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How do I find the right tubing for my applications? And which fittings will then automatically be displayed on the right-hand side. Plausibility
match the tubing? It’s easy with Festo's integrated product finders in the checks ensure that only correct configurations are accepted. The product
electronic catalogue. We ask you all the questions necessary so you can finders for tubing and fittings are an essential part of the electronic
make the right selection. catalogue and are not available as separate software.
Your wish is our command: if you want individualised tubing, our modular
tubing system is just what you’re looking for. The modular system allows
you to:
Precise selection of the right tubing/fitting combination is above all popular tubing/fitting combinations will help you to make the right choice
dependent on the application. Applications often have a single feature quickly and reliably.
that quickly defines the right selection. The overview below of our most
Tubing
Polyurethane (PU) Polyethylene (PE) Polyamide (PA) PFA**
PUN/PUN- PUN-H/
Designation DUO PUN-H-DUO PUN-CM PUN-V0 PUN-V0-C PEN PLN PAN PAN-R PAN-V0 PAN-MF PFAN
Operating medium Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed
pressed air, pressed air, pressed air, pressed air, pressed air, pressed air, air, vacuum, air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum, air, vacuum air, vacuum,
vacuum vacuum, vacuum vacuum, vacuum, vacuum, water * water * water *
water * water * water * water *
Temperature [°C] -35 … +60 -35 … +60 -35 … +60 -35 … +60 -35 … +60 -30 … +60 -30 … +80 -30 … +80 -30 … +80 -30 … +90 -60 … +100 -20 … +150
Temperature- -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +14 -0.95 … +19 -0.95 … +35 -0.95 … +12 -0.95 … +31 -0.95 … +16
dependent operating
pressure [bar]
Resistant to chemicals – + + + + ++ ++ + + + + +++
Food safe *** – +++ – – – – +++ – – – – +++
FDA EG 1935/2004 FDA
Hydrolysis resistant + ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++
Fire test – – – UL 94 UL 94 – – – – UL 94 – UL 94
DIN 5510-2 DIN 5510-2
Halogen-free +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ – +++ –
Flexibility +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ + ++ + +
Special feature Wide Hydrolysis Antistatic Flame- Resistant Suitable for Weather High load Suitable for Resistant to DIN 73378 Highly
choice of resistant retardant to welding use with resistant bearing pressure up welding KFZ resistant to
variants spatter energy capacity to 35 bar spatter approval chemicals
chains
Fittings
* Other media on request
Plastic Metal
** Perfluoralkoxyalkan
Designation NPKA NPQP QS(M) QS(M)-B QS-V0 NPQM NPQH NPCK CRQS
*** Suitable for use with food in
Operating medium Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed accordance with manufacturer’s
air, vacuum, air, vacuum air, vacuum, air, vacuum air, vacuum, air, vacuum, air, vacuum, air, vacuum, air, vacuum, declaration
water * water * water * water * water * water * water *
Temperature [°C] -10 ... +60 -20 … +60 -10 … +80 -10 … +60 0 … +60 -20 … +70 0 … +150 -20 ... +120 -15 … +120
Temperature- -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +14 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +10 -0.95 … +16 -0.95 … +20 -0.95 … +12 -0.95 … +10
dependent operating
pressure [bar]
Housing material POM and PP PBT and PBT and PBT Nickel- Nickel-plated Stainless Stainless
PA66 nickel- nickel- plated brass brass steel steel
plated brass plated brass
Thread G thread R thread M, G and M and G and M and M and M and M and
R thread R thread R thread G thread G thread G thread R thread
Resistant to chemicals ++ +++ + + + + ++ +++ +++
Food safe *** +++ +++ – – – – +++ +++ +++
FDA FDA FDA FDA EG 1935/2004
Corrosion resistance 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 4 4
class (CRC)
Special features Cleanroom- FDA- Wide choice Economical Resistant to Robust Resistant to Clean Highly
compatible, compliant of variants welding high Design resistant to
100% internal and spatter temperatures corrosion
polymer external
parts
Our top combinations for you:
Standard
PEN QS-B 60° C 10 bar Suitable for a wide range of tasks and attractively priced. Flexible thanks to
+ highly resistant materials, easy to install thanks to optimised bending radii.
-10° C High level of abrasion resistance in dynamic applications.
PUN QS 60° C 10 bar Maximum flexibility in standard applications thanks to an extremely wide
+ range of options for combining the different types.
-10° C
PAN QS 80° C 14 bar Meets all requirements, even for standard applications with increased
+ pressure and temperature ranges.
-10° C
High pressures
PAN-MF NPQM 70° C 16 bar Meets DIN standard 73378: ideal for use in mobile pneumatics.
+ Suitable for increased temperature ranges combined with
-20°C high pressure ranges.
PAN-R NPQH 80° C 20 bar Powerful in pressure ranges up to 20 bar, for example in applications
+ with the pressure booster DPA.
0° C
PUN-H NPKA 60° C 10 bar Hydrolysis resistant and suitable for water applications. Combination suitable
+ for use in clean rooms, FDA compliant and corrosion resistant because it’s
-10° C 100% polymer. Very easy to install thanks to the “one click principle”.
PFAN NPQH 150° C 16 bar For high temperatures up to 150°C. Suitable for use in the food industry,
+ FDA compliant and resistant to cleaning agents.
0° C
PFAN NPCK 120° C 12 bar Easy to clean thanks to the union nut’s edge-free design.
+ Maximum resistance to corrosion (CRC 4) and FDA compliant.
-20°C Suitable for a wide range of media.
PFAN CRQS 120° C 10 bar Maximum resistance to corrosion (CRC 4) and aggressive acids and alkalis.
+
-15° C
Anti-static
PUN-CM NPQM 60° C 10 bar Anti-static tubing plus solid metal fitting: maximum protection for electrical
+ -20°C
and electronic components.
Flame-retardant
PUN-V0 NPQM 60° C 10 bar Its flame-retardant properties provide a high level of safety in areas where
+ -20°C
there is a risk of fire. The tubing has been tested to DIN 5510-2.
PAN-V0 QS-V0 60° C 10 bar Safe even in the immediate vicinity of welding spatter thanks to the double-
+ walled tubing with special fitting.
0° C
For quick and reliable selection at the office and in the workshop
This page provides an overview of all included posters!
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
QS standard – Part 1 of 2 – Push-in fittings
Here you will find the optimum fittings in polymer design Standard: PEN/QS-B Wide range of variants: Pressure resistant:
for applications shown opposite. PUN/QS PAN/QS
Suitable for a wide range of
With appropriate tubing from poster 8 „Plastic tubing“ you will always tasks and attractively priced. Maximum flexibility in standard Meets all requirements, even for
obtain the right tubing/fitting combination. Flexible thanks to highly resis- applications thanks to an extre- standard applications with
tant materials, easy to install mely wide range of options for increased pressure and tempe-
thanks to optimised bending combining the different types. rature ranges.
radii. High level of abrasion
resistance in dynamic applica-
tions.
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
QS standard – Part 2 of 2 – Push-in fittings
Here you will find the optimum fittings in polymer design for Standard: PEN/QS-B Wide range of variants: Pressure resistant:
applications shown opposite. PUN/QS PAN/QS
Suitable for a wide range of
With appropriate tubing from poster 8 „Plastic tubing“ you will always tasks and attractively priced. Maximum flexibility in standard Meets all requirements, even for
obtain the right tubing/fitting combination.. Flexible thanks to highly resis- applications thanks to an extre- standard applications with
tant materials, easy to install mely wide range of options for increased pressure and tempe-
thanks to optimised bending combining the different types. rature ranges.
radii. High level of abrasion
resistance in dynamic applica-
tions.
QS standard
Push-in fitting Push-in fitting Push-in T-fitting Push-in T-fitting Push-in Y-fitting Push-in Y-fitting Multiple distributor Multiple distributor
360° orientable 45° angled
QSTF… R3/8 8 10 186204 QST… R3/8 8 10 130799 QST3… R1/4 8 1 153201 Legend
QSTF… R3/8 10 10 186206 QST… R3/8 10 50 153113 QSYL… R3/8 10 1 186196 QSLV2… R3/8 10 1 186230 QSLV4… R3/8 10 1 186250
QST3… R3/8 10 1 153202 D1 Tubing diameter, external 1
QSTF… R3/8 12 1 186207 QST… R3/8 10 10 130800 QSYL… R3/8 12 1 186197 QSLV2… R3/8 12 1 186231 QSLV4… R3/8 12 1 186251
QST3… G1/8 6 1 186217 D2 Tubing diameter, external 2
QSTF… G1/2 12 1 186208 QST… R3/8 12 20 153114 QSYL… G1/2 12 1 186198 QSLV2… G1/2 12 1 186232 QSLV4… G1/2 12 1 186252 PN Part number
QST3… G1/4 8 1 186218
QST… R3/8 12 10 130801 QST3… G3/8 10 1 186219 PU Packaging unit
QST… R3/8 16 20 164959
QST… R1/2 10 1 190672 Comment
QST… R1/2 12 1 153115 All L and T fittings orientable 360°.
QST… R1/2 16 1 153116
Quick ordering of basic designs
For quick and reliable selection at the office and in the workshop
This page provides an overview of all included posters!
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
QS standard – Push-in connectors
Here you will find the optimum connectors in polymer design for Standard: PEN/QS-B Wide range of variants: Pressure resistant:
applications shown opposite. PUN/QS PAN/QS
Suitable for a wide range of
With appropriate tubing from poster 8 „Plastic tubing“ you will always tasks and attractively priced. Maximum flexibility in standard Meets all requirements, even for
obtain the right tubing/fitting combination. Flexible thanks to highly resis- applications thanks to an extre- standard applications with
tant materials, easy to install mely wide range of options for increased pressure and tempe-
thanks to optimised bending combining the different types. rature ranges.
radii. High level of abrasion
resistance in dynamic applica-
tions.
QSMC-...H 2 10 133036
QSMC-...H 3 10 153382
Push-in bulkhead connector Push-in connector, self-sealing Push-in connector
QSC-...H 4 10 153267
with push-in sleeve
QSC-...H 4 100 130699 Type D1 D2 PE PN
QSC-...H 6 10 153268
QSC-...H 6 100 130700 QST3… 6 4 1 153203
Legend
Please detach here
QST3… 8 6 1 153204
QSC-...H 8 10 153269 D1 Tubing diameter, external 1
Type D1 D2 PU PN QSC-...H 8 50 130701 Type D1 D2 PU PN Type D1 D2 PU PN QST3… 10 8 1 153205
D2 Tubing diameter, external 2
QSMS-… 3 3 10 153375 QSC-...H 10 10 153270 QSK-… 4 4 10 153439 QSW-…HL 4 4 10 130617 PN Part number
QSMS-… 4 4 10 153376 QSC-...H 10 50 130702 QSK-… 6 6 10 153440 QSW-…HL 6 6 10 130618 PU Packaging unit
QSMS-… 4 4 100 130780 QSC-...H 12 10 153271 QSK-… 8 8 10 153441 QSW-…HL 8 8 10 130619
QSMS-… 6 6 10 153377 QSC-...H 12 20 130703 QSK-… 10 10 10 153442 QSW-…HL 10 10 10 130620 Comment
QSMS-… 6 6 100 130781 QSC-...H 16 10 153272 QSK-… 12 12 10 153443 QSW-…HL 12 12 10 130621 All L and T fittings orientable 360°.
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
QS-B for core functions – Push-in fittings and connectors
Here you will find the optimum fittings in polymer design for Standard: PEN/QS-B
applications shown opposite.
Suitable for a wide range of
With appropriate tubing from poster 8 „Plastic tubing“ you will always tasks and attractively priced.
obtain the right tubing/fitting combination. Flexible thanks to highly resis-
tant materials, easy to install
thanks to optimised bending
radii. High level of abrasion
resistance in dynamic applica-
tions.
Legend
D1 Tubing diameter, external 1
D2 Tubing diameter, external 2
PN Part number
PU Packaging unit
Comment
All L and T fittings orientable 360°.
For quick and reliable selection at the office and in the workshop
This page provides an overview of all included posters!
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
Metal and special push-in fittings/connectors
Here you will find the optimum fittings in polymer design for High pressures: Resistant to welding spatter:
applications shown opposite. PAN-MF/NPQM PAN-V0/QS-V0
With appropriate tubing from poster 8 „Plastic tubing“ you will always Meets DIN standard 73378: Safe even in the immediate
obtain the right tubing/fitting combination. ideal for use in mobile pneuma- vicinity of welding spatter
tics. Suitable for increased thanks to the doublewalled
temperature ranges combined tubing with special fitting.
with high pressure ranges.
NPQM QS-V0
Push-in fitting Push-in fitting Push-in fitting Push-in L-fitting Push-in fitting Push-in L-fitting Push-in T-fitting Push-in connector
with internal hexagon socket female thread
NPQM-Y 6 6 10 558799
NPQM-Y 8 8 10 558800 Type D1 D2 PU PN NPQM-D 12 14 1 570459
NPQM-Y 10 10 10 558801 NPQM-D 4 4 10 558760 Type D1 D2 PU PN
NPQM-Y 12 12 10 558802 NPQM-D 6 6 10 558761 NPQM-H 4 4 10 558806 Legend
reducing NPQM-D 8 8 10 558762 NPQM-H 6 6 10 558807 D1 Tubing diameter, external 1
NPQM-Y 6 4 10 558803 NPQM-D 10 10 10 558763 NPQM-H 8 8 10 558808 D2 Tubing diameter, external 2
NPQM-Y 8 6 10 558804 NPQM-D 12 12 10 558764 NPQM-H 10 10 10 558809 PN Part number
NPQM-Y 10 8 10 558805 NPQM-D 14 14 1 570452 NPQM-H 12 12 10 558810 PU Packaging unit
Comment
All L and T fittings orientable 360°.
For quick and reliable selection at the office and in the workshop
This page provides an overview of all included posters!
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
Polypropylene fittings
Here you will find the optimum fittings in polymer design for Resistant to chemicals: Hydrolysis resistant:
applications shown opposite. PLN/NPQP PUN-H/NPKA
With appropriate tubing from poster 8 „Plastic tubing“ you will always Resistant to cleaning agents, Hydrolysis resistant and suitable for
obtain the right tubing/fitting combination. FDA compliant and economical. water applications. Combination
Can be used instead of the suitable for use in clean rooms, FDA
combination with stainless steel compliant and corrosion resistant
fittings. because it’s 100% polymer.
Very easy to install thanks to the
“one click principle”.
NPQP NPKA
Push-in fitting Push-in L-fitting Push-in L-fitting Push-in T-fitting Push-in Y-fitting Click fitting
additional push-in connector with internal hexagon socket
Push-in connector Push-in L-connector Push-in T-connector Push-in Y-fitting Click T-fitting
Type D1 D2 PU PN
Type D1 D2 PU PN Type D1 D2 PU PN Type D1 D2 PU PN
Type D1 D2 PU PN NPQP-L 4 4 10 133105
NPQP-L 6 6 10 133106 NPQP-T 4 4 10 133110 NPQP-Y 4 4 10 133119 NPKA-T 6 6 10 1590710
NPQP-D 4 4 10 133091
NPQP-D 6 6 10 133092 NPQP-L 8 8 10 133107 NPQP-T 6 6 10 133111 NPQP-Y 6 6 10 133120
NPQP-D 8 8 10 133093 NPQP-L 10 10 10 133108 NPQP-T 8 8 10 133112 NPQP-Y 8 8 10 133121
NPQP-D 10 10 10 133094 NPQP-L 12 12 10 133109 NPQP-T 10 10 10 133113 NPQP-Y 10 10 10 133122
NPQP-D 12 12 10 133095 NPQP-T 12 12 10 133114 NPQP-Y 12 12 10 133123
reducing reducing reducing
NPQP-D 6 4 10 133096 NPQP-T 6 4 10 133115 NPQP-Y 6 4 10 133124
NPQP-D 8 6 10 133097 NPQP-T 8 6 10 133116 NPQP-Y 8 6 10 133125
NPQP-D 10 8 10 133098 NPQP-T 10 8 10 133117 NPQP-Y 10 8 10 133126
NPQP-D 12 10 10 133099 NPQP-T 12 10 10 133118 NPQP-Y 12 10 10 133127
Legend
D1 Tubing diameter, external 1
D2 Tubing diameter, external 2
PN Part number
PU Packaging unit
Comment
All L and T fittings orientable 360°.
For quick and reliable selection at the office and in the workshop
This page provides an overview of all included posters!
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
Metal and special fittings/connectors
Resistant to chemicals, food safe, hydrolysis resistant, pressure resistant, resistant to welding spatter Resistant to chemicals Clean Design
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
Plastic tubing, standard O.D.
Here you will find appropriate tubing for optimum tubing/fitting
combinations.
Plastic tubing
Standard Antistatic
PUN PU 3 PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 14 PU 16 PUN-CM PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12
silver 50 152583 50 152584 50 152586 50 152587 50 152588 50 152589 50 570389 50 152590 black 50 188882 50 188882 50 130816 50 130817 50 130818
500 525738 500 525739 500 525740 500 525741 300 525742 200 525743 100 525744
blue 50 159660 50 159662 50 159664 50 159666 50 159668 50 159670 50 570390 50 159672
500 525745 500 525746 500 525747 400 525748 300 525749 200 525750 100 525751
black 50 159661 50 159663 50 159665 50 159667 50 159669 50 159671 50 570391 50 159673
500 553936 500 553937 500 553938 400 553939 300 553940 200 553941 100 553942
Pressure resistant up to 14 bar Tubing cutter
yellow 50 178416 50 178417 50 178418 50 178419 50 178420 50 178421 50 178422
green 50 178423 50 178424 50 178425 50 178426 50 178427 50 178428 50 178429 PAN PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 14 PU 16
red 50 178409 50 178410 50 178411 50 178412 50 178413 50 178414 50 178415
nature 50 546284 50 546285 50 546286 50 546287 50 546288 50 546289
silver 50 152697 50 152699 50 152700 50 152701 50 152702 50 570392 50 152703
500 553888 500 553889 400 553890 300 553891 200 553892 100 553893
PUN-DUO PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 blue 50 553906 50 553907 50 553908 50 553909 50 553910 50 553911 Type D1 PN
silver 50 152822 50 152823 50 152824 50 152825 500 553894 500 553895 400 553896 300 553897 200 553898 100 553899 PAN-V0S 6/8 160554
blue/black 50 159674 50 159675 50 159676 50 159677 black 50 553912 50 553913 50 553914 50 553915 50 553916 50 553917 PAN-V0S 10/12 160555
500 553900 500 553901 400 553902 300 553903 200 553904 100 553905
green 50 553918 50 553919 50 553920 50 553921 50 553922 50 553923
PEN PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 14 PU 16 red 50 553924 50 553925 50 553926 50 553927 50 553928 50 553929
yellow 50 553930 50 553931 50 553932 50 553933 50 553934 50 553935 Pipe cutter
nature 50 543246 50 543247 50 543248 50 543249 50 543250 50 570517 50 543251
silver 50 551462 50 551463 50 551464 50 551465 50 551466 50 50 551467
500 551450 500 551451 400 551452 300 551453 200 551454 200 100 551455
blue 50 551456 50 551457 50 551458 50 551459 50 551460 50 50 551461
Pressure resistant up to 31 bar PAN-MF PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 14 PU 16
500 551444 500 551445 400 551446 300 551447 200 551448 200 100 551449
black 50 543240 50 543241 50 543242 50 543243 50 543244 50 570516 50 543245 black 50 570357 50 570358 50 570359 50 570360 50 570361 50 570362 50 570363 Type PN
500 551438 500 551439 400 551440 300 551441 200 551442 200 100 551443 500 572091 500 572093 ZRS 7658
green 50 551468 50 551469 50 551470 50 551471 50 551772 50 50 551473 nature 50 572083 50 572085 50 572087 50 572089 50 572090 Spare blade 218606
red 50 551474 50 551475 50 551776 50 551477 50 551478 50 50 551479 green 50 572084 50 572086 50 572088
yellow 50 551480 50 551481 50 551482 50 551483 50 551484 50 50 551485 500 572092 500 572094
Tubing connector
Pressure resistant up to 35 bar PAN-R PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 16
PUN-H-DUO PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PUN-V0-C PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 14 PU 16
blue/black 50 197396 50 197397 50 197398 50 197399 black 50 570349 50 561698 50 561699 50 561700 50 561701 50 570351 50 570353
blue 50 570350 50 561702 50 561703 50 561704 50 561705 50 570352 50 570354 Tube support elbow NPAW
green 50 561706 50 561707 50 561708 50 561709
red 50 561710 50 561711 50 561712 50 561713
white 50 561714 50 561715 50 561716 50 561717
Resistant to chemicals
yellow 50 561718 50 561719 50 561720 50 561721
PLN PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 PU 14 PU 16 brown 50 561722 50 561723 50 561724 50 561725 Type Size PN
nature 50 193403 50 193404 50 193405 50 193406 50 193407 50 570424 50 539064
NPAW-S-T3 small 554026
100 561726 100 561727
NPAW-S-T3 medium 554027
black 50 195280 50 195281 50 195282 50 195283 50 195284 50 570423 50 539065
PAN-V0 PU 4 PU 6 PU 8 PU 10 PU 12 NPAW-S-T3 large 554028
blue 50 558205 50 558206 50 558207 50 558208 50 558209 50 558210
silver 50 558211 50 558212 50 558213 50 558214 50 558215 50 558216 black 50 160550 50 160551 50 160552 50 160553
red 50 558217 50 558218 50 558219 50 558220 50 558221 50 558222 blue 50 132899 50 132905 50 132906 50 132907 20 525469
green 20 525470 20 525471 20 525472 20 525473
Please detach here
HGL
VBNF
GRXA-HG
Threaded fittings, Non-return valves, One-way flow control and flow control valves
Diverse ... Robust ... Extensive range Reliable application Flow on demand
Threaded fittings NPFC Non-return valves, One-way flow control and flow control valves
Sleeve Reducing sleeve Extension Double nipple Standard application, D1) series Standard application, B2) series Special application Standard inline flow control valve
with scale with female thread
Plastic Metal
Designation GRLA-QS- VFOF GRLA-(RS)-B GRLA-PK-B GRLA-QS- VFOC GRLA-F-QS-D CRGRLA
RS-B (RS)-D
Function Exhaust air flow control Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes On request Yes Yes
Supply air flow control – – Yes Yes Yes Yes – –
Without non-return – – – – – – – –
function
Actuation With tool Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Without tool Yes – Yes – Yes – – –
Media Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed Compressed
air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum air, vacuum
Operating pressure 0.2 … 10 0.2 ... 10 0.3 … 10 0.3 … 10 0.2 … 10 0.2 … 10 0.2 ... 10 0.3 … 10
[bar]
Operating -10 … +60 -10 ... +60 -10 … +60 -10 … +60 -10 … +60 -10 … +60 0 ... +150 -20 … 80
temperature [°C]
Mounting position Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any
Hydrolysis resistant +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++
Anti-static – – ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++
Flame-retardant – – ++ ++ – – +++ +++
Food industry – + – – – – ++ ++