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Thermodynamics UNIT 3
1. Answer (2)
f=5
2. Answer (1)
When P = constant, V T
V T 5
V T 298
5
% increase = 100 1.68 %
298
5
PV
1 1 10 30 3
n1 = 1.24 10
RT1 8.3 290
5
P2V2 10 30 3
= 1.20 10
RT2 8.3 300
3. Answer (2)
T2 60 273
1
T1 0.38 1 T1
T1 537 K = 264°C
4. Answer (1)
4
P 2
V
1
2
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92 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
4
When V = 4 m3, P = N/m2
5
4
3 4 3 300
3PV 5
vrms = 150 5 6 m/s
m 2 32 10 3 20 10 3 2
5. Answer (1)
m
PV RT
M
V RT
constant
m PM
V1 V
2 2V1 = V2
m/2 m
V1 V1 1
Fraction = V V V 2V 3 rd
1 2 1 1
6. Answer (3)
As the temperature is constant
Patm V1 = (Patm + 20)V2
Patm (V1 – V2) = 20V2
7. Answer (3)
7
Amount of water mw kg
3
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 93
8. Answer (1)
P
T2
RT
2 [for one mole]
V T
V T2
RT
R 3
V T
R
dv 3T 2dT
R
PdV 3T 2 dT 2
T
PdV 3RdT
For n mole PdV = 3nRdT
W 2T0
PdV 3RndT
0 T0
W 3RnT0
9. Answer (4)
By conservation of energy,
5 3 f
P0V P0V P (V V )
2 2 2
nHe 3 nH2 5 4 3 3 5 27
Here f = average degrees of freedom = =
nHe nH2 43 7
1 R T
MV 2 5 n1 n2
2 2
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94 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
1 3.2 2.8 R T
6 103 100 5
2
2 32 28 2
5 0.2 8.31 T
30
2
6 o
T C 7.23 o C
0.831
1 n RT
Mv 2
2 ( 1)
Mv 2 ( 1)
T
2R
Q Q
Now,
mC ALC
Q AlC
l L Q
ALC
F 2.nmv cos
P
A A
U 1 U
3nR 3R
T n T
Cv 3R
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 95
P
K=
V
– V
V P
=
V K = 3
V = V0 (1 + t)
V
V0 = t
P P P
= t t = =
K K 3 K
1
Initial K.E = × m × (400)2 = 80000 m joule
2
m = mass of bullet
increase in P.E. = m × 10 × 500 = 5000 m
remaining K.E = 75000 m joule = 7.5 m × 104 joule
Heat required to increase the temperature of bullet from 27°C to 327°C.
= m × 125 × 300
= m × (3.75 × 104) joule
= 3.75 m × 104 joule
Remaining heat = 0.6 × 7.5m × 104 – 3.75m × 104 joule
= 4.5 m × 104 – 3.75 m × 104
= 0.75 m × 104 joule
Suppose m0 kg of bullet converts into liquid
0.75 m × 104 = m0 × 2.5 × 104
m0 = 0.3 m kg
0.3m
% mass converted into liquid = 100 30%
m
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96 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
T 2V constant
PV
T
R
P 2V 2
V constant
R2
P 2V 3 constant
3
PV 2
constant
2
PV x constant
3
x
2
R R
C
r 1 1 x
R R R 1 1 2r 2 3 2r
C 2R R 2 R R
r 1 3 r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1
1
2
17. Answer (4)
2l 8l
Thermal resistance R1
(k / 4)A kA
l R R T R2T1 16T2 T1
R2 1;T 1 2 =
2kA 16 R1 R2 17
18. Answer (2)
PV nRT nR
P
3
P 2V C
1 3
3 dP
VP 2 P2 0
2 dV
3 dP
V P
2 dV
dP 2
V P
dV 3
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 97
19. Answer (3)
According to Wien’s displacement law
1
T
T 0 .1
T 100
= 0.13 mm
20. Answer (3)
Specific heat capacity = Molar mass × Molar heat capacity
CP – CV Molar mass
T Q1 A
Also, Q kA Q A 1 ...(2)
x Q2 A2
A1 A2
Q1 Q; Q2 Q
A1 A2 A1 A2
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98 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
PdV nR dT VdP
B C D A
nR 0 VdP
A
B
VdP VdP VdP
C
D
1 2
dp dp
0 nR 400 0 nR 300
p p
2 1
1
nR 400Ln 300nRLn 2
2
nR100Ln 2
5 p0
(4 p0v 0 2 p0v 0 ) 5 p0v 0 D C
2
In DA, Q = nCVT
v0 2v0 v
3R 3
n ( T ) ( p0v 0 )
2 2
13
Total = p0v 0
2
n 5 n 7
Q R(2T T ) R(2T T )
2 2 2 2
= 3nRT
24. Answer (3)
For steady state, (T14 – T4) = (T4 – T24)
T14 T24
T 4
2
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 99
25. Answer (2)
Suppose mass of body be m and specific heat capacity s. Maximum heat, that the body can lose
Qmax = ms(40 – 27).
Suppose after loosing 50% of maximum heat, the temperature of body becomes .
50
ms 40 ms 40 27
100
(40 – ) = 0.5(40 – 27) ...(i)
d
0.0002 27
dt
t t
d
40 27
0.0002
t 0
dt
40 27
ln 0.0002t ...(ii)
27
From (i) & (ii)
ln 2 = 0.0002t
2.303 log10 2
t s 57.7 minutes
0.0002
26. Answer (1)
For A, Q = U + w = 0
For B, w is less as area enclosed is less.
Also, U is more negative. So, Q < 0
27. Answer (2)
28. Answer (2)
dQ dU 3anT 2dT
3an dv 3a
Pdv RT .TdT TdT
R v R
v T
dv 3a T
v 3a T 2
v0
v
R T0
T dT Ln
v0
R 2 T0
3a
v 3a 2 2 v
Ln T T0 e 2R T 2 T02
v 0 2R v0
v
3a
T T0
3a 2 2
e 2R T 2 T02
ve 2R v0
v0
3a 2 3a
T T02
ve 2R v 0 e 2R constant
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100 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
P1V1 P2V2
= n 1
30. Answer (3)
R1 = radius of circle along x-axis (V-axis)
P
R1sin 60° = V0 3P0 B
2V0 2
R1 A
3 P0 C
3P0
R2 = radius of circle along y-axis (P-axis) = 60° 120°
2
work done by gas = area under curve
V
V0 2V0 3V0
1 1
R1R2 P0 V0 2
3 2
1 2V0 3P0
P0V0
3 3 2
P0V0
P0V0
3
P0V0 1
3
31. Answer (1)
P P2
For linear variation of pressure with volume, w 1 V 5 10 5 2 10 10 5 J
2
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 101
200
Q2 = 1680 × kJ
273
W = Q2 – Q1
300
= 1680 1
273
= 1.66 × 105 kJ
10 – h 80 cm
h
So, the volume of air that has been trapped, at atmospheric pressure, is A ×(10). Here, A is area of cross-section.
Final volume of trapped air is A (10 – h). As temperature is constants, so we can write
P1V1 = P2V2
(75 cm) (A × 10) = (75 + 80 – h) [A × (10 – h)]
750 = 1550 – 155h – 10h + h2
h2 – 165h + 800 = 0
h = 160 cm
or h = 5 cm
34. Answer (4)
On heating, both solid and liquid expand. The thrust is
Th = Vsl g
Now VS increase while l decreases
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102 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
l l l 2 2
1 1
l l1 l 2
1 2
2
1 1 1
RP R1 R2
P 1 2
RP R1 R2
1 2
P
2
C0 40 10
C = 37.5°C
100 0 90 10
Yt Y0 t 0
Y90 Y0 90 0
25 0.5 t
50 5 90
or t = 40°C
39. Answer (2)
1 m T 1
m T 2T
T m T 2
P
P T4 2 4 16
P
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 103
40. Answer (4)
At constant pressure, V T
dV dT
V T
dV 1
VdT T
1
or
T
41. Answer (3)
Cp : Cv : Cp Cv
7R 5R
: :R
2 2
=7:5:2
42. Answer (3)
T TH2 TO 2 2
V TH 2 320 20 K 253C
M M H2 M O2 32
2v 0
dv
W nRT 3RT ln2 ...(i)
v
v0
5 4
2U0 = 3 RT , RT = U0 ...(ii)
2 15
From (i) & (ii)
4
W U0 ln2
5
44. Answer (3)
When ice melts, volume decreases so, work is done by the surrounding on the ice-water system.
45. Answer (1)
For AB, P T
V = constant
For BC, P = P0 + kT
PV = nRT
nRT
V
P0 kT
Volume varies hyperbolically with temperature
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104 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
P
B
2P0 M(P, V)
P0 C
A
V
V0 2V0
5 5P V
QAB
2
2P0V0 P0V0 20 0
In process C to A, heat is rejected. In process B to C, heat is supplied by external agent from state B to the state
M. At state M, slope of BC = slope of adiabatic
P
tan . ,
V
P0 P
. ...(i)
V0 V
Equation of process B to C,
P0
P V 3P0 ...(ii)
V0
P0V 5 PV
0 3P0
V0 7 V0
12 P0V 7V
3P0 V 0
7V0 4
5R
U nCV T 1 T
2
For BC, T = –200 K
U = –500R
P0v 2 3P0v
T …(1)
V0 nR nR
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 105
For Tmax
dT
0
dv
3
v v …(2)
2 0
Using (1) & (2)
9 P0V0
Tmax
4 nR
5
–1
V 3
Tf 300 189 K
2V
3R
U nCv T 2 [189 – 300]
2
= –2.7 kJ
k 273 F 32
100 180
Put k = F = x
x 273 x 32
100 180
80x = 180 × 273 – 3200
x = 574.25
48. Answer (1)
dN
1
du
vr m s u 2d N
NT
4u 2u 2 du u
u d N u N
2 2
T u=0 u=2
NT
4u 3
2u 4 du
2
2u 5
NT u 4
5 0
64 16
NT 16 NT
5 5
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106 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
16 4
v rms m/s
5 5
3PV
v rms
m
2
mv rms 5 103 16 8 80
P 10 N/m2 N/m2
3V 5 3 200 106 3 3
Kx = ma a = (K/m)x
m
T 2
K
1 1 K
f 1012
T 2 m
1 K
1024
42 m
4 10 108 103
K 42 m 1024 1024 = 7.1 N/m
6.02 1023
v 3.0 10 4
f f 1 f 1 = (1 ± 10–4)f
c 3.0 10 8
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 107
54. Answer (1)
The distance R from source to observer is given by using
R
v
t
R = vt (340 m/s) (4.0 s) = 1360 m
I
Now, L = 92 dB = 10 log I
0
I
10 9.2
I0
I = 109.2(10–12)
= 1.58 × 10–3 W/m2
P
Now, I
4R 2
E
and P
t
E = Pt = I(4R2)t
E = (1.58 × 10–3 W/m2) (413602 m2) (0.200 s)
E = 7.4 × 103 J
55. Answer (3)
At the centre of the circle, the ambulance is moving neither towards nor away from the observer, so the wavelength
doesn’t change.
56. Answer (3)
For a “loud sound” or resonance, the piston must be at the position of a node. Therefore the distance through
which the piston is moved between 2 adjacent resonances is .
2
So, (36.4 cm – 5.2 cm) = 3 ×
2
= 20.8 cm
v = f
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108 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
1/ 2 1/ 2
T 50
The speed of a transverse wave in this wire is then v = v 50 m/s
0.02
Tapping the wire induces a standing wave, whose maximum wavelength is = 2L = 2 × 0.2 = 0.4 m. Lastly, the
v 50
frequency corresponding to this wavelength can be obtained from v = f or f 125 Hz
0.4
1 T 1 Stress 1 strain
f
2l 2l Density 2l Density
1
2.2 1011
1 100
f
2 1.5 7.7 103
1 2
= 106
3 7
1000 2
= 178.2 Hz
3 7
300
In first case, fundamental frequency = 100 Hz
3
1 T
100 ...(i)
2 l1
450
In second case, fundamental frequency 225 Hz
2
1 T
225 ...(ii)
2l 2
100 4 4 40 160
l2 120 120 cm 53.3 cm
225 9 3 3
60. Answer (2)
y1 = 0.1sin(3t + x)
at t = 0, y1 = 0.1sin4x
at x = 4.5, y1 = 0.1sin(4) (4.5) = 0.1sin9(2) = 0
y2 = 0.2sin(3t – 5x)
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 109
5
at t = 0, y2 = 0.2sin(–5x) = 0.2sin 2 2x
5
at x = 4.5, y2 = 0sin (2)( 4.5) = 0.2sin[–11.25(2)]
2
= 0.2sin[–0.25(2)] = 0.2sin = 0.2sin(–45) = –0.14
4
y = y1 + y2 = 0 – 0.14 = –0.14
61. Answer (1)
By increasing tension, frequency of sonometer wire increases (as f T ) and the difference between sonometer
frequency and tuning fork frequency decreases. This means, sonometer frequency is less than that of tuning fork.
340 – 5 = 335 Hz is the required frequency
62. Answer (4)
I I1 I2 2 I1I2 cos
2
Imax I1 I2 [ = 0]
Imin I1 I2 2 I1I2 [ = ]
2
Imin I1 I2
2
Imax I1 I2
I2
2
Imin I1
1
For a point source I
x2
1
A A = A0x–1
x
65. Answer (2)
1
y = sin x 2t
6
y = sin [at t = 0, x = 0]
6
1
y
2
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110 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
dy 1
Slope cos x 2t
dx 6
dy
cos [at t = 0, x = 0]
dx 6
dy 3
slope is positive.
dx 2
66. Answer (1)
= 102 rad/s
= 0.5 kg/m3
I = 10–9 W/m2
I
Pmax 2 9
2 104 2
, 10
2 .v 2 0.5 v
v = 4 × 10–8 × 109 = 40 m/s.
P m 2 104
Amplitude of wave A 107 m
v 102 0.5 40
102
k 2.5 m1
V 40
y = A sin (kx + t + )
= 10–7 sin (2.5 x + 100 t + )
2
= 10–7 cos (2.5 x + 100 t )
67. Answer (2)
Factual
68. Answer (2)
Velocity of sound w.r.t. ground = (V + Vw)
From Doppler’s effect
V Vw V0
f = V V V f0
w s
f V Vw V0
f0 V Vw Vs
30 m/s
obs f = 540 Hz
30 m/s
Source
330 30
fo = 540 = 648 Hz
330 30
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 111
c v
f = f0 ; v = relative speed of approach
c v
c
c
f = 10 2 10 3 17.3 GHz
c
c
2
P PV nRT
∵ V
m m
V T
v T 1
v T
1
340 1
546
404 400
Beat f1 f2 2
2 2
( A1 A2 )2
2
Imax I1 I2
[∵ I A2]
I2
2
Imin I1 ( A1 A2 )2
2
43
49 : 1
43
V 1 Y
f0
2L 2L
1 9.27 1010
= 4.88 kHz 5 kHz
2 0.6 2.7 103
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112 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
∵ 1
f
l
and shorter tube has length 80 cm therefore length of larger tube with lower frequency can be find as
f2 = 106 – 17 = 89 Hz
v 340
3.82 metre
f2 89
3.82
and l 0.955 95 cm
4 4
73. Answer (3)
2
Let y = Asin(t – kx), where k
2
1 y 1 mA 2 2
KE = m mA 2 2 cos 2 (t kx ) [1 + cos(2t – 2kx)]
2 t 2 4
Now 2Kx =
3
v 360
x
12 12f 500 12 = 0.06 m = 6 cm
A v
3
B
4
v = 90 m/s
Velocity of source along AB
4 4v
vs = v cos v
5 5
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 113
Velocity of guard along AB
3 3v
v0 = v sin v
5 5
Apparent frequency
u = speed of sound = 340 m/s
3v
u v0 v 5
0 0
u v v 4v
5
340 54 286
1800 1800 1921 Hz
340 72 268
2sin(kx t )sin 2sin(kx t )sin 2sin(kx t 2)sin 0
2 2 2
3
cos kx t cos kx t cos kx t cos kx t
2 2 2 2
3 5
cos kx t cos kx t 0
2 2
5
cos kx t cos kx t
2 2
5
2n
2 2
2 2 4
or or
3 3 3
77. Answer (2)
y = 0 for all x whenever cos(3.00t) = 0
i.e., when 3.00t = or t 0.524 s
2 ( 3 2) 6
78. Answer (1)
RT
v
M
Maximum and least molecular moss (or atomic mass) mark the maximum speed.
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114 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
P
v Now, E = P (adiabatic) and E = P (isothermal)
E P
v
E
l = 410 m
P dx Q
T1 T2
x x=l
x=0
T2 T1 dx
T T1 .x , v
l dt
dx
20 t
dt
dx
dt
20 T
t l
dx
dt
0 0 T2 T1
20
T1 .x
l
T2 T1 l
T1 x P, dx dP
l T2 T1
l
T T d P l2 P
dx 2 1
T2 T1 P T2 T1
T1 x
l
2l T T
T1 2 1 . x
T2 T1 l
l
1 2l T2 T1
t . T1 .x
20 T2 T1 l 0
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Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions) Waves and Thermodynamics 115
l T2 T1
t
10 T2 T1
l
10 T2 T1
410
10 441 400
410
1s
10 21 20
82. Answer (2)
v
For a tube closed at one end, the fundamental frequency is f1 = 340 m/s ( 4 0.60 m) = 142 Hz
4L
It can have only odd harmonic e.g. 3 × 142 = 426 Hz, 5 × 142 = 710 Hz etc.
(2n 1) 340
1250
0.85 4
2n – 1 12.5
Answer is 6.
1/ 2
I
Therefore y 0 2 2
(2 vf
P
I=
[area]
For sound spread uniformly over a spherical shell this is
P
I
4R 2
1.25 10 3
Thus, I
( 4 10 2 )
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116 Waves and Thermodynamics Success Achiever (Part-I) (Solutions)
I
10 log10 dB
I0
Where
I0 = 10–12 W/m2
Thus, we have
1.0 10 6
10 log10
10 12
= 60 dB
85. Answer (4)
f1 – f2 = 1 Hz
Also, l1 + l2 = 100, l1 – I2 = 0.2 cm
k k
1
49.9 50.1
50.1 49.9
k
0 .2
k 50.1
Now, f1 250.5 Hz
49.9 0 .2
86. Answer (2)
As the tube is drawn away by 9.00 cm, the path difference introduced is 2 × 9.00 = 18.00 cm
So, x = 18.00 cm
3
This represents the distance between a crest and the second next trough i.e. x
2 2
3
18.00
2
or = 12.00 cm
v 348
Now f 2.9 kHz
12.00 10 2
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