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Managing Data
• Organizations require tools for effective management of their large and complex datasets
• Badly managed data is a liability - the cost of acquiring & managing it far exceeding the value derived from it
What is DBMS?
• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package designed to assist in maintaining & utilizing large collections of data.
• Application using files need to swap large datasets between main memory and secondary storage
• Crash recovery
Advantages of DBMS
• Data Independence
• Data administration
• A DBMS allows a user to define the data to be stored in terms of a data model
• A data model is a collection of high-level data description constructs that hide several lowlevel storage details
• The relational model of data is the most widely used model today.
• A description and storage of data in terms of the data model is called a schema
• In the relational model, the schema for a relation specifies its name, name & type of each field
Data Independence
•Application programs are insulated from changes in the way the data is structured and stored
Levels of abstraction
Levels of abstraction
Conceptual Schema
•In relational DBMS, the conceptual schema describes all relations that are stored in the database
•These relations contain information about entities, such as Students & courses and about relationships, such as Enrollment
Physical Schema
•The physical schema summarizes how relations described in the conceptual schema are actually stored on secondary storage devices such as disks and tapes
External schema
•External schema allows data access to be customized at the level of individual users or group of users
•Any given database has exactly one conceptual & physical schemas but it may have a number of external schemas
•Each external schema consists of a collection of one or more Views and relations from the conceptual schema
Data Independence
• Changes to Conceptual schema need not affect the users view of data - the definition
• of the view relation can be modified so that users get the same view as before
• Users can be shielded from changes in the logical structure of the data
• The conceptual schema hides details such as how the data is actually laid out on the disk, the file structure, and the choice of indexes
Architecture of DBMS
• Database Implementors
• End users
Database tuning