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PHILOSOPHY 5.

AESTHETICS- its function is the establishment


 Lover of wisdom of criteria of beauty; -t he science of the
 Relate to seminarian beautiful in its various manifestations – including
 Etymology – study of origin of names the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic and ugly.
 Philo (Greek word) - Love of
Importance of Aesthetics:
 Sophia (Greek word)– wisdom
1. It vitalizes our knowledge.
 The natural science that by natural light of reason
2. It helps us to live more deeply and richly.
studies there first causes of highest principles of all
3. It brings us in touch with our culture.
things
 The study of ideas about knowledge, truth, the
Branch of
meaning of life Concern Question
Philosophy
 Can refer to ordinary sense of guidelines or code, or
What ought I
to the precise sense of an academic discipline or the Ethics Study of action
to do?
activity of discipline and critical reflection of things
Study of
 No generally accepted and definitive knowledge Metaphysics What is being?
existence
Thales of Melitus – first ancient Greek philosopher ever
Study of What Can I
recorded Epistemology
knowledge know?
Socrates – teacher of Plato
What is
Plato – famous student of Socrates Aesthetics Study of art
beautiful?
4 things to consider in the definition of philosophy: What is
Study of
a. Science – because the investigation is Logic correct
reasoning
systematic inference?
b. Natural Light of a reason – Philosopher uses his
natural capacity or simply human reason alone CHAPTER 1
the so-called unaided reason. How do we acquire reliable knowledge?
c. Study of all things – this sets the distinction
between philosophies from other sciences.
EPISTEMOLOGY
d. First cause or highest principle – a Principle is
1. Induction – ideas formed by examination of
that form which something proceeds in any
particular parts;
manner whatsoever.
 acquired by empiricists (John Locke)
 Empiricism – is the view that knowledge can be
The First Principles:
attained through sense experience.
1. Principle of Identity
2. Deduction – important to find a general law to
2. Principle of Non-contradiction
understand the particular parts
3. Principle of Excluded Middle
 Advocated by rationalist (Rene Descartes)
4. Principle of Sufficient Reason
 Cartesian plane
3. Pragmatism – meaning and truth of an idea are
Branches of Philosophy
tested by its practical consequences
1. METAPHYSICS – is really on an extension of a
fundamental exist things necessary drive in  By William James and John Dewey
every human being to know what is real.
2. ETHICS– is generally a study of the nature of 3 Dimensions of Filipino thought:
moral judgment; - attempts to provide an 1. Loob
account of our fundamental ethical ideas.  Kabutihang-loob, kagandahang-loob,
3. EPISTEMOLOGY– deals with nature, sources, kalooban.
limitations and validity of knowledge; -explain(1)  Show sharing of one’s self to others.
how we know what we claim to know, (2) how  Value of loyalty, hospitality, pakikisama, and
we can find out what we wish to know; (3) how respect of authority
we differentiate truth from falsehood,: - 2. Filipino Philosophy of Time
addresses varied problems: the reliability,  Manana Habit
extent, and kinds of knowledge; truth; language;  Gulong ng Palad - “Wheel of fortune” – it
and science and scientific knowledge. approaches karma in Indians and Yin and Yang
4. LOGIC – Greek word “logike” which means a in Chinese
treatise on matters pertaining to the human  Filipino Time- simbang-gabi 2:00 to 3:00am, -
thought. advance(Filipinos), - late(Spaniards), -
Ontup(Americans), - Filipno farmers are early  Coherence Theory
risers to go with their field and waste no time  Something true if it makes sense when placed in a
for work certain situation or context.
 Siesta Time- power naps  The truth or ideas depends on its context or
3. Bahala na situation. It is also important for an idea to be
 Come what may consistent with other related information within
 Bathala/Batula-supreme being of pre-Spanish its context for it could be considered true… e.g.
Filipino Muslims have beliefs that pigs are unclean.
 Bahala na means to leave everything to God  Relativism – a philosophical concept with
who is Bathala contends that these are no absolute truths.
 Philosophy puts comlete trust in the Divine  Constructivist Theory
Providence  Knowledge is shaped by social forces and
 Holism – Greek word “Holos” holistic- whole, - influenced by culture and history.
meaning all or total  Knowledge is shaped as part of social experience
and requires interaction and collaboration…e.g.
Filipino thought and Values: Positive and Negative Marriage
Aspects:  Pragmatic Theory
 Utang na Loob – indebtedness to patrons  Something is true if we can put into practice or it
 Filipino gives great value to abundance and is useful in reality.
hard work as means ot economic self-  User tests and experiments to verify the truth.
sufficiency  Dealing with the problems that exist in a specific
 Self sufficiency – not refers to own self, but to situation and reasonable.
te whole family.
 Bayanihan – helping others in terms of need. Other things should we consider in determining the
truth. Ideas and Claims are often presented in a form of
Philosophy of the Human Person arguments.
– study of the nature of a man
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Philosophy of Abundance
Abundance – Latin word “Abundare”, meaning A. Phenomenology: On Consciousness
“to overflow nonstop”, in philosophy, abundance is not  Phenomenology – founded by Edmund Husserl
about amassing material things or people but our  According to Husserl, focuses on careful inspection
relationship with others, ourselves, and with nature. and description of phenomena or appearances,
Characteristics of Abundance: defined as any object of conscious experience, that
 Abundance is not what we gather but what we is, that which we are conscious.
scatter.  Phenomenology – is the scientific study of
 Abundance is not what we keep but what we gave essential structure of consciousness.
away.  Greek word “phaino’menon”, meaning
 Abundance is not what we hold but what we share. “appearance”
 Abundance is a choice.  Husserl’s phenomenology is the thesis that
 Abundance is to evolve into a higher learning. consciousness is
 Immanuel Kant used phenomenology to refer to
CHAPTER 2 the world of experiences
How do we use Philosophy to figure out what is  The phenomenologist can distinguish and describe
the nature of consciousness.
true?
 Consciousness is real.
 Correspondence Theory
B. Existentialism: On Freedom
 – states that something is true if it corresponds to
 The human condition or the relation of the
what actually exists in reality.
individual to the world
 The agreement of things with one another
 Human Freedom
 Direct relationship between an idea and reality
 Being itself
and that a statement can be taken as “fact”… e.g.
 Existentialism – often taught to antireligious, on
A mammal is an animal which is a warm-blooded,
19th century by a strong current of Christian Kier
has hair, and feeds its young with milk.-true.
Kegaared who is the first existentialist
Horses can fly.-false.
 By Satre emphasizes the importance of free 2.2. Analyze situations that show the difference between
individual choice regardless the power of another truth and opinion.
people to influence our beliefs and decisions.
F. Fallacies
C. Postmodernalism: On Cultures On the other hand, a fallacy is a defect in an
 Not a philosophy argument it is required to examine the argument’s
 It rightly talks about the world of philosophy of content. Here are some of the usually committed
many cultures, but such talk is not a philosophy errors in reasoning and thus coming up with the false
either. conclusion and worse, distorting the truth.
 Postmodernists believed that humanity should a. Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad
come at truth beyond the rational to the non- mesiricordiam) – a specific kind of appeal to
rational elements of human nature, including the emotion on which someone tries to win support
spiritual. for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her
 They value our existence in the world and in opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
relation to it. b. Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad
ignorance) – whatever has not been proved
D. Analytic Tradition false must be true, and vice versa.
 Analytic philosophy is the conviction that to some c. Equivocation – This logical chain of reasoning
significant degree philosophical problems, puzzles of a term or a word several times but giving the
and errors are noted in language and careful particular word a different meaning each time.
attention to its working. Example: Human beings have hands; the clock
 Analysis – refer to a method; owing great deal to has hands. He is drinking from the pitcher of
the pioneers. Bertrand Russel, G. E. Moore, water; He is a baseball pitcher.
Wittgenstein, and J. L. Austin. d. Composition – This infers that something is
true of the whole from the fact that it is true of
E. Logic and Critical Thinking Tools In Reasoning some part of the whole the reverse of this
 Logic is centered in the analysis and construction fallacy is division.
of arguments. e. Division – one reasons logically that something
 Logic and critical thinking serve as paths to true of a thing must also be true of all or some
freedom from half truth and deceptance. of its parts.
f. Against the Person (Argumentum ad
 Critical thinking is distinguishing facts and opinions
nominem) – this fallacy attempt to link the
or personal feelings. It helps us uncover bias.
validity of the premise to characteristic of the
 Two types of reasoning: Deductive and inductive
person advocating the premise. However, in
 Inductive Reasoning – based on observation in
some instances, questions of personal conduct,
order to make generalization, - often applied in
character, motives, etc. are legitimate if
prediction, forecasting or behavior.
relevant to the issue.
 Deductive Reasoning – draws conclusion from
g. Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad baculum) –
usually one broad judgment of definition and more
an argument where force, coercion, or the
specific assertion, often as inference… e.g. all
threat of force is given as a justification for a
philosophers are wise (major premise). Confucius is
conclusion.
a philosopher (minor premise). Therefore,
h. Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad
Confucius is wise (conclusion).
populum) – An argument that appeals or
Validity comes from a logical conclusion based on
exploits peoples vanities’ desire for esteem, an
logically constructed premise. If two premises are
anchoring on popularity.
constructed logically, then the conclusion must follow
i. False Cause (post hoc) – Since that event
logically, the deductive argument is valid. This doesn’t
followed this one, that event must have been
mean that the conclusion is true or false.
caused by this one. This fallacy is also referred
Strength of Argument
to its coincistental correlation, or correlation
Inductive cannot prove if the premises are true
not causation.
which also determines the truth of conclusion. Inductive
j. Hasty Generalization – One commits error if
reasoning proves only probable support to the
one reaches on inductive generalization based
conclusion. Inductive argument that succeeds in such
on insufficient evidence. The fallacy is
probable support is a strong argument while an inductive
commonly based on a broad conclusion upon
argument that fails to provide the support is weak; a
the statistics of a survey of a small group hat
strong argument with true premise to say to be cogent.
fails to sufficiently represent the whole
population. 2.3 Evaluate Opinions
k. Begging the question (Petitio principii) – this is
a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be  Critical thinking and logic are important tools to
proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the distinguish facts from opinions
premise.  An opinion can be a belief or judgment that rests
on grounds insufficient to produce complete
Applying Logic and Fallacies in determining certainty. It is a personal view, attitude or
TRUTH from OPINION appraisal or personal feelings.
“Tractatus” - identify the relationship between
language and reality and to define the limits of Important consideration to evaluate opinions:
science.  Asking relevant questions
 Cognitive meaning – if some sentences is to  Assessing arguments and statements
inform or state facts, refer to things, events, or  Looking for evidence to support assumptions
properties. and beliefs
 Emotive meaning – words are either positive or  Deciding rationally what to believe or not
negative overtones e.g. peace, war, terrorists,
axis f evil, etc. CHAPTER 3
 Con Artists – take advantage of emotive side of
How does philosophy view the nature of man?
language. – Use of emotive meaning masked as
cognitive meaning to whom up emotions to get
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
overlooked. – Used emotively neutral terms to
 Man is an important subject in philosophy and an
dull the forces make acceptable what might not
understanding of the nature and condition of man is
be.
primmest goal of discipline.
2.3 Realize the Methods of Philosophy That Lead to  Man – commonly used to refer to the entire human
Wisdom and Truth race. Other related terms: mankind, humankind,
humanity.
3 Characteristics that Philosophy is a Question:  Human – refers to a man or species – Homo sapiens
1. Philosophical questions have answers, but sapiens or modern human beings.
answer remains in dispute.  Person – generally refers to a human being granted,
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by recognition of certain rights, protection and
science commonsense of faith. responsibilities.
3. Philosophical questions are perennial intellectual  BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – considers man as part
interest to human beings. o the natural world and a product of evolution.
 Modern Humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) – are
Critical Thinking – is the careful, reflective and systematic considered one of the most successfully adopted
approach to questions of very general interest. species of the planet.
Critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-assessment  Humans – are closely related to primates, especially
that further consists of: apes, but have developed distinct physical features
 Defining, analyzing, and devising patterns such as bipedialism, highly developed hands, smaller
arriving and reasonable and informed jaws and teeth, and larger, more developed brains.
conclusions.  Human species are the most widespread and
 Applying understanding and knowledge to new dominant species at present.
different problems  Humans have also primal instincts – for survival and
 Willingness to change one point of view reproduction.
 Continually examining and re-examining ideas  Humans have progressed and develop additional
and willingness to say “I don’t know” traits and capabilities as capacity for:
 Planning and intentional action
Attributes to Critical Thinkers  Innovation and creativity
 Looks for evidence to support assumptions and  Communication through language and
beliefs writing
 Adjust opinions  Technology
 Look for proof  Symbolic interaction as evidence by
 Examines problem religious and art.
 Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information
 The development of culture – man’s most significant  Often seen as the ability to perceive
achievement which sets apart the evolution of the surrounding and react to
humanity from other species on this planet. stimulus such as pain.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – plans emphasis  Various Views regarding self:
on human behavior and thought processes in  Self as innate – self is an essential part of
analyzing human nature. human being, self-awareness is natural
 The significant mental faculties and capabilities of and innate. – Synonymous to the spirit or
man include: soul.
 Psyche – refers to humankind and is  Self as emergent – self is gained trough
divided into conscious and unconscious interaction with the world and other
mind. human beings.
 Conscious mind - part which  Self as integrated and developing – self is
governs awareness composed of varied element that changes
 Unconscious mind - consists of overtime.
latent or repressed emotions,  Identity
thoughts, and desires  Distinct personality of an individual.
 Rationality – state of being reasonable, -  Composed of a person’s unique physical
the ability to understand experiences I characteristics, mental attributes,
order to solve problems or do tasks, and experiences, memories, ideas and
engage in decision making and views.
judgments.  Said to persist through time, through
 Intelligence – or the ability to perceive certain aspects it may change.
information, store knowledge, and apply  Personhood – the recognition of human beings as a
it in various situations. distinct entity- a person.
 Introspection – ability to examine one’s  Person as an antenomous being – though
own consciousness, thoughts, feelings “reasoned free choice”
and mental state, and capacity for self-  Man possess reason, capacity to
reflection. reflection, engage in
 ECONOMICAL PERSPECTIVE – focuses on man’s  Conventional concept of “adult”
ability to engage in productive activities in an effort  Person as unified individual
to meet his wants and needs. – emerged in 19th  Has inherent capacity to function as
century and places emphasis on “economic man” a person
(homo economicus) – driven by rationality and self-  Recognized as persons like disabled
interest in his desire to posses wealth. – considers people, unborn fetus, infants and
man as productive being; primary role, producer and children even though they may not
engage in labor. fully possess the cognitive faculties
 THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – Man is considered of an adult.
as “God’s Creation”, man is considered to have a  Person in relation to others – human
special relationship with the creator, being created in beings becomes a person through
is image and given immortal spirit. (activities) actions with other human
Man’s existence was brought about by the purposive beings.
creative act of God, and His ultimate destiny is part
of the divine plan. Karol Wojtyla – person is defined by his or her actions and
experiences and through them achieves self-
How does philosophy define the human person? development and fulfillment.
Personhood is an important concept which is
HUMAN PERSON related to other concepts such as civil liberty and rights,
 Refers to the individual, and all the citizenship and civic responsibility. The concept of person
attributes and characteristics that set him or is also an important topic in disciplines such as social
her apart from the other human beings. sciences, biology and medicine.
 Other concepts: self, identity, personhood
 Unique traits of Humans 3.2 Evaluate own limitations and possibilities for their
 Awareness of spirit transcendence
 Possesses sentience For emerging from deep within and felt a sense
 The ability to feel and experience of being in tune with the mystery of our own being, and
with the mystery of life that transcends us. Let us  Four Noble Truths:
consider the ff. ex.:  Life is full of suffering
A. FORGIVENESS  Suffering is caused by passionate desires, lust,
 When we forgive, we are freed from our anger and cravings
and bitterness because of the actions and/or  Only has this been obliterated
words of another. The hardness of our heart is  Eradication of desires may be achieved by
reinforced by whole series of rational arguments. theft. The eight fold path or earnest endeavor.
A. THE BEAUTY OF NATURE  CHRISTIANITY
 There is perfection in every single flower; this is  Three aspects of a personal unity:
what three philosophies believed.  Body
B. VULNERABILITY  Mind
 To be invulnerable is somehow inhuman to be  Soul
vulnerable is to be human. Supermen and  The body serves as the host and in return the
superheroes are hiding from their true humanity. moves it with assistance of the mind.
C. FAILURE  The world’s largest religion
 Our failure forces us to confront our weaknesses  Monotheistic religion based on the life and
and limitations. teachings of Jesus.
D. LONELINESS  The Holy Bible is the Book of Sacred writings
 Our loneliness can be rooted from our sense of used in both Christian and Jewish religion. It is
vulnerability and fear of death. However, this is composed of two testaments, the OLD and the
our choice to live in an impossible world where NEW.
we are always “happy” or to accept a life where
solitude and companionship have a part with our 3 Absolute Realities of the Human Person
loneliness. Limitations:
E. LOVE (1) Physical,
 To love is to experience richness, passivity and (2) Immaterial
transcendence whether times of ecstatic (3) Free- possibility for transcendence
moments or struggles.
 Humans are the only one who exist with a body and
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit angels are persons but do not possess physical
 The term “person” came from Greek word bodies.
“prosporon”(mask worn by an actor)  Human person exist in the world as “corporal beings”
 Person was later used to refer to the character itself.
Understanding “body and spirit” Evaluate Own Limitations and Possibilities for their
 To embody means to put something abstract such as Transcendence
spirit into a body to give this something abstract a
concrete form. How to transcend our own limitation?
 This implies that the human person is made up of
physical state (body) and an abstract state (spirit). Self transcendence is synonymous with our own
self improvement. If we stay always in our “comfort zone”
Transcendence- came from the Latin names: we make no progress. It is important to know how we can
1. Trans – beyond achieve more. Hence, achieve is not perhaps not the right
2. Scandere – to climb word self transcendence is not just about achieving more,
it is also about overcoming our negative limited thoughts
 Is the existence that is present beyond normal or and beliefs. These are some suggestions to help you
physical level e.g. spirit or soul transcend your own limitations.
 Literally - it is defined as climbing or going beyond.  Set Targets
 Don’t be limited by your own thoughts
3 Spiritual Philosophies of TRANCSCENDENCE  Don’t Listen to people’s negativity
 HINDUISM  Be focused and wholly committed
 Believes in the equality of a human person  Remember many things were possible
 Spiritual immoral essence and  Inspiration of Personal Examples
 Empirical life and karma
 BUDDHISM Cosmic consciousness and your higher self
 Shares “dharma” or law of salvation
- is an ultra-high state of illumination in the
human mind that is beyond that of “self-awareness” and C. St. AUGUSTINE and St. THOMAS Aquinas
“ego-awareness”. In the attainment of cosmic  Will and Love
consciousness, the human mind has entered a state  For St. Augustine, physically we are
knowledge instead of mere beliefs, a state of “I know” free, yet morally bound to obey the law. The
instead of “I believe”. eternal law is God himself. According to this
law, humanity must do well and avoid evil.
DEVELOP YOUR MIND: Recognizing your limitations  Through prayer, modesty, provides, can
purity of heart, mind, and body be
3 Things can help maximize your performance: maintained and daily lived.
1. Be realistic when you choose your goals.  Definitely, to live a chaste life is difficult.
2. Keep your mind flexible. All are called to be chaste whether married or
3. Don’t hesitate to ask for help. single.
 Rightness means pleasing God. God has
Transcendence generally refers to the divine or God, given us a choice to discern between right
who is conceived as being transcendent, infinite, and and wrong tough we are often ignorant.
absolute and eternal. Both “transcendental” and 
“transcendence” are used in philosophy and convey the How does Philosophy define Man’s Relationship with the
basic ground concept from the world’s literal meaning. Environment?
“Transcendence” comes from Latin and means climbing
or going beyond. However, the world’s meaning has  ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
various connotations in different historical and cultural  Branch of Philosophy that is concerned
stages. with the natural environment and
humanities place within it.
Recognize the Human Imposes Limits and Possibilities  Concerns on the humanities role in the
for Transcendence natural world, the interaction between
nature and human activities and
A. HINDUISM humanity’s response to environmental
 Reincarnation and Karma changes.
 An interesting Hindu Belief is the  ANTHROPOCENTRISM
transmigration of souls, reincarnation or  Is the belief that humans are the central
“metempsychosis”. Essential Hinduism is and most significant species on the
based on the belief in Karma and has its first planet? This view believes that humans
literary expression in Upanishads. Everything are considered the primary causes that
in this life, say the Hindus, is a consequence drive changes in the environment.
of actions performed in previous existence.  DEEP ECOLOGY
Only in building a fine record or “karma”, can  Sees the natural world as being
final salvation be achieved. This doctrine is a maintained by the interrelationship
very old one. For the Jains, there is nothing among living organisms and that every
mightier in the world than Karma, karma living thing on the planet is dependent on
tramples down all powers, as an elephant to a each other for survival. This view regards
clump of lotuses. The Buddhist took it over in human interference as a significant threat
large part when they broke away from to the natural world and all living things.
Brahmanism.  GAIA HYPOTHESIS
 Suggests that non-organic elements in
B. BUDDHISM the planet play a significant role in
 Nirvana maintaining balance in the environment
 Nirvana means the state in which is as they interact with the living organisms
absolutely free from all forms of bondage and to regulate the various systems that
attachment. The Buddhists see one who has enable life to continue thriving on earth.
attained nirvana, as one who is Theological views hold that mankind is
unencumbered from all the fetters that bind a intended to live in harmony with all
human being to existence. He has perfect creation.
Knowledge, perfect peace, and perfect “God created man and granted him dominion
wisdom. Nirvana is beyond the sense, over all creatures and tasked him to subdue the earth”
language, and thought. (Gen 1:26-28)
Means we have to take care for nature and the
environment, enhance it, and contribute to its growth
and development.
A study on global warming by
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014)
- Human activities have contributed to the rise of
global temperatures through the release of
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
- Steadily warming ocean temperatures and glaciers
melting in arctic.
- Changes in global patterns resulting in intense
storms and heat waves.
- Acidification of the oceans that affects countless
marine life.
- Increase in global sea level

How does Philosophical Views influence environmental


action?
 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 emphasizes key ideas that combine philosophical,
pragmatic and theological elements
 All nonhuman elements of the world have intrinsic
value and are preserved.
 The preservation of the environment is beneficial to
humans as it will continue to provide for the present
and future gens.
 Man has a responsibility to safeguard the planet as
it has been entrusted to him by God.
 Environmental ethics has resulted to varied views:
 Social Ecology – applies ecological and
ethical approach in analyzing society, and
sees a relationship between social and
environmental problems.
 Environmental Justice – fair distribution of
environmental benefits and burdens.
 Environmental aesthetics – discuss natural
beauty in the context of maintaining order
and balance of environment.
 Environmentalism – discuss environmental issue
and formulate plans to address them.
WHAT IS FREEDOM  Fourfold classification of law:
- freedom or liberty is a social ang political concept  Eternal law – the degree of God that governs all
which has great significance in how people creations. It is “that law which is the supreme
participate in society. reason cannot be understood to be otherwise
- The concept of freedom has emerged as an the unchangeable and eternal.
important philosophical issue in 18th century during  Natural law – its first principle and percept is that
the age of enlightenment. good is to be sought after and evil avoided.
- Freedom in a political ang social context means the  Human law – laws and rights exercised in the
freedom of an individual from oppression, world
compulsion or coercion from other persons, an  Divine law – it deals with interior or disposition
authority figure, or from society itself. as well as external acts and it ensures final
punishment of all evil doings. It is divided into
“Political Freedom consists of two types of Liberties” old (Mosaic) and the new (Christian).
POSITIVE LIBERTY - refers to a person taking control of  St. Thomas chooses and proposed love rather
his own life and fulfilling one’s potential. than law to bring the transformation of humanity.
NEGATIVE LIBERTY – freedom from external restraint For love is inconsonance with humanity’s free
barrier and other inferences from other people. nature, for law commands and complete. Love on
ly calls and invites. St. Thomas emphasizes the
“Varied Ideas in HUMAN RIGHTS” freedom of humanity life. Since God is love, then
 LIBERALISM love is the guiding principle of humanity toward
 Upholds the preservation of individual rights and self-perception and happiness- his ultimate
stresses the role of the government in protecting destiny.
these civil liberties. C. St. Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Freedom
 LIBERTARIANISM  St. Thomas Aquinas establishes the existence of
 Believes that the individual, not the group, is the God as the first cause. Of all God’s creations.
best judge in upholding and exercising rights. Human beings have the unique power to change
 SOCIALISM themselves and things ground them for the
 Considers freedom as freedom to acquire economic better. As Humans, we are both material and
resources and the ability to work according to one’s spiritual. We have a conscience because of our
desire. spirituality. God is Love and Love is destiny.
Freedom entails the recognition of certain rights and 
entitlement of Persons D. Jean Paul Sartre: Individual Freedom
 Natural Rights – refer to right and which are innate  Sartre’s philosophy is considered to be a
in the person such as the right to life - universal and representative of existentialism. For Sartre, the
inalienable. human person is the desire to be God, the desire
 Legal Rights – rights based on society’s custom and to exist as a being which has its sufficient ground
laws and are enacted by legislation and enforce by in itself.
government. The rights are based on citizenship  Sartre’s existentialism stems from this principle:
theological views; define freedom as freedom from existence precedes essence.
sin and living life of righteousness. Christian defines  The person, first, exists; encounter himself and
freedom in the context of living in accordance with surges up in the world, and then defines himself
the will of God. afterward. The person is nothing else but what he
makes of himself.
 The person is provided by supreme opportunity to
give meanings to one’s life. In the course of giving
5.1 Realize that “All Actions Have Consequences” meaning to one’s life, one fills the world with
meaning.
A. Aristotle: Intellectual Freedom  Freedom is therefore, the very core and the door t
 For Aristotle, a human being is rational. Reason is authentic existence is realize only in deeds that
a divine characteristic. Humans have the spark of are committed aloe, in absolute freedom and
divine. If there were no intellect, there would be responsibility and which, therefore, the character
no will. Reason can legislate, but only through will of true creation.
can its legislation be turned into action. Our will is  The person is what one has done and is doing.
an n instrument of free choice.  The human person who is trying to escape
B. St. Thomas Aquinas: Love is Freedom obligations and strives to be –en-soi (i.e., excuses,
 Considers the human beings as moral agent.
such as “I was born this way” or “I grew up in a bad Human Freedom is expressed in two ways
environment”) is acting on bad faith.  FREE WILL – the capacity to choose from
 Sartre emphasizes the importance of free alternative courses of action or decisions.
individual choice regardless of the power of other  FREE ACTION – the freedom to perform without
people to influent the coerce of our desires, any obstacles or hindrances.
beliefs and decisions. To be human, to be The hierarchical method argued that free will I is based on
conscious, is to be free to imagine, free to choose, human rights and desires.
and be responsible to one’s life.  REASON – response view believed that man is
E. Thomas Hobbes: Theory of Contract sailing has free will because he/she is all to
 A law of nature (lex naturalis) is a percept of gen. entertainment reasons to not to.
rules established by reason, by which a person is
forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life What can prevent us from Exercising Freedom?
or takes way the means of preserving the same: Human freedom has its constraints….
and to admit that which he thinks it may be best FREE WIILL – is often constructive by determinism, the
preserved. belief that every event and action has an underlying
 Law of Nature: cause. Moral responsibility refers to the status of
 We should seek peace deserving praise or blame for one’s actions and decisions.
 Human beings perform their covenant made For an individual to be considered morally responsible for
F. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Political Freedom his/her actions He must possess and exercise free will.
 Rousseau is one of the most famous and
influential philosopher of the French
enlightenment in the 18th century. 5.8Choices, Consequences, and Something.are given up
 According to Hobbes Rosseo, the state owes his while others are obtained I n making Choices.
origin to a social contract freely entered into by its
member. They have differences in their Filipinos embraced family and a political party,
interpretations. Hobbes developed his idea in For the Filipinos one does not only fulfill reasons of the
flavor of absolute monarchy, while Rousseau mind but of the heart and personal involvement.
interpreted the idea in terms of absolute Filipino ethics and internal code and sanction
democracy and individualism. than other legalistic moral philosophies that are farther
 Similarity: human being have to form a negative. Filipinos, who stresses duties over nights, has
community or civil community to protect plenty in common. The Filipino’s look up themselves as
themselves from one another, and since by one whole feels, wills, thins, as a total while - as a
nature, humanity tends to toward self- person conscious of his freedom, proud of his human
preservation, then it follows that they have to dignity and sensitive to the violation of these two.
come a free mutual agreement to protect
themselves.
 Sovereign/Ruler (State)
 Freedom (General will or mutual transferring of
rights)
 Citizens (individual rights)
 There must be a common power of government
which the plurality of individual (citizens) should
confer all their powers and strengthen into
(freedom) one will (ruler)

5.2 Evaluate Exercise Prudence in Choices

What make us free? How does freedom shape our


experience?
FREEDOM – is the freedom to make choice in life. It is
based on free will or capacity of persons to choose their
own actions and decisions. The exercise of free will
should be on sound judgment and rational thinking.
Human Agency – refers to the capacity of a
person to act and exert control over his/her behavior.
CHAPTER 6 his wholeness in virtue of his relation to one’s self
but in virtue of his relation to another self.
Intersubjectivity  Saint Pope John Paul II or Karol Wojtyla was born
 The concepts about interpersonal relations are in Wadowise, Poland. He was elected to the
attributed to existentialism and phenomenology. papacy on October 16, 1978 (264th pope) and was
Human Relations – are often discussed along the considered a great pope during his lifetime. He was
perspective of individual or the self. an architect of communism’s demise in Poland. I
 Human interactions are made possible through the his encyclical letter, Fides Et Ratio, he criticized the
self interacting with other individuals who exist definition of human person as “rational animal”.
outside the awareness of the self. The shared For Him, the human person is the one who exists
awareness and understanding among person is and acts( conscious acting, has a will, has self-
called intersubjectivity. determination).
 The interaction between the self and other takes
various forms “seeming” refers to the way 6.2 Appreciate the talents of persons with disabilities
individuals present themselves when interacting (PWD’s) and those from the underprivileged sectors of
with other individuals. In this relationship, a person society and their contributions.
acts based n how he thinks other view him as a
person. A much deeper relationship is “dialogue” a A. ON PWDs (Persons With Disabilities)
genuine relationship founded the acceptance of  Feeling of impotence or questioning “why me?”
each other’s individual characteristics. are some feelings of ambivalence regarding a
 Certain views consider that it is impossible to child’s condition. Other reactions include fear of
achieve genuine human interaction because future, when parents worry about how the
humans have the tendency to consider others as disability of the child will affect his/her
merely objects and means to achieve certain productivity, or become a lifelong burden.
desires. Other views, however, considers humans  Categories of PWDs: hearing impaired,
as capable of meaningful interaction, and that diabetes, asthmatic, cystic Fibrotic persons.
individuals are driven are empathy, shared  A study in North America shows that 50% of
understanding, and the desire to cooperate. deaf children read less than the normal
 Human interactions – determines the development children.
of individuals and societies.  For the dead, total communication is
recommended: traditional through Finger
 Social interactions – define the development of
spelling and sign language.
individual ideas and characteristics.
 Spirited child – will notice everything going on
 The welfare of the society is founded on the
around her but will be able to process that
maintenance of meaningful and harmonious
information quickly and will be able to select
relationship among its member.
the most important information to listen to.

 ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
6.1 Realize that Intersubjectivity requires accepting
Disorder) will find it difficult to focus or
differences of not to impose on others.
complete a task, despite best efforts.
 Negative attitudes of family and community
Intersubjectivity as ontology: The Social Dimensions of
toward PWDs may add to their poor academic
the Self
and vocational outcomes. Parents need to
 For both views of Martin Buber and Karol Wojtyla,
reach the constructive point of action. They can
the human person is total, not dual.
decide to restructure a certain aspects of their
 For Wojtyla, the social dimensions is represented lifestyle in order to accommodate the
by “we relation” and for Martin Buber, the commutative as well as the educational need of
interpersonal is “I-You relation”.
their children with disability.
 Martin Buber is a Jewish existentialist philosopher. B. ON UNDERPRIVILEGED SECTORS OF SOCIETY
He was born in Vienna and was brought up in the  Dimensions of Poverty: Income, Health,
Jewish tradition. In his book “I and Thou” (Itch and Education. Empowerment and Working
Du) (1923), he conceives the human person in Condition.
his/her wholeness, totality, concrete existence and  Income poverty-defined in terms of
relatedness to the world. consumption of good an services.
 For Buber, I-Thou philosophy is about the human  2 levels: Poor and Extremely Poor
person as a subject, who is a being different from  Poor Health
things and objects. The human person experiences
 Human rights are also relevant to issues of
Global Poverty in its focus on shortfalls in basic
needs. Extending human rights into the realm
of foreign direct investment is also an
imperative. The church is constantly challenged
wherein Justice is being denied for sectors like
farmers, fisher folks, indigenous people and
victims of calamity and labor.
C. ON THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN
 For Mary Wollstonrecaft, she maintains that
women must learn to respect themselves.
Men’s worth should not be based on the vanity
of women and babies. She stressed that women
should not marry for a support. Instead, they
should learn earn their “bread”. Way of living,
you should earn your way of living.

6.3 Explain the authentic dialogue that is accepting others


regardless of individual differences.

 An authentic dialog entails a person-to-person, a


mutual sharing of selves, acceptance of sincerity,
the human person attains fulfillment on the
realm of interpersonal. In meeting the other,
thus there is a genuine dialog. In participation,
we must share the humanness of the other.

6.4 Perform activities that demonstrate the talents of


PWDs and underprivileged sectors of society.

 EO 417 addresses the need of government to


provide capitalization of for PWDs livelihood
activities, which include support for technical
skills through labor department.
CHAPTER 7  John Locke also believes that humans are naturally
inclined to form societies and they are able to co-
What is SOCIETY? exist harmoniously with other individuals. Society is
 Society – refers to a large, independents and established through a social contract where people
organized group of people living in the same territory agree to sacrifice some of their interests to uphold
and sharing a common culture and heritage. the welfare of the society.
 Human societies evolved and developed into various  Jean Jacques Rousseau considered the social
forms. Hunting and Gathering Societies are the contract as an expression of the general will. In his
earliest and simplest form societies characterized by view, the individuals who compose society have
primitive technology and lifestyle. Agricultural given the established authority the power to act on
societies are sedentary communities that devote their behalf and impose its will on the people.
their activities primarily to farming and raising  Modes views of society emphasize the capacity of
livestock. individuals as rational beings to make decisions that
 Industrial societies are those that employ advanced meet their self-interests. The concept of the original
technology to produce goods and services. position assumes that given a situation where an
 Modern Societies are more technologically individual has no awareness of his/her individual
developed and characterized by improved industry, characteristics in a society. He/she would naturally
mass production, and advanced communication and choose to establish a society which is fair to all
transportation. Advances in technology made individuals.
possible the formation of virtual societies composed  David Gauther considers self-interest as an influential
of people from various places and social factory society, since meeting a person’s own needs;
backgrounds. he/she also furthers the interests of the other
Examples of these societies are in media, online message members of society.
board, and online games.
How does society influence the person?
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY  Socialization- is the process where an individual
 It studies society and its influence on the human learns the behaviors, attitudes, and values
person and applies philosophical concepts in a social prevalent in his/her own society. This process
context. It also looks into social interactions and how involves various agents such as social institutions
these influence, perception, ideas, experiences and and other member of the society. He individual’s
values. interaction with these agents’ influences and
 Topics related to social philosophy includes: social defines personality, identity, and behavior.
ontology, social ethics, democracy, human rights,  Society has a significant influence on the
equality, and justice. behavior and interactions of individuals.
 The ideas and discussions related to philosophy often Societies which engender negative behavior will
influence other social sciences such as psychology, result on individuals taking refuge of negative
political science, sociology, and linguistics. traits. More positive societies are able to
influence their members to adopt positive traits
7.1 Recognize how individuals form Societies and how and behavior.
individuals are transformed by societies.
7.2 Compare Different Forms of Societies and Individuals
How is SOCIETY formed? (Agrarian, Industrial and virtual)
 Are considered to have a natural tendency to
cooperate and organize, and society is a natural A. Medieval Period (500-1500 BCE)
outcome to socialize.  Sometimes referred as the Park ages.
 Enlightenment Philosopher has proposed various  The way of life in medieval ages is called feudalism
ideas or the formation of human society. These (Lt. “feudum,”) meaning property or possession.
thinkers imagined that mankind in their natural state  Peasants are farmers or village laborers and they
tends to come together and organize themselves n have to work to support their lord for their
order to look after their interests. protection in return of the services rendered.
 Thomas Hobbes believes that humans are driven by  With the growth of comers, feudalism as a system
their desires and these often lead to conflict among of gout began to pass. As it changes, it raises an
individuals. Society, therefore, exists to mange the interest and reached peak in the renaissance- a
conflicting desires of people and imposes order. revival of classical learning.
 Amid the turmoil of Middle Ages, one institution
stood for the common good- the Roman Catholic
Church. Its spirit and work comprised “the great  Plato’s Dialogue Republic has overshadowed all his
civilizing influence of the Middle Ages”. other dialogue in fame.
B. Modern Period (1500-1800)  The nominal purpose of the Republic is to define
 Martin Luther initiate Reformation- came not only justice. Plato decided the citizens are to be divided
the rejection of medieval philosophy but also the into three classes:
establishment of “Protestant Ethnic” and the 1. The common people (artisan class) – right to
beginnings of modern capitalism. suffrage
 Human being is the most interesting in nature. 2. The soldiers (warriors)
 Rationalism was the predominant feature. 3. The guardians (rulers) – have political power.
 The development of philosophy can be traced on C. ECONOMIC SPHERE
this period.  The contrast today between the levels of living in
1. In 17th century- age of NATURALISM relatively modern centuries is very marked, indeed.
 They adored the rigidity of geographical D. SOCIAL REALM
methods.  Increasing interdependence has lead to the
 They love the study of new physical development of more orderly processes for
science with has begun with Galileo regulating relations among societies, such as
 In 17th century - Fear is out of place, you diplomatic practices, conferences and
may even doubt if you will. international law.
2. In 18th century- age of EMPIRICISM E. TECHNOLOGY
 John Locke, David Hume, and George  Technology has become an ideology. It is also the
Berckly were main components of this knowledge and our powers of abstraction.
general point of view. F. ON (WOMEN’S) FRINDSHIPS
3. Near the end of the century, Immanuel Kant, whose  Women’s friendship has a unique quality that may
philosophy is generally known as critical idealism, only exist between women. A quality of friendship
brought up his philosophic thoughts with the between women offers sympathy, learning,
general problem of knowledge. validations, and advices,
 Galileo invented the telescope during this
period. 7.4 Evaluate the transformation of Human Relationships by
C. Globalization and Technological Innovations Social Systems and How Societies Transform individuals
 Industrial revolution is a movement in which Human Beings.
machine changed peoples way of life as well as
their methods of manufacture. CHAPTER 8
 The invention of machines in doing work of hand Recognize the meaning of one’s life
tools. Who am I? What is the meaning of life?
 The use of steam and other kinds of power vis-à-vis A. SOCRATES
the muscles f human beings and animals. - He was a great teacher in Athens around 469 BC.
 The embracing of the factory system. He believes that knowing oneself is a condition to
 Artificial intelligence – coined by John McCarthy in solve the present problem.
1958, defined as “the science and engineering of - Socrates has two ways of teaching:
making intelligent machines”.  Expository Method – answer the student’s
 At present, it is very useful and easier to access. direct and implied questions.
 Socratic Method – (1) to asses questions the
7.3 Explain how Human Relations are transformed by Social character of students ;(2) to set him
Systems. problems, exhort him to reduce each
 Change as a condition of modern life. problem to its constituent elements and
 As industry change, social and political conditions criticize the solutions that she/he offers.
transformed. - 1st process – ironic process – a process that serve
 the learner to seek for knowledge by reading the
A. NEW KNOWLEDGE mind of prejudices and then by humbly accepting
 For Socrates “Knowledge is virtue: ignorance is his ignorance.
vice” is a summation of what he wants to teach - 2nd process- maieutic process – this method
about how human beings should live a good life. considers, examines, compares, and studies the
Ignorance is a source of evil. Humanity commits similarities and assimilations of the idea being
evil because people do not know any better. discussed so that the clear and premise notion of
B. POLICY MAKING the idea is achieved.
HAPINESS
Can be considered as a state of mind where an
individual maintains a positive or happy outlook despite
his/her situation.

3 elements of happiness:
 Contentment – refers to the level of
satisfaction
 Welfare – satisfaction of one’s wants or
needs
 Dignity – the ability to make free choices
regarding one’s self.
- For Socrates, FOR A PERSON TO BE HAPPY, HE
HAS TO LIVE A VIRTOUS IFE
- Socrates major ethical claims on happiness:
 Happiness is impossible without moral
virtue.
 Unethical actions can harm the person who
performs them more than the people than
victimize.
B. PLATO
- Contemplation in the mind of Plato means that
the mind is in communion of the universal and
internal ideas. Contemplation is very important in
the life of humanity because this is the only
available means foe a mortal being to free himself
from his space – time confinement to ascend to
heaven of ideas and there commune with the
immortal, eternal, the infinite, and the divine
truths – this contemplation is doing good in life.
- PLATOS THEORY of IMMORTALITY
 Aristotle divided everything in the natural
world into 2 categories:
1. Non-living things – no potentiality to
change. They change only by some external
influence.
2. Living Things – has potential to change.
 According to Aristotle, the most pleasant
act for any living creature is realizing its
nature, therefore, the happiest life for
human is thinking about the unmoved
mover – consist of pure thought.

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