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Expensess
Income
1.Writeback from provision for loss- Investment 1.Charity
2.Writeback from Provsion for loss – other assets 2.Loan Security Premium
3.Writebackfrom provision for loss banking assets 3.Commission & Discount
4.Profit(Loss)on sale of Assets 4.Income Tax Provision -previous Year
5.Deffered Tax Expenses/ Income
LIABILITIES Assets
1.Share Capital 1.Cheque & Cash in Transit
1.Capital Redemption Reserve 2.Tax Advance
3.Investment Adjustment Fund 3.Deffired Tax Assets
4.Retained Earning 4.Prepaid Expenses
5.Capital Adjustment Fund 5.Amorlization Expenses
6.Call In Advance 6.Software
7.Share Premium
6.Deferred Tax Reserve
8.Proposed Bonus Share Provision
9.Assets Revaluation Reserve
10.Interest Suspense
11.Staff Leave Provision
12.This Year Profit & Loss
13.Provision For Investment
14.Provision For Non Bankin
15.Provision For Other Assets
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k|lt;t
u_ z+sf:k|b shf{ (Doubtful Loan) -& b]lv !@ dlxgf ;Dd efvf gf3]sf] . %)
k|lt;t
3_ v/fj shf{(Loss Loan) - !@ dlxgf eGbf jl9 efvf gf3]sf] . !)) k|lt;t
Voucher Sapoting
V008 System Receipt Voucher compile
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नेपालराष्ट्रबैंकलेगनेकार्यहरु
१. बैं कर्नोट तथा ससक्का सर्नष्काशर्न र व्यवस्थापर्नगर्ने ।
२. मौसिकर्नीसततर्जु मा गर्नेरसोर्नीसतकार्ाु न्वर्र्नगर्नेगराउर्ने।
३. सवदे शीसवसर्नमर्र्नीसतसर्नमाु णगर्नेरसोर्नीसतकार्ाु न्वर्र्नगर्नेगराउर्ने ,
४. सवसर्नमर्पद्धसतसर्नर्ाु रणगर्ने।
५.सवदे शीसवसर्नमर्संसिसतकोव्यवस्थापर्नरसंञ्चालर्नगर्ने।
६.
बैं कतथासवत्तीर्संस्थालाईसवत्तीर्कारोबारगर्नुअर्नजमसतसदर्नेरत्यस्तोकारोबारकार्नजर्नबमोसर्मभएवार्नभएकोसम्बन्धमासर्नर्मर्न,
सर्नरीक्षण, सजपररवे क्षणतथाअर्नजगमर्नगर्ने।
७. र्नेपालसरकारकोबैंकर, सल्लाहकारतथासवत्तीर्एर्े न्टकोरुपमाकार्ु गर्ने।
८.वासणज्यबैंकतथासवत्तीर्संस्थाकोबैंकतथाअन्तिमऋणदाताकोरुपमाकार्ु गर्ने।
९.भजक्तार्नी, फछ्र्यौट (न्तिर्ररङ) तथासहसाबसमलार्न (सेटलमेन्ट)
पद्धसतकोस्थापर्नातथाप्रवि् र्र्नगरीसोकार्ुलाईसर्नर्समतगर्ने।
१०.बैंककासर्नर्ाु ररतउद्दे श्यहाससलगर्नुकोसर्नसमत्तबैं कले गर्नजुपर्नेअन्यआवश्यककार्ु हरुकार्ाुन्वर्र्नगर्नेगराउर्ने।
!=n3'ljQ ;DaGwL lgodg n3'ljQ ljQLo ;:+yfx?nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf shf{ ;'rgf
s]Gb|sf] ;+hfndf cfj4 xg'] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
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k|ltzt ljGb''n] shf{ gfS];fgL Joj:yf sfod ug'{k'g{] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
#=ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, u|fdL0f :jfanDjg sf]if tyf oj'f :j/f]huf/ sfi]fsf u|fxsaLr
shf{ tyf ;'ljwf pkof]udf b]lvPsf] b]fxf]/f]kgf x6fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
lagf lwtf] ;fd'lxs hdfgLdf kb|fg ul/g] n3'shf{ Ps C0fLn] PseGbf a9L n3'ljQ
ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnFbf Psn shf{ ;Ldf gf£g gkfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .
n3'ljQ ljQLo ;:+yfx?sf] Ohfhtsf nflu cfj]bg lng] sfo{ :yug ;DaGwL ljBdfg
Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 .
n3''ljQ ljQLo ;:+yf ;f]xL ju{sf] csf]{ ;+:yf;Fu ufEg÷ufleg jf k|flKtsf nflu
k|f]T;fxg ug{] u/L cfjZos gLlt th'd{f ul/g]5 .
ufpFkflnsfl:yt n3''ljQ ljQLo ;:+yfsf sfofn{ ox?n] :jLsf/ofU]o lwtf] lnO{ ;d'x
df cfa4 ePsf tyf gePsf JolQmx?nfO{ n3'pBd ;~rfng ug{ ?= bz nfv;Dd
shf{ k|afx ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g5] . ;xfos sDkgLsf] ?kdf /xg] n3'ljQ ljQLo
;+:yfsf] ;DaGwdf d'Vo tyf ;xfos sDkgLaLr x'g] sf/f]af/nfO{ ;DalGwt
kIfaLr xg] sf/f]af/ zLif{s cGt{ut vn'fpg kg{] gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . n3''ljQ
ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] cfˆgf] sf]ifsf] nfutdf tfl]sPsf] k|zf;lgs vr{sf cltl/Qm a9Ldf ^
k|ltzt ljGb'';Dd yk u/L shf{sf] Aofhb/ sfod ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
sd{rf/L 3/hUuf shf{ ;DaLGw Aofa:yf
Micro-finance is approved be Nepal Nrb (Nepal Ratra bank ) in our country Nepal
it is D class bank and instutions and Nepal contain there are 64 micro-finance
most of mfis are located undevelopment , remote area where other class bank
and financial intuitions and give loan with out collateral and with collateral micro
loan for doing a small business and other propose from group base most of the
poor people have not invest money to start self business so that mfi is help These
people . for example agriculture , farming ,fish farming , hotel ,cottage insd
Women who could gain access to microfinance services have been able to create
self-employment opportunities and have been economically and socially
empowered through increased income earning from their small projects. The
MFIs and the wholesale lending institutions such as RMDC together have raised
the level of awareness and the required skills of these women to successfully
carry out locally feasible income generating activities. Many participating women
have now become self-reliant both economically and socially with the acquired
knowledge and skills, and the resultant income from the microfinance program.
Thus, microfinance has become a strong means to reduce poverty especially of
the women. Among the many developmental programs implemented in Nepal,
microfinance programs have a strong rural orientation and are targeted at the
poor.
Work of microfinance
1 Provide a micro loan with out collateral with collateral for a any small business
2. provide a many types of saving collection and for future
3. give the financial literacy and financial discipline how to Earn money how
expenses and how to saving for own future
4. take the micro insurances
5. skill development training ,
Challenge of microfinance in Nepal
1. government policy
2. un-healthy competition of same field
3. only profit orientated intuitions
4 only focus of profit and more achieve target and big projection
5. multi borrowing member
6. expensive and lugarias life stile
7 did not supervision and loan
8 without project landing and take loane
9 sources (fund) problem
Micro-finance is Call as the financial services Provide to the deprived groups of the people and small
entrepreneurs in savings, credit, remittance, rural insurance, etc. to help them in developing self-
employment opportunities and various income generating activities. Small size of loan, group
savings, small-scale entrepreneurs, diversified utilization and simple and flexible terms/conditions
on credit (without collateral) are the determining characteristics of its definition. Nepal has an
experience of about three decades in Microfinance. Although many programmes have been
implemented for poverty alleviation in Nepal, only microfinance programmes are seen as pro-poor
and rural based. In Nepal, agriculture based cooperatives were initiated in the 1950s as a first step in
micro-finance. The SFDP was transformed into SFCLs (Small Farmers Cooperative Limited), which
have been managed by the farmers themselves. Other micro-finance development programmes,
including Priority and Deprived Sector Credit Programme and donor supported various micro-credit
programmes were launched during the period. Micro-finance has been particularly recognized as an
effective development intervention for basic three reasons: • The services provided through micro-
finance can be targeted specifically at the poor and poorest of the poor, • These services can make a
significant contribution to the socio-economic status of the targeted community, and • The
institutions that deliver these services can develop within few years, into sustainable organizations
with steady growing outreach. Difficult topography, remoteness, heterogeneous groups and culture,
etc., have hindered for the successful delivery of micro-finance in Nepal. Principally, micro-finance
institutions pursue the income generating activities to promote the interest of the poor by providing
basic services and contribute in upgrading their economic and social standard. Modalities of
Nepalese Micro-finance Sector that has been Practiced in Nepal and their Outreach Micro-finance
programmes are established and promoted in Nepal with diversified method and modalities. They
are in public vs private sector modality, project based modality, wholesale lending based modality,
community vs deprived sector based modality, etc. The micro-credit programmes such as PCRW,
MCPW, GBBs Replicates, etc., fall under gender based programmes while the programmes as
PAPWT, TLDP, RMP, CGISP, etc. come on project based micro credit programmes. The wholesale
micro credit programmes are RSRF, RMDC, SKBBL, etc. The micro credit activities of SACCOPs and
FINGOs come under the modality of community based. Besides, a number of selfhelp groups are also
rendering micro finance services to the rural people. Although large numbers of MFIs have emerged
in Nepal, micro-finance services from these institutions are yet to cover the target group in full
capacity particularly in remote hills and mountains. Based on institutions involved, microfinance
sector can be classified into two groups– formal (Government and NRB) and semi-formal model as
depicted in Fig 1. 1. Small Farmer Co-operatives Limited Previously it was the Small Farmer
Development Project under Agricultural Development Bank, which has been transferred to the local
community under the Cooperative Act, 1991. No. of SFCL Benefited no. of members Benefited no. of
groups Technical Support Financial Support 139 85.730 13,322 IFAD, CGAP & GTZ SKBBL As of Mid-
July 2006 2. Priority Sector and Deprived Sector Credit Programmes There is the mandatory
provision for all commercial banks to disburse 2 percent and 3 percent of the total loan portfolio to
priority and deprived sector credit programme respectively. By Mid-July 2007, the priority sector
credit programme will be phased out. (Rs. in million) Priority Sector Deprived Sector Direct credit
from Commercial Banks (CBs) Agriculture Domestic Industries Services Power Sector Machine and
Import of Raw Materials 8057.71 1206.76 1813.52 4025.12 1000.51 11.80 1208.24 776.86 85.50
345.88 - - Indirect credit through MFIs 2046.36 4046.89 As of Mid-July 2006 3. Rural Micro-finance
Development Banks To provide the banking facilities for the socioeconomic upliftment of the
deprived people in the rural areas 5 regional rural development banks were established with the
initiative of the government, NRB and some other financial institutions. Later 4 private sector micro-
finance development banks (Nirdhan, Swabalamban, Deprosc& Chhimek) were also established. (Rs.
in thousand) 5 Grameen Bikas Banks 4 Replicating Banks Number of Centre 5046 7054 Number of
Groups 36403 36717 Number of Member 167886 185833 Number of Borrowers 149255 146402
Total Disbursement 12484829 6642502 Total Repaid 11224716 5495863 Total Outstanding 1260113
1146639 District Covered 47 40 Number of Branch 142 120 VDC Covered 1038 1163 As of Mid-July
2006 4. Financial Intermediary Non-government Organizations (FINGOs) Out of about 10,000, only
47 NGOs are licensed by NRB for financial intermediary. They usually form the groups and collect
deposit through MFIs as well as they obtain wholesale credit from MFIs and disburse it to the group
members. 5. Savings and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOPs) The co-operatives have been introduced in
Nepal since 1956. About 8000 co-operatives are registered in Cooperative Department of the
Government of Nepal. Some near about 2600 cooperatives are involved with the savings and credit
programmes. Of them, only 19 cooperatives are licensed by NRB for limited banking transaction and
199 co-operatives are associated with the RSRF. 6. Wholesale Micro-finance Institutions RSRF: To
increase the income and render employment opportunity for the deprived people in the rural areas,
the Government of Nepal has established the Rural Self-Reliance Fund in 1991 with the seed capital
fund of Rs. 20 million and added another Rs. 20 million in 2004/05. NRB has provided a total amount
of Rs. 253.40 million from its profit in this fund in different periods. In F.Y. 2006/07 the Government
of Nepal is injecting the amount of Rs. 50 million in the fund. RSRF provides the wholesale credit for
on-lending purpose to the deprived people through MFIs, Cooperatives and NGOs and long-term
loan to the sector like tea, cardamom & cold storage through Agricultural Development Bank. (Rs. in
thousand) Short Term (51 NGO, 199 SFCL) Mid and Long Term PFI 250 5 Total Disbursement 101359
159200 Total Repaid 68593 21666 Total Outstanding 32766 137534 District Covered 47 40 Family
Benefited 9949 - As of Mid-July 2006 RMDC & SKBBL To provide the wholesale loan to MFIs, SFCLs,
RMDC and SKBBL were established in 2000 and 2002 respectively. (Rs. in thousand) Rural Micro-
finance Development Centre Ltd. (RMDC) Sana Kisan Bikas Bank Ltd. (SKBBL) PFI 45 All SFCL Total
Disbursement 982602 827785* Total Repaid 481748 724054* Total Outstanding 500854 1430539
District Covered 24 - As of Mid-July 2006 * Current year disbursement and repayment only. 7. Donor
Sponsored Micro-credit Programmes There are six major donor funded micro-credit programmes
that are running in the country of which some are now in in-active stage. They are PCRW, MCPW,
TLDP, PAPWT, RMP and CGISP. All these programmes are focused to reduce poverty and have
contributed to the facilitation of micro-credit to the targeted groups and assisted in capacity building
of PFIs. ™To improve the socio-economic status of rural women by accessing them to institutional
loan for their productivity the project Production Credit for Rural Women (PCRW) was launched in
30 November 1988. ™To increase the economic status of the rural & urban women by providing
micro-credit for their micro businesses the project Micro-Credit Project for Women (MCPW) was
launched in 15 December 1993. ™To increase the income & employment of the rural poor by
engaging them in livestock management & productivity the project Third Livestock Development
Project (TLDP) was launched in 1997. ™To increase participation of the deprived poor in Western
Terai for their socio-economic upliftment the project Poverty Alleviation Project in Western Terai
(PAPWT) was launched in 1998. ™To increase the agriculture productivity by providing the irrigation
facilities to the deprived community's farmers for the poverty alleviation program the project
Community Ground Water Irrigation Sector Project (CGISP) was launched in March, 1999. (Rs. in
thousand) PCRW MCPW TLDP PAPWT CGISP PFI 3 2 17 5 10 Total Disbursement 234593 195209
183464 136745 158748 Total Repaid 99702 48802 142157 62129 2870 Loan Outstanding 134891
146407 41307 74616 155878 District Covered 35 42 19 8 12 Benefited family N.A. N.A. 9773 21000
21262 Donor Agency IFAD ADB/M ADB/M IFAD ADB/M Project Period 1988 to 1997 1993 to 1999
1997 to 2004 1998 to 2004 1998 to 2007 Last Repayment tenure to Multilateral agencies May 2019
November, 2018 Mid July 2034 Mid July 2033 2037 December As of Mid-July 2006 8. Prudential
Regulation Related to Micro-finance The Development Bank Act-1995 and Financial Intermediary
Act-1998 were the instances of some Fig 1: Micro-finance Sector in Nepal Micro Finance Sector
Governm ent/NRB Initiated Model Semi-formal Sector Government Mandated Model Rural
Development Banks NGO/SCC Model (External Fund) Micro Finance Development Banks NGO/SCC
Model Indigenous NGOs SCOs/ SCCs Government/ NRB Programme (RSRF, MCPW, SFCL) INGOs
Program (PLAN, SCF, CECI) NCDB regulation related to micro-finance sector. The prudential
regulation for micro-finance development banks came into existence in 2003. This regulation
became effective from January 2004 with some amendments. Followingly, BAFIA -2006 permits to
run micro-finance business while 1st Amendment of Financial Intermediary Act (1998) – 2002
facilitates FINGOs for doing limited financial intermediation as small savings, group savings, micro-
credit and agent banking. The main characteristics of NRB's prudential regulations for MFDBs are as:
• To open a MFDB at national level, a minimum paid-up capital of Rs. 100 million is needed while
such MFDB is supposed to be operated at Regional level excluding Kathmandu Valley requires Rs. 60
million as its minimum paid-up capital, 4 to 10 districts excluding Kathmandu Valley requires Rs. 20
million as its minimum paid-up capital and MFDB supposed to operate in 3 districts excluding
Kathmandu Valley require up to Rs. 10 million paid-up capital. • Minimum of 7 promoters are
needed to establish a proposed MFDB. The promoters can hold up to 70 percent stake. Some 30
percent shares should be floated to the public. • So far as the foreign stake is concerned, such
investors can hold a minimum of 20 percent to a maximum of 85 percent including category "D". ¾
MFDBs are urged to keep its CAR for Tier-I up to 4 percent and total capital adequacy ratio 8 percent
from 2005/06 onwards. ¾ MFDBs can mobilize 30 times of the primary capital. Such financial
resources include deposits, special saving deposits and borrowings. ¾ MFDBs are required
compulsory to maintain a minimum liquidity balance at 2.5 percent of their stake of MFDB. • MFDBs
to be operated in rural areas are accorded top most priority for obtaining business licenses from
NRB. • NRB has introduced additional prudential regulation effective from mid-April 2003 specially
for MFDB operating in the country with an objective of making micro-finance business more reliable,
sustainable, competent, and effective on service delivery matter. • Based on the ageing of overdue
loans of MFDBs, such loans are classified into four groups namely Pass (overdue up to 3 month),
Sub-standard (overdue by 3 to 6 months), Doubtful (overdue by 6 months to one year) and Loss
(overdue by one year or more). • MFDBs are accorded autonomy for the expansion, closure and
merger of their branches within the approved geographic areas. For the opening up of a new branch,
MFDBs must have a Business Plan and an Approval from their respective board. • MFDBs can
provide loan upto the amount of Rs. 40 thousand of collateral free loan to the group members and
the bank could extend the loan upto Rs. 100 thousand with the collateral based to run micro and
small enterprises. • All MFDBs should be effortful to maintain a good corporate governance culture.
9. Future Prospectives To assist the poverty reduction programme of the Government, Nepal Rastra
Bank has played pivotal role in building up the institutional network and mechanism for easy and
smooth availability of the micro-finance for the income generating activities of the poor and the
deprived people. This has resulted in the emergence of many MFIs, which have been participating in
the micro-financing operation using it as one of the effective financial tools for poverty reduction.
However, these MFIs have not been able to provide services to all the targeted people. There is a
wide scope and tremendous opportunity for these institutions to involve in micro financing right
through various rural financing programmes. The challenge of the day is first reaching out to the
majority of the poor people with micro and rural finance and secondly making the MFIs viable,
sustainable, and profitable. Endorsement of National Micro-finance Policy and establishment of a
Second Tier Institution (STI) as proposed by the Government of Nepal will facilitate the
categorization of various MFIs even to formalize informal financing to provide easy access to the
microfinance. Besides, the cost effective and self-sustained MFIs are also the pre-conditions for the