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BY
Dr. S. N. GOTUR.
B.A.M.S.
(GULBARGA UNIRVESITY, GULBARGA, KARNATAKA)
BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
GUIDE CO-GUIDE
Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI Prof. Dr. D. K. MISHRA
M.D (Ay) M.D (Ay)(GAU)
Assistant Professor H.O.D.
Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Rasashastra &Bhaishajya Kalpana
NOVEMBER - 2009
Department
of Post Graduate
A.L.N.Rao
Memorial
Ayurvedic
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA Medical College Koppa – 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur Karnataka
DECLARATION
Dr. S. N. GOTUR
Date:
P. G. Scholar,
Place: Koppa Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College, Koppa – 577 126
Department of Post Graduate A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA Medical College Koppa – 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka
CERTIFICATE
Guide:
CERTIFICATE
Co-Guide:
CERTIFICATE
H.O.D
Department of Post Graduate A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA Medical College Koppa – 577126
Dist:
Chikmagalur,
Karnataka
ENDORSEMENT
COPYRIGHT
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in
ABSTRACT
consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and
anxiety are making the man impotent. Because of this he not only loses the ability to
produce healthy progeny, but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment in
this connection. It becomes more important for mankind to produce therapeutic drug
to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation, but also
Objectives:
In this connection the present drug Kamadhenu Churna has been selected to
evaluate Vajikarana action on albino rats. Group one dose is according to classical
reference & in Group-2 dose is double the dose of the classical reference-
Kamadhenu Churna
Pharmaceutical study:
The compound drug was prepared in the Pharmacy attached to the college
to evaluate the effect of Vajikarana effect by following Beech and Stone 1940.
Interpretation:
have madhura rasa, snigdha guna & shita virya. Dhatu vruddhikara and balya
properties along with vata hara gunas are an additional specialty of this preparation.
Increasing the shukra dhatu and oja is possibly on the above said factors. While the
drug shall be confidently used on the loss of libido on clinical evaluation since the
ushna virya dravya gandhaka is also one of the major ingredients. Therefore the
The more significant values of Kamadhenu churna with double dose possibly
Key words:
Dhathu etc
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The art of love is not only meant to give pleasure to man solely, but also to
provide women, the maximum pleasure and no doubt it’s an excellent solution for
procreation. This also strengthens the married life. Ayurveda though envisages sex
strictly for procreation but also indicates as a practice for healthy married life,
attainment of, (third aim of life) and as a means for fulfillment of Paralokaishana
(Pursuits of salvation).
The problem of low sexual desire, erectile this function are pre mature
Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, physiological and social
well being of a person. It may dew to intake of substandard food, consumption food,
consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and
anxiety making the man impotent. Because of this he not only looses the ability to
produce healthy progeny but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment.
drugs to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation
Since ancient times human societies have searched for effective drugs to
enhance sexual activity and desire, legendary aphrodisiac made from rhinoceros horn,
the glands of musk deer, sheep or bull testicles, Spanish fly and ginseng have been
1
Introduction
love. Fertility and beauty born from severed genitals of god Uranus and aphrodisiac is
defined as any food or drug that arouses and increases pleasure and performance.
olfactory and aural) preparations and internal preparation(food alcoholic drinks drug).
As India is known as a holy land and Indians having deep interest in spiritual
knowledge, vedas recognize four goals for the complete development of any human
being.
Dharm - concerning moral and ideal needs
The time prior to the creation, mind, the primordial substance across thought
the power of tapas and the first product of mind was Kama, Sexual desires and love.
The sanskrit term “kama” in a wide sense refers to all the desire of a human
being it denotes love as well as lust. One angle of kama refers to sex means to get
physical and mental pleasure, the basis of mating, marriage and progeny. In ancient
India many treatise were written on kama describing the ways and means of deriving
maximum enjoyment from sex the author of these works were munis and rushis. They
knew that kama was an instinct and it was not possible to suppress it. They accepted
that the correct practice of kama makes both men and woman happy.
2
Introduction
makes a man sexually as strong as horse and is able to copulate for longer period an
elephant and as frequently as a sparrow with many female partners. There are various
means by which vajikarana could be achieved i.e. ahara (diet), vihara (environment
and activities) and aushada (drugs). It involves all the therapeutically and non-
In all cultures and societies, from the primitive to the most sophisticated,
nearly all women and men desire progeny. In many communities progeny is seen as
important asset to the family, particularly to those whose life revolves around
In many cultures progeny represent final proof or virility .if a women in the
society fails to get progeny after marriage she is subjected to indignity and will be
main accusation because. Failure to becomes pregnant is perceived to the entirely her
fault, but 30 percentage of the infertility is caused by male factor related to the
problem with sperm defects representing the highest single cause to overcome this
problem the present study aimed to find out the efficacy of Kamadhenu churna in
effect of the compound through the parameters like initial arousal period ,peak arousal
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is an unforgettable moment of contentment on the successful
fulfillment of an ambition and a milestone fostered for long, i.e. the completion of
this dissertation work; I bow my head at the feet of the Almighty, whose
profound grace is always towards me. This work is a reflection of the rays of
mercy emitted from the Almighty.
It is beyond the reach of my language as it is very difficult to find
appropriate vocabulary to express; at this juncture I pay my obeisance to my
esteemed Father Mr. Nagappa. M. Gotur and Mother Late. Nagamma, for
taking pain and their sacrifice to bring up me to this position.
The Herculean task would have been impossible but the love & affection
of my Dear brother Mr, Chandrashekhar, Dr.Venkatesh and also cannot forget
My Sister‐ Mrs. Anasuya, Younger Sister‐ Mrs. Sudha and My Brother in laws,
whose tender care and the moral support insulated me from all the petty
problems of the day‐to‐day life, helping me to concentrate on my academics.
I am beholden to my family members & lastly my relatives.
It is matter of great pleasure and honour for me to express my gratitude
whole heartedly and with profound respect to my ever respected Guide‐ Dr. B. I.
Mathapati, Asst. Prof., and Co‐Guide Prof. Dinesh Kumar Mishra, H.O.D,
P.G. Department of Bhaishajya Kalpana for their valuable guidance. Many a
time they gave me constant inspiration, encouragement, support and a real
parental affection with an inner creative impulse not dominated and fettered by
an outside authority to touch this mile stone at this apt time successfully.
I record my sincere and hearty gratitude to Honourable President, Sri
Aroor Ramesh Rao, A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa, for giving me
an opportunity to do my P. G. Studies.
I am very thankful to Respected, Principal & Prof.. Sanjaya K. S. M.D.(Ay)
for their kind guidance as and when needed and administrative facilitation
during this work.
Words fail to express the gravity of my heartfelt thanks to Dr. H. Abdul
Kareem, Dr. Milind. Hukkeri, Dr. Sandeep Sarode, Dr. Shubha S,
Dr. Basavaraj. S. Hiremath, Dr. Harikrishna and Dr. Roshy Joseph Lecturers,
my mentor for their warm & soothing support within or outside the department
and the round the clock guidance through out my research task.
I extend my gratefulness to Prof. M Vidyasagar M.D.(Ay) Ph.D, H.O.D. Dept.
of D.G and Prof. Debajit. Bhattacharya M.D.(Ay), H.O.D Dept. of K.C., for their
uncountable‐valuable guidance, timely help during this work.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude towards Prof. Dr. B. D.
Mishra M.D.(Ay), Prof. Dr .C.B. Jha M.D. (Ay) BHU, Dr. Vilas Dole M.D.(Ay) Pune, Dr.
Unnikrishnan M.D.(Ay) Trivandrum, for their indefatigable guidance which had
moulded and enriched my research work of its fulfillment.
I am immensely thankful to Dr. Prashant kumar. Jha. DIM, CIPR, PGDEE, M.Sc., Ph.D
who helped me for confirming the genuineness and purity of crude drugs and
helping me in Analysing the Trial Drug Formulation of my dissertation.
I am ever Grateful for to Dr. Suhas shetty for their complete guidance in
statistical work.
I am thankful to Prof. H. R. Pradeep, Prof. P. K. Mishra, Prof. T. K.
Mohanta, Dr. Rashmirekha Mishra, Dr. S. V. Saraganacharya, Dr.
Ilanchezhian, Dr. Lakshmikant, and Lecturers Postgraduate studies for their
valuable advices in my dissertation.
It was indeed a pleasure to work with and have friendly guidance and
support from my senior colleagues – Dr. Roopesh, Dr. Ram, Dr. Jay, Dr. Vibhu,
Dr. Yashoda, Dr. Janni H, Dr. Rachana C, Dr. Avinash Pastore, Dr.Magesh,
Dr. Pronab H, Dr. Sushil Shetty for their timely support which smoothened my
path.
It is not an easy task to fetch esteem vocabulary to appraise my heartily
gratitude to Dr. Brijesh, Dr. Nagendra, Dr. Pravin Joshi, my junior friends
Nataraj T.K, Naveenkumar. J. and well wishers who lent their hand when
needed most, without whom my stay at Koppa is unimaginable. Memorable are
those moments, which I shared with all my batchmates Dr. Smt. Anuradha and
Dr. Noble, Dr. Mahesh, Dr. Prashant, Dr. Dayanand, Dr. Susruth, Dr. Madhu,
Dr. Nishababu, Dr. Priyalatha, Dr. Pallavi, Dr. Jaykrishna, Dr. Arunpratap,
Dr. Sarunmohan, Dr. Sreejith and Dr. Mahantesh, ‐ who made life at Koppa
wonderful whom I would miss much later.
It is a pleasure for me to remember all my Juniors Dr. Reddy, Dr.
Jagadish, Dr. Kiran, Dr. Shukla Das and Dr. Praffula who have all helped me in
every possible way and for their timely contributions which always assured me
of the precious support whenever needed.
I am grateful to the staff members of the pharmacy Mr. Mathew, Ms
Ganeshwari, Ms Devayani, Ms. Veda, Ms.Ponnamma for their assistance in
practical works.
I am grateful to Librarian Mr. Basheer, Mr.Satish, Mrs.Jyoti, Miss.
Manjula & Miss. Ameena Yasmin helped me in my reference work.
And last, but not least, I owe my gratitude to all those Beloved Relatives,
lecturers, UG students, all friends and well wishers who directly or indirectly or
in one way or the other have inspired, encouraged and helped me to pursue the
path of success along my life.
Omission of any name in my acknowledgement is unintentional and
regretted.
Date: November 2009
Place: Koppa Dr. S. N. Gotur
ABBREVIATIONS
OBJECTIVES
dispensing.
dose.
3) To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best
one.
Hypothesis:
administered internally.
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Pharmaceutical Review
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW
Introduction
Animals of the same class generally observe the same rules of eating and
enjoyments in the world. But as Man has supremacy over his nature/ basic instincts,
he is free to have changes. He renders the nature favorable to himself and derives
indulgence.
within all the limitations of time or place while describing the Science of Ayurveda?
The elaboration is typical of “Indian thinking and speaking”. Thus the principles are
from this path and start topic specific descriptions. ‘Bhaishajya Kalpana’- more than
simply the science of pharmacy which according to Remington is - “The art and
science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug - related
information to the public”. That is why Acharya Caraka reiterates that Yuktijna
xÉÇrÉÉåaÉÌuÉzsÉåwÉMüÉsÉxÉÇxMüÉUrÉÑÌ£üÍpÉ: ||
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Pharmaceutical Review
comprehension of the preparation of the compound drug with respect to the changes
during the processes creates a unique opportunity for formulating the new/existing
compounds with improved stability and specially selected compositions for superior
study/observe the preparation of a drug with utmost care, comprehend the principles
underlying, document the findings for further comparison, corroborate the document
Kashaya Kalpana
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Pharmaceutical Review
• The sequency of these kalpana’s is not according to guru and laghu guna’s1
Swarasa Kalpana
• The rasa which is produced by compressing Eg- Iksu, amlaki etc., is called
Swarasa, this swarasa can be combined with other samshamana kalpana and
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Pharmaceutical Review
• The juice taken out from a fresh green herb well pounded and squeezed
• The green drug should be collected on thae same day. The swarasa can be
(A¹ÉXçaÉ xÉÇaÉëWû
Mü.8.10)
• Immediately after that drug is collected, it should be washed , crushed and
(vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉÇ.1.2)
• The juice extracted from a fresh green drug drug by pounding it then
• Collect the fresh green wet drug and make them into paste from by pounding.
Then extract the juice by squeezing it with a cloth or yantra, thus obtained
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Pharmaceutical Review
method of swarasa. Since the juice out by this method is also considered as
swarasa
• In this procedure the drug will be getting agni samskara, A bolus of mud
holding within it the kalka(paste) of drugs put into fire and removed when it
becomes red hot, the thickness of the layer of mud should be two angulas or
two angustas, it is better to wrap the paste of drug with leaves of kasmari, vata,
jambu etc, the puta paka swarasa should be taken in the dose of one pala to
which is added one karsha of honey and the proportion of kalka, Churnas or
swarasa.
Some of the examples of puta paka swarasa vidhi are mentioned here under.
• Patra – Nyagrodha patra, Vasa patra, Amra patra, jambu patra, etc
• Panchangas – kantakari,etc
cÉÔhÉÉïlÉÉqÉÉRûMüqÉÉRûMüqÉÑSMüxrÉÉWûÉãUɧÉÉÎxjÉiÉÇ
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• If wet drugs are not available, then further preparation of swarasa the
following special method should be adapted. The powder of the plant drug
should be taken the quantity of one adhaka in an earthen pot an to this one
hours)there after it should be squeezed by hand and filter. The liquid that
mÉËU.mÉë)
• One kudava powder of dry drug put in twice its quantity of water, kept over
for a day and night, then filtered and obtained liquid is also called swarasa11.
(vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ. 1.4)
In case of drugs, which are very dry and which do not give out any juice,
boiling them in 8 times their quantity of water and reducing to a quarter can be also
used as swarasa12.
ͤÉmÉãiÉç || (vÉÉ.qÉ.1.6)
ͤÉÌmÉiÉç |
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rÉÉSuÉ eÉÏ)
• Ghrita, Sita, Guda and Honey if mentioned should be added in 1 Kola maatra,
Table No.1- Some of the common Swarasa Kalpana’s with their Amayika Prayoga
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Kalka, Kwatha, Hima and Phanta. The preceding kalpana is heavier than the latter i.e.
heavier than Hima and Phanta, Hima and Phanta are lighter than the Kwatha, Kalka
and Swarasa15.
Nirukti:
Kashaya kalpana is made up of two words-
Definition16:
in a liquid for a definite time until the liquid is reduced to the desired quantity and the
entire matter is squeezed through a thin cloth. The filtrate is discarded and the
Synonyms:
´É×iÉ YuÉÉjÉ MüwÉÉrÉ¶É ÌlÉrÉÔïWû: xÉ ÌlÉaɱiÉå | - vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/2
Shrita, Kwatha, Kashaya and Niryuha words are used synonymously. Kwatha
Importance:
The Kwatha is utilized both internally and externally for therapeutic purposes.
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Pharmaceutical Review
Arista, Ghana, Lehya etc Kalpanas. Like it is mentioned in many ways depends upon
types of Kwatha for treatment of various diseases. Different types of Kashayas are
of main drug or an accompanied for Avaleha Ghrita, Taila etc. preparations and
Asava, Arista etc are alcoholic preparations. For these preparations Kwatha should be
prepared first.
Samhita period, the description and wide usage of Kashaya is found to treat various
Kashaya, the ratio between drava and dravya, prakshepa dravya used etc.
Preparation of Kashaya:
boiled in a drava for a specific time. But the exact time for boiling is not mentioned.
ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉxjÉÉlÉ – 1)
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Pharmaceutical Review
the taste of the drug should be completely transferred into the drava and the drug
should be tasteless.
All the Samhitas later mentions about the preparation of Kashaya, the nature
of the drug, ratio between drug and water and about the reduction of drava to obtain
the final product. Acharya Sushruta mentions about the preparation of Kashaya in17.
The Twak, Patra, Phala, Moola etc. part that is required is dried in sunlight. The drugs
suitable for cutting is made into small pieces, drugs that are hard are broken down and
pounded. Then the drugs are added to 8 or16 parts water, boiled and reduced to 1/4th.
It is then removed from fire18. Acharya Sushruta also says that the bark,
leaves, flowers or roots are added with 4 times water, boiled and reduced to 1/4th19.
Ashtanga samgraha mentions the same principle as said by Acharya Sushruta and
Depending upon the hardness and quantity of dravya, the quantity of water is
fixed. Mild heat is given during preparation and the mixture is stirred continuously
drug to the vessel. When the water absorbs the active principles of drug and the drug
becomes tasteless, the mixture is removed from fire, filtered through a cloth20.
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Kashyapa samhita mentions to take one part of drug and mixed with 4 or 8
times of water, boil the mixture in mild heat and reduce to 1/4th. Thus obtained
Water ratio:
earthen pot over a mild fire till liquid is reduced to 1/8th of the original quantity. The
preparation of a Kashaya properly and to extract the active principles of the drug
completely, the drug- water ratio plays an important role. The residual water, after
i) Drug’s consistency
I. Drug’s consistency:
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Pharmaceutical Review
The raw drugs are grouped into Mridu (soft), Madhyama (medium), Katina
(hard) and Atyanta katina (too hard). Based on this, the amount of water is to be
The residual part is always 1/4th of the original amount of water added.
The water ratio again depends upon the quantity of the material used during the
process.
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Pharmaceutical Review
quantity of the drug. If the amount of water taken is less, the drug may be burnt and if
water quantity is more, the active principles will get diluted in the water. According to
Acharya Sharangadhara, the residual amount of water after boiling should be 1/4th,
whereas Acharya Chakradatta and Acharya Gangadhara mention 1/8th part of water.
Types of Kashaya:
i) Shrita Kashaya- The Kashaya prepared by boiling the drugs in water and
ii) Ashrita Kashaya- The drug is kept in water overnight and squeezed after
maceration. Eg. Phanta, Hima. Kalka and Swarasa are grouped under
Ashrita Kashaya.
Acharya Harita mentioned 7 types of Kwatha based on its function and method of
pharmacological actions.
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Kashaya
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Administration of Kwatha:
ZÉ. 2/3
proper digestion of ahara rasa and the conversion of ahara rasa into rasa dhatu in 2
pala dose. If the person takes medicine before the digestion of food or vice-versa, it
always prepared fresh from Kwatha choorna. Shamana Kwatha should be taken at
while Deepana Kwatha is to be taken during the 3rd prahara. In case of vataja or
Matra:
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Pharmaceutical Review
Prakshepa dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and
also increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific
Prakshepaka dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and
also to increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific
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Pharmaceutical Review
Preparation of Kashaya:
Equipments-
• Vessel Kashaya
Method of preparation:
• First well arrangement of all equipments which are required above and take
• If the drug is fresh, cut it into small pieces; if dry, and then make a coarse
powder of it. In case of very hard drug, make it into small pieces and soak it
overnight in water.
• Then Kashaya dravyas are put into sufficient amount of water and mixed well
• Mild heat is given from below, so that complete potency of drug is transferred
to the liquid.
• The vessel is removed from the fire, when water is reduced to the required
• After slight cooling of vessel, the Kashaya is filtered using a clean cloth to
• Kashaya is not prepared of drugs having volatile oil, as volatile oils are
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Pharmaceutical Review
• The Kashaya should produce the desired effect against the disease for which it
is administered.
Decoction is the process in which water soluble and heat stable constituents of
a drug are extracted and transferred to water (liquid medium). Boiling and reducing
the water to the calculated final volume is important to derive the efficacy and benefit
from decoction. Uniform mild heat and type of vessel used for boiling the water is
CHURNA KALPANA
The term Churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture
of two or more drugs, which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to
homogeneity.
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Pharmaceutical Review
drug which is filtered through a cloth. Churna is that which is powdered without any
liquid. The churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two
or more drugs which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to
homogeneity.
powdered form by pulverized is called churna. This churna is used for Grahani roga,
Vernacular Names35:
• English. - Powder
• Hindi - Churna
Synonyms:
ZÉ. 6/1
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Pharmaceutical Review
• Rajah (pulvis)
• Kshoda (powder)
zÉÑwMüÌmɹ: xÉѤqÉiÉÉliÉuÉmÉOûcrÉÑiɶÉÔhÉï: |
of kalka can be considered as churna and many of the times churna is used to make
the kalka. Churna is not different from kalka, because it is not devoid of any part of
certain conditions, kalka can be prepared with suska dravyas (dry drugs) by making
them vastra galita churna and adding drava dravya. The process of pounding is similar
Making powder
Vastra galana
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Pharmaceutical Review
• Shuksma – Fine powder – for Vati, Lehy, Nasya, sieved through No. 60 sieve.
• Atyanta shuksma (Vastra Galita) Bhasmas, Anjanas. Sieved through No. 100
sieve (very fire powder).
ZÉ. 6/2
• Hingu = Quantity which does not cause any Utkledan (Nausea) and
must be used after frying Liquids = Ghee, oil, honey etc. – 2 parts
The quantity of any liquid which soaks the powder fully well is called bhavanadravya.
Process of Preparation:
Equipment required
Disintegrators.
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Pharmaceutical Review
The drugs that are to be used in the preparation should be taken from recently
collected material. Drugs, which are aged by prolonged storage or changed in colour,
taste, smell and those, which are insect infested, should be positively rejected.
However, drugs like embelia fruits, long pepper, coriander seeds, honey, jaggery, and
even cow’s ghee are preferred from old stock, which should be unspoilt otherwise.
In general, the aromatics are slightly fried in order to increase or sweeten their
The drugs mentioned in the churna yoga are cleaned and dried. They are
powdered by pounding in with mortar and pestle and sieved through a thin layer of
cloth (Vastragalita). In a prescription where there are a number of ingredients, the best
method is to powder the drugs separately, weight the required quantities of the drugs
As some of the drugs contain more fibrous matter than others, this method of
powdering and weighing them separately according to yoga, and then mixing them
together, is recommended.
that, different drugs will have different types of consistency as mrdu (soft),
madhyama (medium) and kathina (hard). If they mixed and pounded together, first
mrdu dravyas get powdered easily, kathina dravyas remains as it is, hence while doing
formulae take place and also drugs which contains volatile oil property, may
evaporate easily and burnt sometimes, before kathina dravyas get powdered
uniformly.
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Pharmaceutical Review
only they are supposed to be mixed together uniformly to get better therapeutic results
from the administered Churna formulae. Swadista virecana churna, lavana bhaskara
churna, Hingvastaka churna etc., which are having combination of sugar, salt as a
ingredient should not be formulated during rainy season, because they may get
A volatile principle may get volatilized during the milling process. This is due
to the more exposed surface area of the crude drug and also to the increase in
When Hingu, Saindhava lavana and similar drugs are to be added they are
fried well and powdered so that they do not become moist. Sugar and camphor are
The Churna should be very fine, amorphous and should be perfectly dry. The
fineness of the sieve used should be preferably 80 mesh per square inch or still finer.
Preservation
tles.
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Pharmaceutical Review
cÉÑhÉÉïuÉsÉåWûaÉÑÌiÉMüÉsMüÉlÉÉqÉlÉÑmÉlÉMüqÉç |
uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉMüTüÉiÉhMåü ̧ÉukÉåMümÉsÉqÉÉWûUåiÉç ||
Anupana (vehicle for the medicine) for Churna (pulvis), Avaleha, Confection,
Gutika tablets, Kalka paste should be three, two and one pala respectively for diseases
of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Just as oil spreads quickly on water like medicines spread
Avaleha 3 Vata
Gutika 2 Pitta
Kalka 1 kapha
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Pharmaceutical Review
Churna, Kalka and Gutika matra is one and same, that is one Karsha pramana.
If Churna is advised to chew after making paste form with the help of some drava
dravya, then that drava dravya is advised to drink after mixing in dravya, than the
• Churnas are more stable than liquids, because chemical reactions take place
more rapidly in atmospheric conditions when the drugs are in liquid form.
• The rapid dissolution increases the blood concentration in a shorter time, there
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Pharmaceutical Review
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Drug Review
DRUG REVIEW
Drug (Dravya) is one among the Cikitsa Catuspada and is having the next
Acharya Caraka says that, he is the best of physicians who knows the science
of administration of drugs with due reference to the place and time, and who applies it
and the thunderbolt, while the perfectly understood drug is comparable to ambrosia.
Keeping these points in view the following drug has been selected for the sudy
aÉlkÉMüÉqÉsÉÌMücÉÔhÉï kÉɧÉÏUxÉÌuÉpÉÉÌuÉiÉqÉç |
Shuddha Gandhaka
Amalaki Churna
Amalaki swarasa
Shalamali toya
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Drug Review
AMALAKI1
Mostly collected in winter season after ripening and in Kashmir in summer, a small or
medium sized tree, found both in natural state in mixed deciduous forests of the
SYNONYMS
Malayalam : Nellikka
Telugu : Usirika
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Drug Review
Dose:
DESCRIPTION
a) Macroscopic
separated single segment; 1-2 cm long or united as 3 or 4 segments; bulk colour grey
to black, pieces showing, a broad, highly shrivelled and wrinkled external convex
show s a few whitish specks, occasionally some pieces show a portion of stony testa
b) Microscopic
cell appearing tabular and polygonal in surface view; cuticle present; mesocarp cells
mostly 7 isodiametric larger cells with walls showing irregular thickenings; ramified
vascular elements occasionally present; stone cells present either isolated or in small
groups towards endocarp ; pitted vascular fibres, walls appearing serrated due to the
Powder: Fine powder shows epidermis with uniformly thickened straight walled
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Drug Review
CONSTITUENTS - Ascorbic acid and gallotannins.
Rasa : Madhura,Amla,Katu,Tikta,Kashaya
Virya : Sheeta
Vipaka : Madhura
Ghrta,Triphala Churna
A deciduous tree attaining a height upto 40 m and a girth upto 6 m or more and
distributed throughout the hotter parts of the country upto 1500 m or more.
SYNONYMS
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Drug Review
DESCRIPTION -
a) Macroscopic:
external surface rough with vertical and transverse cracks, mucilaginous on chewing;
fracture, fibrous.
b) Microscopic:
Stem bark shows 10-15 layered, transversely elongated, radially arranged, thinwalled,
cork cells with a few outer layers having brown coloured contents; rhytidoma present
at certain places interrupting the cork; secondary cortex con- sists of moderately
singles or in groups, thick-walled, oval to irregular, and tangential bands of stone cells
having striations with narrow lumen, measuring 13-33 μ in dia., occur throughout the
rays, elements in the outer region form tangential bands of ceratenchyma; a number of
concentric bands of fibres alternating with groups of sieve elements also present;
fibres lignified having narrow lumen and pointed tips; phloem rays numerous and
wavy, 1-6 seriate, cells being radially elongated and moderately thick-walled; rosette
parenchyma and ray cells; mucilage canals and tannin cells present in the
cells having striations with narrow lumen, measuring 13-33 μ in dia., rosette crystals
of calcium oxalate, phloem fibres and numerous reddish-brown coloured masses and
tannin cells.
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Drug Review
CONSTITUENTS - Saponins, Tannins and Gums. Seeds yield a fixed oil Resin
contains 2.9% mineral matters and tannin. Which also consists of tannic acid and
gallic acid. Roots [semal musali] contain starch 71.2 . Sugar 8.2, Protein 1.2, Minaral
matter 2.1 Percent. Also Fat Tannin and cellulose in lower percentage roots consist of
mucilaginous substance,
Virya : Sheeta
Vipaka : Madhura
Useful Parts - Flower, Khanda, Roots, Gum, Bark, Leaves, Young fruits, Seeds
GANDHAKA [SULPHUR]
dravya next to parada. It is considered as the essential agent in mercurial process and
is believed to impart many desirable properties to parada and reduces its toxic effects.
Hence the mercurial preparations without gandhaka are considered to be more toxic.
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Drug Review
Synonyms:
Gandha Shulbaripu Gandhapa
Durganda Kushthari
English – Sulphur.
Gandhaka Shodana:
1) Swedana
2) Dravana, Galana
3) Bhavana
4) Kurma Puta – Bhoodara yantra method
5) Damaru yantra etc.,
Properties3-
Guna : Sara
Veerya : Ushna
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Drug Review
Occurrence5- Sulphur occurs in native form in the volcanic regions of Sicily, Italy,
PROPERTIES.
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Drug Review
GO GHRITA6
Ghrita is said to the Shresta Sneha because of its property to absorb the
property of other drugs when put into it, In ayurveda Go-ghrita is said to be superior
Vernacular Name:
Properties :
Rasa - Madhura,
Veerya - Sheeta,
Vipaka - Madhura,
Description:
yogavahitwa, As per its ingredients the medicated ghrita will be attaining properties.
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Drug Review
Chemical Constituents7:
digestible, Due to having 4-5%, linoleic acid an essential fatty acids, it promotes
proper growth of human body, Ghee also contains vitamin A B E and K vitamin A
and E are anti oxidant and are helpful in preventing oxidative injury to the body, Ghee
formulation to target organ and final delivery jnside the cell, because cell membrane
is highly lipophilic.
GO DUGDHA8
Vernacular names:
• Sanskrit name - Dugdha
Properties:
aÉurÉÇ SÒakÉÇ ÌuÉzÉåwÉåhÉ qÉkÉÑUÇ UxÉmÉÉMürÉÉå: |
SÉåwÉkÉÉiÉÑqÉsÉx§ÉÉåiÉ: ÌMüÎlŠiYsÉåSMüUÇ aÉÑ ||
zÉÏiÉsÉÇ xiÉlrÉ ÌYëiÉxlakÉÇ uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉÉx§ÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç |
eÉUÉxÉqÉxiÉUÉåaÉÉhÉÉÇ zÉÉÎliÉ¢üiÉç xÉåÌuÉlÉÉÇ xÉSÉ ||
- pÉÉ. mÉ. ÌlÉ. SÒ. 7-8.
Rasa - Madhura
Guna - Guru, Snigdha, Mridu
Virya - Sheeta
Vipaka - Madhura
Doshakarma - Vatapitta Shamana
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Drug Review
Karma - Medhya, Rasayana, Vrishya, Jeevaniya.
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Disease Review
HISTORICAL REVIEW
(Pumshatva) for progeny (Praja) begins from Vedic age, and later it has developed as
history, as solitary treatise dealing with the major subject of aphrodisiacs related to
sexual activity for its recognisation Auponisadika, the specific terminology applied in
later works particularly in the area of Kama Shastra. Some importamt works on Kama
Sastra are generally referred, viz Kama Sutra (Vatsayana), Rati Rahasya (Kokka),
Kama inspired the god for creation of universe (Naradiya sutra), which is still
continuing, achievement of which depends upon the normal intact sexual apparatus.
Kama effects in sexual gratification and better progeny to lead happy life which is
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Disease Review
Rug-veda:
The word Vajayan hints towards Vajikaran. The important husband of
Vatrimati was satisfactorily treated and was able to become fertile. The name of twin
physicians Asvinau is indicative horse and horsepower. The unmarried, old aged
patient Ghosa was successfully treated to become young and later on to get married.
Kali achieved youth and married. Vandana, Kaksivana, Vraddha kali, Vraddha
chyavana, Jahnu, Raja mana etc were treated for ageing and achieved youthfulness
Atharvaveda
Anatomical terms like Vrisana, Sepha, Sisna, Viryavahini nadi etc. are available. The
word Mritabhaja (who has lost body heat) is used for Klaibya. Sepha harsini was the
drug used to enhance the size of penis like that of horse, improve erection and
increase the semen production to make the individual sexually active. Specific
mantras to improve erection are available. The word Klaibya, Klibikarana (castration)
and impotence because of injury to Viryavahinadi are highlighted. The term Krisata
denotes physical impotence or under developed size of genital organs, whereas the
Prestigious Madhuvaidya and the way of getting prosperous progeny are found
in Upanishad period.
Woman is Virilific because certain body parts of woman are the seat of
erotica. There are twelve factors famous for erotic potency, out of which six are body
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Disease Review
parts of the woman viz. the Kamini katasa (eye movements), the knotting of the hairs,
the thighs, the breasts, the umbilical part and the lips. The remaining six factors are
environmental such as autumn, the sound of kokila, the full moon light, a lake place,
the form of powder, with milk, honey etc. and may also be used in the form of varti,
lingalepa etc. putrshti yagna, various types of charities, sraddha, pilgrimage to some
holy places, story hearing of some progeny and about 15 putrakara or putra prada
(male progeny inducing) recipes have been mentioned. Hence it seems that Pauranic
of Indra with mesa vrisana is also found. The death due to excessive indulgence in
medicine points towards Vajikarana as one of the branches well established at that
time. Stories of Drupada, Shikhandi, and Yayati are also indicative of prevalence of
Bauddha Period
Navanitakam, a famous treatise on therapeutic preparations illustrates
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Disease Review
A reference has been made to Pumsavana karma to change the foetal sex. The
famous Chinese traveler Meghasthanes writes so in his book Indica. The golden age
brought out significant improvement in this field. Kama sutra was written by
concising the Bhabravyas writings by Vatsyayana, the father of ancient sexology. The
book which is authentic till today consists of 36 chapters, 67 contexts with 1250
slokas. Pandit Varahamihira in his treatise, Brihat Samhita described many Vajikarna
yogas under the heading of Kandarpikam to enhance the sexual potency and fertility.
Samhita Period
different etiological factors leading to Klaibya viz. katu, lavana, ksara rasa etc. Shukra
kshaya, shukra dushti, rasa pradosha, general nidana, specific nidanas, detailed
pathogenesis and description of klaibya, its management, details and allied aspects
for the benefit of svastha purusha from procreational and recreational standpoint are
also mentioned. Vrishya and Vajikarana yogas, conduct, ethics and relative
descriptions are dealt with in detail. Hence the whole Vajikarana tantra has been
Klaibya with characteristic clinical presentation and therapeutic yogas. Klaibya due to
sexual life have been listed. Napumsaka of 5 types and ejaculatory dysfunctions are
also explained.
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Disease Review
Samgraha Period
kshaya and their management with different yogas in a separate chapter along with
various descriptive discussions on the topic Vajikarana. Certain Vrishya yogas are
used to treat different types of Shukra dosha and Vandhyatva. Acharya Vagbhata also
deals with the branch of Vrisha Tantra, Shukra doshas and its management with
“Alpa satva” person has been stressed along with the allied explanations. A note has
been made to follow raticharya and to follow the advices of Kama sutra according to
Desha, Bala, and Kala etc. Five types of Klaibya are described and separate chapter is
devoted to Vajikarana.
Vrishya basti specially indicated in Shukra doshas and sexual disorders are found.
Acharya Shodala has given many of the Vajikarana yogas and followed the previous
and Vajikarana yogas have been mentioned and Shukra Sthambhaka yoga is a
Sushruta Samhita and says that in the management of sexual problems, shodhana
(Bhavaprakasha/vajikarana).
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Disease Review
authentic, compact text on sex after Kama sutra of Vatsyayana. It incorporates the
classification of woman, generally based on sexual response into 4 types viz. Padmini,
Chitrini, Hastini and Ragini. Seasonal sexual capacities, regional sexual ethics, eritic
means of woman according to the regions, diet and recipes for Vajikarana are the
Vajikarana yogas are available for Klaibya. Vata, Pitta, Rasa, Shukra, Marmaghata,
Sahaja and Manas are the factors involved in causation of Klaibya. Surata, Akshamata
is Klaibya and to treat the same Vajikarana. Astanga Maithuna has been referred.
with by Vangasena.
Madhava Nidana parisista has also dealt with the topic Klaibya and Vajikarana.
Thus descriptions about Vajikarana are available in the entire span ranging
from the Vedas to the present day texts. The terminologies used might have been
different but the importance of Vajikarana in maintaining a healthy sexual life was
Etymology of Vajeekarana:
Vajikarana is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda and vividly explained
under separate chapter in classical literature of Ayurveda, apart from the scattered
existing in practice in those ancient days. Sexual potency and attitudes vary from
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Disease Review
person to person. Explaining the subject by using similes is the unique approach of
uninterruptedly for longer duration has been considered to denote the sexual potency
manner, endowing him with great strength and robustness, like that of a Stallion,
makes one greatly endearing to women, increases ones proportions and strength,
causes the seminal secretion even of the aging to remain undiminished and fertile and
enables a man to have many and excellent off springs3. Thus it seems that main
action of Vajeekarana drugs is to produce Shukra of good quality and quantity so that,
the man may cohabit with women like stallion and indulge in sexual activity
Vaja means Shukra (semen) and vaji is indicating for its increasement or
copulating with the woman with great strength likes a horse, by which he becomes
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Disease Review
loved by women and by which the body of the person gets nourished, is known as
Vajikarana. It is the best promoter of strength and vigor. Makes person capable of
Articles which are sweet, unctuous, Jeevana (promoters of life), nourishing and heavy
and which cause excitement of the mind-all these are called Aphrodisiac (Vrsya).
Childless Man8
A man without children is like a tree which has no shade, bearing flowers of
foul smell, and not bearing fruits, not having branches, and standing alone.
earn Dharma (righteousness), Artha (wealth), Priti (love) and Yasas (fame) through
this therapy alone. A person gets these benefits through his progeny and the
A person, whose system has not been (previously) cleared (Shodhana) with the
proper purifying remedies (emetics and purgatives) should not, in any case, have
recourse to such tonics in as much as they fail would fail to produce the wished
result, just as the application of a dye to a piece of dirty cloth will prove non-effective.
Person who is free from all disease (Niramaya) should first entirely detoxify
(Pancakarma) and then administer aphrodisiac (Vajikaran yogan) therapy, during the
Fubricating enema etc., along with ghee, oil, meat juice, milk, sugar and honey
adopting proper procedure; food should be milk, meat soup and boiled rice etc., after
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Disease Review
these therapies, he should be asked to consume Vajikara recipes which give strength
• Anointing (Abhyanjana)
• Massaging (Udvarttana)
poetry, storytelling) and vasaga vayasya ( who are obedient attending on him)
• Dirghika svabhavananta nivista (swimming inside his own house full of lotus)
the eyes)
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Disease Review
ears)
wine)
• Kanta kanta nisa sasankanka (beautiful wife on his lap, in the night shining of
moonlight)
• These factors & any other similar things (also which are desired by the mind)
(Kamukah0kami) should (first of all) select and consume any one of the excellent
recipes (Yogan sansevya Vrsyan) and then, he should drink milk (pitva) mixed with
engages himself sexually in coitus (Surata) with woman (Kantha), he never suffers
It is not that all men possessing physical strength are capable of procreating children.
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Disease Review
Pervasion of semen17
The entire sugarcane plant is pervaded which in juice. Ghee is available in the
whole of curd; oil is available in all parts of the sesame seed. Similarly semen
As water comes out of wet cloth when squeezed, similarly, the semen trickles
out from its site during copulation between and the woman, because of sex act
(Pidana). The semen is ejaculated from the body because of eight factors, namely,
pravana bhava (the tendency to flow out and the force of vayu. The unmanifested soul
which takes different forms in this world manifests itself in the form of semen.
Bhavamisra enumerates various factors which are helpful for inspiring the sexual
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Disease Review
instincts. These factors belong to different kinds of diet or food (ahara) as well as
• Katu • Ksara
Acharya Sushrutha has mainly described three great mottos of Vajeekarana therapy.
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Disease Review
for getting the off springs for the continuity of the lineage, treats all type of disorders
of Shukra, causes instantaneous sexual excitation, performance like a strong horse and
The drugs or the articles which perform the above said functions are called as
Vrsya, the substance or factor helpful to increase quantity of Oja in human being22.
While commenting the above, Dalhana stated that Vrsyam Sukrajanakam and
Vajeekarana as Shukrapravatakam23.
A Vrsya dravyam can act as Vajeekarana also and these words are shown as
Vrsya dravyas may act as Vajeekarana also, but all Vajeekara do not possess
means bull, which is sexually not so potent like horse, but can have multiple orgasms
and procreate off springs better than horse. The semen analysis of both these animals
reported that, the sperm count of horse is 1, 20,000/ ml while that of bull is
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Disease Review
Hence Vaji may be considered for sexual vigor and Vrsa for procreation. This
In classics, both these Vrsya and Vaji are mentioned synonyms to each other.
Vajeekarana is a therapy while the Vrsya is the property (karma) of the drug or
considered for a happy healthy family life. It emphasizes to think over sensitive
subject like sexual relationship. This subtle aspect can give rise to many difficulties
assaulting the healthy growth of the community. With this regard, the society also
needs the sexual vigor and vitality by the help of Aphrodisiac or Vajeekarana dravya,
for eliminating the farlacies and fantasies over sexual knowledge and to provide
Benefits of Vajeekarana26:
Vajeekarana is meant for imparting – a happy and successful marital life. Its aims are:
society.
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Disease Review
The Vajeekarana therapy is only indicated for males omitting the female
because the females do have sexual motive forces eight times more than the males.
But in contrast to other sciences the equal arousal and interest is needed to fulfill the
act in both sexes, though the active females are passive. Sexual activities were
limited to procreational, attitude in ancient times where the various stimulants are
hormonal therapy for both in sterility and impotency is being observed today.
be considered for Vajeekarana, omitting the adolescents and under nourished or ill
developed people. It elucidates the priority attested to procreational sex rather than
years onwards and some observed 20 years for male 16 years for females.
Contemporary Classics considered the Balavastha is below 20 years and old age
comes after 80 years. Out of all the theories the maturation for adaptation of
Vajeekarana karma Acharya Sushrutha fixes it up to 25 years for males and 16 years
for females27.
of the sperms takes place after 25 years to male and the prescribed age for female to
marry is 18years. Though the various other factors such as, Desha, Kala, Ahara and
Vajeekarana Dravyas:
Multiplication of the living beings, animals or plants for the existence and
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Disease Review
law of nature.
like smoking, alcoholism, narcotics, chewing tobaccos and other chemical ingredients
like opium, heroin etc. are more subjected to afflict with sexual inadequacies like
The environmental pollution of sound, water and air exercising upon the
natural resources hardly yield various edibles for human kind. Finally the adulteration
in food stuffs stands to give rise many diseases, especially using different colours in
eatables causing impotency and hence various factors intriguing the sexual apathy.
In spite of all Vajeekarana and Vrishya Ahara and Aushada, the fascinating
the prior preference on being. It indicates that the mental attitude of decision or
Sankalpa is the most important factor of psychological arousal of interest, rather than
the classics, reveals the properties of having Madhura rasa, Madhura Vipaka, Guru,
Snigda guna and mainly Sheeta Veerya drugs where with their nutritive values
nourishing all the dhatus, may act as bramhana and hence Vrishya etc. But it can also
be interpreted as the drug possessing Ushna veerya will stimulate the reserved
energies in the body accumulated by the Vrishya ahara and aushada may be
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Disease Review
Acharya Charaka has defined the Vajeekarana as the substance by which the
man acquires potency like horse and profound semen formation. This definition
denotes two aspects of Vajeekarana, the potency of energy for sexual act, and the
formation of semen at the desired level. Then Acharya Charaka includes the
definition both psychic and somatic aspects of the sexual performances which is
concerned not only with psychic satisfaction of the individual but also with the
reproductive functions one aspects concerns with Deha (body) and other with Satva
(mind). The stimulation is due to energy of the body and mind, which as a result
produces the potency. In simple, these two aspects have been said as “Dehabalkara”
and “Manobalakara”.
The above two categories of Vajeekarana have been also termed respectively
above two categories. Acharya Chakrapani while commenting on the definition given
by Acharya Charaka quotes a verse mentioning these three categories and himself
Categories Example
Acharya Charaka, but in addition he goes further subdividing the somatic aspect. He
has mentioned four types of substance for four deficiencies and abnormalities of
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Disease Review
Then it is evident that Acharya Sushrutha has been able to develop groups of
dravyas for various quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of Shukra dhatu. Dusta
prasadana dravyas, which are the same as shukra shodhana in charaka. The other
three are quantitative deficiencies of Shukra dhatu. Dalhana says that Alpa shukra
means genetic deficiency of semen. The other two conditions ksheena and vishuska
are gradual stages of shukra kshaya. Acharya Dalhana has also proposed as
alternative interpretation based on the age factor. In this way Alpa, ksheena and
Vishuska denote the deficiency of semen in adolescence, middle age and old age
respectively.
Acharya Dalhana, the commentator of Sushruta and Acharya Vagbhatta have
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Disease Review
which initiate the ejaculation of Semen. eg. Akarkarabha, Kasturi, Gunja etc.
Shukrasruti – vriddhikara.
• Dehabalakara • Deha-manobalakaara
• Manobalakara
Godhumadi are only Dehabalakara and Shukra Janakam; Sankalpadi are only
the view that sound sexual health is dependent upon sound state of body and mind.
The Vajeekarana dravyas protect the body of the persons indulging in sex and also
Categories Examples
Vajeekarana Nagabala, Kapikachu,Khakasa Tila etc.
Shukrala Ashwagandha, Musali, Shatavari etc.
Shukrapravarthaka Stree
Pravarthaka janaka Dugda, Masha etc
Shukra rechana Jatiphala, Brihati etc
Shukra Stambhaka Jatiphala
Shukra shoshana Haritaki
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Disease Review
and power. In another way these agents are divided into four headings:
• Spermo purifiers: which purify and improve the quantity of semen like kusta,
• Drugs which help in retention of semen and increase the time of copulation are
• Diets: - Include milk, ghee, butter, meat, eggs, Shukra and alcoholic drinks.
• Physical factors: Dressing, touching, kissing, teasing & external stimuli etc.
• Mental or psychic factors: - Behaviors, talking, staring and Acharya Charaka was
aware that under the influence of Vajeekarana drugs, there are chances of person
Vajeekarana to only those who have self-control, who could control their desire and
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Disease Review
that too as object of producing progeny, which was necessary for continuation of the
progenitor’s race.
Whom to follow:
One who is having Avara satva and affiliated with various diseases producing
toxemia frequently, should undergo for the Vajeekarana karma after treating the
ailments i.e., in convalescent period in order to substitute the loss of Dhatus resulted
due to diseases.
Vajeekarana and the age factors in between 16-70 years are selected, prior and after to
this age limit and for unpurified therapy because unhygienic or unclean cloth will not
take the dye, as their best as a clean will washed cloth used to be.
Upadamsha, Jwara, Arsha, Bhagandhara, Rasa and Rakta dhatu ksheenata, Vata roga,
insomnia, etc are also develop due to the negligence of following Vajeekarana
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Disease Review
SHUKRA KSHAYA
In the present Context the Shukra kshaya has been used to describe qualitatative and
Shukra, the seventh Dhatu is also considered Sara of all the other Dhatus. The
34
term "Shukra" is derived from the root word "Suk- Soce"," Suca Kleda" which
means “purity”. It also means resplendent, white, shining, radiant etc.35. The other
technical meanings of Shukra are bright, fire, the plant Venus, semen, sperm,
Dictionary).
SYNONYMS OF SHUKRA: 36
1. Majja Samudbhava (born out of Majja): Produced from Majja during the
evolutionary metamorphosis of Dhatus.
2. Bijam (Seed): One which has the capacity to induce new growth / generation.
3. Shukra (ejaculate): Which is ejaculated at the time of coitus.
4. Ananda Samudbhava (born out of pleasure): That, which is ejaculated at the
time of intense pleasure or orgasm.
5. Rupa Dravya37: That which imparts structure to the Atma.
6. Pumstva (Fertility): The fertility factor.
7. Paurusam (Virility): Inherent character of Purusa.
8. Virya (Potency): By virtue of which action is manifested.
9. Tejas (Resplendent): That which is shining, bright
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Disease Review
VIRYA:
The term "Virya" is derived from the Sanskrit root "Vira Vikrantau" which
means 'to be victorious' 38. Virya is defined as Saktih, Manah Saktih i.e., physical
39
and mental power . Sayanacarya has defined Virya as the Samarthya (capacity /
potency) which bestows offsprings. The various meanings of the word "Virya" have
been mentioned as heroism, vigour, valour, power, strength, energy, virility, potency,
Sharangadhara used the term 'Virya' to mean emen. While describing the
has been described by Caraka in the context of Klaibya due to old age42. Rasadi
Dhatus too are mentioned implying that Shukra and Virya are different entities.
DEFINITION OF SHUKRA:
regeneration, reproduction metabolism and tends to impart vigour and energy, and
part of which comes out of the body in male at the height of sexual act and performs
Picchila (viscous), Anupravana Bhava (atomicity and tendency to move), Soumya (ap
pradhana), Sara (moving tendency), Drava (fluid), Avisram (not foul smelling)
Avidahi (soothing) and Phalavat (fertilizing and pleasurable). All these are the
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Disease Review
Biophysical and Physico chemical properties of Shukra which clearly resembles the
ORIGIN OF SHUKRA:
Mahabhautik origin: Shukra is derived from Soma and hence is described as Saumya
45
. Also it has predominance of Jala Mahabhuta among the four Mahabhutas exclusive
of Akasa46
It is Jala Guna Pradhana47 and drugs with Madhura, Snigdha properties bring about an
PRODUCTION OF SHUKRA:
The production of Shukra can be understood under the terms Janaka and
summarised as follows:
FUNCTIONS OF SHUKA:
(1) Sarvadaihika: The Shukradhara Kala is said to pervade the whole body and
hence, the Shukra is spread throughout the body just as ghee in milk and jaggery in
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Disease Review
Dhairyam: Dalhana describes it as the capacity to fight against any condition 51 and is
Dehabalam: Dalhana opines that Dehabalam includes both Deha Upacaya i.e.,
physical fitness (physique) as well as Utsaha i.e., enthusiasm52. Caraka has ascribed
Sarira Upacaya and Bala (both Sarira and Manas) to the optimum level of Dhatus53.
Ojoposaka: The Ojas - essence of all Dhatus gets nourished by the Shukra Dhatu 54.
(2) Maithunagata: The function of Shukra pertaining to the sexual act is not par
Priti: The love towards opposite sex, a sexual instinct or the desire to co-habit with
the opposite sex is an attribute of Shukra55. Dalhana also opines that this Priti is
Cyavanam: The word meaning is "to secrete" or "come out” also has been described
Harsa: Deriving curiosity and pleasure about repeated sexual acts has been
including erection, ejaculation and orgasm are due to Shukra through its Maithunagata
functions.
the function Bijartham can be attributed to the same60 Garbhotpadana, the prime
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Disease Review
The above said systemic and sexual act related functions of Sarvadaihika
in specific.
(1) Production of Shukra from Majja Dhatu: From the point of view of
Ayurvediya Kriya Sarira, a Shukra stand last among the Sapta Dhatus and is the
outcome of evolutive metamorphosis of Majja Dhatu, the 6th and preceding Dhatu62.
essence of Majja. The Vayu and Akasa produce pores, very subtle in the Asthi Dhatu
from which the Shukra oozes out just like water from a new earthern pitcher63. This
Shukra pervades the whole body, integrity of which is maintained by the Shukradhara
Kala.
(2) Production of Shukra from Ahara Rasa: The Rasadi Sapta Dhatus are the
outcome of successive evolutions, the previous Dhatu being transformed into the
latter. The Ahara Rasa or the Anna Rasa forms the substrate for this progressive
evolution. Thus, Rasa Dhatu is formed foremost, then Rakta Dhatu, and so on, upto
Among the three hypothesis laid for Dhatu formation, the Ksiradadhi Nyaya
explains the initial Dhatu formation as such and the rest two viz., Kedarakulya and
(3) Quantity of Shukra: Caraka has mentioned the quantity of Shukra to be 1/2
Anjali 65 whereas Bhela mentioned it as 1 Anjali66.
(4) Upadhatu of Shukra: Though Acaryas like Caraka, Susruta and Vagbhata
Upadhatu of Shukra67.
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Disease Review
(5) Shukra Mala: Acaryas Caraka and Susruta have considered Shukra to be the
purest form of substance and hence devoid of any Mala just like Svarna. However,
some authors and commentators felt the necessity to describe mala of Shukra and
68
hence have named Ojas , Smasru69 Vaktra Snigdhata (sebum on the face), Pidika
SPERMATOGENESIS
The process of proliferation and differentiation of germ cells has been termed
spermatogenesis, and takes place within the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous
The long seminiferous tubules of the human testis are lined with the single
continuous layer of Sertoli cells that are epithelial elements of mesodermal origin
organized in a complex helical plan. The germinal cells pack the spaces between
Sertoli cells. In the adult testis Sertoli cells do not divide spontaneously. Extensive
tight junction along their lateral borders, they joins adjacent Sertoli cells by forming
an impermeable blood testis barrier. Sertoli cells divide the tubule into basal and
adluminal compartment. Germ cells develop upon the stage of leptatone with the
spermatozoa in the abluminal compartment. Because of the blood testis barrier, any
factor influencing the latter stages of spermatogenesis must be mediated through the
Sertoli cells.
Process of Spermatogenesis
2) Spermatogonial differentiation
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Disease Review
types were recognized viz. A-long, A-dark, A-pale and B. All type “A”
Spermatogonia have stem cell role. A-dark and A-pale Spermatogonia are numerous,
while A-long occur infrequently, A-dark Spermatogonia are reserve stem cells that
don’t contribute to spermatogenesis, whereas the A-pale are active stem cells.
preleptotone spermatocytes.
which enter a resting phase of 2-6 days, which forms about 16% of the cycle duration.
At the end of this period, the preleptotene spermatocytes begin to synthesize DNA for
meiosis and enter the long meiotic prophase. It occurs in the basal compartment of the
tubule, lent as the cells transform into leptotene spermatocytes, syncytial clusters pass
across the tight junction to enter the adluminal compartment. This process is passive
on the part of the germ cells and involves the interposition of the slips of Sertoli cells
cytoplasm between the spermatocytes and the tubular wall. When the cytoplasmic
extension meets, new tight junctions are formed and the existing junction unzips to
provide the leptotene spermatocytes to the lumen environment. The tight junction
cells which persist until spermiation. Just prior to the 1st meiotic division, primary
spermatocytes replicate their DNA and contain twice the normal amount (4N). After
chromosomes, but the total amount of DNA in each daughter spermatocytes in equal
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Disease Review
to that of a normal somatic cell (2N), since each chromosome is in a double structure.
During II meiotic division, each double structured chromosome divides, so that each
spermatozoa several events occur, including the formation of the acrosome, changes
Sperm Transport: The released spermatozoa are immotile. They are transported
from here to the ampulla of the vas deferens by various methods including contraction
of the myoid cells of the seminiferous tubuli, capillary forces and reabsorption of the
testicular fluids in the caput epididymis and peristaltic contractory of the smooth
spermatozoa travels to the rete testis and then to epididymis. It takes 10-15 days for
the transport of spermatozoa through epididymis during which the final steps of
maturation takes place. During ejaculation the semen is released by powerful, short
adrenergically mediated contraction of the distal cauda epididymis and vas deferens.
A spermatozoon then mixes with the secretion of the ampullary glands, seminal
vesicles, prostate etc.
SHUKRA V/S SPERM:
Shukra is the essence of the human body and represents each and every organ.
The Shukra as a whole with the subtle Bija impelled by the orgasm is ejaculated from
the body (of male) and entering the uterus through the female genital tract finally
unites with the ovum or Stri Bija 74. So, it can be concluded that the term Shukra bears
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Disease Review
SEMEN:
The ultimate outcome of the male sexual act is a complex fluid composed of
millions of spermatozoa and the secretions from various glands - seminal vesicles,
prostate, Cowper's gland etc., collectively termed the seminal plasma. The bulk of the
fluid is formed by secretions from seminal vesicles (about 60%), 30% comes from the
prostate and the rest from vas, mucous glands etc. The average pH of semen varies
from 7.2-8.0 wherein, the alkaline prostatic fluid tends to neutralise the mild acidity of
other fluids.
The prostatic fluid imparts the milky appearance, and the fluid from the
seminal vesicles and mucous glands gives the semen a mucoid consistency. The
clotting enzyme present in the prostatic fluid causes the fibrinogen of seminal vesicle
fluid to form a weak coagulum that holds the semen in the deeper areas of the vagina.
In the next 15-20 min, the profibrinolysin disintegrates slowly to fibrinolysin which
liquefies this coagulum. The sperms remain relatively immotile in the coagulum
owing to the high viscosity but, as the coagulum dissolves, the sperms become highly
motile. So, any factor impairing liquefaction or which increase the viscosity hinder
sperm motility.
The sperms are viable in the male genital tract i.e., in the vas for upto 1-2
months but, once they are ejaculated through semen, their maximum life span is
limited to 24-48 hrs at body temperature75. Semen also contains plasmin, which has
the ability to destroy certain bacteria. Since both the semen and the lower female
reproductive tract contain bacteria, the antibiotic activity of seminal plasmin may
SPERM MORPHOLOGY:
midpiece and tail. The head, composed of the nucleus containing the DNA is capped
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Disease Review
head, is a very short neck followed by the broad midpiece which encompasses the
mitochondrial power-house. The tail consists of the principal piece and end piece and
relentlessly in the vast female genital tract until it reaches its target.
Shukra in a broad term represents both the semen and the androgens in male
Dushti described in Ayurvedic texts cover the entire pathological array pertaining to
Shukra. Here Shukra kshaya refers to the improper or deficient functioning of the
testes in one or both of its aspects viz., synthesis of testosterone and spermatogenesis.
acquired, depending upon the cause and condition as may be. The conditions
conditions.
Tanu, Ruksa, Vivarna, Puti, Picchila, Avasadi and Anya Dhatu Samsrsta. The
Sutra Sthana except the terms Asveta and Suska which are in no way different from
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Disease Review
Retodosa
(Su Su 1: 7)
(ejaculation less in quantity or admixed with blood), Medhra- Vrsana Vedana (pain in
ALPA SHUKRA:
Dalhana has described this condition as low level of Shukra since birth or
below the age of 25 years82. This condition is usually seen in primary hypogonadism
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Disease Review
below normal since birth it can be diagnosed only after puberty. This condition may
SHUKRA KSHAYA:
age due to undefined etiology82. In this type, the body growth, pubertal development
and level of Shukra may be normal initially until the etiological factors bring about a
fall. Here the cause could be Aharajanya (Katu, Kasaya Rasa), Viharajanya,
VISUSKA SHUKRA:
Extremely low levels of Shukra or the depletion of Shukra that occurs
physiologically in old age i.e., after 70 years of age is termed VisuskaShukra. 83. Here
right from birth upto the onset of old age the Shukra is supposed to be normal. As per
RETODUSHTI:
vitiation of Shukra or semen by the morbid Dosa, the individual becomes Kliba
(impotent), and there is Aharsana (if at all there is erection there will be failure in
peNetration). His progeny will be Rogi (sick), Kliba (impotent), Alpayu (short lived),
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Disease Review
miscarriage. Thus, the vitiation of Shukra not only brings misery to the individual but
also to his wife and progeny 85. All these are the subjective manifestations.
characteristics of the vitiated Dosa such as Phenila, Tanu, Ruksa etc.86. This condition
Infertility is problem facaed by many couples throughout the World, how ever, it is of
great importance in the male dominated society of the third World Countries.In
another report (Guyton, 1991) it is started that male infertility is assessed through
spermiogram and hormonal profile. According to Amelor (1996) density of less than
The etiological factors which may cause oligospermia can be classified as follows:
• Klinefelter’s Syndrome88
• XXY Syndrome88
• Testicular Malposition: (cryptorchidism)88
• Kallmann’s Syndrome
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Disease Review
Rasa (due to its Vipaka Prava) and Kasaya Rasa (due to its Ruksa-Khara-Visada
Guna) leads to loss of sexual potency and Shukravahasrotokharata,92 Tikta Rasa leads
Shukranasana 94.
VIHARAJA NIDANAS:
Atimaithuna96 Sandyakaranam)100
Abhicara etc…
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Disease Review
Kshaya,106 AIDS
Srotas, occurs mostly in the middle age which is manifested clinically as “Na ca
separately. But it is mentioned that vitiation of Vata and Pitta Dosa are responsible
for manifestation.115
In classics, there are the general guidelines on the basis of which the
Samprapti of any disease can be constructed. In this case there is a clear indication
that the disease belongs to the Shukravaha Srotas and predominantly caused by Vata
116
and Pitta Dosa. In Caraka it has been said that the etiological factor affecting the
Dhatus may also disturb the Dosas. This may happen also the vice-versa. The Nidanas
Shukra kshaya, the Vata and Pitta provocation damage the Shukradhatu also, causing
Dosas deplete the Dhatus by their Atmatejas. Here in this case, Dalhana explained
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Disease Review
that Atmatejas is Sosana of the Dhatus by Vata and Tiksna and Usna Guna of Pitta. In
the different context, it has been already been explained that the Gunas like Ruksa,
Khara, Tiksna and Usna may directly damage the Shukradhatu. Hence, the Shukra
kshaya condition the Ruksa and Khara Guna of Vata and Tiksna and Usna Guna of
Pitta participates.
psychological causes like Bhaya (stress), Soka etc. leads to Prakopana of Vata Dosa
in Shukravaha Srotas.
leads to Pittaprakopa.
Mithyahara Vihara Sevana leads to vitiation of Vata and Pitta Dosa. At the
same time they also cause Dushti of Shukravaha Srotas, 118 which manifests either in
Vata and Pitta is the main culprit in manifestation of oligospermia (Shukra kshaya).
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Disease Review
with Shukra Kshayajanya Klaibya, it is said that, as Shukra is the end product of
Dhatu Parinama, it is said to be the essence (Paramadhama) of food. Its wastage leads
Some Dustha Shukraja Roga has been mentioned in Charaka Samhita, which
can be considered as Upadrava. They are Klaibyam, Aharshanam, Roga-grasta,
Nachaasya Jayate Garbham, Garbha Patati, Garbha Prasravyatapi, and Apatyam
(infertility) 123.
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Disease Review
Previously scientists used to believe that if sperm were damaged, they could
not fertilize an egg, therefore only the fittest sperm could carry on the species - some
call this the “macho sperm theory”. Research now shows sperm are vulnerable and
that even when damaged they may still fertilize an egg. Some toxins may alter the
sperm’s chromosome, which carry genetic information. If this happens, the results
may range from infertility and miscarriage to stillbirth, birth defects, learning
Sadhya Sadhyata
Purusha has less Shukra and if he is affected with Shukra Kshaya then the prognosis
Prognosis of Oligospermia
It usually depends upon the underlying cause i.e. Oligospermia due to major
systemic disorders like cirrhosis of liver or renal involvement depends upon the
1. Oligospermia associated with Varicocele has a very poor prognosis with medical
3. Severe Oligospermia i.e. <5 million/ml has a very poor prognosis according to
modern science and so they suggest for ART) Assisted Reproductive Technology.
chemicals often have a good prognosis until and unless the cause is avoided192.
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Disease Review
The main line of treatment in Shukra kshaya has been suggested as “Ksine
Shukrakari Kriya”.193. As Upacaya is the primary line of treat ment in Shukra kshaya
194
. Vrdhhi Unnati etc are the meanings of the word “Upacaya”. So while treating
Shukra kshaya the physician has to select combination of drugs which boost the
Madhura (Rasa), Snigha and Guru (unctuous and heavy quality), Jivana (promotes
Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata have dealt with the Chikitsa aspect of Reto
Dosha. The Samanya Chikitsa for Reto Dosha are Snehana, Svedana, Vamana,
Virechana, Niruha Basti and Anuvasana Basti followed by Uttarabasthi195 which can
79
Pharmaceutical Study
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Animals of the same class generally observe the same rules of eating and
enjoyments in the world. But as Man has supremacy over his nature/ basic instincts,
he is free to have changes. He renders the nature favorable to himself and derives
indulgence.
within all the limitations of time or place while describing the Science of Ayurveda.
The elaboration is typical of “Indian thinking and speaking”. Thus the principles are
from this path and start topic specific descriptions. ‘Bhaishajya Kalpana ‘- more than
simply the science of pharmacy which according to Remington is - “the art and sci-
ence of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug - related in-
formation to the public”. That is why Acharya Caraka reiterates that Yuktijna
80
Pharmaceutical Study
comprehension of the preparation of the compound drug with respect to the changes
during the processes creates a unique opportunity for formulating the new/ existing
compounds with improved stability and specially selected compositions for superior
nutritional, dieting and therapeutic qualities. Thus arises the necessity to study/
observe the preparation of a drug with utmost care, comprehend the principles
underlying, document the findings for further comparison, corroborate the document
The raw materials – Gandhaka, dry Amalaki were procured from the jogappa
reference with little modification. Practical study was carried out under the supervi-
sion of my Guide in Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Including Drug Research
of:-
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Pharmaceutical Study
PRACTICAL NO.1
Ingredients:
Amalaki - 550gm
Procedure:
• Above mentioned the drugs are to be cleaned and dried, taken in mentioned
quantity.
Observations:
• Small amount of Churna had been lost during grinding and shifting the
materials.
Result:
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Pharmaceutical Study
PRACTICAL NO.2
Reference - Rasatarangini-8/8-12
Ingredients:
• Gandhaka - 550 gm
• Go ghrith - 1kg
• Go dugdha - 3lts
Procedure:
• The Gandhaka is melted along with equal quantity of ghee and this liquified
sulphur isn then poured into another vessel containing milk and filtered
through a cloth tied over the mouth of tha vessel(then boiled in the same ves-
• By this process, the stoney substances remained on the cloth and gandhaka
• And the sulphur remains inside the milk in the solid form
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Pharmaceutical Study
Observation:
• When Gandhaka, which washed in to hot w water, and dry the sun light
Result: - Successful
Character of gandhaka:
• Colour - Yellow
• Taste - Madhura
PRACTICAL NO.3
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Pharmaceutical Study
Method of preparation;
• Daily amlakai friuts were taken and made into a swarasa and bhavana was
Observations:
Taste - Madhura
PRACTICAL NO.4
84
Pharmaceutical Study
Ingredients:
• Water - 1 liter.
Procedure:
• Water was evaporated slowly and reduced till the quantity became ¼th.
• It was filtered with clean cotton cloth and filtered liquid was collected as
Shalmali kwatha.
Observations:
Result:
Precautions:
85
Pharmaceutical Study
Result:
86
Analytical Study
ANALYTICAL STUDY
ters. Analysis in systematic manner is not away from this. It is the need of time for at
least those which are directly concerned with the human health. Ayurvedic drugs are
one of them.
In ancient days, the drugs were prepared by the physician himself, with the
help of experienced assistants in their own pharmacies attached to their clinics. Now a
days the trend has entirely changed. The demand of Ayurvedic drugs have increased
by many folds and availability of raw materials are limited. So, there are chances of
The quality of final products depends on the raw material used as well as on
the pharmaceutical process adopted. The increasing demand for Ayurvedic drugs have
medicine should be brought out. The need has also been felt for statutory control to
Chemical analysis of any drug should be known well before experimental and
clinical trials. Chemical study ensures not only chemical constituents but also sug-
gests us standards of any preparation. It not only gives standards of the products but
For complete development of the drugs for large scale consumption, the stan-
88
Analytical Study
dardization of finished product is most essential from health point of view as these
products are given to or used by consumer dierectly. There must be some parameters
exposing the uniformity of drugs as well as their status of drugs detailing about the
micro-compponents of drugs, so their good and bad effects could be revealed. Keep-
ing these in attention, physic-chemical and chemical testings were done for present
Organoleptic parameters:
Colour Taste
Odour Consistency
4 Consistency churna
a. Physico-chemical analysis
89
Analytical Study
dried petri dish (tared evaporating dish) and drying in an oven at 105° C till constant
weight. The weight after drying was noted and loss on drying was calculated. The
weighed drug in a tared silica crucible at a temperature of 450° C until free from car-
bon (up to constant weight). Then cooled and weighed. If a carbon free ash can not be
obtained in this way, then charred mass was exhausted with hot water. The residue
was collected on an ashless filter paper. Incinerating the residue and filter paper, the
filtrate was added, evaporated to dryness and ignited at a temperature not exceeding
450° C. The percentage of ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried sample.
The ash obtained in (2), was boiled for five minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric
acid. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter paper, washed with hot water and
ignited to constant weight. The percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to
for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during first six hours and allowed to stand
for eighteen hours. Filtered rapidly, taking precaution against loss of solvent and 25
ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared flat bottom shallow dish. First
90
Analytical Study
dried over water bath and then at 105° C in hot air oven, to constant weight, and
weight was noted down. From the weight of the residue the percentage of water-
5 gm of sample was macerated with 100 ml of alcohol of the specified strength (95%)
in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during first six hours and
allowed to stand for eighteen hours. Taking precaution against loss of solvent, it was
filtered and 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared flat bottom shal-
low dish and dried at 105° C to constant weight, and weight was noted down. From
the weight of the residue the percentage of alcohol soluble extractive was calculated
The ash was boiled for 5 min with 25ml of water and insoluble matter was
collected on ashless filter paper and paper was taken in Gooch crucible after washing
with hot water. Then it was incinerated at 450° C.wash with hot water and ignite to
constant weight at a low temperature subtract the weight of the insoluble matter from
the weight of the ash.The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash.
Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
A silica rucible was heated to redness for 10 minutes and then was allowed to
coll in dessicator and weighed. Then 2 gm of drug was taken into the crucible and was
ignited gently. Now it was moistened with 1ml of sulphuric acid and was heated gen-
tly until white fumes were no longer evolved. Then it was incinerated at 8000c ± 250c.
91
Analytical Study
The process was continued until all black particles dissappered. Now again it
was weighed and percentage was calculated with reference to the quantity of drug
taken.
b. Chemical analysis
i. Qualitative tests
1. Fehling‘s test: To 1 gm of drug, methanol was added and heated for 1 hour. Then
it was added with equal amount of Fehling,s solution A & B was added. The colour
2. Protein test: 2 gm of drug was taken and was dissolved with methanol. Then it was
added drop by drop with equal volume of 10% NaOH + 0.5 CuSO4. The colour was
observed.
with ether. Then they were filtered and were added with aqueous ammonia. Finally
4. Flavanoid test (Shinoda test): 1gm powder of was extracted with methanol and
extract was dissolved in 10%, HCL and then Zinc dust was added. Finally the colour
was observed.
5. Alkaloid test: 1gm of drug was moistened with alkaline solution (ammonium hy-
droxide). It was kept in a stoppered flask for more than 1 hour. Now, it was extracted
with any organic solvent (methanol) for three times. Extract was taken in a dish and
solvent was evaporated. The residue (left after drying) was tested for presence of alka-
loid with Dragendroff’s reagents in presence of few drops of 2N HCl. Then colour
was observed.
92
Analytical Study
1 gm of drug was taken in 500 ml beaker and was oxidized with 7 ml of bro-
mine in 10 ml of carbon tetrachloride. Now it was covered with clock glass. It was
nitric acid was added down the side of the beaker and was allowed to stand for an-
other 15-20 minutes. Now it was heated just below 100° C on water-bath until the
ceasing of all other actions. Then clock-glass was removed and allowed the evapora-
tion of liquid from beaker by placing them in an oven at 95-100°C for 30-60 minutes.
Now it was cooled and moistened with 2 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and,
after an interval of 3-5 minutes, it was diluted with 50 ml of hot water. The sides of
the beaker and the cover-glass with water were also rinsed. Now the contents of the
beaker were digested at 100° C for 10 minutes to dissolve al1 soluble salts. The solu-
tion was allowed to cool for 5 minutes. Now it was filtered through a Whatman filter
paper No. 540. paper, and was collected in an 800 ml beaker. Filter paper was
washed thoroughly with hot water. The combined filtrate was diluted 600 ml and 2 ml
of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added. The sulphate was precipitated with 5 %
solution of barium chloride at a rate not exceeding 5 ml per minute. After addition of
all precipitant, it was stirred gently and allowed to settle for overnight. It was again
filtered with a No. 540 filter paper and residue was taken in a crucible after5 proper
washing with hot water. Then it was incinerated at 850° C to constant weight. Then
93
Analytical Study
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) has been established and accepted as one
of the most powerful analytical laboratary technique for separation and quantify
the chemical constituents of any single or compound drug. For present work sol-
94
Analytical Study
2 Protien test _ +
Rf Value-
0.16
0.24
0.30
0.40
0.53
0.66
95
Experimental Study
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
period, the lower animals have been useful for experimental and toxicity studies.
The animals, which have similarity in structures and function to human body,
are to be selected for experimentation. The result of the experiments can be evaluated
It is always not possible to produce the same etiopathological events that occur
in human i.e. vitiation of dosha, dushya and mala on animals but inducing of
pathological conditions like hyperacidity, inflammation, fever etc. and efficacy of trial
The sexual behavior of female is linked to the period of estrous that coincides
with evaluation and during which the animal is said to be in ‘heat’. The estrous female
arouses sexual interest in male by physical changes in her genital region and the
outside and scents emanating from them influence the behavior of other animals of
Unlike in females, male’s sexual interest is not cyclic; the male is always
ready to copulate, provided there is receptive female available. In effect, then male
hormones regulate the sexual receptivity of females secretes both estrogen and
96
Experimental Study
progesterone. When the estrogen levels are high relative to progesterone level, the
animals are said to be in estrous and become receptive to males. Rodents in estrous
Other parameters frequently used to measure sexual activity in rat are the
which are essential to implantation. Still anther measure of sexual activity is the
length of time following behavior. This is taken to indicate recovery from sexual
fatigue.
Much of our knowledge about the sexual behavior comes from the research on
rodents like rats, hamster and guinea pigs. Rats are used as experimental subjects for
most of the work done in this area. These animals were convenient to study and have
predictable, stereotype and gender specific sexual behavior that are under the strong
without vaginal intromission from the rear of the female approximately once in every
the spine and deflexion of the tail to one side allowing vaginal access to the male).
97
Experimental Study
mount and intromission latencies (time from introduction of female to the first mount
mount, which gain penile insertion, and is termed intromission ratio or some time ‘hit
rate’.
components. Libido and potency. Libido is defined as sexual arousal and is measured
in terms of mount and intromission latencies. These measures are confounded by the
patterns.
Other tests have been devised which allow some separation of sexual
motivation from potency. Sexual arousal can be assessed with mount tests following
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Experimental Study
In females, it is fixed action pattern elicited by the mounting of the male. Acceptance
A. Marginal lordosis- Spinal flexion is slight head and tail base are slightly
elevated.
30° to the floor. Front paws are placed slightly forward and hind legs are straighten as
difficult.
From two weeks before the screening tests until the end of study, the rats
were housed individually at 22°C under reversed light and cycle (with light from 11
1. Both the trial drugs are made into suspension with distilled water and
99
Experimental Study
double dose of the classical reference 0.432mg/200gm of body weight. Control group
2. Isolated female rats were taken and they were given 2-mcg/kg estrogen 48 hrs
before and 500 mcg of progesterone 6 hrs. Before starting of the experiment.
3. After 6 hrs of administration of the progesterone the female rats were observed for
4. The female rats, which are estrous stage, were employed in the study.
5. Then the highly receptive female (in estrous stage) was introduced into male’s
cage and each male rat was observed for copulatory behavior for 30 min. in red light.
Similar procedure is followed for the control groups also. Rats were tested for
copulatory behavior. These tests lasted for 30 min. The following parameters were
recorded.
According to standard patterns set by Beach and Stone 1940, proceptive and
signals, extra genital love play and number of attempts for mounting have been
100
Experimental Study
Initial arousal period is that when the male turns on or pays attention in
number of seconds after the female introduced into the observational cage and starts
smelling etc.
Peak arousal period is that when the male paying attention towards female
after some time or in few minutes with vigorous try for obtaining a female goes by
constant dating, with increased frequency of genital licking, biting and try to mount is
Mount latency is defined as the time taken for the first mount from the
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Experimental Study
SELECTION OF RATS
Normal adult rats of 90 days age, weighing about 150-200gms are selected
and trained for sexual experience. The rats that are sexually active during training
period are selected. Then they are divided into three groups. The animal that did not
Males are trained individually with normal adult female rats in estrous cycle in
a cage. A male is considered as sexually active when it attempts to mount the female
rats, which is introduced into the cage. Only the active males are selected for the
experiment.
receptive female in estrous cycle. Several days before testing for copulatory
performance. The animals are tested three times over a period of 10 days for
copulatory behavior.
experiment and divided into three groups. The rats, which are in oestrous cycle, are
temperature-controlled room and in a 12hrs. Light and dark cycle. Normal food and
water provided.
Confirmation of estrous:
This was done by vaginal smear method. Vaginal smear was prepared by
introducing a drop of distilled water into vagina and collecting it and placing on a
102
Experimental Study
clean slide. This was gently covered with clean cover slip after adding a drop of
glycerin. Smeared slide was examined microscopically under low power for type of
cells. If majority of cells mainly leucocytes, the animal was labeled as in diestrous,
presence of large number of nucleated cells indicates the presence of proestrous and
estrous was confirmed when 50% or more of the cells are cornified.
Plan of study:
18 young male albino rats are selected weighed and marked to separate them.
They kept individually in separate cages to ovoid even pheramonal contact with the
main colony for 10 days. During this period they were placed in a cool and dark place
at 22-25° C of room temperature and fed with normal diet and water. Suitable
environment is created for albino rat providing good ventilation and change of food
and drinking water etc. After that on 11th day the trial drug was administered for 7
consecutive days and for control group distilled water is administered. Then
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Experimental Study
Dose fixation:
The generalized dose for the animals has been calculated based on the
conversion formula rat dose/kg.bd.wt. =human dose × 0.018 × 5. All the above
Precautions taken:
¾ Training of each male rat for 15 min. at a time was done till they elicited sexual
behavior. Once the behavior was noticed males were exposed to receptive
females.
¾ Initially male animals did not elicit the behavior in the presence of observer,
¾ Care was taken to prevent animal jerking movement of mating arena during the
practical.
¾ Care was taken to provide sufficient space for animals in the mating arena to
¾ Since the urine trials left by one rat may have marked effect on the behavior of his
successor, cleaning of the matting arena was done after each trial.
104
Observation and Results
Observation
After subjecting the Albino rats for the experiments following are the
observations obtained on various parameters.
105
Observation and Results
Table. No.20- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mounting behavior
106
Observation and Results
Table. No.22- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Mount latency
Table. No.23- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again
Graph. No.6- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again
107
Observation and Results
Comparison in between the groups
108
Observation and Results
Time interval to mount again: Time interval to mount again showed highly
109
Discussion
DISCUSSION
Since the Evolution of Somewhat higher Species, sexual reproduction and sex
come in pivotal position. Life, not only directly but indirectly is also dependent upon
this as new races/varieties of animals and plants/crops coming in existence daily. Sex
has been a beautiful tool to maintain the population and for keeping any species away
from extinction in normal condition. It has been an instrument to bring the world in
this stage. This has been in core of all necessities other than food, being primary one.
It was the brain of human beings which inspired them to make pleasure and enjoy the
sex very much. Osho, a great Indian saint has given the path of salvation through sex
saying, ‘Sambhog Se Samadhi Ki Or’. Whatever the logics can be given regarding the
subject but it is true to keep the race alive, sex is necessary. It has been in keen of
human nature to do new experiment with this beautiful tool to enjoy the sex rather
Sensing the Pulse of nature, ancient sages who glorified our mother land with
their elaborative scientific thoughts, framed the concepts and documented the
knowledge added with the time tested herbal formulations to protect the mankind.
Thus, the system of Ashtanga Ayurveda was evolved which incorporates Vajeekarana
as one among its branches, which implies its weightage. Also non-Ayurvedic erotic
texts from 3rd Cent AD, deals with the social, cultural and scientific aspects of sex.
Conceptual study
Though the terms Vrushya & Vajikarana are used as synonymous, their mean-
110
Discussion
300,000/µL) during one ejaculate in sexual act in comparison to stallion (Vaji), which
ejaculates near about 70 ml (sperm count 60,000/µL) but possesses sperm density
more than that of stallion in terms per µL. (Mann Thaddeus, 1981). This indicates that
activity like any other biological activity is bio-chemical in nature, the role of herbs
and drugs to effect this function should not be ruled out. The number of plants
The term ‘śukra’ have multiple identities in its nature, if the physical,
plained as ‘tvakastha’ and have specific functions, general body functions, psycho-
logical functions and functions related to sexual act. A critical analysis reveals that
śukra have structural and functional identity as androgens, semen or spermatozoa; its
expulsion is controlled by Apana Vata. The nidanas vitiates the Vata, which gets ac-
Drug Review
The drugs and articles which improve libido and quality of semen can be
called as Vŗişya. The Vŗişya drugs are classified as Śukra Vriddhikar, Śukra Srutikara
111
Discussion
into Śukra janak and Śukra pravartak. Considering these points, the present Kamad-
henu churna in single dose and double dose have been selected for the study.
drugs are Amalaki swarasa and Salamali niryasa kwath for Bhavana while Godugda
and Goghrita for Gandhaka-Shodhana. Looking to the guna-karmas of all the drugs, it
can be said that all the drugs possess Madhura rasa, Madhura vipaka and Sheeta virya
and look into the avenues for trying things better. Hence, the research study on
Vajikara effect” was planned to investigate in the area of increasing the therapeutic
PRACTICAL STUDY
To maintain the quality of the final product one has to concentrate over all the
matters, from the collection of raw drugs till the packing and storage. It can be mainly
112
Discussion
of Kamadhenu churna has been performed according to classical reference with lit-
As this study is concerned, four main practicals were done namely 1) Gand-
ration of Kwatha
Amalaki is taken in a quantity of 550 gms. The total yield was 500gms with a
loss of 50gms.
500 gms of yellow colored shuddha Gandhaka was obtained out of 550 gms of
was utilized for giving Bhavana to the mixture of Amalaki churna and Gandhaka for
parts of water was added to it and reduced to 1/4th. After cooling it was used in the
of the drug into the water. While preparing Kwatha, lid is not to be closed over the
vessel, to-
113
Discussion
Analytical Study:
For the chemical analysis of drug, parameters were segmented in analysis like
involved the analysis involving the physical and chemical principles. The total ash,
and acid insoluble ash were respectively measured as 7.25% and 2.75%. It means the
even after the direct involvement of sulphur, total inorganic salts were only 7.27%
and out of these only 2.75% were not soluble with 6N HCl. These findings are quite
under approach number herbal medicines which denote its safety in terms absence
extra inorganic elements. These findings get strength when the percentage of sulphur
and sulphated ash were quantitatively calculated as 0.687% and 4.5% in sequence.
This is not too high to be excreted if given with combination of diuretic drugs. It is
quite apparent from the result that good quantity of sulphur might have changed its
form in complex with organic compounds or was lost during the preparation of drugs.
Prof. C.B. Jha has mentioned sulphur as Vrishya and Vajeekaran. So, if the
formulation contains the permissible quantity of sulphur for the body (as with this
drug) and in combination of diuretic drugs or with suggestion of more water intake,
114
Discussion
The high values of water soluble extractives and alcohol extractives like
23.25% and 14.25% refer the better absorption of extractives against the cell-
membrane. The qualitative tests for the formulations revealed the presence of
reducing sugar, Anthraquinone glycoside and alkaloid in good quantity. Sugar itself is
proved Vrishya and better carrier to bring the active constituents to the molecules
needed for desired effect of drug. The alkaloid may trigger the physiology of body to
increase the count of sperm and motility by inserting the new life. Anthraquinone
Experimental study:
Experimental study was undertaken because in the process of new drug develop-
In the experimental study, 18 healthy albino rats of male sex were selected and
grouped into 3.
115
Discussion
The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its Vajeekarana effect
by Beach and stone method 1940. The observations of the experimental are as
follows:
groups are
G1-18.0sec.
G2-14.2sec.
G3-21.7sec.
groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of peak arousal period in
G1-26.1sec.
G2-24.7sec.
G3-37.7sec.
Mounting behavior:
groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of mounting behavior ob-
G1-30.5min.
G2-28.8min.
G3-37.5min.
116
Discussion
Ejaculatory reflex:
comparison with control group. The mean times of Ejaculatory reflex observed in
G1-23.1min.
G2-22.1min.
G1-25.1min.
Mount latency:
Mount latency showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in com-
parison with control group. The mean times of Mount latency observed in minutes in
G1-3.08 min.
G2-2.48 min.
G3-5.92 min.
treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of Time interval to
G1-35.9sec.
G2-31.4sec.
G3-66.9sec.
117
Discussion
From the above results it can be concluded that Trial drug 2 possesses better
Vajikara activity in comparison with the Trial drug 1. i.e. Kamadhenu churna admin-
stered in double dose posses better Vajikara activity in comparison with Kamadhenu
katu,
tikta,
Kashaya
Snigdha
118
Discussion
The drugs are utilised for the preparation of Kamadhenu churna are comenly
vrusha, Balya and Veerya Vardaka, predominately all the dravyas are having mad-
hurarasa and sheet veerya . At the same time all are having madhura vipaka, Rasayana
and Jeevania properties along with vatahara and medhya character with additional
specialty of the preparation. The Aim of the experimental study is to increase the su-
kra dhatu. If the sukra dhatu is increased automatically the increase of oja is possible.
varjita pancha-rasa with sheeta veerya and madhura vipaka is having the characters of
The total sulphur percentage of trial drug is 0.687%. This percentage cannot
harm to the body of the human being, so it could be prescribed without fear to the pa-
119
Conclusion
Conclusion
Conceptual Study:
rats following Beech and Stone 1940 method and along with clinical study.
effect.
• Vrushya drug are those, which can increase sexual vigor and improve
seminal quality.
Pharmaceutical Study :
Analytical Study:
Experimental Study:
• In almost all Parameters, the trial drug II and trial drug I show statistically
120
Conclusion
• As the trial drug showed significant results it is essential to study the drug
in large sample.
121
Summary
SUMMARY
Kamadhenu Churna w.s.r. its Vajikara effect” comprises of VIII chapters. An attempt has
been made here to find out an efficacious compound, which had Vajikarana property.
1. Introduction, 5. Results
4. Methodology 8. Summary
• References
• Bibliography
Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, necessity for the assortment of this research work,
materials and methods and plan of present study has been mentioned in brief.
In the 2nd chapter aims and objectives, objectives of the present study were
mentioned.
3. Swarasa Kalpana
122
Summary
Analytical study – The drugs were analyzed physico chemically to standardize it and
Experimental study- The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its
The study includes: Randomized selection of Albino rats, fixation of dose, administration
of trial drugs etc.
Results-
The Observations made in the Experimental study were subjected to Statistical
The Trial drug 2 possesses better Vajikara activity in comparison with the Trial
drug 2 i.e. Kamadhenu Churna with double dose posses better Vajikara activity in
In the last the results along with statistical analysis of the results obtained in
treatment groups of Kamadhenu Churna in single dose and in double dose are depicted.
Discussion-
• Probable mode of action of the drug & further scope of the study is elucidated
here.
123
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Varanasi.
Varanasi.Reprint-2006.
2006.
9. Acharya Sushruta - Sushruta Samhita, Edited by V.Y.T. Acharya. Chaukhamba
Sthana 2:17
12. Acharya Vagbhata – Astanga Hrudaya, Vol II, Nidana Sthana 14/53-56 chapter,
I-Edition 2002.
16. Apte Shivram Vaman – The Practical Sanskrit - English Dictionary, Motional
Banarasidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 4st revised edition; Reprint 1995.
17. Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family
planning, 85, 95, 24, Dept. of Health, New Delhi, 1st Vol. 1st edition, 1978.
20. Guyton A. C. and J.E Hall, Text book of Medical physiology, Bangalore, prism
II-Edition 2006.
26. Narahari pandit - Raja Nighantu - Dravya guna Prakashika Hindi Vyakyopetha,
2006.
Edition; 1987-2000.
1987.
30. Raja Radha Kantadeva - Shabdha Kalpa Druma, Chaukambha Sanskrit series
34. Sharma P.C., M.B. Yelne, T.J.Dennis - Database On Medicinal Plants, Vol I,
36. Suresh Babu – Research Methodology for Ayurvedic Scholars, Chaukhamba Ori-
37. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopiea of India – Part-I, Vol.-I, Published by the controller
38. Vaclav Insler and Bruno Lunenfeld, Infertility: Male and Female, Edinburgh,
40. Warrier P.K. - Indian Medicinal Plants A Compendium Of 500 Species vol–5`
II OBJECTIVES 4
IV METHODOLOGY
VI DISCUSSION 110-119
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AROOR LAXMINARAYANA RAO
MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,
KOPPA – 577 126
AFFILIATED TO RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE,
GOVT. OF KARNATAKA & CCIM, NEW DELHI
IAEC Approval No: A.E.B.K. 04/07 Date:
……………
CERTIFICATE
This to certify that Dr. S. N. GOTUR, final year PG Scholar
of Bhaishajya Kalpana Department had completed his experimental
study on Vajikarana activity as a part of her Dissertation work titled,
–
“Pharmaceutical and Experimental Evaluation of
Kamadhenu Churna w.s.r. its Vajikara effect”, in the Animal House
attached to the P.G. faculty of A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College & P.G Centre.
The animal model used for the experimental study was
Wister strain Albino rats, maintained under standard hygienic
conditions, fed with standard, regular diet & sufficient water.
Experimentation was carried out on Albino rats by Beech and Stone
1940 method. The observations & Parameters for evaluation were
accurately recorded for statistical evaluation.
Dr. Hari Venkatesh. K. R.M.D.(Ay) Prof. Sanjaya. K. S. B.Sc., M.D.(Ay)
Scientific Incharge – Animal House Principal / Chairman, IAEC
QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORIES
A.L.N. RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE & PG CENTRE
KOPPA, CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, 577126
Certificate
Analytical Study of Kamadhenu churna :
Description:
Sl. No Parameters Kamadhenu Churna
1 Colour Light ash
2 Odour characteristic
3 Taste Sour-astringent
4 Consistency Churna
No. Result
5. Alkaloid Moderate
6 Prakshepaka dravyas 20
23 Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again 107
24 Showing the Significance of Initial arousal period 108
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart No Name of Chart Page No
2 Classification of Retodosha 71
LIST OF GRAPHS
6 Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Time interval for mount again 107
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Taking out Gandhaka Shuddha Gandhaka Wet and Dry forms of Amalaki
Kissing Mounting
Photograph No -3
Reference Disease Review
1.Vaji. Tantra by G. P, prologue, pg.no. XXIII
2.Vaji. Tantra by G. P, prologue, pg.no. XXIII - XXIV.
3.Ayurvedline, pg.no. 39 – 41
4.V. S. S. 40/42
5.B. R. Vaji. 74, 4.
6.A. H. U.40, 1 – 2 (i).
7.B. R. Vaji. 74, 3.
8.A. H. U.40, 2 (ii) - 3.
9.A. H. U.40, 9.
10.Ca. S. Chi. 2/1, 3 – 4(i).
11.Su. S. Chi. 27, 3.
12.A. H. U.40, 7 - 8.
13.A. H. U.40, 5.
14.Vaji. Tantra by G. P.pg .no 6
15. A. H. U.42 - 45.
16. B. R. Vaji. 74,12.
17. Ca. S. Chi 2 – 4, 3.
18.Vaji. Tantra by G. P,. pg .no.10
19. B. P. M.K. 72, 17-19.
20. B. R. Vaji. 74, 23.
21. Su. S. Chi. 26/39
22. Ca.S.Chi. 1/1/9-12,Ca.Chi. 2/4/52
18. Su.S.Chi.31/8
19. Su.S.Chi.31/6
Drug review
1. A.P.I, Part-1, Vol-1
2. A.P.I.Part-1, Vol-3
3. Ibid-2/15-16
4. Rasendra chudamani-11/4
5. Textbook of Inorganic chemistry.
6. Bh.P.Ni. Ghrita varga 1-3 sloka
7. http://www.wikihow.com
8. Bh. P.Ni. Dugdha Varga, 1-2 sloka.