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CHEMISTR
Y FOLIO
CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER
CONTENTS
5.3 Medicine 7
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5.1 : Soap and Detergent
Soap
Detergent
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Preparation of detergent
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O
Lauryl alcohol Lauryl
hydrogen sulphate
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOH
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃Na + H₂O
Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium
lauryl sulphate
DETERGENT
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Preparation of soap
• Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
• It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodium
hydroxide, NaOH.
• The oil or fat molecules are “broken up” or hydrolyzed to glycerol and
fatty acids.
• This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication)
• The fatty acids formed then react of
Saponication with sodium
oils hydroxide, NaOH to
or fats
form a salt (soap).
O
ll
R’—C—O—CH₂ HO—CH₂
O l
ll OH⁻ HO—CH + R’COOH
+ R”COOH + R”’COOH
R”— C—O—CH + 3H₂O l
O HO—CH₂
fatty acids
ll
R”’—C—O—CH₂ glycerol
Ester
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The cleansing action of soap and detergent
• One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar
end).
-It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or “likes water”.
• The other part has no charge (non-polar end)
-It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or “hates
water”.
• These two parts work together to remove grease.
hydrophobic part (non-polar end)
hydrophilic part
(polar end)
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Formation of scum Forms scum with hard Does not form scum with
water hard water
Traditional medicines
Derived from plants and
animals
Medicines
Modern medicines
Chemicals that are extracted
from plants and animals
Type of modern
medicineFunctionExamplesAnalgesicsRelieve
painAspirin, paracetamolAntibioticsKill or inhibit growth of
infectious bacteriaPenicillin,
streptomycinPsychotherapeutic medicinesControl
symptoms of mental illnessStimulants, antidepressants
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Side effects of medicines
• Both traditional and modern medicines have side effects
• Some traditional medicines help people lose their weight by speeding
up their metabolism. The side effects are an increase in blood pressure
and heart rate
• Birth control pills are an example of modern medicine. Women who use
them experience side effects such as hypertension, acne, and
abnormal bleeding.
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