Received August 20, 2019, accepted September 4, 2019, date of publication September 10, 2019,

date of current version September 25, 2019.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940610

Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas

Based on Composite Right/Left-Handed
Transmission Line
XIAOLIN YANG , JIQUAN XIAO, JUE WANG, AND LILI SHENG
School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
Corresponding author: Xiaolin Yang (yxlin@uestc.edu.cn)
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61871071.

ABSTRACT The compact reconfigurable antennas based on composite right/left-handed (CRLH) trans-
mission line are proposed and analyzed in this paper. The proposed antenna is fed by the asymmetric
coplanar strip (ACPS) and consists of coupling radiation patch as well as a PIN diode. The differences of the
antennas with meander line and without meander line are discussed. By utilizing a PIN diode as the CRLH
transmission line termination, the termination states can be controlled, and the resonance of the antenna
can thus be tuned between the two zeroth-order resonant frequencies. By switching the diode, the antenna
with meander line is able to operate in single-band of 2.08-2.54 GHz and dual-bands of 1.65-1.84 GHz
and 5.35-6.40 GHz, while the antenna without meander line is able to operation between two single-bands
of 1.84-2.28 GHz and 4.6-6.0 GHz. All these operation bands cover the UMTS (1750 MHz-1780 MHz),
ISM (2.4 GHz), WIMAX (2.5-2.69 GHz) and WLAN (2.4-2.484 GHz/5.725-5.825 GHz) applications. The
radiation performance was simulated by High Frequency Structure Simulator, and the measurements were
taken in an anechoic chamber to verify the simulation results. Good agreements are observed between the
simulated and measured results. Moreover, the radiation patterns of the proposed antennas remain stable at
different reconfigurable bands.

INDEX TERMS Frequency reconfigurable antenna, composite right/left-handed transmission line

(CRLH-TL), zeroth-order resonance (ZOR).

I. INTRODUCTION field effect transistor (FET) [11], [12] and varactor

The rapid development of wireless communications requires
higher demands toward miniaturization and multi-function
antenna. A reconfigurable antenna is capable of meeting the
demands because these kinds antennas can access multiple
services in a device without the need of multiple anten-
nas. There are various reconfigurable antennas, such as fre-
quency reconfigurable antenna [1], pattern reconfigurable
antenna [2], and polarization reconfigurable antenna [3].
The reconfigurability can be obtained by electronical or
mechanical switch to change the size of the radiator or
the current route of the antenna [4]–[6]. Until now, various
switches have been employed to realize the operating states of
the reconfigurable antenna, such as microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS) [7], [8], PIN diode [9],[10], GaAs
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and
approving it for publication was Mohammed Bait Suwailam.
diode [13], [14].
In recent years, composite right/left-handed transmission
line (CRLH-TL) has attracted much attention because of its
unique properties [15], [16]. In particular, the zeroth-order
resonance is one of the promising properties for antenna
design. The zeroth-order resonance can make the antenna
miniaturized since the associated resonant frequencies are
independent of the physical length of the antenna structure.
The zeroth-order resonance can be excited when one end of
the CRLH TL is properly terminated [17]. For an unbalanced
CRLH TL, there are two zeroth- order resonances, i.e. the
series resonance and shunt resonance. The series resonance
depends on the series inductance and series capacitance. The
shunt resonance depends on the shunt capacitance and shunt
inductance [18].
CRLH TL have been used in multiband anten-
nas [19]–[27]. Frequency reconfigurable antennas [28]–[30]

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VOLUME 7, 2019 131663

TABLE 1. Characteristic of the proposed antennas.
and pattern reconfigurable antennas [31], [32] based on
CRLH-TL also have been reported. The substrate integrated
waveguide-interdigital capacitor (SIW-IDC) is used to realize
CRLH resonator and a varactor is loaded on the slot of IDC
to change the resonant frequency [33]. A frequency reconfig-
urable series-fed microstrip patch array in which the elements
are interconnected with CRLH TL was proposed [27]. The
array can be reconfigured to operate at 1.97 and 2.37 GHz
by controlling the PIN diodes. However, two CRLH TL
and three patches were used to achieve the reconfigurability,
which make the antenna quite complicated and enlarge the
antenna size.
In this paper, the frequency reconfigurable antennas
based on CRLH TL are proposed. In order to achieve
different work bands and investigate the operation mecha-
nism, the antennas with meander line and without mean-
der line have been studied. The proposed antennas can
be modelled as a CRLH TL cell. A PIN diode, used
as a switch, is adopted to reconfigure the states of the
CRLH TL termination. By configuring the CRLH resonant
modes, the antenna with meander line is able to switch
the work bands in a single-band mode (2.08-2.54 GHz)
and a dual-band mode (1.65-1.84 GHz / 5.35-6.40 GHz),
while the antenna without meander line is able to switch the
work bands between two single-band modes (1.84-2.28 GHz
and 4.6-6.0 GHz), as shown in TABLE 1. The electrical size
of the proposed antennas is 0.08λ0 × 0.11λ0 × 0.004λ0 ,
(λ0 is the wavelength in free space at the minimum operating
frequency). Compared with our previous work [12] using
GaAs FET, these antennas are more compact. The perfor-
mance of the antennas is simulated by full-wave simulation
and measured to verify the simulation results.
The remaining of this paper is organized as follows.
In section II, we introduced the antenna design and analysis,
including theoretical background, antenna structure, disper-
sion relation, equivalent circuit model as well as parame-
ter analysis. Antenna prototype and experimental results are
discussed in Section III. Finally, the conclusion is given in
Section IV.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
A. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Figure 1 shows the equivalent lossless circuit model of the
fundamental CRLH TL unit cell. It can be represented by
series circuit of an inductor LR and a capacitor CL as well
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X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
FIGURE 1. The equivalent lossless circuit model of the fundamental
CRLH-TL unit cell.
as a shunt circuit of an inductor LL and a capacitor CR [15].
According to this equivalent circuit, the propagation constant
β(ω) for the unit cell can be expressed as follows [34]:
" !#
1 ω2 ωL2 ωL2 ωL2
βp = cos −1
1− + 2 + 2 + 2 (1)
2 ωR2 ω ωse ωsh
where
p p
ωL = 1/ CL LL ωR = 1/ CR LR
p p
ωsh = 1/ CR LL ωse = 1/ CL LR
p is the physical length of the unit cell. The resonance condi-
tion of the CRLH-TL is expressed as
nπ p nπ
βn p = = (N = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · , ±(N − 1)) (2)
l N
where n, N , and l are the resonance mode, the number of
unit cells, and the total length of the resonator, respectively.
When n = 0, β becomes zero, and the zeroth-order resonance
(ZOR) can be excited. The ωse and ωsh are called ZOR
frequency. For the open-ended resonator, the ωsh depends on
shunt elements, while for the short-ended resonator, the ωse
depends on the series elements [22].
Based on this theoretical analysis, if we model an antenna
as a CRLH TL and add a switch to control the termination
states of the CRLH TL, different ZOR frequencies can be
obtained, namely, reconfigurablity of the antenna can be
achieved. This idea is employed to design the structure of the
proposed reconfigurable antenna.
B. ANTENNA STRUCTURE
The geometry of the proposed reconfigurable antennas is
presented in Figure 2, where the Figure 2(a) shows an antenna
without meander line and Figure 2(b) shows an antenna
with meander line. The antennas are fabricated on RO4350B
substrate with thickness of 0.762mm, relative permittivity
of 3.48 and loss tangent of 0.004. The size of the antenna
is only 14 mm × 19 mm. The antenna is fed by a 50 
asymmetric coplanar waveguide (ACPW) to reduce its size.
In order to obtain a good impedance matching, the ACPW is
connected with a 2 mm × 7 mm rectangular matching patch
(MP). The 8 mm × 7 mm rectangular radiating patch (RP)
is coupled to MP through a g1 = 0.4 mm gap. The meander
line was placed to gap between the MP and RP of the antenna
for producing the shunt inductance, as shown in Figure 2(b).
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X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
FIGURE 2. Geometry of the proposed reconfigurable antennas,
(a) antenna I, and (b) antenna II.
TABLE 2. Parameters of the proposed antennas (unit: mm).
FIGURE 3. Dispersion diagram of the antenna II in the ON state.
Configuration of the antenna II in the ON state unit cell is included as
inset.
The PIN diode acts as switch placed in the gap (g2 = 4.2 mm)
between the RP and the ground plane to change termination
states (open-ended or short-ended) of the CRLH TL. The DC
bias network is very simple, and no block capacitor is needed.
The rest of parameters are shown in Table 2.
C. DISPERSION RELATION
The dispersion diagram of the antenna II in the ON state is
presented in Figure 3. The dispersion relation was calculated
by the simulated S-parameters using in HFSS where the
periodic boundary condition was applied on both sides of the
unit cell [35].
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FIGURE 4. Equivalent circuit model of the switch for (a) ON state and
(b) OFF state.
FIGURE 5. (a) Correspondence to the lumped model for the antenna I,
(b)short-ended CRLH for switch ON, and (c) open-ended CRLH for switch
OFF.
According to the dispersion diagram, the proposed
antenna II in the ON state can be modelled as CRLH resonator
and the ZOR frequency is about 2.2 GHz. The dispersion
relations of the other modes (antenna II in the OFF and
antenna I in the ON and OFF) are similar to the dispersion
diagram in Figure 3 and are not presented in this work.
D. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL
The equivalent circuit models of the antenna I and antenna II
are developed. During developing these equivalent circuit
models, the PIN diode (part number: SMP 1322 manufac-
tured by Skyworks [36]) was modelled by using the equiv-
alent circuit defined in the datasheet. Figure 4 (a) shows the
diode equivalent circuit model for ON state, and Figure 4 (b)
shows the diode equivalent circuit model for OFF state.
The equivalent circuit models of the antenna I are presented
in Figure 5, where Figure 5 (a) shows the correspondence to
the lumped model for antenna I. The gap between the MP and
the RP is modelled by series capacitance CL . The RP is repre-
sented by series inductance LR . The gap between the RP and
the ground plane is modelled by shunt capacitance CR . Thus,
this antenna structure can be modelled as a CRLH TL cell.
The switch is placed at the end of the CRLH TL to change its
termination states. For ON state, antenna I can be modelled as
the short-ended CRLH resonator, and the zeroth-order series
resonance is excited, as shown in Figure 5 (b). For OFF state,
antenna I can be modelled as open-ended CRLH resonator,
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FIGURE 6. (a) Correspondence to the lumped model for the antenna II,
(b) short-ended CRLH for switch ON, and (c) open-ended CRLH for switch
OFF.
FIGURE 7. Simulated S11 of the proposed reconfigurable antennas in
(a) ON state, and (b) OFF state.
and the zeroth-order shunt resonance can be excited, as shown
in Figure 5 (c). Therefore, the antenna I can switch between
two single-bands (ωse and ωsh ).
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X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
FIGURE 8. Simulated S11 of the antenna II with different g1 in (a) ON
state, (b) OFF state.
The equivalent circuit models of the antenna II are shown
in Figure 6. The structure of the antenna II is as same as that
of the antenna I, except a meander line. The meander line
can be modelled by the shunt inductance LL parallel to shunt
capacitance (CRM ), as shown in Figure 6 (a). Correspond-
ingly, the equivalent circuit models for ON state and OFF
state are shown in Figure 6 (b) and Figure 6 (c), respectively.
Similar to antenna I, the antenna II can also be modelled as
short-ended CRLH resonator in the ON state and open-ended
CRLH resonator in the OFF state, respectively. For ON state,
the ZOR series resonance is excited and the single-band is
obtained because ωse depends on series elements. While for
OFF state, ZOR shunt resonance is excited and the dual-band
are obtained for the other parallel LC tank produced by the
meander line [15].
E. PARAMETER ANALYSIS
The Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS)
15.0 is employed for the simulation.
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X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
FIGURE 9. Simulated S11 of the antenna II with different g2 , (a) ON state,
(b) OFF state.
FIGURE 10. Photograph of the fabricated antennas, (a) antenna I, and
(b) antenna II.
The simulated reflection coefficients of the antenna I and
antenna II for ON state and OFF state are given in Figure 7.
For the ON state, the antenna I and antenna II both operate
in single band, as shown in Figure 7 (a). For the OFF state,
the antenna I operates in single band, while the antenna II
operates in dual-band mode, shown in Figure 7 (b). It can
be seen that the meander line enables the antenna to produce
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FIGURE 11. Measured and simulated S11 of the antenna I for, (a) switch
ON, (b) switch OFF.
another lower resonant frequency and to improve the perfor-
mance of higher resonant frequency. It is observed that the
simulated results are consistent with the deduced results from
the equivalent circuits.
The effect of typical parameters on the reflection coeffi-
cients of the antenna II has been studied. The effect of the g1
on resonance frequency with different switch states are shown
in Figure 8. For ON state, the resonance frequency (fse_on )
increases with g1 increasing, as shown in Figure 8 (a). For
OFF state, the lower resonance frequency (fse_off ) increases
with g1 increasing, but the higher resonance frequency
(fsh_off ) hardly change, as shown in Figure 8 (b). According
to equivalent circuits illustrated in Figure 6, the variation g1
only affect series capacitance CL. The increase of g1 led to the
decrease of series capacitance CL√ , which enables the series
resonance frequency (fse = 1/(2π CL LR )) to increase.
Figure 9 shows the effect of the g2 on resonance frequency
with different switch states. For ON state, the fse_on is nearly
independent of g2 . For OFF state, the fsh_off decreases with
g2 increasing, but the fse_off hardly change. The reason is
that the increase of g2 led to the decrease of the shunt
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FIGURE 12. Measured and simulated S11 of the antenna II for, (a) switch
ON, (b) switch OFF.
capacitance C√
R , which enables the shunt resonance frequency
(fsh = 1/(2π CR LL )) decrease.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The photographs of the fabricated antennas are shown in
Figure 10. The reflection coefficients of the fabricated anten-
nas were measured by Agilent E8363 Vector Network Ana-
lyzer. The simulated and measured reflection coefficients of
antenna I and antenna II are shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12,
respectively. It can be seen that the simulated results are in
good agreement with the measured results. For antenna I,
a single-band of 1.84-2.28 GHz was obtained in the ON state
and a single-band of 4.60-6.00 GHz was obtained in the OFF
state. For antenna II, a single-band of 2.08-2.54 GHz was
obtained in the ON state and dual-bands of 1.65-1.84GHz and
5.35-6.40GHz were obtained in the OFF state.
Figure 13 shows the simulated surface current distributions
of the antenna II at different frequencies. As switch is on,
the major current distribution is along the switch and the
meander line at 2.25GHz, shown in Figure 13 (a). As switch
is off, the current mainly concentrates on the meander line
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X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
FIGURE 13. Simulated surface current distributions of the antenna II at,
(a) 2.25 GHz for switch ON state, (b) 6.05GHz, and (c) 1.76 GHz for switch
OFF state.
TABLE 3. Measured and simulated realized gain as well as measured
radiation efficiency of the proposed antennas for different switch states.
at 6.05GHz and 1.76GHz, as shown in Figure 13 (b) and
Figure 13 (c), respectively. The surface current distributions
indicate that the resonant frequency is attributed to the mean-
der line, whether the switch is on or off. The switch, as the
CRLH termination, plays an important role for changing
CRLH termination states.
The E-field distributions of the antenna II are presented
to validate the ZOR mode, as shown in Figure 14. It can
be seen that the field lines are in phase except some slight
discontinuity at the edges, which demonstrates the existence
of ZOR mode [37].
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X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
FIGURE 14. Simulated E-field distributions of the antenna II at,
(a) 2.25 GHz for switch ON state, (b) 6.05GHz, and (c) 1.76 GHz for switch
OFF state.
TABLE 4. Comparison of the proposed antenna with reported antennas.
The realized gain and radiation patterns were measured
with SATIMO SG32 Antenna Measurement System at
microwave anechoic chamber. Table 3 shows the simulated
and measured realized gain as well as measured radiation effi-
ciency of the proposed antennas. For ON state, the measured
realized gain of the antenna I is about -3.07 dBi at 2.25 GHz
and that of antenna II is about -2.64 dBi at 2.25 GHz. For
OFF state, the measured realized gain of the antenna I is about
2.64 dBi at 6.08 GHz and that of antenna II is about -3.35 dBi
at 1.76 GHz and 3.47 dBi at 6.08 GHz. The measured gain is
lower than the simulated due to the loss of SMA connector
and coaxial cable, as well as the manufacturing deviations.
The measured radiation efficiency of the antenna I is 48.2%
at 2.25GHz in the ON state and 83.4% at 6.08GHz in the OFF
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FIGURE 15. Measured and simulated normalized radiation patterns of the
antenna II, 2.25 GHz for the switch ON state, 1.76 GHz and 6.08 GHz for
switch OFF state.
state, respectively, while that of the antenna II is 53.6% at
2.25GHz in the ON state and 45.6% at 1.76GHz and 86.2%
at 6.08GHz in the OFF state, respectively.
The electrical sizes of the proposed antenna are only
0.11λ0 × 0.08λ0 × 0.004λ0 and 0.14λ0 × 0.1λ0 × 0.004λ0
at 1.76 GHz and at 2.25 GHz, respectively. The antennas are
electrically small on the ZOR frequency, which lead to lower
radiation efficiency and gain at lower frequency.
The simulated and measured normalized radiation patterns
of the antenna II at different frequencies are presented in
Figure 15. The measured radiation patterns are similar to the
simulated. The E-plane and H-plane patterns are nearly omni-
directional. In particular, the patterns remain stable when
the frequencies are reconfigured. The ripples of the mea-
sured patterns may be attributed to feed connector and the
131669

coaxial cable. The radiation patterns of the antenna I (not
included in this work) are similar to those of the antenna II.
Table 4 presents the comparison of the proposed antenna
with the reported antennas working within 1-6 GHz, where
the wavelength λ0 corresponds to the lowest frequency of the
antenna. It can be seen that the proposed antenna has smaller
size and wider tuning range.
IV. CONCLUSION
Two novel compact frequency reconfigurable ACPW feeding
antennas based on CRLH-TL is presented in this paper. Small
size and wide tuning range are obtained due to the use of
CRLH-TL. Complete circuit models for the antenna with and
without meander line have been presented. By simply con-
trolling the PIN diode, the antennas can switch between two
modes conveniently. The measured reflection coefficients and
radiating patterns agree well with the simulated ones. Due to
the simple, compact, and uniplanar structure, the proposed
antennas are suitable for application in wireless devices.
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VOLUME 7, 2019
X. Yang et al.: Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas Based on CRLH-TL
XIAOLIN YANG was born in Gansu, China.
He received the B.S. degree in microelectronics
and the Ph.D. degree in magnetic thin film mate-
rials from Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,
in 1998 and 2005, respectively.
He is currently an Associate Professor with
the School of Physics, University of Elec-
tronic Science and Technology of China. His
current research interests include metamateri-
als, microwave circuits and systems, and novel
antenna design and applications.
JIQUAN XIAO received the B.S. degree in elec-
tronic information science and technology from
the School of Physics, University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China, in 2018.
His current research interests include dielectric
antennas and reconfigurable antennas.
VOLUME 7, 2019
JUE WANG received the B.S. degree in elec-
tronic information science and technology from
the School of Physics, University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China, in 2018.
His current research interests include dielectric
antennas and reconfigurable antennas.
LILI SHENG received the B.S. degree in electronic
science and technology from the Gulin University
of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China, in 2013,
and the M.S. degree in radio physics from the
University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China, Chengdu, China, in 2016.
Her current research interests include electronic
small antennas and metamaterials antennas.
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