Vignan’s Engineering College

Vadlamudi , Guntur , Andhra Pradesh-522213

CERTIFICATE

MINI PROJECT WORK

“TIMER BASED POWER SAVER”

This is to certify that this is a bonafide work of the Mini-project
Done during the year 2010-2011 in partial fulfillment for the award of
B.tech degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

M.RAGHAVENDRA 07931A0226

S.PANKAJ DHEER 07391A0252

S.SAI PRABHUJA 07391A0249

N.SIVA NAIK 07391A0237

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. P.V.S.SOBHAN
Associate Professor

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
VIGNAN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Vadlamudi , Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522213

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is a bonafide work of the mini

project work entitled
“TIMER BASED POWER SAVER”

SUBMITTED BY

M.RAGHAVENDRA 07931A0226

S.PANKAJ DHEER 07391A0252

S.SAI PRABHUJA 07391A0249

N.SIVA NAIK 07391A0237

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of
Bachelor of technology in Electrical & Electronics engineering of
Jawaharlal Nehru technological University .This work was carried
out
Under my guidance

Project Guide Head of Department

Mr. P.V.S.SOBHAN Dr. G.R.K MURTHY

Associate Professor, E.E.E Dept. Professor, E.E.E Dept.

Vignan’s Engineering College Vignan’s Engineering College

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In order to put this mini project together many people apart from their
regular schedule spared their valuable time to help us. We feel it is our responsibility to
acknowledge their help & valuable guidance.

We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mr. P.V.S .SOBHAN, for
his pragmatic guidance & constant encouragement in motivating us to successfully complete this
project. We thank Dr. G. RADHA KRISHNA MURHTY Head of Department for Electrical
& Electronics Engineering, for providing us lab facilities. We thank all our teaching & non-
teaching staff for their support.

We would like to thank everybody who has directly or indirectly involved

in the success of our project. Last but not least we thank Almighty & our Parents for their
constant support & encouragement.
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

1. INTRODUCTION 2-4

1.1 The Power Network 2

1.2 Losses in Transmission Line 3

2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS COMPONENTS 5-21

2.1 Circuit Diagram 5

2.2 Components of circuit 6

2.2.1 Transistors 6

2.2.2 Diodes 7

2.2.3 Electro Magnetic Relay 9

2.2.4 Piezo Electric Buzzer 12

2.2.5 Push to ON Switch 12

2.2.6 Load 13

2.2.7 Capacitors
13

2.2.8 Resistors 14

2.2.9 Transformer 15

2.2.10 Diode Bridge Rectifier 16

2.2.11 Description of IC’s 17

3. WORKING & FABRICATION 22

3.1 General techniques for circuit fabrication 23

4. PREPOSED MODEL 24-25

5. APPLICATIONS 26

CONCLUSION 27

REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

The demand for electrical energy is ever increasing. According to recent survey, over
21% (theft apart!!) of the total electrical energy generated in India is lost in transmission (4-6%)
and distribution (15-18%). The electrical power deficit in the country is currently about 18%.
Clearly, reduction in distribution losses can reduce this deficit significantly. It is possible to bring
down the distribution losses to a 6-8 % level in India with the help of newer technological
options (including information technology) in the electrical power distribution sector which will
enable better monitoring and control.

A solution to avoid the unnecessary use of power is a proposed power saver circuit. The
proposed circuit (power saver circuit) encourages users not to waste electricity by setting a
predetermined time to disconnect the power supply.

The Power Saver has a spring operated knob used to mechanically unwind and
disconnect the electric power supply to the connected devices. The spring-operated knob has
timed interval markings to accommodate the pre-set length of time.

It has one or more plug-in connections to connect other devices A Light Emitting Diode
indicates to the user when there is flow of electricity to the appliance or device.
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Power network

Electric power is normally generated at 11-25kV in a power station. To transmit over

long distances, it is then stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV or 132kV as necessary. Power is carried
through a transmission network of high voltage lines. Usually, these lines run into hundreds of
kilometers and deliver the power into a common power pool called the grid. The grid is
connected to load centers (cities) through a sub-transmission network of normally 33kV (or
sometimes 66kV) lines. These lines terminate into a 33kV (or 66kV) substation, where the
voltage is stepped-down to 11kV for power distribution to load points through a distribution
network of lines at 11kV and lower.

The power network, which generally concerns the common man, is the distribution
network of 11kV lines or feeders downstream of the 33kV substation. Each 11kV feeder which
emanates from the 33kV substation branches further into several subsidiary 11kV feeders to
carry power close to the load points (localities, industrial areas, villages, etc.,). At these load
points, a transformer further reduces the voltage from 11kV to 415V to provide the last-mile
connection through 415V feeders (also called as Low Tension (LT) feeders) to individual
customers, either at 240V (as single-phase supply) or at 415V (as three-phase supply). A feeder
could be either an overhead line or an underground cable. In urban areas, owing to the density of
customers, the length of an 11kV feeder is generally up to 3 km. On the other hand, in rural
areas, the feeder length is much larger (up to 20 km). A 415V feeder should normally be
restricted to about 0.5-1.0 km. unduly long feeder’s lead to low voltage at the consumer end.

Some of standard definitions related to the proposal work.

Demand factor: The ratio of maximum demand to connected load of consumer is called demand
factor.
Utilization Factor: The ratio of maximum demand of a system or part of a system to the rated
capacity of a system or part of the system is called utilization factor.

Generally demand factor and utilization factor indicates the power demand in a particular area
and how much of available power is getting used efficiently without any waste or unnecessary
usage.

Domestic load: This category consists of lights, fans and domestic appliances such as heaters,
refrigerators, air conditioners, mixers and small motors for pumping etc……
Demand factor for domestic load is over a range of 70-100 percent and load factor 10-15 percent

Commercial loads: Lightning for shops and advertisement, fans and other electrical appliances
are used in commercial establishments. Mainly in this case unnecessary use of electrical
appliances will be more and power wasted is also more.

Industrial: This includes many types such as cottage, small scale, medium, large scale and heavy
industries. These industries more or less require continuous supply of power and all electrical
appliances will be in working. Proper measures must be taken to reduce the unnecessary usage.

Still other loads like agricultural, municipal etc are present which do not have that much impact
over power wastage.

1.2 Losses in the Power network

The transmission losses line losses that occur in all lines are of three types - COPPER,
DIELECTRIC, and RADIATION or INDUCTION LOSSES.

Copper losses can be minimized and conductivity increased in and fro line by plating the
line with silver. Since silver is a better conductor than copper, most of the current will flow
through the silver layer. The tubing then serves primarily as a mechanical support.

Dielectric losses result from the heating effect on the dielectric material between the
conductors. Power from the source is used in heating the dielectric. The heat produced is
dissipated into the surrounding medium. When there is no potential difference between two
conductors, the atoms in the dielectric material between them are normal and the orbits of the
electrons are circular. When there is a potential difference between two conductors, the orbits of
the electrons change. The excessive negative charge on one conductor repels electrons on the
dielectric toward the positive conductor and thus distorts the orbits of the electrons. A change in
the path of electrons requires more energy, introducing a power loss.
Induction losses occur when the electromagnetic field about a conductor cuts through any
nearby metallic object and a current is induced in that object. As a result, power is dissipated in
the object and is lost.
Radiation losses occur because some magnetic lines of force about a conductor do not
return to the conductor when the cycle alternates. These lines of force are projected into space as
radiation and these results in power losses. That is, power is supplied by the source, but is not
available to the load.
2.2 Components in the Circuit
2.2.1 Transistors
Bipolar junction transistors are formed from two p-n junctions, in
Either n-p-n (or) p-n-p configuration
The middle or base region between the junctions is typically very narrow. The other regions and their
associated terminals are known
As the emitter and the collector .A small current injected through the junction between the base and the
emitter changes the properties of the base-collector junction so that it can conduct current though it is
reverse biased. This creates a much larger current between the collector and emitter controlled by the
base-emitter current.

Function of transistor

Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current
from a logic circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the
transistor is being used to amplify voltage.
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current or fully off with no
current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).

Types of transistors

There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP with different circuit symbols. The
letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used
today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. The leads are labeled base (B),
collector (C), & emitter (E). These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not
much helpful in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels!
Characteristics

2.2.2 Diodes
Diodes always require proper orientation. The banded end is the cathode. If the cathode end is
more negative than the anode, then the diode will conduct. Zener or reference diodes will also conduct in
the reverse direction when their rated voltage is reached. This is an easy way to create a fixed voltage, but
be sure to consider the power ratings. It is easy to inadvertently dump large amounts of power into a
Zener diode, destroying it, if you do not carefully consider your design.

Representation

1n4001 rated at 1A 1n4148 rated at 100mA

1n4001 Diode

A diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of
interest may flow and most are used for their unidirectional current flow property. The vertical diode is
used as an electrically adjustable capacitor. The directionality of current flow that most diodes exhibit is
sometimes generically called the rectifying property in one direction (called the forward biased
conduction) and to block the current in the opposite direction (the reverse biased). Thus the diodes can be
thought of as an electronic version of check value.

Features

● Low forward voltage drop

● High surge current capability

Diode characteristics
1N 4148 Zener diode

Zener diode is a P-N junction diode specially designed to operate in the reverse biased mode. It is
acting as normal diode while forward biasing. In reverse biased mode this diode has a particular voltage
known as Breakdown voltage, at which the diode break downs. In case of normal diodes they damage at
the breakdown voltage.

The basic principle of Zener diode is the Zener Breakdown. When diode is heavily doped, its
depletion region will be narrow. When a high reverse voltage is applied across the junction, there will be
very strong electric field at the junction & the electron hole pair generation takes place. Thus heavy
current flows through the diode this is known as Zener Breakdown.

Characteristics

2.2.3 Electro-magnetic Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from
one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays found extensive use in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to
directly drive an electric motor is called a contact. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protection relays".

Actual Relay design

Current flows through the control coil, which is wrapped around an iron core. The iron core intensifies the
magnetic field. The magnetic field attracts the upper contact arm and pulls it down, closing the contacts
and allowing power from the power source to go to the load.

Relay Variations

Other relay variations include three and five pin relays. A 3-PIN relay instead of two B+ input
sources, this relay has one B+ input at pin 1. Current splits inside the relay, supplying power to both the
control and load circuits. A 5-PIN relay has a single control circuit, but two separate current paths for the
switch: One when the relay is de-energized (OFF - no current through the control coil) and the other the
energized (ON - current is flowing through the control coil). When the 5-PIN relay is de-energized (OFF),
pins 4 and 5 have continuity. When the relay is energized (ON), pins 3 and 5 have continuity.
Relay operation

All relays operate using the same basic principle. Our example will use a
commonly used 4 - pin relay. Relays have two circuits: A control circuit (shown in
GREEN) and a load circuit (shown in RED). The control circuit has a small control
coil while the load circuit has a switch. The coil controls the operation of the
switch.

Relay energised (on)

Current flowing through the control circuit coil (pins 1

and 3) creates a small magnetic field which causes the switch
to close, pins 2 and 4. The switch, which is part of the load
circuit, is used to control an electrical circuit that may connect
to it. Current now flows through pins 2 and 4 shown in RED, when the relay is energized.

Relay energized (off)

When current stops flowing through the control circuit, pins 1 and 3, the
relay becomes de-energized. Without the magnetic field, the switch opens and
current is prevented from flowing through pins 2 and 4. The relay is now OFF.

Relay in operation

When no voltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current flow through the coil. No current means no
magnetic field is developed, and the switch is open. When voltage is supplied to pin 1, current flow
though the coil creates the magnetic field needed to close the switch allowing continuity between pins 2
and 4.
2.2.4 Piezo electric buzzer

The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and the conversion of returned
mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy is the basis for ultrasonic testing. The active element is
the heart of the transducer as it converts the electrical energy to acoustic energy, and vice versa. The
active element is basically a piece of polarized material (i.e. some parts of the molecule are positively
charged, while other parts of the molecule are negatively charged) with electrodes attached to two of its
opposite faces. When an electric field is applied across the material, the polarized molecules will align
themselves with the electric field, resulting in induced dipoles within the molecular or crystal structure of
the material. This alignment of molecules will cause the material to change dimensions. This
phenomenon is known as electrostriction. In addition, a permanently-polarized material such as quartz
(SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) will produce an electric field when the material changes dimensions
as a result of an imposed mechanical force. This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect.

2.2.5 Push-to-On switch

A high speed current switch logic circuit push pull switches wherein a first and a second
transistor are operated in a current switching mode and wherein a third and a fourth transistor are
provided whereby the current switching operation of the first and second transistor causes current
switching operation of the third and fourth transistors and push pull switches of power to a load.

RT-567 Push to ON (PCB-2 type)

RT-568 Push to ON-OFF (PCB -2 type)
Knob Square Type

2.2.6 Load
Bulb: 60W, 230v

AC Fan:
220-240v, 50/60 Hz, 0.125A

2.2.7 Capacitors
Symbol:

Un-polarized. Polarized.
 A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a potential difference exists across the conductors, an electric field is
present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates.
The effect is greatest between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductor.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in

farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors
and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit
resulting in a breakdown voltage.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smoothen the output of power supplies and for
many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency to select frequencies tfrom a
signal with many frequency units of capacitance.

2.2.8 Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that
is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm’s law.

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, tolerance, maximum working voltage
and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise & inductance. Less
well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted
current flow & above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions determined by its design.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid & printed

circuits as well as integrated circuit, Size & position of leads are
relevant to equipment designers: resistors must be physically
large enough to overheat when dissipating their power.
The unit is “Ohm” Resistors used in our project are

10 kilo ohms 4.7 kilo ohms

Variable Resistor 22 kilo ohm

2.2.9 Step-
Down

Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors, the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
"voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction
 If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and
electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an
ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary
voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns
in the primary (NP) as follows

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC)
voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than NP.
In the vast majority of transformers, the coils are wound around a Ferro -magnetic core, air-core
transformers being a notable exception.

Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside
a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national
power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains")
voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage power
transmission, which makes long distance transmission
economically practical.

2.2.10 DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

For +ve half- cycle for –ve half-cycle

Bridge rectifier is an electronic component which

converts an input AC current into a DC current as an output. Electronic devices
and particularly portable electronic devices such as portable computers, cellular
phones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) typically make use of alternating
current to direct current adapters (AC adapters) either as a direct source of
power, or as a source of power to charge on-board batteries. Bridge rectifiers are used to rectify current
output from alternative current sources, such as an alternating current generator. Three-phase bridge
rectifiers have been provided for rectifying a three-phase alternating current to convert it to a
corresponding direct current. The rectifiers generally comprise a three-phase rectifier circuit including six
three-phase bridge-connected diodes and a smoothing capacitor connected between DC output terminals
of the rectifier circuit. The six pulse bridge phase controlled rectifier is a widely used type of solid state
power converter which is used in industry for converting a three phase ac input voltage to a variable dc
voltage. The six pulse bridge phase controlled rectifier uses six thyristors as controllable power devices.
Bridge rectifiers for motor vehicle alternators generally include two metal parts used as heat sinks that are
electrically insulated
from each other.

2.2.11
Description of
IC’S

Schmitt trigger NAND gate IC CD4093

CD4093 consists of four Schmitt trigger circuits. Each circuit functions as a two-input NAND gate with
Schmitt Trigger action on both inputs. The gate switches at different points for positive & negative going
signals. The difference between the positive voltage (Vp) & the negative voltage (Vn) is defined as
hysteresis voltage (Vh).
The CD4093 types are specified in 14-Lead hermetic dual-in-line ceramic packages, 14 lead dual-in-line
plastic packages, 14 lead small outline packages & 14 lead thin shrink
small-outline packages.

Features:

(Package type PDIP)

● Hysteresis voltage typically 0.9v at Vdd =5v and 2.3v at Vdd = 10v
● Noise immunity greater than 50%
● No limit on input raise & fall times
● Standardized symmetrical output characteristics
● 100% tested for quiescent current at 20v
● Maximum input current of 1uA at 18v over full package-temperature range, 100nA at 18v and 25’c
● 5v, 10v, 15v parametric ratings
● meets all requirements of JEDEC standard no. 13B, “Standard specifications for Description of ‘B’
series CMOS devices”

Functional Diagram

Logic Diagram
For maximum reliability, nominal
operating conditions should be selected so that
the operation is always within the following
ranges.

Characteristic Minimum Maximum Units

Supply voltage range
(Ta = Full package 3 18 V
temperature range)

Input & Output characteristics:

Maximum Ratings, Absolute-Maximum values:

● DC supply-voltage range (Vdd) Voltages referenced to Vss terminal ……… -0.5 to +20v
● Input voltage range, all input………………………………………….... -0.5 to Vdd +0.5v
● DC input current, any one input ………………………………………………………. +/- 10mA
● Package thermal Impedance
E package …………………………..80’C/W
M package …………………………..86’C/W
NS package ………………………....76’C/W
● Device dissipation per output transistor
For Ta = Full package temperature range (all package types) =
…………...........100 Mw
Operating temperature range (Ta) ……………………………………………… -55’C to +125’C
Storage temperature range (Tstg) ………………………………………………. -65’c to +150’C
Lead temperature (during soldering)
At distance 1/6 +- 1/32 inch (1.59 +- 0.79mm) from case for 10s max………. +265’C

Applications:

● Wave & Pulse shapers

● High-noise-environment systems
● Monostable multivibrators
● Astable multivibrators
● NAND logic

Timer IC CD4020:

(CMOS ripple-carry Binary counter/dividers)

High voltage types (20v rating)

CD 4020B-14 stage
CD 4024B-7 stage
CD 4040B-12 stage

● CD 4020B, CD 4024B & CD 4040B are ripple-carry binary counters. All counter stages are master-
slave flip-flops. The state of a counter advances one count on the negative transition of each input pulse; a
high level on the RESET line resets the counter to its all zeros state. Schmitt trigger action on the input-
pulse line permits unlimited rise and fall times. All inputs and outputs are buffered.

The CD 4020B and CD 4040B types are supplied in 16-lead hermetic dual-in-line ceramic packages, 16-
lead dual-in-line plastic packages, 16-lead small outline packages.

Pin diagram:

Features:

● Medium-speed operation
● fully static operation
● Buffered inputs & outputs
● 100% tested for quiescent current at 20v
● Standardized, symmetrical output characteristics
● Common Reset
● 5v, 10v, 15v parametric ranges
● Maximum input current of 1uA at 18V over full
package-temperature range
100nA at 18v and 25’C
● Noise margin (over full package temperature range):
 1v at Vdd = 5v
2v at Vdd = 10v
2.5v at Vdd = 15v
● Meets all requirements of JEDEC tentative standard number 13B, “Standard specifications for
description of ‘B’ series CMOS devices”

WORKING & FABRICATION

The circuit is built using Schmitt- trigger NAND gate IC CD4093 (IC1), timer IC CD4020
(IC2), transistors BC547, relay RL1 and buzzer.
The Schmitt-trigger NAND gate (IC1) is configured as an Astable multi-vibrator to generate
clock for the timer (IC2).The time period can be calculated as T=1.38×R×C. If R=R1+VR1=15 kilo-
ohms and C=C2=10 µF, you’ll get ‘T’ as 0.21 seconds, Timer IC CD4020 (IC2) is a 14-stage ripple
counter.
Around half an hour after the reset of IC1, transistors T1, T2 and T3 drive the buzzer to
sound an intermediate beep. If IC2 is not reset through S1 at that time, around one minute later the
output of gate N4 goes high and transistor T4 conducts. As the output of gate N4 is connected to the
clock input (pin 10) of IC2 through diode D3, further counting stops and relay RL1 energizes to
deactivate all the appliances. This state changes only when IC1 is reset by pressing switch S1.
The circuit is assembled on a general- purpose PCB and encloses it in a suit- able cabinet.
The switch S1 and the buzzer on the front panel and the relay at the back side of the box. The 12V
battery is used in cabinet for powering the circuit. In place of the battery a 12V DC adaptor can be used.

3.1. General techniques for circuit fabrication

There are number of different techniques that can be used to construct electronic circuits.

1. Solder less Proto board construction

2. Perf-board construction

3. Printed circuit boards

The proposed circuit is designed using the perf board construction technique.

Perf-board construction:

Perf-boards are available with many different hole patterns. A board suitable
for the given circuit is selected. The components are located on the board to get a satisfactory layout.
Perf-board construction is easy and changes can be made easily. The construction is also faster.

Soldering:

The best solder for electronic work is 60/40 rosin-core solder. It is made of 60% tin and 40%
lead. This mixture melts at a lower temperature than either lead or tin alone. The rosin keeps the joint
clean and free from oxide formation on the joint surface. Soldering irons of 25watts are used for the
delicate work. 100-300watt soldering irons are used for larger works. A temperature controlled soldering
station may be used. Care should be taken to see that heat is not applied too long to avoid damage of the
components. A well soldered joint is obtained when

1. Soldered with a clean, well tinned tip.

2. Wires or parts to be soldered are cleaned with sand and paper

 3. Make good mechanical joint before soldering

4. Allowing the joint to get hot enough before applying solder.

PROPOSED MODEL

4.1. HARDWARE
 4.2.
CIRCUUIT
WITH ALL

COMPONENTS 4.3. HEART OF THE PROJECT

4.4. PRESSING BUZZER TO RESET THE TIMER

4.5MANUALLY SHORTING TRANSFORMER 4.6. FINAL CIRCUIT

APPLICATIONS
The main aim of the circuit is to save the wastage of power. In day to day life, we come across many
situations where wastage of power is a common thing like in Street lights, organizations like hostels etc.
So, by using our proposal circuit we can minimize the wastage of power to some
possible extent. Some of the applications are…

5.1. Street lighting systems

The basic problem with street lights is, after a particular time during nights the traffic on roads will be
very less. During that odd time, lights will be in on state.
So by using our circuit we can set the time so that the lights will be off based on the time fixed.
By varying the value of resistance to a large value, we can fix the time interval for a long time
Through which unnecessary use of lights will be avoided and power will be saved.

5.2. Highway lighting System

If we replace the timer circuit with sensor, depending on the intensity of traffic on roads during nights
we can operate the lights so that power can be saved.

5.3. In organizations like hostels

Here we can save the power by setting the time such that the time should exactly match the time
when students leave the hostel. Because of this, all the electrical appliances will turn off immediately
as the students leave the hostel.

By employing sensors additionally to the circuit we can have wide range of applications.

CONCLUSION

In this project we have designed and implemented a prototype model for TIMER BASED

POWER SAVER. Timer circuit is achieved by using IC’s 4020 & 4093 which is very important in the

circuit along with resistances and capacitances which are used to fix the time as time constant
is the product of resistance and capacitance. By using this circuit unnecessary working of all electrical

appliances can be reduced which indirectly reduces wastage of power. So power can be saved to certain

extent by implementing this circuit into operation.

REFERENCES

WWW.EFYMAG.COM

WWW.ELECTRONICS-DIY.COM

FINAL YEAR ELECTRONIC PROJECTS RECOMMENDATION

Switch Gear and Production by J.B.GUPTA