Electricity and Magnetism Quiz

• Material as covered in class (this review)

• Review for 8.02x Quiz #1 • Evening Review in 54-100, 7PM, today
– Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Force • Question(s) on demos (or similar setup)
– Electric Field and Field Lines – all demos are fair game
– Superposition principle • No question on LVPS/HVPS
– E.S. Induction – but exp questions in future quizzes
– Electric Dipole • All you need is a pen
– Electric Flux and Gauss’ Law • You can bring a letter-size formula sheet
– Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential – submitted together with quiz
• Quiz in room 26-100 TUESDAY 10AM
Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

[m] Strength
Electric Charge and Elementary Particles 10-20 Weak Force 10-7
Electrostatic Force Atomic Nuclei 10-15 Strong Force 100
• New Property of Matter: Electric Charge Atoms
10-10
Molecules Electric Force 1
– comes in two flavors: ‘+’ and ‘-’
10-5
• Connected to Electrostatic Force Human 1
– attractive (for ‘+-’) or repulsive (‘- -’, `++’)
• Charge is conserved Earth 105
• Charge is quantized 10 Gravity 10-36
Solar System 10
• Neutral: Equal amount of + and -
1015

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 Farthest 1020

web.mit.edu/8.02x/www
Galaxy

Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s Law

F12
• Inverse square law (F ~ 1/r2) r21
Q1
• Gives magnitude and direction of Force
• Attractive or repulsive depending on r21 Q2
sign of Q1Q2
Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www
 Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s Law

r21 r21
Q1 Q1 F12 = - F 21
F12 F12
r21 Q2 r21 Q2
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Superposition principle Superposition principle

Q3
F13 • If we have many, many charges
– Approximate with continous distribution
Q1 F1,total • Replace sum with integral!
F12
Q2
• Note:
– Total force is given by vector sum
– Watch out for the charge signs
– Use symmetry when possible
Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

Electric Field The Electric Field

• New concept – Electric Field E • Electric Field also exists is test charge q is not
• Charge Q gives rise to a Vector Field present
• The charge Q gives rise to a property of space
itself – the Electric Field
• For more than one charge -> Superposition
principle
• E is defined by strength and direction of
force on small test charge q
Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www
 Electric Field Electric Field

• For a single charge • For a single charge

+Q

• Visualize using Field Lines

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Field Lines Example of Field Lines

• Rules for field lines • Field Lines for two unlike charges:
– Direction: Tangential to E at each point
– Density: Shows magnitude of E
– Field Lines never cross
– From positive to negative charge
• i.e. show direction of force on a positive charge
– Far away: Everything looks like point charge

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Haliday: Fundamentals of Physics

Electric Dipole Electrostatic Induction

• Approach neutral object with

charged object
++
+ ++
+
+ +
+ ++
Torque ! = p x E
p = Q l Dipolemoment

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

 Electrostatic Induction Electric Flux

• Approach neutral object with • Electric Flux: "E = E A

charged object
++ -+ • Induce charge separation
• No ‘substance’ flowing
+ ++ --- + +
+ -- +++ (dipole) • Flux tells us how much field ‘passes’ through
+ ++
++ • Force between charged and surface A
globally neutral object
– if field is non-uniform

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

Electric Flux Electric Flux

• For ‘complicated’ surfaces and/or non-constant E: • Example of closed surface: Box (no charge inside)
– Use integral

dA dA

• Often, ‘closed’ surfaces

E
• Flux in (left) = -Flux out (right): "E = 0
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Gauss’ Law Gauss’ Law

• How are flux and charge connected?

• Charge Qencl as source of flux through closed
surface
• True for ANY closed surface around Qencl
• Relates charges (cause) and field (effect)
• Coulombs Law follows from Gauss’ Law

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

 Gauss’ Law Gauss’ Law
• Most uses of Gauss’ Law rely on simple • Different uses for Gauss’ Law
symmetries – Field E -> Qencl (e.g. conductor)
– Spherical symmetry – Qencl -> Field E (e.g. charged sphere)
– Cylinder symmetry
• Proper choice of surface – use symmetries
– (infinite) plane
• and remember, E = 0 inside conductors

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

Hollow conducting Sphere Gauss’ Law

• Charge Sphere radius r0, charge Q, r > r0

dA
++ + + ++ + + r0
Q
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + r
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + Qencl = Q

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

Work and Potential Energy Electric Potential Energy

F(l) • Electric Force is conservative
dl b – all radial forces are conservative (e.g. Gravity)
x
• We can define Electric Potential Energy
#

x Work:
a
Conservative Force:

Potential Energy F
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 Electric Potential Electric Potential
• Note: because V = U/q -> U = V q
• Electric Potential Energy proportional to q – for a given V: U can be positive or negative,
• Define V = U/q depending on sign of q
• V :Work per unit charge to bring q from a to b

• Electric Potential V:
– Unit is Volt [V] = [J/C]

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www

Example: Large parallel plates Example: Large parallel plates

V(x)
0
+ - + - x
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
+
a b - +
a b - U(x,q) q<0
+ +q - + +q -
+ - + -
+ - + - x
+ - + -
xa xb xa xb
x x
x=0
Feb 18 2005 x=d web.mit.edu/8.02x/www x=0
Feb 18 2005 x=d web.mit.edu/8.02x/www q>0

Conductors

• Conductor: Charges can move around (unlike

insulator)
• E = 0 inside
– otherwise charges would move
• No charges inside
– Gauss
• E perpendicular to surface (close to surface)
– otherwise charges on surface would move

Feb 18 2005 web.mit.edu/8.02x/www