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Complete reports of Advance Chemistry Experiment with title

“Standardization of NaOH Solution 0.1 N and Determination of Vinegar Acid
Levels” arranged by :

Name : Rulmadhani Annisa

ID : 1713441009
Class : Chemistry Education of ICP
Group : VI (Six)
After checked and consulted by assistant coordinator and assistant, so this
report was accepted.

Makassar, April 2018

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Betzy Ayu O. Rampe Yohanas M. Tandilolo

ID. ID. 1313441022

Knowing by,
Responsibility Lecturer

Dr. Hj. Army Auliah, M.Si

19640306 199203 2 001
A. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Standardization of NaOH Solution 0.1 N and Determination of Vinegar Acid
Levels.
B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
Determination the normality of NaOH solution using a standard solution of
Oxalic Acid and set the levels of Vinegar Acid in a volumetric titration.
C. LITERATURE REVIEW
The equivalence point, as we have seen, is the point at which the number of
moles of OH2 ions added to a solution is equal to the number of moles of H1 ions
originally present. To determine the equivalence point in a titration, then, we must
know exactly how much volume of a base to add from a buret to an acid in a fl ask.
One way to achieve this goal is to add a few drops of an acid-base indicator to the
acid solution at the start of the titration. You will recall from Chapter 4 that an
indicator is usually a weak organic acid or base that has distinctly different colors in
its nonionized and ionized forms. These two forms are related to the pH of the
solution in which the indicator is dissolved. The end point of a titration occurs when
the indicator changes color. However, not all indicators change color at the same pH,
so the choice of indicator for a particular titration depends on the nature of the acid
and base used in the titration(Chang, 2010:732).
Titration is the procedure in which a solution of one reactant, the titrant, is
carefully added to a solution of another reactant, and the volume of titrant required
for complete reaction is measured. The concentration of one solution, usually the
titrant, is known; this allows one to calculate the concentration or the amount of
reactant in the other solution, using the known reaction ratio (Whitten, 2014: 380).
In an acid–base titration, a solution containing a known concentration of base
is slowly added to an acid. Acid–base indicators can be used to signal the equivalence
point of a titration (the point at which stoichiometrically equivalent quantities of
acid). Alternatively, a pH meter can be used to monitor the progress of the reaction,
producing a pH titration curve, a graph of the pH as a function of the volume of
titrant added. The shape of the titration curve makes it possible to determine the
equivalence point. The curve can also be used to select suitable indicators and to
determine the Ka of the weak acid or the Kb of the weak base being titrated. To
understand why titration curves have certain characteristic shapes, we will examine
the curves for three kinds of titrations: (1) strong acid–strong base, (2) weak acid–
strong base, and (3) polyprotic acid–strong base.We will also briefly consider how
these curves relate to those involving weak bases (Brown, 2012: 714).
According to Chang (2010:723) states that we will consider three types of
acid-base titration reactions:
1. Titrations involving a strong acid and a strong base,
2. Titrations involving a weak acid and a strong base, and
3. Titrations involving a strong acid and a weak acid.
Titrations involving a weak acid and a weak base are complicated by the hydrolysis
of both the cation and the anion of the salt formed. It is difficult to determine the
equivalence point in these cases.
In an acid-base titration you may either add acid to base or base to acid. This
addition continues until there is some indication that the reaction is complete. Often a
chemical known as an indicator will indicate the endpoint of a titration reaction, the
experimental end of the titration. If we perform the experiment well, the endpoint
should closely match the equivalence point of the titration. All the calculations in
this section assume accurate experimental determination of the endpoint, and that this
value is the same as the equivalence point (Moore, 2007: 71).
Solutions with accurately known concentrations are called standard solutions.
Often we prepare a solution of a substance and then determine its concentration by
titration with a standard solution. Standardization is the process by which one
determines the concentration of a solution by measuring accurately the volume of the
solution required to react with an accurately known amount of a primary standard.
The standardized solution is then known as a secondary standard and is used in the
analysis of unknowns (Whitten, 2014: 381).
 Oftentimes in an acid–base titration, an indicator is used rather than a pH
meter. Optimally, an indicator should change color at the equivalence point in a
titration. In practice, however, that is unnecessary. The pH changes very rapidly near
the equivalence point, and in this region one drop of titrant can change the pH by
several units. Thus, an indicator beginning and ending its color change anywhere on
the rapid-rise portion of the titration curve gives a sufficiently accurate measure of the
titrant volume needed to reach the equivalence point. The point in a titration where
the indicator changes color is called the end point to distinguish it from the
equivalence point that it closely approximates (Brown, 2012: 721).
An acid–base titration is the quantitative analysis of the amount or
concentration of an acid or base in a sample by observing its reaction with a known
amount or concentration of a base or acid. Let us now describe the use of a few
primary standards for acids and bases. One primary standard for solutions of acids is
sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, a solid compound.
H2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
1 mol Na2CO3 = 106.0 g and 1 mmol Na2CO3 = 0.1060 g
Sodium carbonate is a salt. Because a base can be broadly defined as a substance that
reacts with hydrogen ions (Whitten, 2014: 382).
An acid–base titration is a procedure for determining the amount of acid (or
base) in a solution by determining the volume of base (or acid) of known
concentration that will completely react with it. An acid–base titration curve is a plot
of the pH of a solution of acid against the volume of added base. Such curves are
used to gain insight into the titration process. You can use the titration curve to
choose an indicator that will show when the titration is complete (Ebbing, 2009:682).
We can titrate an acid solution of unknown concentration by adding a
standardized solution of sodium hydroxide dropwise from a buret (see Figure 11-1).
A common buret is graduated in large intervals of 1 mL and in smaller intervals of
0.1 mL so that it is possible to estimate the volume of a solution dispensed to within
at least 60.02 mL. (Experienced individuals can often read a buret to 60.01 mL.) The
analyst tries to choose an indicator that changes color clearly at the point at which
stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of acid and base have reacted, the equivalence
point (Whitten, 2014: 380).
The end point of an indicator does not occur at a specific pH rather, there is a
range of pH within which the end point will occur. In practice, we choose an indicator
whose end point lies on the steep part of the titration curve. Because the equivalence
point also lies on the steep part of the curve, this choice ensures that the pH at the
equivalence point will fall within the range over which the indicator changes color.
We mentioned that phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for the titration of NaOH
and HCl. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic and neutral solutions, but reddish pink
in basic solutions. Measurements show that at pH, 8.3 the indicator is colorless but
that it begins to turn reddish pink when the pH exceeds 8.3. The steepness of the pH
curve near the equivalence point means that the addition of a very small quantity of
NaOH brings about a large rise in the pH of the solution (Chang, 2010:733).
An acid-base titration is a laboratory procedure that we use to determine the
concentration of an unknown solution. We add a base solution of known
concentration to an acid solution of unknown concentration (or vice versa) until an
acid-base indicator visually signals that the endpoint of the titration has been reached.
The equivalence point is the point at which we have added a stoichiometric amount of
the base to the acid (Moore, 2007: 237).
When you titrate a weak base by a strong acid, you get a titration curve
similar to that obtained when a weak acid is titrated by a strong base shows the pH
changes during the titration of 25.0 mL of 0.100 M NH3 by 0.100 M HCl. In this
case, the pH declines slowly at first, then falls abruptly from about pH 7 to pH 3.
Methyl red, which changes color from yellow at pH 6.0 to red at pH 4.8, is a possible
indicator for this titration. the concepts and operational skills apply to the other types
of acid base titrations. Note that phenolphthalein could not be used to find the
equivalence point (Ebbing, 2009: 686).
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, Theodore L etc.2012. Chemistry the Central Science. New York: Prentice
Hall.

Chang, Raymond.2010. Chemistry 10th Edition. New York: Water triple Biwa Inc.

Ebbing, Darrel D, Gammon, Steven D.2009. General Chemistry 9th Edition. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company.

Moore, Jhon T. Langley, Richard H.2007. Chemistry for the utterly cinfused. San
Fransisco: Mc Graw –Hill.

Whitten, Kenneth W etc.2014. Chemistry 10th Edition. USA: Graphic world Inc.
 PERTANYAAN

1. Explain about types of standard solution, and give 2 examples?

2. Explain about the working principle of volumetric titration?
Answer:
1. Standard solution is the solution which the concentration has been known.
Consist of two types that is primary standard solution and secondary standard
solution. Primary standard solution is the solution where the level can directly
known because the result is gain from weighing. Generally, the level is expressed
in normality. Secondary standard solution is the solution where the concentration
can determine by standardization with primary standard solution. For example of
primary standard solution is Oxalic Acid and Sodium Tetraborate. And for
secondary standard solution the example is Sodium Hydroxide and Acid
Chloride.
2. The working principle of volumetric titration is the substance which will
determine the concentration is titrated by using a standard solution which the
concentration is have know, until occur the complete reaction where the mole
equivalent of standard solution equal to the mole equivalent the solution which
titrated.