PHY 8251

,
Dr .
Cheng 've Way , arang
232 @
oityu .

Lecture 13 ( Nov 30 ) Shankar 8

①
a
21

Path integral
-

So talked
"
Hamiltonian
"
classical
far

In
about In
only
we
, .

mechanics ,
we also have
Lagrangian .
Path integral is a
formulation
of Quantum mechanics
using Lagrangian
-

Q M
Tn .
.

,
one
of the most important is the
propagator
E' Htt basis
Uct ) =
.
position

gt
txt Ix
'

x'
'
Uct t 's >
UC X. t
,
) = .

LEX
The formulation
- ( ID
configuration spare )

gratifies
CD draw all
paths in th htt
plane connecting ( x' et
'

) IX. t )

xx
•
"

- t

(2) find the action Sextet for each

path
S -

fat LEX # D

For a
particle in a
potential .
ni ] =
I mix -
Vix )

is -LxctD/t
(3) U 't ) E
'
exit ; x
=
A e

all
for all
paths → same
weight paths ,

A is normalization factor for the classical path

.

nothing Speich
8 Se , =o

is
) when 8 SEXED € Tith

d5[xttDDTt
Ca
weights for paths add constructively
,
e
nearby
in
particular ,
the dass iced path
85=0 .
classical path contributes

the most .

(b) when "

,
weight e for nearby paths add deconstructing
 ②

Evolution of -
path integral
Xlto ) Htt .
- -
XHN )

t¥¥¥÷ t
to
'
.
ti ta . - - -
TN =
t
.

In
Xiv is [
xeDfh
U l XN.tn ;
Xo to ) =
JD Texas ] e
nu

I!
"

↳ seats
Lexie 's at

d
e .

=E I mi .
van )
A) DX

vcxise
,
dxz - - . .

dXµ ,
- a
= Im -

}
Then ,

¥! It
mhitIjeff }
Affix
dxu { Eh
"
v
exp
-

UCXN.tn xo.to )
- . .

¥÷mg
= ,

¥
mh
-

Normalization factor i
A =
) ( obtained later )

Before do calculation Let's derive the from Schrodinger AM

any expression
we
, .

Derivation from Schrodinger -

QM

H= ¥ thx )

Formal solution of propagator

sxlexpl IHI )
'

UC x. t
;
x :o) = -
I x >

To derive the
path integral expression ,
 ③
IHIf- ) ]
"

①
exp I -

I Ht ) =
I exp
"

[ exp ( -

iz HE ) ]

② exp ( the ) -

=
exp
-

if ( I
p%mt Vas ))

⇐ ifI Pkm ] exp 't if van ]

-

exp

Note
TAITT
"

ATB
-

t
.
- -

EA EB = e

it's
ignored above ,
since OLE ) .

③ So we obtain
.

insert I
tr tr
¥ ¥
' z

e- ¥
Emt 's " " "
'

/y=fdI%µix
' '
" "
una ; =
end e- .
.
e- . e- -
- - - I

x
-
N times
-

sx.ir/e-iEmtP2.e-iEuxYx..p
=

feixdx .
.
ndxn ,

'
'

Em P
' i
¥ Vhdl
e- xm ,
Xml e-
.

x.e- ¥U*/×
r u -
-

Em 's
' '

'
.>
x s I e- .

'

④ EM D
'
'

Emek ) e'
P'
e- ¥U"
'
-

Ini
' '

e-
' '
I
xn > can I e- xn , >
( xn /
.

=
.

'

e- Enki
I
)
Inti
#
i

Idp e- Ip cpjxn >

>
.

,
= c xn I

eifvcxnt )
'

DA
'

P' An Xn
'

ITA P
-

e'
'
-

=
Joep e- ÷ , I
.

Funk
'

' is
'
' .

FEEL .

e
. e-

"
fate hitman FLI
"
Gaussian
integral
-

:
e
.

, =
 ④
have
Finally ,
we

:adxz
Laid dxn-iexpf.nu?imtxhfI-ifvcxn.iI
Ucxti xD ( Ifi
. - .

This is called
Configuration -
space path integral .

phauspaupathihte.gr#
Ix Ip Atx
Ip
I
H I tr
ie
¥1 "
¥V
e- ¥
'
's '
" "
' '
" '
Ucxtix 's =
C x I e- Ent
.
.
e- . e- .
. . .
Indy
-

where the ft! dxitxisfxil

Ip =
I!dPi Ipiscpil

III
i " "

Ucxt x 's Ida .

. .
dxn-i.dk . . -

dpw L Xn ) e- Ipn > cpnl e- Ha ,

>

Into
IET
ma
=
;

xn-ileitmh-lpn.ir pail E
¥
'

U "
< Has

e-
'
I Ip xp , le
U "
Ix .
>
,

Pai i
Fuku D
fdxi e-
- -

=
dxnydpi-i.dpnsxwfpnycpnlxw.is
.
"

I \ l .

if

Uxo
Pi -
,

< Xi I # sap , Ix . > e-

=
fdx.idxand.IT .
.
. .

dutt If exp { ,
Pri +
if pnlxn
D) -
xn -
D -
if Vlxn -

}
=

f Dcps Dex ) exp f ¥ Join ftp.ix-Hcx.pD )

This is path integral in phase space ,

i.e ,
space of x. P .
 ;
⑤

G)
Comments :
There are other
type of integral , path ,
sit .
coherent state path
integral ,
which is useful for
many body
bosonic -
systems CD Grass maureen

path integral ,
which is for fermions .

Example i free particle

-

First ,
do it directly
'

HYE
Ix
'

and e- 's
Ucxt ,x' o
) =

'

'
Etna '

=
fdp cxl e- Ip > a pl x >

'

P iz pix x 's
fd÷e
t
-

= a
e
.

explant 3. VEE
"
=
IF .

=
F* expf imFf }
-
"

↳
"

the root
ambiguity in square

do
Next ,
it in path in
path integral .

Ulxtixo ( zI⇒¥f%xdx dxn-iexpf.nu?.imtxnIfJ

. - .

N -7N

-11k¥
f-
if
①
])
fife I )
'

fdx ,
exp
* xD 't cha -
Xo 5 ] = fdx , exp
C xi -
xihhtxo )

=
fine expf -

Fate cxitxi ) -

t
4
}

=
fTmh exp f -

iff
xoxo 5
}

xD imf
)
②
Jdxz FIT f ima ( xoxo 5 affects
-

exp
-

= Idk fihmtI exp f -

[ Z xi -
x. C xst# It Bet Eu ]
}
=
¥ exp µf -

if his -
xo 513 }
 ⑥
③ continue to
integrate Xs , Xx ,
- - -
.

,
Xiv -
I .

④ At the end
,

iztih
N -
I

}
M I
E

ucxt.it#*Fl-m)zexpf-zFeTilxn-xo5

Generalpotential
expf-ETnilxn-x.lt
a

NSA

life
zhfitcxw
=

C- Do ,

} f
xD
-

( izF.tn exp ✓
-

't dirt :X
V = atbxt ex ex

e.is#/t.fEht
Results Ulxt ni 5- Ssa
. ; ,=o
I

partiotionfunetioninstatistymechan.is
Bit
z = Tr ( e- ) ,
p
.

-
I
Kat
MI Ix
=
Jdxsxl e- ,

( p )
Jdx U ) a
-

C XI xo
-

= ,

itttttfx
'

axle >
-

Compare with propagator ,

think
of is
we
may F- it
imaginary time .
Chit )

So ,
in
path integral if are have

it → e

It → - ide

at → i 2e

then
Uimcxz .
x 's =

F
↳ixed expf -

fly m6ix5tuxD }
 ⑦

partition function

Jdx Utxc Xo )

e
Zguartum ]
took It extra
,

m ,
-

fperi.ae Dex ) e

( XN Xo
-
-

pantie
↳ Classical
interpretation
i Consider a
string ,
parametrized by
UH ) .

it is in a
potential well WID x

-
y -
WIM )
un '

c- x

.
.

Ignoring kinetic energy ,

the potential energy

Ekin xD =

FIX @×u5t
Ezo Wins ]
↳
string tension

is
partition function at temperature T

BE ' "
DIM ) e
Z classical = fpem.ee
,
string ,

-
PS# Eto Rust was ]
Spend Das
=
e
,

⇒
Z ⇐ Z classical
quantum particle string
OD ⇒ ID

⇐ L
p
m ⇒ po

⇒
✓ pw

Cdt
d- dim space
z ⇒ X
dim tinn
I I
-

Comment Quantum in ( dtl ) spare

time
i
field theory
⇐ classical statistical mechanics

4
Cd-i ) spare .