SHELL STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE

A DISSERTATION REPORT

Submitted by

MOHAMMED FAHAD M

Under the guidance of

AR.MUTHU KUMAR

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

B.ARCH

CRESCENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

B S ABDUR RAHMAN CRESCENT INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI- 600048

NOVEMBER 2019
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this dissertation report Shell Structures in Architecture is

the bonafide work of MOHAMMED FAHAD M (RRN:150101601018) who

carried out the dissertation work under my supervision. Certified further, that to

the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any

other thesis report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was

conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

AR. MUTHU KUMAR PROF. G.JAYALAKSHMI

SUPERVISOR DEAN OF THE DEPARTMENT

Associate Professor Professor & Dean

Crescent School of Architecture Crescent School of Architecture

B.S. Abdur Rahman University B.S. Abdur Rahman University

Vandalur, Chennai – 600 048 Vandalur, Chennai – 600 048

 ABSTRACT

A Shell is a type of structural element which is characterized by its geometry ,

being a three dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared
with other dimensions, and in structural terms, by the stress resultants
calculated in the middle plane displaying components which are both coplanar
and normal to the surfaces.

Essentially, a shell can be derived from a plate by two means: by initially forming
the middle surface as a singly or doubly curved surface, and by applying loads
which are coplanar to a plate’s plane which generate significant stresses.

A shell structure is one in which the strength reloads into the outer surface. They
are usually lighter than frame structures. For example, A turtle, an egg, an
airplane, a boat, a lobster or a car has a shell structure.

In building construction, a thin curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied

forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the
surface.

!
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT !

LIST OF FIGURES !!!

1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 4

1.1 SHELL STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE 4

1.1.1 Aim 4

1.1.2 Objectives 4

1.1.3 Scope & Limitation 4

1.1.4 Approach / Methodology 4

1.1.5 Research questions 4

1.1.6 Out comes 5

2 DATA COLLECTION ……………………………………… 5

2.1 What is SHELL ? 5

2.2 Shell structure in building construction 5

2.3 Beauty of shell structure 6

2.4 Nuclear structure 7

2.5 Architects follow shell structure 7

2.6 Efficient features of shell structures 7

2.6.1 Aesthetically efficient 7

2.6.2 Structurally efficient 8

2.6.3 Construction efficient 8

2.7 Shell in Nature 8

!!!
2.8 Similarities between Frame and Shell 10

2.9 Material suitable for shell structure 11

2.9.2 Merits of shell structure 12

2.9.3 Demerits of shell structure 13

3 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ………………………... 13

3.1 Design based Classification of shell structures 13

3.2 Construction Techniques ( concrete ) 13

3.3 Analytical Forms ( Geometric ) 14

3.4 Grid Shell 15

3.5 Vacuumatics 16

4 TYPES OF SHELLS ………….……………………………. 17

4.1 Shells 17

4.2 Shell Barren - Vaults 18

4.3 Multi - Bay Barrel Vaults 19

4.4 Corrugated Barrel Vaults 20

4.5 Domes 20

4.6 Types of Domes 22

4.7 Cone and Spherical Dome 22

4.8 Pyramidal and Close up Dome 22

4.9 Hip Dome 23

4.10 Lamella Dome 24

4.11 Braced Dome 25

4.12 Network Dome 25

!!!
4.13 Geodesic Dome 26

5 CASE STUDIES ………………………………………………. 26

5.1 Sydney Opera House 28

5.2 CNIT Paris 30

5.3 Lotus temple Delhi 37

5.4 Kresge auditorium 47

6 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ………………………………… 49

6.1 Advantages 49

6.2 Dis Advantages 49

6.3 Status of Shell structures in future? 50

6.4 Sustainability 50

6.5 Limitations 50

7 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………….. 51

8 REFERENCE ……………………………………………….. 54

!!!
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1.1 Shell 3d diagram 5

Figure 2.1.2 Shell 3d diagram 5

Figure 2.2.3 Shell structure 6

Figure 2.2.4 Frame structure 6

Figure 2.2.5 Lattice or frame structure 6

Figure 2.2.6 Shell structure 6

Figure 2.7.1 Human skull 8

Figure 2.7.2 Egg shell 8

Figure 2.7.3 Tortoise shell 9

Figure 2.7.4 Sea shell 9

Figure 2.7.5 Skull skeleton 9

Figure 2.7.6 Human skin 9

Figure 2.7.7 Lotus temple outer shell 9

Figure 2.7.8 Lotus temple outer skin 9

Figure 2.8.1 Frame structure 10

Figure 2.8.2 Shell structure 10

Figure 2.9.1 Concrete in a shell structure 12

Figure 3.2.1 Angle of curvatures 14

Figure 3.3.1 Analytical forms (geometry) 15

Figure 3.4.1 Types of Grid shells 16

Figure 3.5.1 Vacuumatics 17

Figure 4.1.1 Types of shells 18

Figure 4.2.1 Shell barrel vault 19

Figure 4.3.1 Shell multi bay barrel vault 19

1
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.4.1 Corrugated barrel vaults 20

Figure 4.5.1 Doubly curved shell structure 21

Figure 4.7.1 Cone structure 22

Figure 4.7.2 Spherical dome 22

Figure 4.8.1 Pyramidal dome 23

Figure 4.8.2 Closed up dome 23

Figure 4.9.1 Hip dome 23

Figure 4.10.1 Lamella dome 24

Figure 4.10.2 Louisiana super dome 24

Figure 4.11.1 Braced dome structure 25

Figure 4.12.1 Network dome 26

Figure 4.13.1 Polyhedron calacus 27

Figure 4.13.2 Matrimandir 27

Figure 5.1.1 Sydney Opera house 28

Figure 5.1.2 Outer facade of opera house 29

Figure 5.2.1 CNIT exhibition building 30

Figure 5.2.2 Plan & elevation ( CNIT ) 31

Figure 5.2.3 Plan ( exhibition building ) 32

Figure 5.2.4 Miniature model ( CNIT ) 33

Figure 5.2.5 Inner Vault / roof 34

Figure 5.2.6 Interior view of concrete shedding 35

Figure 5.2.7 Exterior view of shell during 1972 36

Figure 5.3.1 Development of concept (Lotus temple) 37

Figure 5.3.2 Lotus temple 38

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 5.3.3 Petal shell structure 39

Figure 5.3.4 Petal shell structure 40

Figure 5.3.5 Section of Interior cupola 41

Figure 5.3.6 Section of outer leaves 42

Figure 5.3.7 Section of Interior dome 43

Figure 5.3.7 Section of entrance & Interior cupola 43

Figure 5.3.8 Section through entrance & Interior dome 43

Figure 5.3.9 Material usage 44

Figure 5.3.10 Exterior view 45

Figure 5.3.11 Interior vault & dome 46

Figure 5.4.1 Kresge Auditorium 47

Figure 5.4.2 Plan & outer shell 48

3
1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Aim:

The AIM is to familiarize with the design aspects, properties and principles of
shell structure in modern and olden days of architecture.

To study the shell structure with focus on sustainable design techniques.

It also follows construction procedures ,materials and several other aspects that
involved in the construction of shell structure.

1.1.2 Objectives:

To have an overview on the construction techniques of shell structures.

To analysis about the structural details of shell structure.
To analyse the evolution of shell structure.

1.1.3.Scope&Limitations

Create awareness of effective utilization of shell structures.

Architecture solution to the problem of material scarcity

1.1.4 Approach/Methodology:

Research is undertaken in the process of either on the internet and books.

Though case studies found in the modern techniques, options a live case
studies shall be hypothetically approach.

Using a project for a example; it gives experience of the project, inputs

processes and results, providing to demonstrate the benefits.

1.1.5 Research questions:

1. What are the factors and techniques used to construct the shell structure in
buildings?

2. How economic is it to construct?

3. Is that expensive to maintain the shell structure?

4. Is that sustain for longer period?

5. If possible ,what are the methodologies follow to maintain the structure?

4
1.1.6 Outcomes

To study about the Techniques and Methodologies of shell structures and design the
shell structure with focus on sustainable design techniques.

2. DATA COLLECTION

2.1 What is Shell?

The term ‘shell’ means, is used to describe the structures which possess strength
and rigidity for an structure externally as well as internally.

Probably the shell is a thin curved membrane or slab usually of reinforced concrete or
steel structure that functionally both as a structure and covering.

Fig 2.1.1 Fig 2.1.2

2.2 Shell structure in Building construction

Shell structures in building construction is, is a thin, curved plate structure that is
shaped to transmit applied forces by shear, tensile, and compressive stresses that
are acting in the plane of the surface.

Lattice and Portal frame buildings consist of a structural frame, which act like a
exterior covering membrane used to support slabs, roofs and wall coverings.

This outer structure act like a protective member against weather and act like
structural support.

The roof and wall exterior cover add nothing to strength just rigidity of structural
frame,

5
Fig 2.2.3 Fig 2.2.4

Fig 2.2.5 Fig 2.2.6

2.3 Beauty of shell structure

The beauty of shells lies in the fact that a designer is able to design the shell as thin
as possible, even in the presence of loads that disrupt its characteristic membrane
behavior.

Shells provide a means to obtain an aesthetical and structurally efficient design.

They can take several shapes and forms, which lie at the mercy of the designer.
Coupled with the fact that they take up less material for construction, shells became
increasingly popular in the last seven decades.

Development of advanced analysis methods, and new innovative developments in

the construction field, have led to a resurgence in shell design.

Shell structures are very interesting due to their impressive strength-to-weight ratios.

6
They are able to span over large areas, while having an exceptionally less thickness.

This is primarily due to their form based structural behavior. The geometry, that is
their initial curvature, along with the boundary conditions and type of loading, dictates
the way they transfer load.

As a result, new designs for shells are gaining prominence, some of which were
impossible in the past.

2.4 Nuclear structure

In nuclear physics, shell structure is defined as the structure of the nucleus in which
nucleons of each kind occupy quantum states that are in groups of approximately the
same shell.

2.5 Architects follow shell structure

In the history of thin shell structures, four of the major influences are;

Anton Tedesko (1903-1994)

Who is attributed with much of the success of thin shell structures in the U.S.

Felix Candela (1910 –1997)

Who followed his lead. Essentially, each of the latter three attempted to create an
umbrella roof the interior space of which could be sub divided as required, such as
Torroja's grandstand for the Zarzuela racetrack in Madrid (1935).

Pier Lugi Nervi (1891-1979)

Who is Italy gave structural integrity to the complex curves and geometry of
reinforced -concrete structures such as the Orbetello aircraft hangar and
Turin's exposition hall and the Spaniard Eduardo Torroja.

2.6 Efficient features of shell structure

2.6.1 Aesthetically Efficient :

Shell structures has the potential of becoming an Iconic structure and an object of
pride for the city or town.

It is very important to design not only a functional but also aesthetically efficient
structure.

Having a structure which looks elegant, has unparalleled advantage in capturing the
attention of people.

7
2.6.2 Structurally Efficient :

There are several structural solutions for any kind of criteria. Nevertheless, the
designer has to formulate a design which is structurally sound, and transfers the load
to the ground in the most efficient way possible.

2.6.2 Construction Efficient :

Detailed investigations in the temporary decline of shell structures revealed that one
of the problem was high constructional costs.

This was due to complex nature of frame work required for Shell structures.

Reacting to this, the shell needs to be designed such that it can be easily
constructed.

Concrete is favored to create the shell as it is generally inexpensive and easily

available as compared to other materials like steel.

While designing a Shell structure, the final outcome of the design tries to reach a
balance between all three objectives.

2.7 Shell in Nature

Fig 2.7.1 Fig 2.7.2

HUMEN SKULL / EGG SHELL / TORTOISE SHELL / SEA SHELL

8
Fig 2.7.3 Fig 2.7.4

In Human Skull, the outer shell provides the shape to our face, In the same manner
,Shell structure gives aesthetic appearance to our building.

Fig 2.7.5 Fig 2.7.6

Fig 2.7.7 SHELL Fig 2.7.8 SKIN

9
2.8 Similarities between frame and shell

WHAT ARE THEY ?

Frame structure

A frame structure is a very sturdy structure, often quite tall, which is typically made up
of beams ,columns and slabs.

Natural frame structure includes coral, trees, skeleton and spider web.

Man made frame structure includes Scaff folding, chairs, table, bicycle and bridges
etc.

Shell structure

Shell structures are typically light weight and curved structures.

Example of natural shell structure includes coconut shell, tortoise shell, sea shells
and nut shells.

Man made shell structure includes Tunnels, Domes, Barrels, Vaults, and even boat
and flights are also a shell structure.

Fig 2.8.1 Frame structure Fig 2.8.2 Shell structure

Properties of shell structure

Curved surface meaning there is no need for joints.

Often quite light and streamlined.

Shell structures varies in size; from as small as nutshell as big as a aeroplane.

10
The actual shell is typically quite thin, there being no need for it to be thicker
than necessary to do its job, so as not to waste resources when building a
shell structure.

Shell structure usually do not support loads but shield or protect other things act like
a covering membrane.

Properties of frame structure

Frame structures are mainly made up of columns and beams.

They are able to support themselves.

Frame structures have joints which keep them together, these joints must be
strong and able to withstand the weight of the heavy loads otherwise the frame
will collapse.

Frame structure usually support other loads as well as their own weight.

They can be quite bulky and heavy.

Similarities between Frame and Shell

Some of the main similarities between shell and frame structures are;

They both can come in varying shapes, sizes and materials.

They both can quite cover a large span and achieve a great heights.

Both structure can used in one similar structure , for example frame structure act like
a structural member while shell is act as an covering layer of that structure.

Man made example, Chair uses frame structure for its arm, joints and legs support
,while a shell structure is used for the place where you sit.

Differences between Frame and Shell structures

Some of the major differences between shell and frame are,

Shell structures are often lighter and more streamlined than frame structures which
can be bulky and heavy.

Frame structures have joints which can keep them together whereas shell structure
has no joints.

Shell structures usually only support their own weight while frame structure
supports other loads as well as themselves.

11
2.9 Material suitable for shell structure

Most suitable material to construct shell structure is CONCRETE.

Because it is highly plastic material when mixed with water.

That can able to take up any kind of shape we imagine on centering or inside form
work.

Small section of reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells.

Fig 2.9.1 concrete as a shell structure

2.9.2 Merits of Shell structure

The use of Concrete as a building material reduces both material cost and
constructions cost, as concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast into
compound curves.

Concrete is highly fire proofing material.

More strength compared with other structures.

Economical in Construction.

Attractive and Decorative appearance.

The space turns out to be interesting when designed with shell forms and techniques.

Preferably public spaces, they are portrayed as an attraction to passerby in that

vicinity.

The Major Scope for designing the Shell structure is expected to be high for the next
few generations.

12
Mainly because there is a demand for a public gathering or recreational landmarks.

2.9.3 Demerits of Shell structure

Since concrete is a porous material, concrete domes often have issues with sealing.

If not treated, rainwater can seep through the roof and leak into the interior of the
building.

On the other hand the seamless construction of concrete domes prevents air from
escaping, and can lead to buildup of condensation on the inside of shell.

Shingling or sealants are common solutions to the problem of exterior moisture, and
dehumidifiers or ventilation can address condensation.

The shell structures are costly than part frame structure.

The cost of labor is high in shell structure.

Shuttering problem.

Greater Accuracy in form work is required.

Good labor and supervising necessary.

Rise of roof may be disadvantage.

3. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

3.1 Design based classification of shell structure

Analytical forms (Geometry)

Grid shells

Vacuumatics

3.2 Construction techniques (concrete)

The diversity of shell structures is vast. Any surface that is curved in one or more
directions can be considered a shell surface.

Shell surfaces may be defined by the classification of their curvature, expressed in

terms of gaussian curvature.

13
The Gaussian curvature of a curved surface is the product of the two principle
curvatures: kg = k1' k2.

A positive Gaussian curvature characterized a clastic surface,

Whereas a negative Gaussian curvature characterizes an anti-clastic surface.

Cylindrical surfaces have a Gaussian curvature of zero.

a) Positive b) Negative c ) Zero

Fig 3.2.1

A more comprehensive approach of describing shell surfaces, however, is by

concentrating on the way the surface is generated or designed ,in 1980 Heinz Isier 1
identified three types of shells according to this philosophy, referred to as 'Geometric',
'Structural' and 'Sculptural'.

In this paper we will further elaborate this classification by re-interpreting IsIer's terms
in an attempt to clarify the origin of each shell form.

3.3 Analytical form (Geometric)

A blooming period of widespread concrete shell construction took place from the
1930's.

Where engineers like Felix Candela, Eduardo Torroja, Anton Tedesko and Pier Luigi
Nervi managed to design, calculate and construct extremely elegant concrete shells.

As the designs between 1930-1950 were mainly based on mathematical defined

geometries, these shell shapes can be referred to as 'Analytical Forms '3.

Typical traditional analytically based surfaces are referred to as 'revolution surfaces',

'translation surfaces', and 'ruled surfaces'.

14
 Analytical forms ( geometric )

Fig 3.3.1

Since no digital design and calculating equipment was available in that time, the
mathematical formulas were not only essential for drawing and calculating these
structures, but also aided the actual construction process.

The majority of the thin concrete shell structures were constructed by pouring wet
concrete onto a grid wooden form work, often assembled from straight elements.

This construction process required many skilled craft men.

3.4 Grid shells

An interesting approach of the design of shell structures in general was introduced by

Frei Otto in the1970's, as he put new life into the structural principle of grid shells.

Grid shells also known as lattice shells, were originally pioneered by the Russian
engineer Viadimir Shukhov in 1896.

Grid shells are basically shell structures where materials has been removed to create
a slender lattice grid pattern.

Where in plain shells load paths are available all over the surface, in grid shells the
internal forces are transferred via discrete members.

Inspired by the suspension models of Antonio Gaudi, Frei Otto designed his grid
shells by inverting the form of a suspended soap film or that of a flexible suspending
net.

From the construction point of view, the powerful concept that lies behind grid shells
is that the construction start from the flat surface.

The straight members are assembled on ground level as a flat mesh.

15
The final shape of the structure is obtained by locally forcing the members
perpendicular to the surface and fixing the connections and boundaries once the shell
reached its desired shape.

To allow this transformation to take place, the connections of the grid need to be
initially 'flexible', enabling scissor motion as well as sliding motion.

Types of grid shells

Fig 3.4.1

3.5 Vacuumatics

Vacuumatic structures, or vacuumatics, consist of structural aggregates (particles)

that are tightly packed inside a flexible membrane envelop (skin).

The structural integrity is obtained by applying a (controllable) negative pressure, or

partial vacuum, inside the surrounding skin, hence pre stressing and stabilizing the
particles in their present configuration by means of the atmospheric (air) pressure.

This process is referred to as 'vacuum prestressing'.

When subjected to bending forces, the particles take up the compressive (contact)
forces, whereas the tensile forces are mainly taken up the membrane envelope.

16
The tensile strength (and even the flexural rigidity) can be substantially enhanced by
adding a piece of reinforcement (e.g a piece of textile) in the tensile zone of
the structure (analogues to reinforced concrete).

The beneficial morphological characteristics of Vacuumatics are their ability to be

freely shaped and even to be re-shaped repeatedly to fulfil new geometric
requirements.

These characteristics provide a promising approach for the design of a temporary

,adaptable load bearing structure and thus a truly flexible and re -configurable self-
supporting form work system.

Vacuum pre - stressing External loading

Fig 3.5.1

4. TYPES OF SHELLS

4.1 Shells

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Single curvature are curved on one linear axis and are a part of an cylinder or a cone
in the form of a Barrel vaults and Conoid shells.

Double curvature are either a part of a sphere, or a hyperboloid of revolution.

The term Single curvature and double curvature do not provide a precise geometric
distinction between the form of the shell. Because the barrel vault is a
single curvature but so is a Dome.

Types of Shells

Fig 4.1.1

4.2 Shell barrel vault

A Barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault ,formed by the extrusion
of a single curve (or pair of curves, in case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given
distance.

The curved are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to

the total design.

The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault effectively a series of

arches placed side by side, I.e., one after another.

This form of barrel vault is used in Roman Architecture.

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 Shell barrel vault

Fig 4.2.1

4.3 Shell Multi - bay barrel vault

If more than one barrel vault and more than one span put side by side although, width
distance is smaller than or half the span and the rise about one fifth of the width with
minimum thickness.

The stiffeners and stability are above the roof, so there are avoiding the interruptions
inside the shell.

Fig 4.3.1 Shell Multi bay barrel vault

4.4 Corrugated barrel vaults

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The top of the roof has an alternating concave and convex circles of the same radius
in the shell structure.

Fig 4.4.1

4.5 Domes

A Dome is an ancient architectural structure that is very similar to a balloon cut in half
and can be built with different materials.

In this structure, is circle or polyhedron in flat surface, the roof shape symbolized to
centric upward steep slope roofs with vertical axis or as multiple shells with centrically
axes of equilibrium.

They have the shape with negative gaussian curvature (rotate surface
in opposite sign).

A variety of aesthetic form based on a circular or polygonal plan, they all conform of
straight or curved ribs, at the top linked with rectangular cross-section straightly or by
the ridge bearing ring and carried at the lower end by the ring beam ahead the walls
(or by the foundations).

The circular or polygonal form depending on the plan shape, consist the upper and
lower supporting rings.

The stresses like compression loads convey the weight of the roof surface to the
supports also horizontal forces.

Besides all these, for primary of ancient domes mainly the buildings are mosques,
temples and ancient monuments in most cultures.

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A simplest form of the dome is a half sphere, but it could be based on an ellipse,
parabola and hyperbola with two categories including single curved surfaces weaker
than double curved curvature shells.

If there are so many individual cables, approximates to a thin – shelled dome. By

reasoning in this way we can see that such a structure is capable of carrying a variety
of distributed loadings by membrane action, that is, by internal forces which lie
everywhere in the surface of the thin shell and are uniformly distributed over the
thickness of the shell.

Doubly curvature shell structure

Fig 4.5.1

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4.6 Types of domes (both structural and formal)

4.7 Cone and spherical dome

The shape of the cone, only to some extent curved ribs along its downward segment,
form in plan of stable width and changeable length the consistent roof loading,
therefore producing mostly compression and letting this particularly light structure.

Cone structure spherical dome

Fig 4.7.1

Cone structure spherical dome

Fig 4.7.2

4.8 Pyramidal and closeup dome

The shape are different, octagonal or hexagonal and square plan corresponding of
equal number of ribs and equivalent to the length of roof panel, therefore length of
roof panel is determine by the slope.

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Fig 4.8.1 Fig 4.8.2

4.9 Hip dome

The shapes are same of pyramidal and closed-up-domes, square, hexagonal or

octagonal on plan. Beside the adequate number of ribs they have as many horizontal
ridge girders with their one end on the ridge bearing ring and the other on three
hinged triangular arches placed along the axes of external walls.Secondary beams
are fastened to the ribs and girders, bearing panel similar of those of the pyramidal
dome.

Fig 4.9.1

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4.10 Lamella dome

For large span domes, the lamella system is frequently used because of its even
stress distribution and primarily axial member action.

A lamella style frame consists of short steel members hinged together to form a
crisscrossing pattern of skewed parallel arches.

The lamella style frame extends to three dimensions for form space trusses, such as
that used in the Louisiana Super dome in New Orieans.

Fig 4.10.1

Louisiana Super dome

Fig 4.10.2

For example the largest steel dome of Louisiana super dome with a span 83 meters
and constructed with welded steel trusses consist of 12 main radial ribs connected by
5 concentric rings, the multi - ringed frame dome diameter is 210 meters.

24
4.11 Braced dome

The simple pattern in the construction methods are curved members stands on a
surface of revolution includes ribbed dome or straight members with their connecting
point.

Stand on such a surface includes polygonal in form with horizontal rings consist in
welded steel also the other example is space grid dome created as two or three way
double layer or hexagonal grids with large spans.

Types of braced dome structure

Fig 4.11.1

4.12 Network dome

Including lattice intersecting ribs form a network; most common are two and three
way grids.

Grid domes have been produced not only over round but also over rectangular and
hexagonal areas.

The sport palace in Mexico city consists of 22 intersecting trussed steel arches
spanning 433 meters.

Two way frames on nearly square grid are covered with a triangular mesh of
aluminium tubes that form a hyperbolic parabolic surface, which is covered with
two layers.

Plywood and copper membrane the dome rest on vertical concrete walls and
columns outward thrust due to arches.

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 Network dome ,Sports palace, Mexico

Fig 4.12.1

4.13 Geodesic Dome

Produce extremely light skeleton structures that are very stiff and rigid, enclosing a
large area without need of internal supports.

Due to the light weight, the round shape of the dome perimeter, and the generally
uniform load distribution of geodesic dome structures, deep foundations are not
normally required.

26
Including single layer framing, double layer space trusses, and stressed skin
construction; are three way grid structures where the primary radial ribs of the upper
dome portion lie on the great circles of the sphere.

In other hand, the geodesic dome design includes metal ribs placed in a triangular or
hexagonal pattern that lie on the great circles of the sphere called geodesic lines.

Most commonly this design utilizes aluminium, such as that found in the polyhedron
caracas, in Venezuela, as shown in fig 4.13.1.

Polyhedron calacus (basket ball stadium) Venezuela

Fig 4.13.1

Fig 4.13.2 Matrimandir, Auroville

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 5. CASE STUDIES

5.1 SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE

INTRODUCTION

 The Sydney Opera house is one of Australia’s Iconic buildings and is recognized
around the world.

 It has become the global symbol of Australia.

 The Danish Architect Jorn Utzon won the architecture competition set out by the
NSW government for the new building in 1957, and the construction started in
1959.

 There are nearly 1000 rooms in the opera house, including the five main
auditorium. It is approximately 185m long and 120m wide at its widest point, the
highest point of the building is 67m above the sea level.

Fig 5.1.1

DESCRIPTION

The Sydney Opera House is a modern expressionist design, with a series of large
precast concrete “shells” , each composed of sections of sphere of 75.2 metre (246ft)
in radius,forming the roof of the structure, set on monumental podium.

Although the roof structure of the Sydney Opera House are commonly referred to as
“shells” they are in fact not shells in a strictly structural sense, but are instead precast
concrete ribs.The shells are covered in a suitable chevron pattern with glossy white
and matte cream coloured Swedish made tiles, though from a distance, the shells
appear a uniform white.

28
 Of the two larger spaces, the concrete hall is located within the western group of
shells, and the Opera Theatre within the eastern group.

 The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal height requirements,
with low entrance spaces, rising over the seating areas and up to the high stage
towers.

 The smaller venues (The Drama Theatre, The Play House, and The Studio) are
located within the podium, beneath the concrete hall.

 A smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses
the Bennelong Restaurant.

 The podium is surrounded by substantial open public spaces, of which the large
stone - paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is also regularly
used as a performance space.

 The shells of the competition entry were originally of undefined geometry, but ,
early in the design process, the “shells” were perceived as a series of parabolas
supported by precast concrete ribs.

 From 1957 to 1963, the design team went through at least 12 iterations of the
form of the shells trying to find an economically acceptable form (including
schemes with parabolas, circular ribs and ellipsoids before a workable solution
was completed.

 The design work on the shells involved one of the earliest uses of computers in
structural analysis, to understand the complex forces to which the shells would be
subjected.In mid 1961, the design team found a solution to the problem: the
shells all being created as a section from sphere.

Fig 5.1.2 Outer facade of Sydney opera house

29
5.2 CNIT ( Centre Of News Industries & Technology ) Paris

INTRODUCTION

CNIT exhibition building (Paris)

Fig 5.2.1

 The ’Centre National Industries & Techniques’, also known as CNIT, is the
longest spanning concrete shell structure standing till date.

 It has a triangular plan with each face spanning 218m.

 Another notable feature of the structure is that it is made up of double shell

in concrete.

 The most remarkable fact of this project was the how it was able to gather the
leading structural engineers of that time 1978.

 The CNIT was decided to be built to create an exhibition building to display of

French machines on an international level.

 The clients required the design to provide maximum area, for display of heavy
machinery on the ground floor and lighter machines on the upper floors.

30
 PLAN AND ELEVATION OF OTER SHELL STRUCTURE

Fig 5.2.2

 Nervi, Esquillan and other leading engineers namely Mr. B. Laffaille and Mr.
J. Prouve submitted designs for this project.

 Towards the end Nervi’s and Esquillan’s proposals were the front runners.
Subsequently, ideas with metallic solutions and cables were discarded resulting
in approval of Esquillan’s proposal.

 Now we look into the proposal that was submitted by Esquillan, to understand
how he deals with structural problems in that design.

 He decided to use a honeycomb structure and incorporated it form a double

skinned shell structure.

 This was ingenious way to counteract buckling without adding additional material
weight to the structure.

 Additionally the panels used in the roof construction, have local curvature
introduced in design to prevent local buckling as well.

 The plan from previous slide containing Esquillan’s proposal shows the varying
cross sections across the roof.

 This is done to compensate for reduced material near the supports making it
structurally sound.

31
 Plan ( CNIT )

Fig 5.2.3

Today it is one of the few iconic structures which combine structural efficiency with
beauty and validity.

32
STRUCTURE & MATERIAS

 The building stands out as the largest enclosed space, built under a concrete
deck without any support. It is one of the most striking buildings of
modern architecture, built of reinforced concrete, with an innovative double-shell
design with internal ribs.

 The triangular structure is based on three points that are 218m ( 217.93 m ) of
distance between them.

 The center of the roof rises over 46m above the ground on the inside.

 The impressive vaulted ceiling is completely free and clear of columns or beams
and raised inside spaces do not provide any structural support, offering more the
appearance of being hung from own vain.

 Glass lifts or side facades are held by sections of very thin stainless steel.

Miniature Model of CNIT CENTRE

Fig 5.2.4

33
CONSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLES

The engineer Nicolas Esquillan is inspired by the Gothic vaults with ribs to solve
the problems posed by the roof structure triangular.

VAULT

 Concrete vault consists CNIT lifting arcs, where the cover fulfills the role of both
structure.

 This structure is supported on three points or pillars located at the vertices of an

equilateral triangle with side 218m, coating.

 Its height is 50 meters and covers a volume of 900,000 m3, free of any charge or
pillar.

 The peculiarity of the roof of the CNIT is the structure that contains actually two
reinforced concrete shells with a 1.80 m space between them, as the main floor.
An advanced study of buckling proved that a structure of this type provided the
required safety.

Interior Vault & Roof

Fig 5.2.5

34
MATERIAL ( CONCRETE )

 During construction of CNIT, analyzing the strength of concrete used was

paramount.

 The resistance should be greater than the stress that occurred when you put
load.

 It was estimated that the resistance necessary for the strength of the building, its
ceiling and floor in triangular form concrete efforts should resist 430 kg/cm2 at 90
days, so that samples of each cement and concrete supply during whole
construction.

 Controls showed that the resistance of mortar and concrete increased over time,
reaching the necessary strength.

Fig 5.2.6 Interior view of concrete shedding

35
 EXTERIOR LOOK OF THE PLZA DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 1972

Fig 5.2.7

36
5.3 LOTUS TEMPLE ,DELHI

INTRODUCTION

Development of concept LOTUS TEMPLE DELHI

Fig 5.3.1

 Observing Hindu architecture, you can see that despite the external difference
between the various temples,

 They all show meaningful and sacred symbols common to all of India’s religions.

 These are symbols which have emerged in other countries and religions.

 One of these symbols is the sacred flower of the Indians: the lotus flower.

 Fariborz Sahba developed the project for the temple inspired conceptually by this
flower which symbolizes purity and cleanliness in Hindu tradition.

 This concept had to be converted into defined geometric forms, such as spheres,
cylinders, toroids and cones, which were translated into equations and later used
as a base for the structural analysis and engineering plans.

 The resulting geometry was so complex that the plans for the temple took two
and a half years to complete.

37
INTRODUCTION

 In 1976, the international governing body of the Bahá’í community, the

youngest independent religion in the world, chose the architect, Fariborz Sahba,
to design the Bahá’í House of Worship in New Delhi.

 A project on which he worked for 10 years as the architect and director of

the works.

 The Canadian architect, Arthur Erickson, described it as “one of the

most noteworthy achievements of our time, which demonstrates that the unity
and vision of the spirit can make miracles”.

 It is the principal temple of the Bahá’í faith, known as the “Lotus Temple”, “Lotus
of Bahapur” or “Temple of Bahá’í”, though its official name is the “Bahá’í House
of Worship”.

Fig 5.3.2

LOCATION

 The temple was built in the village of Bahapur, Kalkaji, in the South
of New Delhi and to the West of Connaught Place in Mandir Marg; a secluded
area of the bustling centre of India‘s capital.

38
STRUCTURE

 The building’s twenty seven structures of reinforced concrete in the shape of

petals, clad in marble, were arranged in groups of three, to create the nine
faces.The shell structure resembles the petal structure of a LOTUS.

PETALS OF THE ENTRANCE & OUTER LEAF

 The surfaces created by the shell on each side of the entrance-ways and the
outer leaves are formed by spheres of different radii, with their centers located
at different points of the interior of the building.

 There is a group of spheres for the leaves of the entrance, some of which define
the interior surfaces and others which define the exterior surfaces of the shells.

 The diameters of the spheres have been fixed to satisfy the structural
consideration of the varying thicknesses of the petals.

 For the outer leaves, another group of spheres define the interior and
exterior surfaces of the shells, but in this case the thickness of the shell is
uniform: 1.33m thick toward the lower part and 2.55m toward the upper extreme.

 The outer leaf in the entrance zone to the temple is 15.4m wide and rises
22.5m above the podium.

 The interior is 18.2m wide in the entrance area and rises 7.8m above the level
of the podium.

Fig 5.3.3

39
THE OUTER SHELL THE SURFACE WAS REINFORCED WITH CONCRETE LIKE
A PETAL SHAPE

Fig 5.3.4

40
ARCHES

 Almost the entire structural load of the temple’s interior space is supported by
nine arches which spread out around the central hall, located at angular intervals
of 40°.

 The forms of these arches are created by flat, conical and cylindrical surfaces.

 The intersection of these surfaces presents interesting contours and considerably

improves the beauty of the arches.

INTERIOR CUPOLA

 Three ribs rise from the crown of each arch.

 While the central one, that of the dome, rises radially from the central axis, the
other two (those of the base) depart from the central rib and cross over the similar
ones belonging to the adjacent arcs, forming an intricate pattern.

 Other radial ribs rise from each of these intersections and all meet in the center of
the dome.

 Until a certain height, the space between the ribs is covered with a 60mm thick
cladding.

Fig 5.3.5

41
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

The basement and the interior podium were first built. From there, to raise the arches
and shells, the structure was divided in parts, bearing in mind that when the form
work was removed, the constructed part would support itself until the next part was
complete. The structure was divided in the following way,

ARCHES

The nine arcs were built one after the other until the circle was complete. The
dismantling of the soffit of each arch was done once the adjacent arches could
provide the necessary resistance.

INNER LEAVES , RADIAL BEAMS & CENTRAL AXIS

Once all the arches were completed, the interior steel structure of panels was raised.
Three frames were mounted simultaneously and raised with two elevators to the level
of the radial beam. The process was repeated until all nine segments were in place.
The insertion of the central axis was an independent operation, after which all panels
were placed to connect to the central axis through the radial beams.

INTERIOR DOME

After fixing the interior panels, the steel cladding was modified and the folds of the
shells of the interior dome were made one after the other. For each shell, three folds,
the contour ribs first and then the rest of the assembly. The process was repeated
until all shells were completed.

ACCESS AND OUTER LEAVES

The construction of the outer leaves in the entrance and the exterior ones were
completed in tandem, along with the inner leaves and the dome. Firstly, the two
leaves of the entrance and an intermediate external one were mounted. From there,
they alternated the rest of the leaves of the adjacent entrances and the exterior ones.
As the concrete set, the form works were removed and moved to the next set of
leaves.

42
Fig 5.3.6

Section of Interior Dome

Fig 5.3.7

Fig 5.3.8 Section through entrance & Interior dome

43
MATERIALS USED

 The temple is constructed from marble, cement and sand.

 The 27 petals were clad with marble from Rajasthani Macrana, the dolomite clay
is from the mines of Alwar, near Delhi, and the white silica sand is from Jaipur.

 The structure is cement and is combined with the pre - fabricated pieces, also
cement, of the fluted petals.

 Various alternatives were considered for the steel staging of the structure,
considering that the structural steel frames with bolted joints would be best, and
taking into account the high level of precision required for the manufacture
and assembly.

 The interior surfaces of all the shells have a uniform bush-hammered surface of
exposed concrete in which the architectural pattern can be seen. In the interior
panels, this pattern is formed by intersecting vertical and radial planes.

 On the outer leaves and entrances, as in the interior dome, the patterns are
formed by the latitudes and longitudes of the spheres. All the beams of the shells
up to the level of the radial beam are white concrete.

 To avoid cracks and fissures caused by retraction, a mixture of M 30° and white
concrete was applied, keeping in mind that the content of cement must be less
than 500kg/m³ and the water content be reduced to a minimum.

 The reinforcement used in the structural framework of the white concrete shells,
as well as the connection cables, is galvanized to prevent long-term oxidation.

 To avoid the appearance of “covering blocks” for pieces which would cover the
exposed surface of the shells, the internal layer of reinforcement is kept in
position using special steel spacers supported by the exterior form work.

Fig 5.3.9

44
The complexity in the erection of the structure was because:

 The structure comes out to be double - curved surfaces.

 The closeness of the petals severly restricted workspace.

 To avoid construction joints between petals; concreting was done as a continuous

work for approximate 48 hours.

 Even the task was carried out entirely by the local labour.

 Care was taken by the structural designers to see that no rust stains occur on the
white concrete in humid conditions.

 This was achieved by galvanization of the reinforced steel in the petals.Ultimately

the thickness of the shell structure came out to be of 6 to 18cm.

EXTERIOR VIEW OF TEMPLE

Fig 5.3.10

45
INTERIOR VAULT

Fig 5.3.11

46
5.4 KRESGE AUDITORIUM

Kresge Auditorium is an auditorium building For the Massachusetts Institute of

technology, located at 48 Massachusetts avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

It was designed by the noted Architect Eero Saarinen, with ground breaking in 1953
and dedicated in 1955. The building was named for its principle funder, Sebastian
S.kresge, founder of S.S. Kresge stores.

Fig 5.4.1

The auditorium is defined by an elegant thin shell structure of reinforced concrete,one

eighth of a sphere rising to a height of 50 feet, and sliced away by sheer glass curtain
walls so that it comes to earth on only three points.

 Thin shelled concrete technology was innovative for the times. The dome weighs
only 1200 tons and is currently clad with copper.

 It was originally covered with smooth, bright, orastone which was then replaced
with lead sheeting attached with stainless steel wires.

 In 1980, crack were found in the supporting structure and the auditorium was
closed immediately for repairs.Copper replaced the lead at that time.

47
 Construction during 1950

Plan KRESGE auditorium

Fig 5.4.2

48
 6. COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

6.1 Advantages

 Like the arch, the curved shapes often used for concrete shells are naturally
strong structures, allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal
supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior.

 The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and
construction cost, as concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast into
compound curves.

 The resulting structure may be immensely strong and safe; modern monolithic
dome houses, for example, have hurricanes and fires, and are widely considered
to be strong enough to withstand even F5 tornadoes.

 Simple design.

 More strength compared with other structures.

 Economical in construction.

 Attractive and Decorative appearance.

 Very light form of construction ,to span 30m shell thickness required is 60mm.

 Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting system.

 They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span longer.

 Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.

6.2 Disadvantages

 Since concrete is a porous material, concrete domes often have issues with
sealing.

 If not treated, rain water can seep through the roof and leak into the interior of the
building.

 On the other hand, the seamless construction of concrete domes prevents air
from escaping, and can lead to buildup of condensation on the inside of the shell.

 Shingling or sealants are common solutions to the problem of exterior moisture,

and dehumidifiers or ventilation can address condensation.

49
 The shell structures are costly than part framed structure.

 The formation of centering of shell is very high.

 The cost of labour is high in shell structure.

 Shuttering problem.

 Greater accuracy in form work is required.

 Good labour and supervision necessary.

 Rise of the roof may be disadvantage.

6.3 Status of Shell structure in future

The space turns out to be interesting when designed with shell forms and technique.

Preferably public spaces, they are portrayed as an attraction to passerby in that

vicinity.

The scope for designing such structures is expected to be high for the next few
generations.

Mainly because there is a demand for a public gathering or recreational landmarks.

6.4 Sustainability

The kind of shell structure in case references seem to / will sustain for long period of
time due to material stability and design techniques.

The building will be popular even after years of construction and will serve for the
purpose it is designed unlike the other buildings.

6.5 Limitations

Shell structures basically limits to public buildings.

Shell structures cannot be expanded vertically.

50
7.0 CONCLUSION

A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other
dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to thickness.A primary
difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the unstressed
state, the shell has curvature as opposed to plate structure which is flat.

Membrane action in a shell is primarily caused by in plane forces (plane stress),

though there may be secondary forces resulting from flexural deformations.where a
flat plate acts similar to a beam with bending and shear stresses, shells are
analogous to a cable which resists loads through tensile stresses.Though the ideal
thin shell must be capable of developing both tension and compression.

The construction process of concrete shell structures appears to be the limiting factor
with respect to realization of concrete shell structure is economically attractive
manner.

There for ,a new impulse is required to keep up with digital modelling technology
used in design and engineering.From a theoretical point of view, it would make sense
to consider the way shell surfaces are generated (analytically, experimentally or
digitally) as the most effective construction method.

Inspired by this philosophy, Vacuumatics form work provide a relatively intuitive and
‘low-tech’ approach for construction efficiently shaped concrete shells, by using
principles derived from ‘nature’ as well as real-time grid shell construction, hence
saving time, labour as well as material.

Thin shell structures are light weight constructions using shell elements. These
elements are typically curved and are assembled to large structures. Typical
applications are fuselages of aeroplanes, boat hulls and roof structures in some
buildings.

51
PHASES OF DESIGNING THE SHELL ROOF

Choose shape of the roof

Elimination of unsuitable shell shapes and curvatures. Following that, the most
suited shape and form is chosen.

The shape chosen is studied using physical model and analysis methods.

Determine size of the roof

The rise and sagitta of the roof is calculated, using formulated sections and plans
of spectator seating levels.

Propose initial thickness

A range of thickness is calculated using which a designer can work initially.

This range is based on calculations depending on failure mode, membrane

theory and shell under apex load theory.

Formulate initial design

A simple and ribbed version of the initial shell design is chosen for initial design.

Calculate pre-modelling details

All loads, applicable to our structure, are calculated.

Load combinations and material details, to be used as input for modelling, are
also formulated.

Finalize the Initial design

Critical bulking load factors are obtained for the simple and ribbed dome. This is
done using SCIA software.

Thickness of the roof is decided and the initial design of the roof is finalized.

Study Structural behaviour

A nonlinear analysis is performed to study the realistic behaviour of the roof. This
is done using a combination of Rhinoceros, FX+ and DIANA software.

Final Design

If the structural behaviour of the designed roof is satisfactory then the final
design is proposed.

52
Redesigning the roof of M A Chidambaram Stadium Chennai

A Thin concrete shell structure has been designed , for a cricket stadium for a 20,000
spectator capacity. This is my overlying conclusion of this dissertation.

The roof is required to cover an arena, which can house 20,000 spectator at one
time.

To ensure that the design roof is able to do that, its dimensions were calculated in
accordance to the capacity.

This required a site line analysis, to help with the formulation of seating levels,to be
used in the capacity analysis. Subsequently it was concluded that the final capacity
requirements are met.

The main objective was to create a functioning concrete roof structure, which was
expected to maintain a fine balance between aesthetic, functional and constructional
efficiency. Attempts have been made throughout the dissertation, to create such a
shell structure by taking these factors into account

 The spherical dome has captured the imagination of generations of builders

proving the timeless beauty of the simplest of shapes. The dome is elegantly
combined with rest of the arena to provide a better visual representation of the
roof. This is an attempt to enhance the aesthetic efficiency of the roof system.
Although, it should be pointed out that the fulfillment of the objective is subject to
the reader.

 Structural efficiency of the final design can be verified using the results of the
nonlinear analysis and the stresses calculated there after.The realistic behaviour
of the shell, based on the non linearity settings, remains close to the linear
analysis results, within the design values. This implies that the non linear effects
are almost negligible under expected serviceability and ultimate limit state
conditions, indicating a well designed shell structure.

 During the design process, it is decided to construct the using the prefabricated
curved shell panels. To incorporate this into the design process, the shell is
provided with ribs and stiffeners. Panels which can easily connected to each
other, are chosen for making up the roof. These panels, which can be easily
hauled into place, eliminating the requirement of complex curved form work, for
in-situ shell surface creation. This efficient form of construction enables us to
achieve the third and final objective of this dissertation.

53
Based on the factor discussing above, it can be concluded that the designed roof is
aesthetically pleasing, structurally efficient and easy to construct. This is the
underlying conclusion of my dissertation.

8.0 Reference

1) P.Hoogenboom, “Lectures on CIE4143 Shell Analysis, Theory and Application”.

2) J. Blaauwendraad and J.H.Hoefakker, Structural Shell Analysis, vol. 200 of Solid

Mechanics and Its Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014.

3) E. Ramm and G. Mehlhorn, “On shape finding methods and ultimate load
analysis of reinforced concrete shells, “Engineering Structures, vol. 13, no 2.

4) E. Ramm, Ultimate Load and Stability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shells.

5) L. Samuelson and S. Eggwertz, Shell Stability Handbook. 1992.

6) R. Motro and B. Maurin, “Bernard Laffaille, Nicolas Esquillan, Two French

Pioneers,” 1968.

7) A. L. HuxTable, Pier Luigi Nervi. G. Braziller, 1960.

8) R. N. Maten, “Ultra High Performance Concrete in Large Span Shell Structures,

“tech. rep., 2011.

54
------------------------------------------------------- SHELL STRUCTURE IN ARCHITECTURE

55