1. Define computer.

2. Describe the two main components of the computer systems.

3. Examples of output, input, processing & storage.
4. Gives an examples of the information processing cycle.
5. Types of computers.
6. Advantages & disadvantages.

 Hardware: ‫ شئ ملموس‬Keyboard, Mouse, Ram, Hard.

 SOFTWARE: Data, programs, windows, etc.
 Computer: Device that performs the information processing cycle.
 Processing cycle:

Input Processing Output Storage

1st operation 2nd operation 3rd operation

(monitor-printer) to display results 4th operation
(keyboard-mouse) convert data into information (cpu)

 COMPUTER SYSTEM: Group of associated components work together (hardware –

software).
 Motherboard: Circuit board that connects the central processing units to the other
system components.
 System unit: Case” ‫ ”كيسه‬contain mother board & integrated circuits.
 Data: Facts that are raw & unorganized.
 Cpu: “Central Processing Unit” processes data into information.
 Ram: “Random Access Memory” store program and data needed by the cpu .
 E-Learning: Learning without requiring students to be at a specific location at specific
time.

Storage
Volatile Non-Volatile

{Ram} {Hard disk, CD, DVD, Media card, Flash

memory}
Primary storage.
Holding area for items in use.

 Communications: High speed of movement of data or information.

 Communication devices: Hardware that moves data in & out of a computer
 Network: Connect 2 or more computers to share input/output devices through the
use of NIC (Network Interface Card)

Individual Organized

For One user To use by many people at same time

Servers
PCs (personal computers) (MAC) Clients
Desktop (laptops) for home or office C/S network
Portal computer (Notebooks, subnotebooks, tablets) Mainframes:
Wireless devices (netbooks, PDA, Smart books, E-
Very large
Books)
Processing jobs to meet the needs of
Netbooks: designed for mail.
large companies or agencies of
government
Super computers:
Able to perform extremely High-Speed
processing.
1. Components of computer’s motherboard.
2. How a CPU processes data?
3. Factors that determine a microprocessor’s performance.
4. List types of memory.
5. Describe the various connectors.
 8 1024 1024 1024 1024
Bit Byte K.Byte Mega Gega Tera

Smallest piece of data

Gbps : “Giga Bits Per Seconds “ modern data transfer rate

-Computer convert binary numbers into hexadecimals.

Characters: “Letters, numbers & symbols “converted into numbers that the computers understand

Character code:

ASCII: American Standard Codes for Information Interchanges.

EBCDIS: Extend Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.

UNICODE

Motherboard:

Printed circuits that contain the electrical circuit for the computer “integrated circuits” include
million pf transistors & carries electric current

CPU: Integrated circuit chip hat processes electric signals known as a microprocessor or processor
Control unit:

One of the two main parts.

Manage the machine cycle or processing cycle.

4 – part process.

ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit Perform arithmetic & logical operations (x) (-) (÷) (%) (comparison).

Instruction cycle
Fetch: Retrieves program instructions
Decode: Determines what the program is telling the computer to do
Execution cycle:
Execute: Performs the requested action
Store: Stores the results to an internal register
Registers:
store data when it must be temporarily stored in the CPU

Number of existing transistors

Data bus width and word size

Clock speed

Operations per microprocessor cycle

Use of parallel processing

Type of chip

Data bus:
Group of parallel wires that connect the CPU’s internal components
Word Size:
 Maximum number of bits the CPU can process at once & Determines which
operating systems and software a CPU can run
System clock :
Electronic circuit that produces rapid pulses and coordinates the computer’s internal
activities.
clock speed:
measurement of the electrical pulses generated by the system clock, usually
measured in gigahertz (GHz)
TYPES:

Superscalar architecture enables the CPU to perform more than one instruction
for each clock cycle

Pipelining enables the CPU to process more than one instruction at a time
improving performance

Parallel processing
Method where more than one processor performs at the same time—faster
processing
Multi-core processing
Two basic types:
Dual core

(Access time reduced)

Quad core
(Processing time improved)

Chipset
Set of chips that supply the switching circuitry the CPU requires to move data
throughout the computer

Memory footprint
Amount of RAM the operating system uses while it operates
Virtual memory
Section of the hard drive set aside to use when RAM gets full

Cache memory
Small unit of ultrafast memory built into or near the processor
Used to store frequently or recently access program instructions or data
Faster than RAM
More expensive than RAM
Three levels of cache on a system

Read-only memory (ROM)

Basic input/output system (BIOS)
First code run when the system is powered on
Bootstrap loader
Program—locates and loads the operating system into RAM
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
Starts the power-on self-test and verifies other system components are operating correctly
Power-on self-test (POST)
Checks circuitry and RAM, marking defective locations
Types of Rom:
Programmable ROM (PROM)
Electrically-PROM (EPROM)
Electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM)
Flash EPROM

Outside a system unit

Connector:
physical receptacle used to plug a peripheral device into the computer
Example: telephone jack
Port
electronically defined pathway used to send data into and retrieve data from the
computer
Example: USB port
 Notes
INPUTS
s
Key matrix Grid of circuits located under the keys

Character map Chart that tells the processor what key has been pressed.

Keyboards
Connect with:
Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector
PS/2 cable
Infrared
Radio frequency
Bluetooth

Special keyboard keys include:

Cursor movement keys (arrow keys)—set of four keys that move the cursor up, down, right, or left

Toggle keys—either on or off

Function keys—perform specific actions depending on the program ( F1 – F2 ….)

Modifier keys—used for shortcuts (KEY +KEY )

Types of keyboard

virtual - mini keyboard - keypad - virtual laser

Alternate keyboards

Flexible keyboards—full-sized, lightweight portable devices

Wireless keyboards for media center PCs—allow users to control media components
Output :
monitor - speaker - printer - fax - projector

Storage devices :
Hardware that contains the tools to place data on the recording media

Recording media—(hold data)

Hard disks

Floppy disks

Flash memory

CDs and DVDs

Storage devices
Required during the computer system’s start-up operations used as an output device for
saving data
Memory (RAM)
Primary memory
Temporary holding area for items in use
Primary storage

The computer’s operating system stores a file’s name and its location on the disk
in a table.
New technology file system (NTFS)
The present system used for tracking file locations in:
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
 Windows Vista
Windows 7
Flash drive (solid-state drive[SSD])
Storage devices that use solid-state circuitry; have no moving parts
Increasing in use
bad sectors—damaged portions of the disk that cannot reliably hold data

Five basic functions

Starts the computer

Manages applications

Manages memory

Handles input and output device messages

Provides a user interface for communication

Starting the computer

Booting—loading the OS into RAM
Cold boot: Starting computer when it has not yet been turned on

Warm boot: Restarting a computer that is already on

 Sleep mode: a low-power state, as an alternative.
Hibernate: power of the pc and save work on hard disk

Accessibility utilities
Magnifier
On-screen keyboard
Speech recognition
Narrator

platters: rapidly rotating disks on which programs data and processed results are stored

tracks: concentric bonds on which data is a recorded divided into sectors

two or more sector called Cluster