A

Project Report

Of

ISM

On

ROLE OF JAVA IN MARKET

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

MBA

Submitted by

Tanya Gupta
Univ. roll No.:- 131

Northern India Engineering College

DEC-2010

INTRODUCTION
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With the advent of technical Civilization, where competition is
the only survival maxim, JAVA is much ahead than its counterpart
technologies. Its flexibility is its power and 'inheritance of legacy' is
buzzword among techno-savvy.
Java is a programming language originally developed by James
Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle
Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun
Microsystems Java platform. The language derives much of its
syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer
low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to
bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is a general-
purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented language that is
specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies
as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once,
run anywhere". Java is currently one of the most popular
programming languages in use, and is widely used from application
software to web applications. As of May 2007, in compliance with
the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed
most of its Java technologies. Latest version of java is jre 1.6.

Java programming source code files are compiled into a format

called byte code, which can then be executed by a Java
programming interpreter. The whole technology is based on the
concept of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that acts as a translator of
byte code into machine language. In other words JVM converts the
java byte codes into platform specific machine language.

This high-level powerful programming language provides a

powerful software platform as the JVM installed on different
platform understand the same byte code. This is ideal for server
side web programming and runs in a secured manner over internet.
It has enhanced the computing power of the users by taking merely
from desktop to the resource of the web. It contains JVM and Java
Application Programming Interface (API) that are kinds of
readymade software components, and for using any component, the

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need is just to import a related package in your program use the
functionality. It offers development tools that can be used in
compiling, running, debugging and documenting the application,
making the Java programming fun and easy. The automatic garbage
collection mechanism helps in avoiding memory leaks and its
coding takes less development time than other programming
languages like C++.

JAVA programming enables secure and high performance software

development on multiple platforms. Many companies in India have
well-qualified software engineers having expertise in Java, Java
Script, J2SE, JSP, and J2ME, JAVA Programming Services help
your businesses to do better. They provide variety of Java
development services including project solutions.

Understanding the Java Technology

Java technology is based on the concept of a single Java virtual
machine (JVM) -- a translator between the language and the
underlying software and hardware. If you want to start java
programming then you need to use a text editor to create and edit
the source code. By using the Java complier, you can change the
source code into byte code. The byte code can be run on any
platform having Java interpreter that can convert the byte code into
codes suitable for the operating system.

HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT

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James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the
Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed
for interactive television, but it was too advanced. The language
was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside
Gosling's office; it went by the name Green later, and was later
renamed Java, from a list of random words. Gosling aimed to
implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar
C/C++ style of notation. . Language Oak was developed in early
nineties at Sun Microsystems as a platform-independent language
aimed at allowing entertainment projects such as video game
consoles and VCRs to communicate. Java as programming
language was first slated to appear in small devices such as set-top
boxes designed to provide video-on-demand services. Java
Programming Language is simplified to eliminate language features
that cause common programming errors.

Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java

1.0 in 1995. It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA),
providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and
featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access
restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to
run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became
popular. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in
December 1998–1999), new versions had multiple configurations
built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted
enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down version J2ME
for mobile applications (Mobile Java). J2SE designated the
Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed
new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.

Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–

2010, Oracle has described itself as the "steward of Java technology
with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of
participation and transparency".There were five primary goals in
the creation of the Java language:
1. It should be "simple, object oriented and familiar".
2. It should be "robust and secure".

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 3. It should be "architecture neutral and portable".
4. It should execute with "high performance".
5. It should be "interpreted, threaded, and dynamic".

Sun Microsystems officially licenses the Java Standard Edition

platform for Linux, Mac OS X and Solaris. Although in the past
Sun has licensed Java to Microsoft, the license has expired and has
not been renewed. Through a network of third-party vendors and
licensees, alternative Java environments are available for these and
other platforms.

Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all
implementations be "compatible". This resulted in a legal dispute
with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation
did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific
features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and in 2001 won a
settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the
terms of the license from Sun. As a result, Microsoft no longer
ships Java with Windows, and in recent versions of Windows,
Internet Explorer cannot support Java applets without a third-party
plugin. Sun, and others, have made available free Java run-time
systems for those and other versions of Windows.

SOME TERMS IN JAVA

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  Java Platform
One characteristic of Java is portability, which means that computer
programs written in the Java language must run similarly on any
supported hardware/operating-system platform. This is achieved by
compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation
called Java bytecode, instead of directly to platform-specific
machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine
code, but are intended to be interpreted by a virtual machine (VM)
written specifically for the host hardware. End-users commonly use
a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine
for standalone Java applications, or in a Web browser for Java
applets.

 Java performance
Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and
requiring more memory than those written in C. However, Java
programs execution speed improved significantly with the
introduction of Just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1,
the addition of language features supporting better code analysis
(such as inner classes, StringBuffer class, optional assertions, etc.),
and optimizations in the Java Virtual Machine itself, such as
HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000.

 Garbage collection (automatic memory management )

Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the
object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are
created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the
memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an
object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be
freed automatically by the garbage collector. One of the ideas
behind Java's automatic memory management model is that
programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual
memory management.
Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur
when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is

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insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this
can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory
management is not possible in Java. Java addresses this problem
with automatic garbage collection, i.e., the Java Virtual Machine
periodically searches for memory that is no longer in use and
recycles it for future use.

 Java syntax
The syntax of Java is largely derived from C++. Unlike C++, which
combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented
programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-
oriented language. All code is written inside a class, and everything
is an object, with the exception of the intrinsic data types (ordinal
and real numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not
classes for performance reasons.
Java suppresses several features (such as operator overloading and
multiple inheritance) for classes in order to simplify the language
and to prevent possible errors and anti-pattern design.

Java uses similar commenting methods to C++. There are three

different styles of comment:
1. a single line style marked with two slashes (//)
2. a multiple line style opened with a slash asterisk (/*) and
closed with an asterisk slash (*/). This type of comment can
be used to hold a lot of information or deactivate code but it
is very important to remember to close the comment.
3. The Javadoc ( a comprehensive documentation system,
created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers
and provides developers with an organized system for
documenting their code) commenting style opened with a
slash and two asterisks (/**) and closed with an asterisk slash
(*/). The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run
the Javadoc executable to compile documentation for the
program.

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  Java Applet
Java applets are programs that are embedded in other applications,
typically in a Web page displayed in a Web browser.

 Java Servlet
Java Servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple,
consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web
server and for accessing existing business systems. A servlet can
almost be thought of as an applet that runs on the server side—
without a face. This enables a developer in adding content to a web
server by using Java platform. In short, servlets provides platform
independent and component based web based application.

 JavaServer Pages (JSP)

These are server-side Java EE components that generate responses,
typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients.

 Generics in Java
In 2004 generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE
5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration
had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this
is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that
accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates
on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different
container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics
allow compile-time type checking without having to create a large
number of container classes, each containing almost identical code.

 Java editions

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Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting
different application environments and segmented many of its APIs
so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are:
 Java Card for smartcards.
 Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) — targeting
environments with limited resources. - Java Micro Edition or
JME for short is an accumulation of Java APIs that are used
for the development of software for devices like mobile
phones, PDAs, TV set-top boxes, game programming. The
platform of micro edition generally consists of an easy user
interface, a robust security model and a wide variety of built-
in networks for running Java based application.
 Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) — targeting
workstation environments. Java SE or Java Standard Edition
provides tools and API's that you can use to create server
applications, desktop applications, and even applets. These
programs developed using Java SE can be run on almost
every popular operating system, including Linux, Macintosh,
Solaris, and Windows.
 Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) — targeting large
distributed enterprise or Internet environments. Based on
the foundation framework of the standard edition, Java
Enterprise Edition helps in web application service,
component model and enterprise class service oriented
architecture (SOA).

Features of Java Programming

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Java programming technology having a list of features

1. simple and secure

2. Java is also portable, high performance, multithreaded that is the
concept of OOP’s and networks that enable it in constructing
software that can run along in small machines that are portable.
3.Java is completely base on OOP’s that mean the whole java
technology is work on the concept of Java Virtual Machine that is
JVM that is main part of java compile, that acts as translators of
byte code into machine language and compile the code. The work
of JVM converts the Java byte codes into platform specific machine
language that is the main concept of java.
4. Java technology is high-level, object-oriented, very robust
programming language.
5.Java is platform independent programming language and you can
run your compiled code on any operating system without
recompiling your source code. Java technology is based on the
concept of a single Java virtual machine a translator between the
language and the underlying software and hardware. Java complier
changes the source code into byte code with help of JVM. The
compile byte code can be run on any platform having Java
interpreter that can convert the byte code into codes suitable for the
operating system and end user can find required out put.

Advantages of java

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JAVA offers a number of advantages to developers:

 Java is simple: Java was designed to be easy to use and is

therefore easy to write, compile, debug, and learn than other
programming languages. The reason that why Java is much
simpler than C++ is because Java uses automatic memory
allocation and garbage collection where else C++ requires the
programmer to allocate memory and to collect garbage.
 Java is object-oriented: Java is object-oriented because
programming in Java is centered on creating objects,
manipulating objects, and making objects work together. This
allows you to create modular programs and reusable code.
 Java is platform-independent: One of the most significant
advantages of Java is its ability to move easily from one
computer system to another. The ability to run the same
program on many different systems is crucial to World Wide
Web software, and Java succeeds at this by being platform-
independent at both the source and binary levels.
 Java is distributed: Distributed computing involves several
computers on a network working together. Java is designed
to make distributed computing easy with the networking
capability that is inherently integrated into it. Writing
network programs in Java is like sending and receiving data
to and from a file
 Java is interpreted: An interpreter is needed in order to run
Java programs. The programs are compiled into Java Virtual
Machine code called bytecode. The bytecode is machine
independent and is able to run on any machine that has a
Java interpreter. With Java, the program need only be

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 compiled once, and the bytecode generated by the Java
compiler can run on any platform.
 Java is secure: Java is one of the first programming languages
to consider security as part of its design. The Java language,
compiler, interpreter, and runtime environment were each
developed with security in mind.
 Java is robust: Robust means reliable and no programming
language can really assure reliability. Java puts a lot of
emphasis on early checking for possible errors, as Java
compilers are able to detect many problems that would first
show up during execution time in other languages.
 Java is multithreaded: Multithreaded is the capability for a
program to perform several tasks simultaneously within a
program. In Java, multithreaded programming has been
smoothly integrated into it, while in other languages,
operating system-specific procedures have to be called in
order to enable multithreading. Multithreading is a necessity
in visual and network programming. It is an open source, so
users do not have to struggle with heavy license fees each
year

CURRENT ISSUES

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 1. Java does not work in Firefox 3.6
Starting in Firefox 3.6 you need the new Java plugin (which enable
applets to be run in Web browsers ) that is included in Java 6
Update 10 and above. If you are using an older version of Java, you
will need to update your Java plugin.

2. Java applet causes backwards or jumbled typing in text boxes

Sometimes running a Java applet during the browser session can
cause the cursor to behave erratically when you type in a text field,
so that your text will display backwards or jumbled. Additionally,
you may not be able to copy text to the clipboard. If you are having
these problems, exit Firefox completely (or restart the computer)
and then reopen Firefox.

3. Java on Windows Vista

Older versions of the Java Runtime Environment may cause Firefox
to hang. To resolve the issue, download the latest version of the
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) from Java.com and manually
install it.

4. Memory use
All versions of Java can consume large amounts of memory, and
JRE 5 versions may use substantially more memory than JRE 6. If
you are concerned about high memory usage, update Java to the
latest available version.

5. Java applet causes Firefox process to remain in memory

When you close Firefox after running a Java applet, Firefox may
remain in memory. When Firefox is restarted, a Close Firefox
dialog may appear, including the following message:
Firefox is already running, but is not responding. To open a new
window, you must first close the existing Firefox process, or restart
your system.
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 6. Performance
Java can be perceived as significantly slower and more memory-
consuming than natively compiled languages such as C or C++.

7. Look and feel

The default look and feel of GUI applications written in Java using
the Swing toolkit is very different from native applications. It is
possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable
look and feel system of Swing.

8. Single-paradigm language
Java is predominantly a single-paradigm language. However, with
the addition of static imports in Java 5.0 the procedural paradigm is
better accommodated than in earlier versions of Java.

EXPECTED IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES, INDUSTRY OR

GOVERNMENT

The computer java technology, needless to say, has changed the

face of the world. Computers can store, organize and manage huge

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amounts of data. They can process large amounts of information.
Computers have given rise to the software industry, one of the most
progressive industries of the world. Modern technologies had
reduced the complexities of daily life. Complex programming
languages are replaced by simpler ones. So, Java technology has
replaced other complex technologies in schools and offices.
Java plays an important role in the business environment. It has
application scalability. Application scalability enables the success
of a business. Java technology has the following advantages: Data
integrity, Availability, Scalability, Manageability.

Java technology is not complex. It has application portability. It

paves way for rapid transaction growth. Java technology eliminates
pointer manipulation. Pointers are responsible for run-time errors.
Java is multi-threaded. With the availability of back-end complier,
Java could replace C++ in corporate development shops.

Java refers to a number of computer software products and

specifications from Sun Microsystems that together provide a
system for developing application software and deploying it in a
cross-platform environment. Java is used in a variety of computing
platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones on the low
end, to enterprise servers and supercomputers on the high end. Java
is nearly everywhere in mobile phones, Web servers and enterprise
applications, and while less common on desktop computers; Java
applets are often used to provide improved functionality while
browsing the World Wide Web.

The Internet has brought an important positive change to the

entertainment and advertising industry. Advertisements can reach
the masses within seconds over the Internet. The entertainment
media has progressed only because of the advancements in java
technology.

The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store

it in a compact form. Digitization enriches the quality of
information storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher

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quality. Digital cameras and digital television provide their users
with an enriched picture quality, thus bettering their experience
with java technology.

Cellular communication has revolutionized the communication

industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of java
technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in
communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of
communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling.

Satellite communication is another important dimension of java

technology. Satellite TVs and satellite radios have eased the
broadcasting of events across the globe.

These were only a few of the fields influenced by java technology.

It is almost impossible to enlist all the positive effects of java
technology on society. This was just a glimpse of the real big
picture.

REFERENCES

 Wikipedia.com
 complete reference of java by Herbert Schildt

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 http://www.clearleadinc.com/site/science-technology.html
 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NXD/is_3_12/ai_n2
4982307/

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