LESSON 5: WAYS OF THINKING IN
CRITICAL READING
CRITICAL READING
 on analysis that involves a deeper
examination of the claims as well as
the supporting points and other
counter arguments
 means engaging in what you read by
asking yourself questions such as:
 What is the author trying to
say?
 To exercise your judgment
about what you read.
Critical Reading should reflect on:
1) What the text says
 take notes, key points,
paraphrase
2) What the text describes
 be confident that you
understand the text.
3) Interpretation of the text
 analyze the text and state the
meaning of it
FACT
 proven statement, something that
happens with evidences
OPINION
 what someone thinks about
something
Explicit and Implicit Claims in a
Paragraph
CLAIM
 a statement that is not considered
accepted by all. It is usually related
to one side of the issue. Also called
as position. A claim is argumentative
and specific.
Types of Claims:
1) FACT CLAIM
 the argument form the fact given
 [arising argument]
 [subjective]
 [taking one side of the argument]
 [argumentative / debatable /
verifiable]
2) VALUE CLAIM
 claim as measured
subjectively based on the
experience and value of
something
 [subjective, standard]
 [supports the Fact Claim]
3) POLICY CLAIM
 implementation of policies
due to arising problem.
 [solution / action]
 [use "should", "ought to", or
"must"]
Example:
EX#1:
FACT
 Smoking cigarette and marijuana are
harmful to one's health.
FACT CLAIM
 Smoking marijuana is less harmful to
one's health than smoking cigarette.
VALUE CLAIM
 Smoking marijuana helps oneself to
relax and relieve stress.
POLICY CLAIM
 Government must provide
advertisement on how using
marijuana can be helpful to one's
health.
  the agreed-on standards by which we
base claims.
EX#2:
Things to Remember in Determining the
FACT
Criteria:
 Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are 1. Ensure the relationship to the claim.
the active online sites in this [Supporting details, relationship of
generation. evidences]
FACT CLAIM 2. Established substantive criteria.
[relevant / real / substantial]
 Generally, Facebook received most 3. Avoid the bandwagon mentality.
visits than Twitter and Instagram. [popularity as evidence]
4. Check out information.
VALUE CLAIM
Guidelines of Cleaning Information:
 Facebook is better than Twitter and
Instagram. a) Beliefs, Histories, Definition
b) Dictionaries, Website and other
POLICY CLAIM sources
 Facebook must be doing well Context of Text Development
considering the visitors it receives
every day. INTERTEXT

 refers to the shaping of the text

meaning by referencing or calling to
EX#3: mind other texts as it aims to add
FACT meaning to the current text
 the readers understand the piece
 Doing physical activities and proper through plot, characters, and etc.
diet help our body to be physically with the help of prior knowledge,
fit and strong. experience, and research.
 [Ex: parody, quotation, cover]
FACT CLAIM
Types of Intertextuality:
 Physical activities are commonly
used by everyone in exercising. 1) OBLIGATORY
 writers involve a comparison
VALUE CLAIM
or association between two or
 Physical activities are more more texts.
beneficial to practice.  [obligation]
 [must or should compare
POLICY CLAIM original text to another one]
2) OPTIONAL
 We must do physical activities every
 it means it is possible to find
day.
connections to multiple text
of a single phrase, or no
connection at all.
Establishing a Criteria for a Claim  [different in executions but
still has the same theme /
CRITERIA
idea]

3) ACCIDENTAL
 readers connect a text with
another text, cultural practice
or a personal experience.
 [compare your cultural
practice / experiences]
HYPERTEXT
 characterized by external links
embedded by the writer as it enables
the reader to arrive at the intended
interpretation of the author.
 [hyperlink]
 [navigation]
Online Medium – links
Print Media - foot note and
commentaries
LESSON 6: CRITICAL READING AS
REASONING
REASONING
 is an act of giving statements for
justification and explanation. It is the
ability of someone to defend
something by giving out reason.
(Merriam-Webster)
 [own opinion]
 [without evidence]
FORMULATING EVALUATIVE
STATEMENTS
EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS
 it is a way of giving a better
explanation to show the strengths
and the weaknesses of something
through writing.
 it represents a value judgment based
on a set criteria.
 it is used in giving a sound judgment
that can be backed up or supported
by a valid reason or proof.
 it is the writer's way of explaining
why a strength is a strength and a
weakness is a weakness based on the
evidences gathered.
 [value judgment]
 [evidences / proofs]
 [Assertion & Counterclaim]
HOW TO FORMULATE AN
EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
1) Formulating Assertion About the
Context and the Properties of a Text
Read
 Examine which ideas are
facts or opinions make
influences or conclusions and
assess the overall quantity of
the text. These assertions
usually contain evaluative
languages.
ASSERTION
 statement used to make
declaration or to express
strong feelings on a particular
subject / topic
 fact opinion, inferences /
conclusion
 evaluative languages such as
"important", "useful",
"insightful", "up-to-date",
"practical", etc.
ASSERTION Example Sentence:
 It is USEFUL to do a testing /
experiment first to know if
marijuana can be used as
medicine
2) Formulating a Meaningful
Counterclaim in Response to a Claim
Made in the Text Read
COUNTERCLAIM
 is the opposition you made
about the claim of a writer.
Recognize the value of
hedges when you state your
counterclaims.
  Criticism
 opposition / against the claim
HEGDGE
 is a word or phrase that minimize
negative impact of a criticism.
 is used to give a courteous tone in
your writing
HEDGES COULD CAME IN
DIFFERENT FORMS SUCH AS:
 Modals
 Ex: might/may,
shall/should, will/would,
can/could, etc
 Frequency of Adverbs
 Ex: often, usually,
frequently, generally,
sometimes, etc.
 Probability of Adverbs
 Ex: presumably,
probably, possibly,
eventually, etc.
COUNTERCLAIM Example Sentence:
S1: I love Mathematics!
S2: But your grades in the subject itself
DOESN'T reflect to what you are saying.
With HEDGE:
Modals
 But your grades in the subject itself
MIGHT not reflect to what you are
saying.
Frequency of Adverbs
 SOMETIMES grades in the subject
itself MIGHT not reflect to what
you are saying.
Probability of Adverbs
 You do love the subject but
EVENTUALLY your grades in the
subject will not reflect on what you
are saying.
Lesson 7: ACADEMIC
WRITING
A. Application Letter
 a letter written to seek for a
job
 should be persuasive
 typical examples of sales
letter since, you are selling
your services or your
qualification to the employer.
Suggested Outline for Application
Letter
 First Paragraph
 mention the sources of
information that there's a
vacancy and position applied
for.
 Second Paragraph
 cite the qualification
[Personal and Education]
 Third Paragraph
 mention the experience
[Personal]
 Fourth Paragraph
 mention the reference/s
[name, job title, phone
number]
REFERENCE
 a person the company can
call to verify the information
included in application letter
and resume
 Fifth Paragraph
- express the willingness to be hired
- [always be humble]
- [show willingness to be accepted
to work]
Tips for Writing a Good Application
Letter
1. Do not be too modest
[confident].
2. Do not be boastful. [Avoid
too much pride]
 3. Do not sound superior. [Do Recipient's Address
not think / act better]
[2 spaces]
4. State honestly the
achievement that may fit you Salutation (Dearest/Dear Madam/Sir,)
for the job. [Be honest]
5. Think first of the viewpoint [single space]
of your prospective
Body (Greetings, Introduction, Body,
employer. [Put yourself on Conclusion)
the shoes of the employer]
6. Try to make your letter {2-3 paragraphs}
stand-out favorably from
[2 spaces]
others. [unique, simple,
correct usage of grammar, Closing
and be true to yourself]
[2 spaces]
2 Types of Formal Letter
Signature
FULL BLOCK
Margin
Date
 1.5 inches (left), 1 inch (the rest)
[4 spaces] [both types]

Recipient's Name Differences:

Recipient's Address  FULL BLOCK has an

ALIGNMENT.
[2 spaces]
 SEMI BLOCK STYLE has
Salutation (Dearest/Dear Madam/Sir,) INDENTION under the body.

[single space] EX:

Body (Greetings, Introduction, Body, Application Letter

Conclusion)
(Full Block Style)
{2-3 paragraphs}

[2 spaces]
May 10, 2019
Closing
<4 spaces>
[2 spaces]
Ms. Diana A. Laxamana
Signature
Philippine Christian University
SEMI BLOCK STYLE
Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City
Date
Cavite 4114
[4 spaces]

Recipient's Name
 <2 spaces> [Signature]

Dear Madam, Jenny M. Lizano

<Single space> B. Resume

Good day!  a structured written summary of a

person's educational background,
Your advertisement for a SHS teacher personal information, skills, and
appearing last May 5 in the Section C of work experiences.
Manila Bulletin caught my attention because
my education ajd skills are parallel to your Resumé Content
needs.
 Contact Information / Heading
<2 spaces> [Required Information]
 [Name, Address, Contact
I already had mastered interpersonal and Number, E-mail Address]
communicating skills that will help my  Objective Statement [Required
future students in your known university. I Information]
graduated Bachelor of Secondary Education,  [minimum of 3, maximum of
Major in English last 2016 at Cavite State
5]
University - Silang Campus.
 [aim & goal]
<2 spaces>
 Education [Required Information]
I mastered my interpersonal and  [Present - Least]
communicating skills as a Sales Associate 1  [Degree - Name of School -
at Convergys in Filinvest Alabang, Address - Year]
Muntinlupa, Manila for two (2) consecutive
 Work Experience [Required
years, that I know would be a great factor to
help my students if I will be part of your Information]
known university.  [Job Title - Company Name -
Company Address - Year]
<2 spaces>  Relevant Skills
 [highlighting different skills]
I'll be more than happy to answer all your  Personal Data [Required
questions. You may also call Ms. Diana A.
Information]
Forbes, H.R. Manager in Convergys, you
may call her 09051234567.  [Age - Birthdate - Gender -
Status - Religion]
<2 spaces>  Interest/s [Optional Information]
 [other skills or hobbies]
I know that anyone wants to be pary of your  References
big university. I' be grateful if you will give  [Last page]
me a chance. I may not be the best right now
 [Separated from other
but if you will give me a chance, I'll make
sure I will meet all your expectations. information]
 [minimum of 3 persons,
<2 spaces> maximum of 5 persons that
are not related with you]
Thank you for giving me this opportunity.
Please consider my application. I'll be
waiting for your call.
EX:
<2 spaces>
Resumé
Sincerely,
 Ms. Jenny M. Lizano Mastery of Fundamentals in English
123 A Pooc II, Silang, Cavite Multilingual: English, Filipino, and
09061234567 Korean
jennylizano@yahoo.com <2 Spaces>
<4 Spaces> V. Personal Data
I. Objectives - 28
1. Build professional harmonious - February 30, 1980
relationship with colleagues, - Female
staffs, and students. - Single
- Iglesia ni Cristo
2. Help students improve their
interpersonal and communicating <2 Spaces>
skills. VI. Interests
3. Instill not only knowledge, but it Basketball player
also develop students'/rapport and Singing
camaraderie. Dancing
<2 Spaces> <2 Spaces>
II. Educational Background VII. References
Bachelor of Secondary Education, Major Ms. Bernadette A. Wright
in English H.R. Manager
Cavite State University - Silang Campus Convergys Alabang
Silang, Cavite 09071234567
2013 – 2016 < 3 spaces>
I hereby certify that all information in this
Senior High School – Grade 11 & 12 resume is true and valid.
Philippine Christian University <2 spaces>
Dasmariñas City, Cavite {Signature}
Jenny M. Lizano
2018 – 2020 Applicant

Junior High School – Grade 7 to 10

Philippine Christian University
Dasmariñas City, Cavite
2014 – 2018

Elementary – Grade 1 to 6
Philippine Christian University
Dasmariñas City, Cavite
2008 – 2014
<2 Spaces>
III. Working Experience
Sales Associate 1
Convergys
iHub Filinvest City, Alabang Muntinlupa,
Manila
2016 - 2018
<2 Spaces>
IV. Relevant Skills
Proficiency of computer databases and
spreadsheets