MECS 4412L – ME LAB 1

Date Performed:____________________ Group No: ___________________

Date Submitted: ____________________ Rating: ______________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RELATION OF SATURATED STEAM

I. OBJECTIVE:
1. To know the different pressure measuring instruments as well as their uses.
2. To study the importance of pressure instruments.
3. To study how to calibrate pressure gauge.

II. PROCEDURE
1. Open both the intake and exhaust valves when gauge reads about 70 psi.
2. Manipulate exhaust valve when pressure becomes steady and after 2 minutes read
and record the thermometer reading.
3. Decrease the pressure at an increment of 4 or 5 psi.
4. Repeat step no. 3
5. Take up to 5 to 10 trials.
6. Plot the pressure temperature curve using temperature as an ordinate and absolute
pressure as an abscissa.

III. LIST OF INSTRUMENTS

1. Thermometer
2. Pressure Gauge
3. Boiler

IV. DATA SHEET

Trials Pressure(PSI) Temperature Observed

1 34 119◦C
2 31 117◦C
3 28 115◦C
4 25 109◦C
5 22 105◦C
 Pressure(PSI) Temperature (S.T.) Difference % Error
48.7 137.4◦C 18.4◦C 13.39
45.7 135.2◦C 18.2◦C 13.46
42.7 133◦C 18◦C 13.53
39.7 130.4◦C 21.4◦C 16.41
36.7 127.9◦C 22.9◦C 17.90

V. COMPUTATION:

Difference (Temperature)

Difference =Temperature (S.T.) – Temperature (Observed)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

% Error

% Error = Temperature (S.T.)-Temperature (obs) X 100

Temperature (S.T.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Pressure Conversion PSI to KPI

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Pressure - Temperature Curve

 V–A

ILLUSTRATON/ DRAWING

1. Boiler

SPECIFICATION:

 Power Requirement – 10 hp
 Working Pressure – 50 psi
 Number Posses – 3 posses
 Fuel – Diesel
 Operations – Automatic
 Fuel Consumption – 1 gal/hr
 Water Consumption – 5 gal/hr
 Working Pressure – 15 psi –out in and 30 psi – cut off
 At initial or psi stage – 30 minutes running time to attain 30psi
 At 15psi-cut-stage – 5 minutes running time attain 30psi

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Bourdon Pressure Gauge are the most common type in many areas and are used to measure
medium to high pressures. They cover measuring spans from 600 mbar to 4,000 bar. The
measuring element is a curved tube with a circular, spiral or coiled shape, commonly called a
bourdon tube.

Compound gauge is a device that can display both positive and negative (vacuum) pressures.

Vacuum Gauge is use for testing pressure after the production of a vacuum

Draft Gauge is an instrument used to measure the small pressure differentials below
atmospheric; e.g., an inclined manometer to measure the pressure difference between a flue and
the atmosphere for combustion control.

Barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain

environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many
measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface
troughs, pressure systems and frontal boundaries.

Barograph is a barometer that records the barometric pressure over time in graphical form. This
instrument is also used to make a continuous recording of atmospheric pressure

Hydraulics is mechanical function that operates through the force of liquid pressure

Fluids a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or
(especially) a liquid.

Pressures continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with
it. It can also be defined as the thrust (compressive force acting perpendicularly to the surface of
a body) acting per unit area.

Pascal’s Law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a

principle in fluid mechanics given by Blaise Pascal that states that a pressure change at any point
in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change
occurs everywhere.

Atmospheric Pressure also known as barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure
within the atmosphere of Earth

Absolute Pressure is the total pressure at a point in a fluid equaling the sum of the gauge and
the atmospheric pressures. Is addition of Gage (positive or negative) and Atmospheric pressure.

Gage Pressure is the pressure measured with respect to atmospheric pressure. Gage pressure
indicates the difference between the atmospheric and pressure at a given location. A negative
gage pressure indicates vacuum.

Tachometer an instrument which measures the working speed of an engine (especially in a road
vehicle), typically in revolutions per minute.
Stroboscope an instrument for studying periodic motion or determining speeds of rotation by
shining a momentary bright light at intervals so that a moving object appears stationary

Vapor Pressure is the pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid or solid form.

Peizometer is either a device used to measure liquid pressure in a system by measuring the
height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device which measures the
pressure (more precisely, the piezometric head) of groundwater at a specific point.

Barometer an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the

weather and determining altitude.

Differential Pressure is a pressure that is measured relative to the pressure in the atmosphere
around it

Aneroid Barometer is an instrument for measuring pressure as a method that does not involve
liquid

VI. REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss the kinds of manometers

 U-Tube Manometer:
This type of manometer is U shaped, with one end open to
atmosphere. It is used for measuring suction. It has the
capability of measuring both positive and negative suction
pressures. It utilizes the principle of specific gravities for
measuring the suction pressure. This type of manometer
generally has a liquid whose specific gravity is greater than
that of the fluid whose suction pressure is to be measured.
 Differential U-Tube Manometer:

This type of manometer is slightly different from

the normal U Tube manometer. Here the open end
is also closed, what that means is both the ends of
this type of manometer are closed.It really becomes
a tool of importance where the pressure is to be
measured directly.This manometer type has fluid or
liquid filled at different pressures on both ends.

 Inverted U – Tube manometer:

This type of manometer as the name suggests has

an inverted U-shaped tube. It is used to measure
differences in low pressure between two points,
 where the high level of accuracy is desired. It is
filled with liquid on the ends. The space between
liquids is filled with air. This air can be expelled or
admitted into the apparatus using a tap. This is done
to adjust the pressure difference to obtain an
accurate reading.

 Micro Manometer:

Micro manometer is a great tool used in fluid

statics. It is a modified form of a simple manometer.
It has one limb which is larger in cross-section. It is
a device which is used to measure very minute
pressure differences with high accuracy.

 Inclined Manometer:

This a high precision and high accuracy type of manometer. It is used to measure the
minuscule amount of pressures with high accuracy. Its configuration is inclined and
this makes it more accurate than other types of manometers. It is used where
manometric properties of liquids are very close.

2. What are the types of Liquid manometer?

VII. CONCLUSION:

As the temperature increases, some molecules attain enough kinetic energy to reach velocities
that allow them to momentarily escape from the liquid into the space before falling back into the
liquid.

Continues heating makes number of molecules with enough energy to leave the liquid states
increases.
When the number of molecules leaving the liquid surface is more than those re-entering, the
water freely evaporates. At this point it has reached boiling point or its saturation temperature, as
it is saturated with heat energy.

If the pressure remains constant, adding more heat does not cause the temperature to rise any
further but causes the water to form saturated steam. The temperature of the boiling water and
saturated steam within the same system is the same, but the heat energy per unit mass is much
greater in the steam.

At atmospheric pressure the saturation temperature is 100°C. However, if the pressure is

increased, this will allow the addition of more heat and an increase in temperature without a
change of phase.

Therefore, increasing the pressure effectively increases both the enthalpy of water, and the
saturation temperature. The relationship between the saturation temperature and the pressure is
known as the steam saturation curve.

VIII. REFERENCES:

https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3061

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler

https://engineeringinsider.org/manometer-types/2/