N03/510/H(2)M+

c
INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL
BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL

MARKSCHEME

November 2003

MATHEMATICS

Higher Level

Paper 2

30 pages
 –3– N03/510/H(2)M+

Paper 2 Markscheme

Instructions to Examiners

1 Method of marking

(a) All marking must be done using a red pen.

(b) Marks should be noted on candidates’ scripts as in the markscheme:

y show the breakdown of individual marks using the abbreviations (M1), (A2) etc.

y write down each part mark total, indicated on the markscheme (for example, [3 marks] ) – it
is suggested that this be written at the end of each part, and underlined;

y write down and circle the total for each question at the end of the question.

2 Abbreviations

The markscheme may make use of the following abbreviations:

M Marks awarded for Method

A Marks awarded for an Answer or for Accuracy

G Marks awarded for correct solutions, generally obtained from a Graphic Display Calculator,
irrespective of working shown

R Marks awarded for clear Reasoning

AG Answer Given in the question and consequently marks are not awarded

3 Follow Through (ft) Marks

Errors made at any step of a solution can affect all working that follows. To limit the severity of the
penalty, follow through (ft) marks should be awarded. The procedures for awarding these marks
require that all examiners:

(i) penalise an error when it first occurs;

(ii) accept the incorrect answer as the appropriate value or quantity to be used in all subsequent
working;

(iii) award M marks for a correct method, and A(ft) marks if the subsequent working contains no
further errors.

Follow through procedures may be applied repeatedly throughout the same problem.
 –4– N03/510/H(2)M+

The following illustrates a use of the follow through procedure:

Markscheme Candidate’s Script Marking

$ 600 × 1.02 M1 Amount earned = $ 600 × 1.02 8 M1
= $ 612 A1 = $602 × A0
$ (306 × 1.02) + (306 × 1.04) M1 Amount = 301 × 1.02 + 301 × 1.04 8 M1
= $ 630.36 A1 = $ 620.06 8 A1(ft)

Note that the candidate made an arithmetical error at line 2; the candidate used a correct method at
lines 3, 4; the candidate’s working at lines 3, 4 is correct.
However, if a question is transformed by an error into a different, much simpler question then:
(i) fewer marks should be awarded at the discretion of the Examiner;

(ii) marks awarded should be followed by “(d)” (to indicate that these marks have been awarded at
the discretion of the Examiner);

(iii) a brief note should be written on the script explaining how these marks have been awarded.

4 Using the Markscheme

(a) This markscheme presents a particular way in which each question may be worked and how it
should be marked. Alternative methods have not always been included. Thus, if an answer is
wrong then the working must be carefully analysed in order that marks are awarded for a
different method in a manner which is consistent with the markscheme.
In this case:
(i) a mark should be awarded followed by “(d)” (to indicate that these marks have
been awarded at the discretion of the Examiner);
(ii) a brief note should be written on the script explaining how these marks have been
awarded.
Where alternative methods for complete questions are included, they are indicated by METHOD 1,
METHOD 2, etc. Other alternative solutions, including graphic display calculator alternative
solutions are indicated by OR. For example:
Mean = 7906/134 (M1)
= 59 (A1)
OR
Mean = 59 (G2)
sin θ
(b) Unless the question specifies otherwise, accept equivalent forms. For example: for tan θ .
cosθ
On the markscheme, these equivalent numerical or algebraic forms will generally be written
in brackets after the required answer. Paper setters will indicate the required answer, by
allocating full marks at that point. Further working should be ignored, even if it is incorrect.
For example: if candidates are asked to factorize a quadratic expression, and they do so
correctly, they are awarded full marks. If they then continue and find the roots of the
corresponding equation, do not penalize, even if those roots are incorrect ie, once the correct
answer is seen, ignore further working.

(c) As this is an international examination, all alternative forms of notation should be accepted. For
G
example: 1.7 , 1 ⋅ 7 , 1,7 ; different forms of vector notation such as u , u , u ; tan −1 x for arctan x.
 –5– N03/510/H(2)M+

5 Accuracy of Answers

There are two types of accuracy errors, incorrect level of accuracy, and rounding errors.

Unless the level of accuracy is specified in the question, candidates should be penalized once only IN
THE PAPER for any accuracy error (AP). This could be an incorrect level of accuracy (only applies
to fewer than three significant figures), or a rounding error. Hence, on the first occasion in the
paper when a correct answer is given to the wrong degree of accuracy, or rounded incorrectly,
maximum marks are not awarded, but on all subsequent occasions when accuracy errors occur, then
maximum marks are awarded.

(a) Level of accuracy

(i) In the case when the accuracy of the answer is specified in the question (for example:
“find the size of angle A to the nearest degree”) the maximum mark is awarded only if
the correct answer is given to the accuracy required.

(ii) When the accuracy is not specified in the question, then the general rule applies:

Unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers must

be given exactly or to three significant figures.

However, if candidates give their answers to more than three significant

figures, this is acceptable

(b) Rounding errors

Rounding errors should only be penalized at the final answer stage. This does not apply to
intermediate answers, only those asked for as part of a question. Premature rounding which
leads to incorrect answers should only be penalized at the answer stage.

Incorrect answers are wrong, and should not be considered under (a) or (b).

Examples

A question leads to the answer 4.6789….

y 4.68 is the correct 3 s.f. answer.

y 4.7, 4.679 are to the wrong level of accuracy : 4.7 should be penalised the first time this type of
error occurs, but 4.679 is not penalized, as it has more than three significant figures.
y 4.67 is incorrectly rounded – penalise on the first occurrence.
y 4.678 is incorrectly rounded, but has more than the required accuracy, do not penalize.
Note: All these “incorrect” answers may be assumed to come from 4.6789..., even if that value is not
seen, but previous correct working is shown. However, 4.60 is wrong, as is 4.5, 4.8, and these should
be penalised as being incorrect answers, not as examples of accuracy errors.
 –6– N03/510/H(2)M+

6 Graphic Display Calculators

Many candidates will be obtaining solutions directly from their calculators, often without showing
any working. They have been advised that they must use mathematical notation, not calculator
commands when explaining what they are doing. Incorrect answers without working will receive no
marks. However, if there is written evidence of using a graphic display calculator correctly, method
marks may be awarded. Where possible, examples will be provided to guide examiners in awarding
these method marks.

Calculator penalties

Candidates are instructed to write the make and model of their calculator on the front cover. Please
apply the following penalties where appropriate.

(i) Illegal calculators

If candidates note that they are using an illegal calculator, please report this on a PRF, and deduct
10 % of their overall mark. Note this on the front cover.

(ii) Calculator box not filled in.

Please apply a calculator penalty (CP) of 1 mark if this information is not provided. Note this on the
front cover.
 –7– N03/510/H(2)M+

 1
  x − 2 y − 5 z +1
1. (a) n =  1 , hence equation of L through A (2, 5, − 1) is given by = = . (M1)(A1)
 1 1 1 1
 
[2 marks]
(b) A general point on L is (2 + λ , 5 + λ , − 1 + λ ) . (A1)
At intersection of line L and the plane
(2 + λ ) + (5 + λ ) + (−1 + λ ) − 1 = 0 (M1)
⇒ 3λ = −5
5
⇒λ =− (A1)
3
 1 10 8 
⇒ point of intersection  , , −  (A1)
3 3 3
[4 marks]

(c) A
λ=0

Plane

λ = – –5
3

λ = – 10
— A'
3
Let A′( x , y , z ) be the reflection of A.

Note: Diagram does not have to be given.

EITHER
10
At A′ λ = − (M1)
3

 4 5 13 
⇒ A′ =  − , , −  (A1)
 3 3 3
OR
Since point of intersection of L and the plane is midpoint of AA′
 1 
 3 
 2   x  
     10 
 5  +  y  = 2 3  (M1)
 −1  z   
   
 8
− 
 3
 4 5 13 
⇒ A′ =  − , , −  (A1)
 3 3 3
[2 marks]

continued…
 –8– N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 1 continued

(d) A

X B(2, 0, 6)
Plane

→
Let X be foot of perpendicular from B to L ⇒ d = BX
→ → →
BX = OX − OB
 2 + λ   2  λ 
     
=  5 + λ  −  0 =  5 + λ  (A1)
     
 −1 + λ   6   −7 + λ 
→
Now BX⋅ n = 0 (M1)
⇒ λ + (5 + λ ) + (−7 + λ ) = 0
⇒ 3λ = 2
 2 
 3 
 
2 → 17 
⇒ λ = ⇒ BX =  (A1)
3  3 
 
 − 19 
 
 3

4 289 361
Hence d = + +
9 9 9
654
= = 8.52 (units) (A1)
3
OR
→ 0
AB× n   →
d= where AB =  −5  (M1)(A1)
n 7
 
i j k
→
AB× n = 0 −5 7 = −12i + 7 j + 5k (A1)
1 1 1
144 + 49 + 25
⇒d = = 8.52 (units) (A1)
3
[4 marks]

Total [12 marks]

 –9– N03/510/H(2)M+

2. (a) (cosθ + isinθ ) n = cos(nθ ) + isin (nθ ), n ∈Z+

Let n = 1 ⇒ cosθ + isin θ = cosθ + isin θ which is true. (A1)
Assume true for n = k ⇒ (cosθ + isin θ ) k = cos (kθ ) + isin (kθ ) . (M1)
Now show n = k true implies n = k + 1 also true. (M1)
(cosθ + isin θ )k +1 = (cosθ + isin θ ) k (cosθ + isin θ ) (M1)
= ( cos(kθ ) + isin (kθ ) ) (cosθ + isin θ )
= cos(kθ )cosθ − sin (kθ )sin θ + i ( sin ( kθ )cosθ + cos ( kθ )sin θ ) (A1)
= cos(kθ + θ ) + isin (kθ + θ )
= cos(k + 1)θ + isin ( k + 1)θ ⇒ n = k + 1 is true. (A1)
Therefore by mathematical induction statement is true for n ≥ 1 . (R1)
[7 marks]

  2π   2π  
(b) (i) z1 = 2  cos   + isin   
  5   5 
⇒ z1 = 2 (cos 2π + isin 2π)
5 5
(M1)
= 32
Therefore z1 is a root of z 5 − 32 = 0 . (AG)

 4π 4π 
(ii) z12 = 4  cos + isin 
 5 5 
 6π 6π 
z13 = 8  cos + isin 
 5 5 
 8π 8π 
z14 = 16  cos + isin 
 5 5 
z15 = 32(cos 2π + isin 2π) ( = 32(cos0 + isin 0) = 32 ) (A2)

Note: Award (A2) for all 4 correct, (A1) for 3 correct, (A0) otherwise.

continued…
 – 10 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 2 (b) continued

(iii) Im

6
4
z12 z1
2 z 15 Re
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
–2
–4
z 13 –6
–8
–10
–12
–14
–16
z14
(A1)(A3)

Note: Award (A1) for graph of reasonable size, scale, axes marked,
(A3) for all 5 points correctly plotted, (A2) for 4 points correctly plotted.
(A1) for 3 points correctly plotted.

(iv) Composite transformation is a combination of (in any order)

an enlargement scale factor 2, centre (0, 0) ; (A1)

2π  8π 
a rotation (anti-clockwise) of (72D ), centre (0, 0)  or clockwise (288D )  . (A1)
5  5 

Note: Do not penalize if centre of enlargement or rotation not given.

[9 marks]
Total [16 marks]
 – 11 – N03/510/H(2)M+

3. (i) (a) 3 cosθ − sin θ = r cos(θ + α )

where r = 3 + 1 = 2 (A1)
1 π
and α = arctan = (or 30D ) (M1)(A1)
3 6
  π 
 ⇒ 3 cosθ − sin θ = 2cos  θ +  
  6 

[3 marks]

 π
(b) Since 3 cosθ − sin θ = 2cos θ +  (M1)
 6
range will be [−2, 2] . (A1)
[2 marks]

(c) 3 cosθ − sin θ = −1

 π
⇒ 2cos  θ +  = −1
 6
 π 1
⇒ cos  θ +  = − (M1)
 6 2
π 2π 4π
⇒θ + = , (A1)(A1)
6 3 3
π 7π
⇒θ = , (A1)(A1)
2 6

Note: Answers must be multiples of π.

[5 marks]

(ii)
sin 4θ (1 − cos 2θ )
≡
(
2sin 2θ cos 2θ 1 − (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ) (M1)
cos 2θ (1 − cos 4θ ) (
cos 2θ 1 − (cos 2 2θ − sin 2 2θ ) ) (M1)
2sin 2θ (1 − cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
≡ (A1)
1 − cos 2 2θ + sin 2 2θ
2sin 2θ (2sin 2 θ )
≡ (A1)
2sin 2 2θ
2sin 2 θ
≡
sin 2θ
2sin 2 θ
≡
2sin θ cosθ
sin θ
≡ (A1)
cosθ
≡ tan θ (AG)
[5 marks]
Total [15 marks]
 – 12 – N03/510/H(2)M+

dy dv
4. (i) y = xv ⇒ =v+ x (A1)
dx dx
dy
Now x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 0
dx
 dv 
⇒ x 2 + x 2v 2 + 2 x 2v  v + x  = 0 (A1)
 dx 
dv
⇒ 1 + v 2 + 2v 2 + 2 xv = 0 (since x 2 > 0)
dx
dv
⇒ 2 xv = − (1 + 3v 2 )
dx
2v 1
⇒∫ dv = ∫ − dx (M1)
1 + 3v 2 x
1
⇒ ln 1 + 3v 2 = − ln x + ln k (A1)(A1)
3
⇒ ln 1 + 3v 2 = −3ln x + ln k
3 y2 k
⇒1+ = 3 (A1)
x2 x
⇒ x + 3 xy = k
3 2
(AG)
[6 marks]

a
(ii) f ( x) = , a ≠ 0, b > 0, c > 0
b + e − cx

(b + e− cx ) (0) − (a )(−ce − cx )
(a) f ′( x) = (M1)
(b + e − cx )2
ace − cx
= (A1)
(b + e − cx ) 2
(b + e − cx ) 2 (− ac 2 e − cx ) − (ace − cx ) 2(b + e − cx ) (−ce − cx )
f ′′( x) = (M1)
(b + e − cx ) 4
−bac 2 e − cx − ac 2 (e − cx )2 + 2ac 2 (e − cx )2
=
(b + e − cx )3
ac 2 (e − cx ) 2 − bac 2 e − cx
= (A1)
(b + e − cx )3
ac 2 e − cx (e − cx − b)
= (AG)
(b + e− cx )3
[4 marks]

(b) f ′′( x) = 0 ⇒ e − cx = b
⇒ −cx = ln b
1 a a
⇒ x = − ln b ⇒ y = =
c b+e ln b
2b
 1 a 
So coordinate =  − ln b ,  (A1)(A1)
 c 2b 
[2 marks]
continued…
 – 13 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 4 (ii) continued

1
(c) Now e − cx > b on one side of x = − ln b and e − cx < b on the other side. (R1)
c
⇒ f ′′( x) changes sign at this point. (R1)
⇒ It is a point of inflexion. (AG)
[2 marks]
Total [14 marks]
 – 14 – N03/510/H(2)M+

5. (i) (a)
30.5 % 11.9 %

43.56 50.32
µ

φ ( z ) = 0.305 ⇒ z = −0.51 (A1)

and φ ( z ) = 0.881 ⇒ z = 1.18 (A1)
50.32 − µ 43.56 − µ
= 1.18 and = − 0.51 (M1)
σ σ
Solving simultaneously
⇒ 50.32 = µ + 1.18σ and 43.56 = µ − 0.51σ
⇒ 1.69σ = 6.76
⇒ σ = 4 ⇒ µ = 45.6 (A1)(A1)
[5 marks]

(b) P ( X − µ < 5 ) = P(40.6 < x < 50.6) (M1)

= 0.789 (G1)
[2 marks]

(ii) (a) 3x + y + z = 1 c
2x + y − z = 4 d
5 x + y + bz = 1 e
Solving for z e − d ⇒ 3 x + bz + z = −3 f (M1)
also d − c ⇒ − x − 2 z = 3 g (M1)
3 × g+ f ⇒ bz − 5 z = 6 (A1)
6
⇒ z= (A1)
b −5
[4 marks]

(b) If b = 5, z is undefined. (R1)

Hence equation has unique solution if b ≠ 5 . (A1)
[2 marks]
Total [13 marks]
 – 15 – N03/510/H(2)M+

e−λ × λ 4 e−λ × λ 2 e−λ × λ 3

6. (i) (a) = + (M1)
4! 2! 3!
λ 2 − 4λ − 12 = 0 ⇒ λ = 6 (A1)(A1)
[3 marks]

(b) (i) P ( X ≥ 2) = 1 − e −3.2 − e −3.2 × 3.2 = 0.829 (M1)(A1)

OR
P ( X ≥ 2) = 0.829 (G2)

P(2 ≤ X ≤ 3)
(ii) P ( X ≤ 3 X ≥ 2) = (M1)
P(X ≥ 2)
e −3.2 × 3.22 e−3.2 × 3.23
+
2 6 (A1)
=
1 − 4.2e −3.2
= 0.520 (A1)
OR

P ( X ≤ 3 X ≥ 2 ) = 0.520 (G3)

[5 marks]

55.5 215.8 55.52

(ii) µˆ = = 3.7; σˆ 2 = − = 0.746428 … (A1)(A1)
15 14 14 ×15
0.746428 …
99 % confidence limits are 3.7 ± 2.977 (M1)(A1)
15
giving [3.04, 4.36]. (A1)
OR
99 % C.I. is [3.04, 4.36]. (G3)
[5 marks]

continued…
 – 16 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 6 continued

Note: Candidates may obtain slightly different numerical answers depending on the
calculator and approach used. Use discretion in marking.

(iii) EITHER
Let H 0 : µ I = µ II and H1 : µ I < µ II (R1)
150 × 0.21 + 100 × 0.23
2 2
Pooled variance = = 0.048004 … (M1)(A1)
248
3.56 − 3.51
Test statistics = = 1.77
 1 1  (M1)(A1)
0.048004 …  + 
 150 100 
Critical value = 1.645 (A1)
We conclude that the farmer’s belief is supported by these results. (A1)
OR
Let H 0 : µ I = µ II , H1 : µ I < µ II (R1)
Using GDC, p-value = 0.0392. (G5)

Note: Award (G4) for p = 0.0386.

We conclude that the farmer’s belief is supported by these results. (A1)

There are several other methods of solution which, for various reasons, do not merit
full credit. Possibilities are:

METHOD 1
Some candidates may use a GDC facility which does not require the assumption of
equality of variance as required in the question. The results obtained (on a TI 83) are
t = 1.74, p-value = 0.0421

Note: Award only (G3) (and not (G5)) for this solution.

METHOD 2
Other candidates might think that, in view of the large samples involved, a 2-sample
z-test can be used with variances replaced by their estimates. This is a valid
approach but not in line with the syllabus which states that “if the population
variance is unknown, the t-distribution should be used regardless of sample size”.
This method gives
3.56 − 3.51
Test stat = = 1.74
0.212 0.232
+
150 100
Critical value = 1.645 or using a GDC, p-value = 0.0407

Note: Award only (G3) (and not (G5)) for this solution.
[7 marks]

continued…
 – 17 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 6 continued

1 × 29 + … + 6 ×1
(iv) (a) (i) Mean = = 1.98 (A1)
100

1.98
(ii) pˆ = = 0.33 (A1)
6
[2 marks]

(b) The calculated values are

fo fe ( f o − f e )2
10 9.046 0.910 (M1)
29 26.732 5.14
(A1)
31 32.917 3.675
18 21.617 13.083 (A1)
12 9.688 5.345 (A1)

Note: Award (M1) for the attempt to calculate expected values, (A1) for correct
expected values, (A1) for correct ( f 0 − f e ) 2 values, (A1) for combining cells.

0.910 5.345
χ2 = +…+ = 1.56 (A1)
9.046 9.688
OR
χ 2 = 1.56 (G5)

Degrees of freedom = 3; Critical value = 7.815 ( or p-value = 0.668 (or 0.669) ) (A1)(A1)

We conclude that the binomial distribution does provide a good fit. (R1)
[8 marks]
Total [30 marks]
 – 18 – N03/510/H(2)M+

7. (i) (a) ( A ∪ B )′ is given by

A B

(A1)

A′ ∩ B′ is given by
A B

(A1)

Hence ( A ∪ B )′ = A′ ∩ B′ . (AG)
[2 marks]

(b) [( A′ ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ B′)]′ = ( A′ ∪ B)′ ∪ ( A ∪ B′)′ (A1)

= ( A ∩ B′) ∪ ( A′ ∩ B ) (A1)
= [ ( A ∩ B′) ∪ A′] ∩ [ ( A ∩ B′) ∪ B ] (M1)
= [ ( A ∪ A′) ∩ ( B′ ∪ A′] ∩ [ ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( B′ ∪ B )]
= ( B′ ∪ A′) ∩ ( A ∪ B ) (A1)
= ( A ∩ B)′ ∩ ( A ∪ B ) (AG)
[4 marks]
(ii) (a) o f g h j
f f g h j
g g f j h
h h j f g
j j h g f (A3)
Note: Award (A3) for all correct, (A2) for 1 error, (A1) for 2 errors, (A0) otherwise.
[3 marks]
(b) +4 0 1 2 3 x5 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 0 2 2 4 1 3
2 2 3 0 1 3 3 1 4 2
3 3 0 1 2 4 4 3 2 1
To investigate which may be isomorphic we can consider the order of elements (M1)
for + 4 , the identity is 0, 1 has order 4, 2 has order 2 and 3 has order 4, (A1)
for x 5 , the identity is 1, 2 has order 4, 3 has order 4 and 4 has order 2, (A1)
for D , the identity is f, and g, h and j all have order 2. (A1)
Hence + 4 is isomorphic with x 5 . (A1)
Corresponding elements are
0 ↔ 1,1 ↔ 2, 2 ↔ 4, 3 ↔ 3, OR 0 ↔ 1,1 ↔ 3, 2 ↔ 4, 3 ↔ 2 . (A1)
Note: Corresponding elements must be correct for final (A1).
[6 marks]
continued…
 – 19 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 7 continued

(iii) (a) a #b = a + b +1
Now b # a = b + a + 1 (M1)
Since + is commutative a # b = b # a (A1)
⇒ # is also a commutative operation. (AG)

(a # b) # c = (a + b + 1) # c
= a + b +1+ c +1
= a+b+c+2 (A1)

a #(b # c) = a #(b + c + 1)
= a + b + c +1+1
= a+b+c+2 (A1)
⇒ # is also associative operation. (AG)
[4 marks]

(b) To show (R, #) is a group we need to show closure, identity element exists,
inverses exist and it is associative (already shown).
It is closed since a + b + 1∈ R for a , b ∈ R . (A1)
There is a unique element e (e ∈ R ) such that p # e = e # p = p where p ∈ R
⇒ p + e +1 = e + p +1 = p
⇒ e = −1 as identity element (A1)

There are unique inverse elements for each element in R such that
p # p −1 = p −1 # p = −1 (M1)
−1 −1
⇒ p + p + 1 = p + p + 1 = −1
⇒ p −1 = − p − 2 (A1)
Hence (R, #) forms a group. (AG)
[4 marks]

continued…
 – 20 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 7 continued

(iv) (a) A bijection is both one-to-one and onto,

so by considering a sketch of each function

y y y

x x x
y = x +1
2
y=x 3
(A1)(A1)(A1)

we can see that for R to R only y = x3 is one-to-one and onto. (R1)

[4 marks]

(b) t and s are bijections

so under t each element in set A has a unique image in set B and similarly
under s each element in set B has a unique image in set C.
Hence A t B s C
. . .
. . .
. . . (M1)
. . .
. . .

and under the composite function s D t each element of set A has a unique
(R1)
image in set C.
This is both one-to-one and onto (R1)
⇒ s D t is bijective. (AG)
[3 marks]
Total [30 marks]
 – 21 – N03/510/H(2)M+

a−b
8. (i) (a) a ≡ b (mod c) ⇒ = k , k ∈Z
c
a−a
Now a ≡ a (mod c) since =0
c
⇒ R is reflexive. (A1)
If a ≡ b (mod c) then b ≡ a (mod c) is true,
b−a
since = −k ⇒ R is also symmetric. (A1)
c
a−b b−d
If a ≡ b (mod c) and b ≡ d (mod c) then = k1 and = k2
c c
⇒ a − b = ck1 b − d = ck2
⇒ a − b + b − d = ck1 + ck2
⇒ a − d = (k1 + k2 ) c (M1)
a−d
⇒ = k1 + k2 ⇒ a ≡ d (mod c)
c
⇒ R is transitive. (A1)
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, (A1)
R is an equivalence relation. (AG)
[5 marks]
(b) (i) 5 x ≡ 3 (mod 8)
5x − 3
⇒ = t (t ∈ Z)
8
8t + 3
⇒x= (M1)
5
By trial and error a solution is t = 4 and x = 7.
⇒ Required value k = 7. (A1)

(ii) Other solutions for t and x are

t = 9, x = 15
(M1)
t = 14, x = 23
and in general t takes the form 5n + 4 (n ∈ Z) (A1)
8(5n + 4) + 3
⇒x=
5
= 8n + 7 . (A1)
Hence all solutions are congruent to k = 7. (AG)
OR
If k1 and k2 are two solutions
then 5k1 ≡ 3
5k 2 ≡ 3 (M1)
⇒ 5(k1 − k2 ) ≡ 0 (mod8) (A1)
As 5 is not a factor of 8, k1 − k2 must be a multiple of 8.
⇒ k1 ≡ k2 (mod8) (A1)
Hence all solutions are congruent to k = 7. (AG)
[5 marks]

continued…
 – 22 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 8 continued

(ii) un = r n ⇒ r n = 3r n−1 + 4r n−2 (M1)(A1)

n n−1 n− 2
r 3r 4r
⇒ n −2
= n −2 + n − 2
r r r
⇒ r = 3r + 4
2

⇒ r 2 − 3r − 4 = 0 (A1)
This is the Characteristic Equation of the Recurrence Relation.
Solving for r ⇒ (r − 4)(r + 1) = 0
r = 4, r = −1 (A1)
general solution un = A4 + B (−1) n n
(A1)
n = 1 ⇒ 1 = 4A − B
n = 2 ⇒ 2 = 16 A + B
⇒ 3 = 20 A
3 2  3 2 n
⇒ A= ⇒B=−  ⇒ un = (4) − (−1) 
n
(A1)(A1)
20 5  20 5 
[7 marks]

(iii) (a) EITHER

Denoting different colours by the numbers c,d,e… the diagram below
shows the need to use 4 colours, otherwise two adjacent vertices would have
equal numbers (same colour). (R1)

2 V2
1
V1
2 V3
V4 1 V10 2
1 V9
(M1)(A1)
1 V5
3
V7 V6 1
V11
4 V8 2

⇒ Chromatic number of graph χ (G ) = 4 . (A1)

OR
The chromatic number is ≤ 4 since G is planar and the chromatic number is (A1)
≥ 4 , since G contains κ 4 as a sub graph (V4 , V5 , V6 , V7 ) . (A1)(A1)
⇒ Chromatic number of graph χ (G ) = 4 . (A1)
[4 marks]

(b) Hamiltonian paths (all vertices appear once) between V1 and V11 .
V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 , V5 , V7 , V6 , V8 , V9 , V10 , V11 (A1)
V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 , V7 , V5 , V6 , V8 , V9 , V10 , V11 (A1)
Hence there are two district Hamiltonian paths in G. (A1)
[3 marks]
continued…
 – 23 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 8 continued

(iv) (a) For breadth-first search starting at U 0 .

U1 U1 U1 U1

U2 U2 U2

U0 U0
U0 U0
U3 U3
U4
U1 U1

U6
U2 U2

U0 U0
U5 U5
U3 U3 (M1)(A2)
U4 U4

Note: Award (M1) for demonstration of breadth-first technique.

Award (A2) for all correct, (A1) for 1 error, (A0) otherwise.

(b) For depth-first search starting at U 0 .

U1 U1 U1 U1

U2 U2 U2

U0 U0
U0 U0
U3 U3
U4
U1 U1

U6
U2 U2

U0 U0
U5 U5
U3 U3 (M1)(A2)
U4 U4

Note: Award (M1) for depth-first pattern.

Award (A2) for all correct, (A1) for 1 error, (A0) otherwise.
[6 marks]
Total [30 marks]
 – 24 – N03/510/H(2)M+

9. (i) (a) (i) f (x )

(π, 0) x (A1)(A1)
0 (2π, 0)

Note: Award (A1) for shape, (A1) for correct x-intercepts.

(ii) Smallest positive root = π. (A1)

f ( xn )
(iii) Newton-Raphson xn+1 = xn −
f ′( xn )
f ( x) = x sin x ⇒ f ′( x) = sin x + x cos x (A1)
xn sin xn
⇒ xn+1 = xn − (M1)
sin xn + xn cos xn
xn (sin xn + xn cos xn ) − xn sin xn
= (A1)
sin xn + xn cos xn
xn2 cos xn
= (AG)
sin xn + xn cos xn

[6 marks]

π
(b) Area = ∫ 0 x sin x dx = 3.141593 (6 d.p.) (G2)

OR
π
∫ 0
x sin x dx = [− x cos x + sin x]0π (M1)
=π
= 3.141593 (6 d.p.) (A1)
[2 marks]

(b − a )3
(c) Max error = f ′′(c) where f ′′(c) is max of f ′′ on [a , b]
12n 2
f ′′( x) = cos x + cos x + x (− sin x) = 2cos x − x sin x (M1)(A1)
from sketch of f ′′( x) use GDC max f ′′(c) = 3.103 (M1)(A1)
(π − 0)3
⇒ error ≤ (3.103) (M1)
12(10)2
= 0.0802 (3 s.f.) (A1)
[6 marks]

continued…
 – 25 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 9 continued

(ii) (a) The integral test for ∑a . n

Let an = f (n) where f ( x) is a continuous and positive decreasing function for

all x ≥ some positive integer, N. (R1)(R1)
∞ ∞
Then the series ∑a
n= N
n and the integral ∫ N
f ( x)dx

both diverge or both converge. (R1)

(i.e. if the integral is finite then ∑ an is finite, if the integral is infinite then
∑a n
is infinite)

[3 marks]

x
(b) Let f ( x) = 2 which satisfies the above conditions since from GDC we get
ex
for x > 1, f ( x) > 0 and f ′( x) < 0 . (R1)
∞ x t
Now ∫ x2 dx = lim ∫ xe− x dx
2

t →∞
(M1)
1
e 1

t
 1 2
= lim  − e − x  (A1)
t →∞
 2 1
 1 2   1   1
= lim   − e − t  −  − e −1   = (A1)
t →∞
 2   2   2e
∞
n
Since the integral converges so the series ∑ n2 converges. (A1)
n=1 e

[5 marks]

f ′′(0) x 2
(iii) (a) (i) f ( x) = f (0) + f ′(0) x + +…
2!

f ( x) = sin x f (0) = 0
f ′( x) = cos x f ′(0) = 1
f ′′( x) = − sin x f ′′(0) = 0
f ′′′( x) = − cos x f ′′′(0) = −1
f iv ( x) = sin x f iv (0) = 0
f v ( x) = cos x f v (0) = 1
f vi ( x) = − sin x f vi (0) = 0
f vii ( x) = − cos x f vii (0) = −1 (M1)

x3 x 5 x 7
Hence sin x = x − + − (A1)
3! 5! 7!

Note: Award (A2) if series is quoted as a standard result.

continued…
 – 26 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 9 (iii) (a) continued

x 2 x3
(ii) ex = 1+ x + + + … (a standard result)
2! 3!
2 ( x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 )3
ex = 1 + x2 + + (M1)
2! 3!
4 6
x x
= 1 + x2 + + + … (A1)
2! 3!
[4 marks]

2  x 4 x 6  x3 x5 x 7 
(b) e x sin x =  1 + x 2 + +  x − + −  (M1)
 2! 3!  3! 5! 7! 
3 5 5
x x x x5
= x − + + x3 − + (neglecting terms after x5 )
3! 5! 3! 2!
x3 x 5 x 5 x 5
= x + x3 − + − +
6 2 6 120
5 3 41 5
= x+ x + x (A1)
6 120
[2 marks]

(c) Using above result (part (iii) (b)) we get

2
e x sin x − x 5 41 2
= + x (M1)
x3 6 120
 e x sin x − x  5
2

Hence lim 
x→0 
 = (A1)
 x3  6
[2 marks]
Total [30 marks]
 – 27 – N03/510/H(2)M+

10. (i) A

E
B D C

By Menelaus’ Theorem on ∆ABC

AF BD CE
× × = −1 (M1)
FB DC EA
AF 1 1
⇒ × × = −1 (A1)
FB 2 2
AF
⇒ = −4 (A1)
FB
⇒ AF = − 4FB and B divides AF in ratio 3 : 1 (R1)
⇒ AB = 3BF (AG)
OR
AF = − 4FB
⇒ AB − FB = − 4FB (Since AB = AF + FB ⇒ AF = AB − FB) (R1)
⇒ AB = −3FB ⇒ AB = 3BF (AG)
[4 marks]

(ii) (a) A

θ
B D C

Prove AB2 + AC 2 = 2(AD 2 + BD 2 )

Using cosine rule we obtain
AB2 = AD 2 + BD2 − 2AD BDcosθ c (M1)(A1)
and AC = AD + DC − 2AD DCcos(180 − θ )
2 2 2

⇒ AC 2 = AD 2 + DC 2 + 2AD DCcosθ d (M1)(A1)

Since BD = DC add c and d (R1)
⇒ AB2 + AC 2 = 2(AD 2 + BD 2 ) (AG)
[5 marks]

continued…
 – 28 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 10 (ii) continued

(b) A B

Y
X

D C

In ∆ABC AB2 + BC 2 = 2(BX 2 + AX 2 ) from part (a) (M1)

In ∆ADC AD + DC = 2(DX + AX )
2 2 2 2
from part (a) (M1)

Addition ⇒ AB + BC + CD + DA = 4AX + 2BX + 2DX

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(M1)

Now in ∆BXD, BX 2 + DX 2 = 2(XY 2 + BY 2 ) (M1)

⇒ AB + BC + CD + DA = 4AX + 4XY + 4BY
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A1)

Also 2AX = AC and 2BY = BD (M1)

Hence AB + BC + CD + DA = AC + BD + 4XY
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(AG)
[6 marks]

continued…
 – 29 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 10 continued

a a
(iii) x=− x=
e e
y

e is eccentricity

P ( x0 , y0 )

M
F2 (−ae , 0) F1 (ae , 0) x

x2 y 2
(a) + =1
a 2 b2
2 x 2 yy1
Differentiate with respect to x ⇒ + 2 =0 (M1)
a2 b
− b 2
x
⇒ y1 = 2 (A1)
a y

−b 2 x0 −b 2 x0
⇒ at P( x0 , y0 ) Slope = ⇒ equation of tangent is y − y 0 = ( x − x0 ) (M1)(A1)
a 2 y0 a 2 y0
⇒ a 2 yy0 − a 2 y02 = −b 2 x0 x + b 2 x02
⇒ xx0b 2 + yy02 = a 2 y02 + b 2 x02
xx0 yy0 x02 y02
⇒ + 2 = 2+ 2 (A1)
a2 b a b
xx0 yy0
⇒ 2 + 2 =1 (AG)
a b
[5 marks]

a2
(b) At M y = 0 ⇒ x = (M1)
x0
 a2 
⇒ Coordinate of M =  , 0  (A1)
 x0 
[2 marks]

continued…
 – 30 – N03/510/H(2)M+

Question 10 (iii) continued

(c)
y
a a
x=− x=
e e

E P ( x0 , y0 )
D

M
F2 (−ae , 0) F1 (ae , 0) x

a 
PF1 = e (PD) = e  − x0  = a − ex0 (A1)
e 
a 
PF2 = e (PE) = e  + x0  = a + ex0 (A1)
e 
2
a a
MF1 = − ae = (a − ex0 ) (A1)
x0 x0
a2 a
MF2 = + ae = (a + ex0 ) (A1)
x0 x0

Note: Award (A1) marks for either form.

[4 marks]

F2 M F2 P
(d) Using the converse of the angle bisector theorem we need to show = . (M1)
F1M F1P
PF2 a + ex0
Now from part (c) = (A1)
PF1 a − ex0
a
(a + ex0 )
MF2 x0 a + ex0
and = = (A1)
a
MF1 (a − ex0 ) a − ex0
x0
FM FP
⇒ 2 = 2 (A1)
F1M F1P

ˆ .
So PM is the external bisector of F2 PF (AG)
1

[4 marks]
Total [30 marks]