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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

Endoscope
s
1. Introduction.
2. System
Components.
3. Principle f

(1): introduction
The name endoscope is derived from two Greek words which
are endom (within) and skopein (view). The endoscope is
an optical instrument used for viewing internal organs through
natural openings (ear, throat, rectum, etc.) or through a
small incision in the skin.

The first endoscope Consist of curde rigid tube provide


only limited view of easily accessible organs, but now
modern endoscopes upgraded capabilities of
endoscopes:-

· Fiber optic image bundles.


· Semiconductors detectors improved image
resolution and reduction of instrument size.
· Ultrasound image has been combined with
endoscope to enable visualization beyond the tissue
surface.

(2): components
All flexible endoscopes have a light guide plug, an umbilical
cable (cord), a control head and an insertion tube.
THE LIGHT GUIDE PLUG.

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

The light guide plug fits into the light source. The air/water and
suction channels have ports in the light guide plug. The light
guide plug of a video endoscope is heavier than that of a non-
video endoscope and needs to be handled with care. The
terminals in the light guide plug of the video endoscope are not
waterproof and must be covered by the cap supplied with the
instrument prior to cleaning .

Principe terms of endoscopes

Fig 1 show those terms:

1. Proximal End. Interface point with the eye or video


equipment.

2. Distal End. Furthest point from the proximal end or user’s


eye.

3. Insertion Diameter. The diameter quoted as the actual


diameter inserted into the anatomy of endoscope sheath.

4. Instrument Axis. The axis of the instrument relative


to the instrument axis.

5. Optical Axis. The axis of the optical path which is


displaced to the instrument axis.

6. Angle of View. The angular value of displacement to the


optical axis.

7. Optical Field of View. The area which the conical system


covers is as a cone.

8. Fiber Illumination. The area which the fiber illumination


covers as a cone and is greater than the optical field of view.

9. Working Length. The actual length embodying the


insertion diameter which can be applied.

0. Light Post. Input point of the illumination when


connected to a light guide and source.
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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

11. Eye shield. Used as a cup for the eye or a diameter for the
attachment of video camera equipment.

Figure 1 endoscope

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

Internal Features :

. ANGULATION SYSTEM :

The angulation system is what makes the tip articulate when the
control handles on the control head are rotated and it can be
broken down into three areas:
· control mechanism :

Either a wire pulley assembly or a chain drive can


articulate endoscopes. The wire pulley is the most
commonly used on flexible endoscopes. A locking
mechanism allows these to be fixed in any position.

· coil pipes :

These are flexible springs attached to the inner wall of


the insertion tube. The coil pipes house the angulation
wires, and direct them in the proper direction. They also
offer protection to the internal elements from the sawing
motion of the wires, which are constantly in motion while
steering the distal tip.

· bending section :

In the bending section several metal bands are hinged


together. When the control handles are manipulated the
angulation wire is pulled up through the coil pipes. The wire
is threaded through a loop on each of the metal bands down
to the distal tip where it is attached. As the wire is pulled it
causes the distal tip to bend in that direction. A combination of
up/down and left/right allows the tip to bend in any direction
and be steered through most intricate lumens as far as
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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME
the instrument's length will allow.

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

· SUCTION/BIOPSY CHANNEL:
The suction/biopsy channel is basically a length of tubing
running from one end of the endoscope to the other with an
on/off valve in the middle and attachments to stainless
steel connectors at the ends. This tubing is required to be
extremely flexible and pliable as well as stiff and strong.

Prompt cleaning of the endoscope after procedures and


cautious insertion of anything into the suction/biopsy
channels is the best way to ensure proper suction system
operation. Avoid over-flexing the umbilical cable and
insertion tubes to prevent kinking or collapsing of the
channel.

· AIR AND WATER SYSTEM:


The air from the pump flows into the endoscope through a
seal either at the air inlet pipe on the light guide plug or at
the water bottle. From here it flows to the body of the
endoscope and out the air/water valve. To inflate the organ
being examined the air/water valve is covered, which diverts
air down the insertion tube and out the distal tip.

When the air/water valve is depressed air entering the


endoscope is split with some of it diverted into the water
bottle which forces water into another channel in the
umbilical cable. The water travels through the channel in
the umbilical cable, through the air/water valve and down
the insertion tube to the distal tip.
· IMAGE SYSTEM:
The image system is made up of a variety of components
including fiber optics, electronics and the lens system. The
internal structure of a video endoscope is virtually the
same as a non-video endoscope except for the optical

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME
system.
Lighting

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

Fiber optic bundles composed of thousands of individual fibers


are used to transmit light from the light guide plug to the
distal tip of the insertion tube. An optical fiber is composed
of two layers of glass of different reflective values that trap
the light inside the length of the fiber. The flexibility of the
fibers enables the light to be bent around corners and curves
Non-video imaging:
Non-video endoscopes also use a fiber bundle to transmit
the image from the objective lens at the distal tip of the
endoscope through the eyepiece to the user's eye. The
image guide bundles are set up such that each fiber carries a
portion of the image and is in the same place at both ends
of the bundle. The final image is made up of the many small
pieces of the whole image.
Video imaging:
In a video endoscope the image bundle is replaced with a
video camera unit consisting of a lens assembly and an
electronic chip attached to about 16 small wires. Many
individual sensors (pixels) make up the image by detecting
light levels and colors. An external video processor then
assembles the image that is transmitted along the wires
to a video monitor.

· Lens systems:
All endoscopes have lenses in both the lighting and
image systems. A non-video endoscope has a lens system in
the eyepiece that focuses on the end of the fiber bundle
and magnifies the image.
All flexible endoscopes use an objective lens system at the
distal tip. This reduces and focuses the image onto the
surface of the image guide fiber bundle or the electronic
chip. Another lens system at the distal tip focuses light onto
the area being examined to provide evenly distributed
lighting. It is important to protect these lenses from
scratching or other trauma.
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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME
· Grounding system :

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME

Most endoscopes have an S-cord connector or


grounding port on the light guide connector or
elsewhere on the endoscope, usually the control
body. All metal endoscope components are
connected to this port to conduct any leakage
current to ground on an electro surgical unit.

(3): Principle of operation


It used at procedures, by inserting the distal tip of
endoscope to into the body to the desired organ. Then the
light of endoscope will be reflected by the objective lens to
through fiber optic with multiple reflections to the proximal
tip that interface with the eye. Water and air used for
cleaning ,also suction system for cleaning and insertion. (see
fig2).

Pr
oxi
m
al
en
d

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By students: Sid Ahmed Abayazid & Mohammed Abdumonim_4 BME
Fig1: endoscope block diagram

Body Distal Objecti Contro


ve l hand
end
lens

Air\water
Light
guide Por
t

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