13 m 12 m
5m 5m 5m
Copy and flip both
Bring them together Parallelogram
vertically and horizontally
= 2# 1 # 5 m # 12 m OR = 5 m # 12 m
2
= 60 m2 = 60 m2
M * A R EA
RA :
Area: Parallelogram
PA
RALLELO
RALLELO
1 Complete the area calculations for these parallelograms:
...../...../20....
PA
: RA
G
a b M * A R EA
4.5 mm 4.6 cm
Area =
# units2 Area =
# cm2
length height length height
= units2 = cm2
Area =
m2 Area =
mm2
3 Fill the grid below with as many different parallelograms as you can which have an area of 4 units2.
1 unit
1 unit
When common shapes are put together, the new shape made is called a composite shape.
2 cm 8 cm = 72 cm2
This next one shows how you can use addition or subtraction to calculate the area of composite shapes.
(ii) 3.5 m • method 1: Split into two rectangles 1 and 2
7m
• method 2: Large rectangle 1 minus the small 'cut out' rectangle 2
= 40.25 m2
a 6 mm
Area 1 = mm # mm Area 2 = mm # mm
4 mm
= mm2 = mm2
` Composite area =
mm2
2 mm
1 + 2
2
4 mm
1
= mm2
b 11 m
Area 1 = m2 Area 2 = m2
5 m
# # #
3 m
6 m = m2 = m2
11 m
` Composite area =
1 2 m2
5 m
2 +
1
3 m
6 m = m2
c 6.5 cm
Area 1 = # cm2 Area 2 = # # cm2
2 cm
2.5 cm
= cm2 = cm2
6.5 cm
` Composite area =
cm2
2 cm
1 - 2
4 cm 2.5 cm
= cm2
d
Area 1 = # # m2 Area 2 = # m2
5 m
= m2 = m2
3 m 2 m
1 ` Composite area =
1 - 2 m2
5 m
2
= m2
3 m 2 m
AREA OF COMPOSITE
Area of composite shapes
SHAPES *
SHAPES *
2 Calculate the area of these composite shapes, showing all working: ...../...../20....
AREA OF COMPOSITE
a 13 cm
5 cm
12 cm
Area = cm2
300 cm
200 cm Area = m2
4.5 m
2 mm
Area = mm2
6 units
10 units
5 units
Area = units2
By adding together the lengths of each side, the perimeter of all common shapes can be found.
Start/finish Start/finish
(i)
11 units 8 units 11 units 8 units Sum of all the side lengths
Start/finish
10 units 10 units
Perimeter = 11 units + 8 units + 10 units
= 29 units
2.3 cm
(ii) Start/finish
2.3 cm 2.3 cm
Perimeter = 4 # 2.3 cm
= 9.2 cm
All measurements must be in the same units before calculating perimeter.
(iii) The perimeter for parallelograms is done the same as for rectangles. Calculate this perimeter in mm.
15 mm 15 mm
Start/finish
15 mm
PERIMETER
...../...../20....
PERIMETER
Perimeter of simple shapes
1 Complete the perimeter calculations for these shapes: OF SIMPLE SHAPES *
a
17 units Perimeter =
units + units + units
8 units
15 units = units
b Perimeter =
2# mm + 2 # mm
9 mm
= mm
6 mm
c Perimeter =
# m
= m
5m
d Perimeter =
2# cm + cm
11 cm
= cm
5m
2 Calculate the perimeter of the shapes below, using the space to show all working:
a b
15 m
5.8 cm
Perimeter =
cm Perimeter =
m
c d
Perimeter =
mm Perimeter =
m
a in cm. b in mm.
550 cm
600 cm 16.5 cm
3m
225 mm
Perimeter =
cm Perimeter =
mm
4 Each shape below has its perimeter written inside and is missing one of the side length values.
Rule a straight line between each shape and the correct missing side length on the right to answer:
How many straight sides does an icosagon have?
8 m
P = 24 m
F V
2.4 m
5.2 m N
d
4.4 m P = 12 m b L 3.5 m
T
a E 380 cm
c
P = 32 m
S 440 cm
9 m
W v
b 2 m
m
P = 14 m H 7 m
E c
T
d 650 cm
N
6.5 m
a R 1.1 m
P = 18 m c
v
G
Y 6 m
a b c d m v
The lengths of the unlabelled sides must be found in composite shapes before calculating their perimeter.
2 m 2 m
Start/finish
3 m 3 m
(i) 9 cm
12 cm 130 mm
9 cm
5 cm 12 cm 13 cm Calculate each side length of the shape in the same units
` Perimeter = 9 cm + 13 cm + 14 cm + 12 cm
= 48 cm
3 m 3 m
1.5 m + 1.5 m = 3 m
6 m 6 m
2.2 mm 1 mm
2 cm
a = cm a = mm
a b
b
1.6 mm
8 cm
b = cm b = mm
a
c 15 m d 5 cm
a = m 4.8 cm a = cm
b
a
14 cm
b = m 8 cm b = cm
a 18 m
b
15 cm
E R I ME T
a Perimeter =
# cm *P E
S
R
E
9.8 mm
AP
OF
POSITE SH
COM
= cm
POSITE SH
C OM 2 1 3
...../...../20....
a m OF
AP
b Perimeter =
2 # a m + 2 # m S
E
R
*P E
ERIMET
2 m
= m+ m
4 m
c
1.2 cm Perimeter =
3# mm + mm + mm
20 mm
= mm
16 mm
d
Perimeter =
# 4.1 cm + # cm
4.1 cm
= cm
38 mm
a 6mm @ b 6m @
4 mm
2.2 m
Perimeter =
mm Perimeter =
m
1200 m
22 mm
Perimeter =
cm Perimeter =
km
WES
SOM
Calculate what the total perimeter of this path will be when finished. OME
...../.....
/20....
AWE
Completed path
AWE
1 m 1 m ME
ESO AW
SOM
OME S
AWE
E
a Using your knowledge of perimeter and the grid below, combine all four pieces to create two
different shapes so that:
• One shape has the smallest possible perimeter.
• The other has the largest possible perimeter.
All shapes must be connected by at least one whole side of a unit square.
1 unit
1 unit
b Briefly describe the strategy you used to achieve each outcome below:
• A shape with the smallest possible perimeter.
To use up all the paint, the total perimeter of the square must equal 240 cm.
(i) A rectangular park is four times longer than it is wide. If the park is 90 m long, how much area
does this park cover?
^90 ' 4h m = 22.5 m Draw diagram to illustrate problem
90 m
(ii) At a fun run, competitors run straight for 0.9 km before turning left 90 degrees to run straight for a
further 1.2 km. The course has one final corner which leads back to the start along a straight 1.5 km
long street. How many laps of this course do competitors complete if they run a total of 18 km?
1.2 km
Start/finish
=5
` Competitors must complete 5 laps of the course to finish
2 a Use all four squares below to make two shapes in which the number of
sides is also equal to four. Compare the distance around the outside of your
two shapes and explain what this shows us about the relationship between
area and perimeter.
b You have been employed by a fabric design company called Double Geometrics. Your first task
as a pattern maker is to design the following using all seven identical squares:
“Closed shapes for a new pattern in which the value of their perimeter is twice the value of their
area.” Draw five possible different patterns that match this design request.
3 The base length of a right-angled triangle is one fifth of its height. If the base of this triangle is
4.2 m, calculate the area of the triangle.
SIMPLE WORD
PROBLEMS
INVOLVING
AREA AND
PERIMETER
...../...../20....
b Another design rule is to try ensure a large perimeter so there is more space to hang paintings
from. Use calculations to show which floor plan will have the largest perimeter.
c Would the design with the largest possible perimeter be a good choice?
Explain briefly why/why not.
d A small art piece at the gallery has one side of an envelope completely covered in stamps
like the one pictured below. How many of these stamps were needed to cover one side of an
envelope 12.5 cm wide and 24.5 cm long if they all fit perfectly without any edges overlapping?
2.5 cm
3.5 cm
12.5 cm
24.5 cm
a How long will each side of the new square area be after using the whole length of this fence?
34 m
b If the distance between the longer sides of the original area was 30 m and the length did not
change, use calculations to show which fencing arrangement surrounded the largest area.
6 A wall is created by stacking equal-sized rectangular bricks on top of each other as shown.
The end of each rectangle sits exactly half-way along the long side of the rectangle underneath it.
Each brick = 16 cm
28 cm
a A 500 mL tin of white paint has been purchased to paint the wall. The instructions on the
paint tin say this is enough to cover an area of 11 500 cm2.
Use calculations to show that there is enough paint in the tin to cover side of the wall.
b If a beetle walked all around the outside of the wall (including along the ground), how many
metres did it walk?
The area for both of these shapes can be calculated the same way using the length of their diagonals.
A B A Rhombus is a
• A rhombus is like a square parallelogram. parallelogram, so
we can also use
Area = ^diagonal lengths multiplied togetherh ' 2 the same rule to
= ^ AC # BDh ' 2
find the area:
D C
height
= 4 # AB
B
length
• A kite has two pairs of equal sides which are adjacent (next to) each other.
Area = ^diagonal lengths multiplied togetherh ' 2
A C
= ^ AC # BDh ' 2
D = 2 # AB + 2 # AD
Here are some examples:
(ii) For the kite ABCD shown below, AC = 4.7 m and BD = 2.1 m.
D
C Perimeter = 2 # short side + 2 # long side
= 2 # 1.5 m + 2 # 3.7 m
= 10.4 m
ND
KITE SHAP
Rhombus and Kite shapes
KITE SHAP
1 Calculate the area and perimeter of these shapes:
...../ 20....
...../
ND
A S
E
R H O MB U S
a PR = 18 cm and QS = 52 cm b BD = 1.8 mm and AC = 2.4 mm
Q
A B
41 cm
P R
D C
15 cm 3.6 mm
S
Area =
# ' cm2 Area =
# # 1 mm2 '2 =# 1
2 2
= cm2 = mm2
Perimeter =
2# +2# cm Perimeter =
# mm
= cm = mm
14 m
6.5 cm
3.4 cm
5.1 cm
9 m
Perimeter =
m Perimeter =
cm
3 Calculate the area of this composite shape, showing all working when:
J
HL = 30 m, IK = IM = 16 m and JL = 21 m
H I
K
M L
Area =
m2
Trapeziums
Squares, rectangles, parallelograms and rhombi are all just special types of trapeziums.
So the area formula for a trapezium would also work on all of those shapes.
a a
A B A B
C D C D
b b
Two common trapezium shapes
In both shapes, the sides AB (a) and CD (b) are parallel (AB || CD) .
The height is the perpendicular distance between the parallel sides.
: Area = ^sum of the parallel sidesh # height ' 2
= ^ a + bh # h ' 2
: Perimeter = AB + BD + CD + AC
Here are some examples:
Perimeter = 20 mm + 22 mm + 16 mm + 10 mm
16 mm
= 68 mm
PE
A
Trapeziums
U MS * T R
ZI U
MS * T
1 Calculate the area and perimeter of these trapeziums:
ZI
...../...../20....
R
PE
PE
A
A ZI
a 1 km b 12.5 m UMS * TR
15 km 41 km
9 km 1.8 m 8.2 m
53 km 4.5 m
Area =
+ # ' 2 km2 Area =
+ # ' 2 m2
= km2 = m2
Perimeter =
km Perimeter =
m
2 Use the trapezium method to calculate the area of these composite plane shapes.
a b
8 cm
5 cm
1 mm 2.4 mm 14.3 mm
15 cm
Area =
cm2 Area =
mm2
3 Use the trapezium method to calculate the area of this composite plane shapes.
16.7 m
33.4 m
1 2
170 cm
240 cm
Area =
m2 Perimeter =
m
Area challenge
Fill the grid below with as many different squares, triangles, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombi, kites
and trapeziums as you can which all have the same area of 8 units2.
1 unit
1 unit
Reflection Time
• What useful skills have you gained by learning how to calculate the area and perimeter of plane shapes?
• Write about one or two ways you think you could apply area and perimeter calculations to a real
life situation.
• If you discovered or learnt about any shortcuts to help with calculating area and perimeter or some
other cool facts/conversions, jot them down here:
Here is what you need to remember from this topic on Area and perimeter
Area: Triangles
height
height height
Area: Parallelograms
Perpendicular
height (h)
Length (l)
` Area of a parallelogram = length # perpendicular height units2
= l # h units2
1 2 1 + 2
2 m 2 m
7 m 3.5 m 7 m 3.5 m
? m (7 - 2) m = 5 m
Start/finish
3 m 3 m
` Perimeter = 7 m + 6.5 m + 2 m + 3.5 m + 5 m + 3 m
= 27 m
B
Rhombus, Kites and Trapeziums
A B a a
A C A B A B
perpendicular perpendicular
height (h) height (h)
D C C D C D
b b
D
Rhombus Kite Trapezium
OF
ES
CO
AP
MP
OS
SH
IT
E
...../ E
IT S ...../ SIMPLE WORD
PO
20...
.
PROBLEMS
SH
M
CO A
INVOLVING
OF
PE
AREA AND
EA
S
PERIMETER
...../...../20....
AR
*
* AREA: SQUARES
AND RECTANGLES
AND RECTANGLES
...../...../20....
RIMETER US
* AREA: SQUARES
PE I
*
NG
ES
UNI
T S Q UA R
....
T S Q UA R
/ 20
.....
UNI
...../
ES
NG
I *
PE
RIMETER US
OF SIMPLE SHAPES *
PERIMETER
...../...../20....
PERIMETER
OF SIMPLE SHAPES *
AREA: PAR
*
AL
L E L O GR A M
LELOGRAM
..../ 20....
...../.
AL
*
AREA: PAR