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Unit IGC2
Element 1: Workplace
Hazards and Risk Control
© RRC Training
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this element, you should be able to demonstrate
understanding of the content through the application
of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular you
should be able to:
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Unit IGC 2
Element 1.1
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1
Welfare Requirements
• Drinking water
• Sanitary conveniences
• Washing facilities
• Changing rooms
• Accommodation for clothing
• Rest and eating facilities
− (First aid covered in IGC1 not here)
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2
Welfare- Minimum Standards
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Work Environment
- Minimum Standards
Seating • Appropriate seating
• Stable, backrest and footrest where
appropriate
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3
Lighting – More Detail
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Extremes of Temperature
Group Syndicate Exercise
What are the health issues associated with
working in:
• Hot, and
• Cold environments?
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Effects of Exposure
Hot environments: Cold environments:
• Dehydration • Hypothermia
• Muscle cramps • Lethargy
• Heat stress
• Frostbite
• Lethargy
• Headaches • Slip hazards
• Fainting • Freeze burns injuries
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke
• Burns, cancer,
etc.
© RRC Training
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Control Measures
Hot environments: Cold environments:
• Ventilation • Prevent or protect from
• Insulate/shield heat draughts
sources • Shield/lag cold surfaces
• Provide cool refuges • PPE - insulating
• Drinking water • Provide warm refuges
• Frequent breaks • Frequent breaks
• Job rotation • Job rotation
• Appropriate clothing • Access to warm food
and drinks
• Treat icy floors
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Answers
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5
Answers
Answers
3 - For a cold environment:
• Prevent or protect workers from draughts.
• Shield/lag extremely cold surfaces.
• Provide warm refuges – where workers can
warm up.
• Provide PPE – such as insulated jackets,
trousers, boots, balaclavas, etc.
• Provide frequent breaks and job rotation.
• Provide easy access to hot food and drinks.
• Scrape, salt or grit icy floors.
• Provide IITS
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Unit IGC 2
Element 1.2
Violence at Work
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6
Violence
Work-related Violence:
Any incident in which a person is abused,
threatened or assaulted in circumstances
relating to their work
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• Cash handling
• Lone working
• Representing authority
• Wearing a uniform
• Dealing with people under stress
• Dealing with people under the
influence of alcohol or drugs
• Censuring or saying "no"
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Occupations at Risk
Control Measures
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Control Measures – Home Visits
Conducting home visits:
• No work in high risk areas
• Incident records
• Vetting customers
• Visit-logging
• Pre- and post-visit communications
• Training
• Communication
• No visits after dark
• Not carrying cash or valuables
© RRC Training
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Answer
1- Work-related violence is any incident where a
worker is abused, threatened or assaulted while
working.
2 - • Cash handling
• Lone working
• Representing authority
• Wearing a uniform
• Dealing with people under stress
• Dealing with people under the influence
• Censuring or saying no e.g. refusing access or
service
© RRC Training
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Answer
3- CCTV, security screens, locked access
doors, queue management systems,
options such as cash machines to reduce
queue length, training, panic buttons,
emergency alarm
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Unit IGC 2
Element 1.3
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Risks to Health and Safety
General symptoms:
• Late attendance
• Increased absenteeism
• Poor work quality
• Reduced output
• Dishonesty
• Theft
• Mood swings
• Poor relationships
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11
End of Section Quiz
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Answer
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Unit IGC 2
Element 1.4
Movement of People
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12
Hazards to Pedestrians
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Slip Hazards:
• Smooth floor surfaces:
– Inherently slippery
– wet
• Contamination
• Frost and ice
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Slips, Trips and Falls
Trip Hazards:
• Uneven or loose floor surfaces
• Trailing cables
• Objects on the floor
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Fall Hazards:
• Working next to an unprotected edge
• Working on fragile material above a
drop
• Using access equipment
• Using ladders
• Standing on objects to reach
high levels
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Moving, Flying or Falling Objects
Flying objects
• Ejected parts or materials
• Thrown objects
Falling objects
• Loads falling from height
• Objects dislodged from height
• Effect of weather conditions
• Unstable objects
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Control Measures
Management principles:
• Eliminate the hazard
• Create a safe place
• Create a safe person
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Control Measures
Slip-resistant surfaces will depend
upon the:
• Number of people
• Footwear
• Wear and tear
• Spills and contamination
• Environmental conditions
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Control Measures
Spillage and Drainage Control:
• Maintenance and inspection
• Behavioural controls, e.g. banning drinks
• Drainage for:
– outdoor walkways
– wet floors, e.g. showers
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Control Measures
Designated Walkways
• Essential in many workplaces
• Ensures that:
− Pedestrians stay within designated
areas
− Pedestrian areas are free of hazards
• Designated by:
− Guardrails, kerbs, pavements,
markings
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Control Measures
Fencing and Guarding:
• Guard rails:
– pedestrian walkways
– edge protection
• Perimeter fencing, e.g. construction sites
• Temporary fencing around hazards
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Control Measures
Use of Signs and PPE:
• Prohibit access
• Warn of hazards
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Control Measures
• Supervision is essential
• Ensures correct behaviour
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Control Measures
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Answer
1- slips, trip and falls; falls from height;
collisions with moving vehicles; striking
by moving, flying or falling objects;
striking against fixed or stationary
objects.
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Answer
2- • Smooth floor surfaces that are:
– Inherently slippery (e.g. polished marble).
– Wet because of spills or cleaning operations.
• Contamination of a floor with a slippery
contaminant (e.g. fat or leaves).
• Frost and ice (e.g. outside pavements in winter or
the floor in a freezer).
• Uneven or loose floor surfaces (e.g. broken paving
slab; poorly-laid floor mat).
• Trailing cables (e.g. the flex of a vacuum cleaner).
• Objects on the floor (e.g. a bag left on the floor).
• Steps and stairs
© RRC Training
Unit IGC 2
Element 1.5
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Scope of Construction
• Construction includes:
− Building works
− Renovations
− Maintenance activities
− Demolition work
• Covered by ILO standards:
− Safety and Health in Construction
Convention 1988 (C167)
− Safety and Health in Construction
Recommendation 1988 (R175)
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Storage of Materials
• Storage areas should be clearly
identified
• Separate areas should be used for
separate items
• Segregation of certain materials and
substances
• Areas should be kept clean and tidy and
routinely inspected
• Appropriate warning signs should be
displayed
• Storage areas not used for other work
© RRC Training
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Stacking
• Each stack should be of one material
only
• A maximum stack height must be set
• Stacks should be vertical
• Pallets should be used to keep
material off the ground
• Sufficient space must be allowed
around stacks for safe movement
• Stacks must be protected from being
struck by plant
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Machinery
Hazards: Controls:
• Contact with moving parts • Guarding
• Ejection of materials • Maintenance
• Noise and vibration • Proper use
• Competent users
• PPE
• Supervision
© RRC Training
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Vehicles
Hazards: Controls:
• Overturning of vehicles • Site layout
• Collision with pedestrians • Routes for
pedestrians/vehicles
• Collision with structures
• Warning signs
• Maintenance, proper use
• Competent drivers
• Movements supervised e.g.
banksman for reversing
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Forklift Trucks
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Dumper Trucks
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Cement Mixers
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Site Security
• Public taking short • CCTV cameras and/or site
cuts alarm
• Public right of way • Secure all portable
• Thieves equipment
• Children • Remove ladders from
• Perimeter fence scaffolds
and signs • Secure all chemicals
• Secure gates • Secure all mobile plant
• Security staff • Cover or barrier off
• Good lighting excavations
© RRC Training
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23
Electricity
Hazards specific to
construction:
• Contact with overhead
power lines
• Contact with buried
services
Don't forget, direct contact isn't
necessary: electricity can arc
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Demolition
Includes: Hazards:
• Total destruction • Premature collapse
• Dismantling of • Work at height
structures • Plant, vehicles, machinery
• Live overheads
• Buried services
• Asbestos
• Dust
• Explosives
• Biological hazards
• Sharps
• Manual handling
© RRC Training
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Demolition Controls
• Choice of method to exclude people
• Structural surveys
• Disconnection of services
• Removal and disposal of hazardous
materials
• Security for the site
• Camping down to minimise dust
− NB controls for heights and excavations
considered separately later
© RRC Training
Selecting Contractors
Factors to check:
• Health and Safety Policy
• Risk assessment
• Qualifications of staff
• Membership of professional
associations
• Maintenance records
• Previous clients
• Accident history
• Enforcement actions
• Adequate resources
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Control of Contractors
Main Contractor:
• Controls all activities
• Sets site rules
• Manages sub-contractors
• Approves method statements
• Agrees changes
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Answer
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Answer
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IGC 2
Element 1.6
Working at Height
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Working at Height
Work at any height where there is a risk of a fall liable
to cause personal injury:
• Steel workers, scaffolders, roofers, engineers,
welders, maintenance staff, painters, window
cleaners
• Main risks:
– worker falling
– object falling
• Accidents:
– death
– neck or spinal injury
– broken bones
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Risk Factors – Vertical Distance
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Sloping roofs:
• Pitch greater than 10°
• Injury made worse by
acceleration down roof
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Risk Factors
• Deterioration of materials
• Unprotected edges
• Unstable access equipment
• Weather
• Falling materials
– crumbling brickwork, loose tiles
– bad storage of materials on scaffolding
– gaps in platform surfaces
– open, unprotected edges
– incorrect methods of getting materials
to and from roof
© RRC Training
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Group Syndicate Exercise
• What are the hazards of
working at height for a
window cleaner?
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Control Measures
Control measures will depend upon:
• Nature and duration of task
• Competence
• Training
• Planning and supervision
• Suitability of equipment, maintenance
• Working platforms
• PPE, e.g. harnesses and helmets
• Fall arrest systems
• Weather
• Health of workers
• Compliance with regulations
© RRC Training
© RRC Training
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Avoidance of Work at Height
• Modify the work process
− E.g. work from ground level
• Modifying a design
− E.g. change design of structure so that
steel is erected at ground level and craned
into place
• May not be possible to achieve
© RRC Training
Preventing Falls
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Prevention of Falling Materials
Guardrails:
• Fully enclose the unprotected edge
• Robust
• Securely fixed
• High enough
• No large gaps
Toe-boards
• Toe-board fitted at edge
• Brick-guards
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Emergency Rescue
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Training
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Head Protection
Working at height:
• Mandatory wearing of hard hats
• Do not protect against all falling
objects
• Additional control measure
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Ladders
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Ladder Controls
• Sited away from live overheads
• Solid, flat base
• Hands on stiles, never on rungs
• Correct angle (1:4 rule – 75o)
• Top of the ladder against solid support
• Ladder secured at the top, or:
– guy ropes attached or,
– ladder should be “footed”
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Ladder Controls
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Stepladders
33
Trestles and Staging Platforms
• Ensure trestles are:
− Large enough to allow passage of
equipment/materials
− Free from trip hazards and gaps
− Fitted with toeboards and handrails
− Kept clean and tidy
− Not overloaded
− Erected on firm, level ground
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Basic Components of
Independent Tied Scaffolds
Standards – Uprights or vertical tubes
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Individual Exercise
Draw and label an independent tied scaffold
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Side view
Front view
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Scaffold Ties
Through tie Scaffold tube
extends into
the building
through the
opening
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Key Scaffold Hazards
• Falls from scaffold during erection
• Falls from work platform
• Falling objects
• Collapse
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© RRC Training
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Mobile Tower Scaffolds
Hazards:
• Falls from the work platform
• Objects falling
• Collapse of the structure
• Overturn (toppling)
• Unintended movement of the wheels
• Contact with live overheads
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37
MEWPS - Precautions
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Inspection Systems – Scaffolds
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• Points to consider:
− Condition of tubes (especially standards)
• Tying and bracing
• Condition of the work platform
• Edge protection
• Ground conditions
• Safe access
• Safe working load
© RRC Training
© RRC Training
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Unit IGC 2
Element 1.7
Excavations
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Hazards of Excavations
• Collapse
• Striking buried services
• People falling in
• Objects falling in:
– vehicles
– spoil
– adjacent structures
• Flooding
• Hazardous substances
– gases and vapours
© RRC Training – contaminated ground
Precautions –
Prevention of Collapse
Battering
40
Precautions – Prevention of Falls
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Inspection
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Answer
1- collapse, striking buried services,
people falling in, objects falling in
(vehicles, spoil),flooding, hazardous
substances such as exhaust gases and
contaminated land, collapse of adjacent
structures
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