A HISTORY OF CI VI LI Z ATI ON

ANCIENT IND IA .
 A

HI STO RY O F CI VI LI Z ATI O N
ANCIENT INDIA ,

B A SE D O N SA NS CR I T L I TE R A T UR E .

R O M ESH C H U ND ER D U TT,
me B ENG A L c um ss a v x c s ; AND O F TH E M ID D LE T EM PLE B ARRIST ER AT LAW ;
.
. ,
- -

A UT H O R O F A BENG A L ! T RANSLAT IO N o r T H E RIG VED A SANHIT A

A ND O T H ER w o mcs .

I N T H R E E VO L U LI E S .

VO L . I .

VED IC AND EP IC AGES .

C ALC U TTA : T R A C K E R , S P I NK A ND CO .

L O N O N : T R UB
D NER A ND c o .

1 889 .

A
[ k reserv ed ]
'

11 ng ts
 CALC U TT A

T
PRIN E D B Y TR ACKER, SPINK AND CO .
 CON
TEN
TS OF V
OLUME I .

PR EFAC E
INTRO D U CT IO N Rpoclzs and D ate
.
-
:

I. Vdi
e c Peri od, B . C
. 2000 to 1 400 .

Ch ap ter I
. Immigration of th e Indo Aryans
-

Th eir Literature
Ch ap ter II
. Agriculture, Pasture, and Commerce
Ch ap ter III . Foo d, Clothing, and th e Arts of Peace
Chap ter I V Wars and Dissensions
Ch ap ter V Soci l and D m tic life ;
. a o es th e Position
of Wo men
Ch ap ter VI Vdic Religion
. e

Ch ap ter VII Vedic Ri h i s s

B O O K II Ep z c Per z m, B C 14 00
° '
'
.
-
. . to 1000 .

Ch ap ter I
. Literature of th e Period
C h ap ter II . K urus and Panch filas
Ch ap ter III . Vid h as e , Kosalas, and K fisis
Ch apter V
I . Belt of Non Ary an tribes
-

Ch ap ter V . Caste
Ch ap ter VI . Social and D omestic Life ; th e Position
of Women
Ch ap ter VII . Law , Astronomy , and th e Progress of

Ch ap ter VIII . Sacrifi cial Rites and Legends of th e

B rfih manas
Ch ap ter IX . Religious and p
Ph iloso h ical Sp ecula o

tions o f th e Up anish ads

 P RE F A C E .

IF I we r
k d y Prof or M M ll r wh t
e as e ,
sa s ess ax u e , a

I c n id r th mo t import nt di cov y whi h h

o s e e b ns a s er c as ee

m d d uri ng th Ni n t nth C nt ury w ith r p ct to

a e e e ee e es e

th e a nci nt hi tory f m nki nd I hould n w r by th

e s o a ,
s a s e e

f ll w i ng h rt li n
o o s o e

S n crit D YAUSH PITAR = G

a s ,
k ZEYEIIATHP ( Z EUS ree ,

P ATER) L ti n J UPITER O ld Nor TYR ”

a ,
se, -
.

A nd c rt i nly th di cov ri w hich h v b n m d

e a , e s e es a e ee a e

b y Europ n chol r w ithi n t hea l t hundr d y r

s a s e as e ea s,

w ith th h lp f th old Ary n l ngu g pr rv d

e e o e a a a e ese e

in Indi form a, n f th mo t brilli nt ch pt r o e o e s a a e s

in th hi tory e f th s dv n m nt f hum n know

o e a a ce e o a

l dg It i n t my i nt nti n to gi k tch f th t °

e e . s o e o ve a s e o a

h i tory h r ; but
s f w f ct which r l t
e e p ci lly to a e a s e a e s e a

Indi n Antiquiti
a m y b con id r d i nt r ti ng es a e s e e e es .

It i bout c ntury inc Si Willi m Jon t rtl d

s a a e s e r a es s a e

th chol r f Europ by h i tr n l tion f S k unt lfi

e s a s o e s a s a o a a .

on f th
e o gr t t curio iti e h id in h i
ea es s es,
”
as e sa s

p r f c
e a e, th t t h lit r t ur f A ai h y t bro ught
e e a e o s a as e

t o light nd n f th t nd r t nd mo t b uti ful

,
a o e o e e e es a s ea

r tion f hum n im gi n tion prod uc d in ny g

c ea s o a a a e a a e

R c D. . .
, A I . .
t ur e gr t t lit r y g ni u f th mod rn g
and th e ea es e ar e s o e e a e

h asr cord d h i ppr ci tion f th Hind u d m ti

e e s a e a o e ra a c

p i c
e ein li n w hich h v b n oft n quot d in origi n l
es a e ee e e , a

a nd in tr n l tio n a s a

Wouldst th ou th e life s y oung blossoms and th e fruits of its decline

’
,

And all by wh ich th e soul is p leased, enrap tured, feasted, fed,

Wouldst th ou th e earth and h eav enitself inone sweet name combine
I name th ee 0 Sak untalfi and all at once is said
”
Gbeth e
’

. .
, ,

Sir Willi am
Jon tr n l t d M nu found d th es a s a e a ,
e e

A i tic So i ty f B ng l
s a c e nd liv d to c nti nu h i
o e a , a e o e s

r rch i nto th tor hou f S n crit lit r tur nd

esea es es e -
se o a s e a e, a

a chi v d v l u bl r ult ; but h did n t liv to fi nd

e e a a e es s e o e

wh t h ought cl u to Indi nci nt hi tory

’
a e s ,
-
a e as a e s

w itho ut ny mixtur f f bl For h i nthu i ti ”

a e o a e . s e s as c

l bo ur w r mo tly co nfi n d to th l t r S n crit lit r

a s e e s e e a e a s e a

tur — th
e, lit r tur f th Po t Buddh i t E ; nd h
e e a e o e s -
s ra a e

p id
a littl h d to t he mi nee f w lth th t l y b y oend e o ea a a e .

C l brook follow d in th foot t p

o e e f Si Willi m
e e s e s o r a

Jon H w es . m th m tici n nd w th mo t
e as a a e a a , a as e s

c r ful nd ccur t S n rit chol r th t Engl nd h

a e a a a e a sc s a a a as

v r prod uced Anci nt S n crit lit r tur conc l d

e e . e a s e a e ea e

nothi ng from h i y H g v c r ful nd cc ur t

s e es . e a e a a e a a a e

a ccount f Hi ndu Philo ophy wrot n Hi nd u Alg br

o s , e o e a

a nd M th m tic a nd in 8 5 h
e a fir t m d Euro
s, a 1 0 , e s a e

p n cqu int d with th old t work f th Hi nd u

ea s a a e e es o e

a nd f th Ary n world
o e i th Vd a C l bro ok , v z .
, e e as . o e e,
 PREFACE . fii

h weo vr il d to g p th import nc f th di
e ,
fa e a e a e o e s

cov er y h h d m d en d d cl rad th t t h t udy

a e, a f t h e a e a e s O e

V d w uld h rdly r w rd th l bour f th r d r

e as o a e a e a O e ea e

mu h l c th t f th tr n l tor
ess a o e a s a .
”

Dr H H Wil on follow d in th foot t p f Col

. . . s e e s e s o e

brook ; nd lth ugh h tr n l at d th Rig V d

e a a o e a s e e e a

S nhit a i nto Engli h h i l bour w r mo tly co nfi n d

a s , s a s e e s e

t l t r S n crit lit r tur

o a e a H tr n l t d i nto l g nt
s e a e . e a s a e e e a

Engli h th b t dr m tic w ork in S n crit

s e es w lla a s a s , as e as

th b uti ful po m f K alid a c ll d M gh dfi t

e ea e o sa, a e
“
e a a
”

H l e a so tr n l t d th Vi hnu Pu i n nd l bour d to
a s a e e s r a, a a e

a dj u t th hi tory f th l t r Hi nd u p riod nd ttl d

s e s o e a e e , a se e

many p int n ti f ctory b i

o s o a sa s a as s .

In th m ntim e gr t g ni u h d ri ninFr nc
ea e, a ea e s a a se a e .

Th hi t ry f ori nt l chol r hip co nt i n n bright r

e s o O e a s a s a s o e

nam th n th t f B u n uf
e a H tr c d th conn ctio n
a o r o . e a e e e

b tw n th Z nd nd th V dic S n crit nd fram d

e ee e e a e e a s , a e

a C mp r tiv Gr mm r f h i wn u b for G rm n
o a a e a a or s o se e e e a

s ch l r h d w ritt n n Co mp r tiv Gr mm r By
o a s a e o a a e a a .

s uc h m n h d ciph r d th Z nd l ngu g nd
ea s e e e e e e a a e a

s crip tur l ucid t d th Rig V d nd h w d it

es, e a e e e a, a s e e s

tru po ition in th hi tory f A y n n tion V r

e s e s o r a a s . e sa .

til e h w
as pr found h l o d ciph d th Cun i
e as o , e a s e ere e e

form i n criptio n of A yri

s nd th u s nd f him ss a, a s ear e or

se l f n undying f m in Europ And furth r in h i

a a e e . e , s

Introd uctio n to B uddhi m h g v th fir t philo ophi l s , e a e e s s ca

a nd i nt lligibl eccount f th t gr t r ligio n H i

e a o a ea e . s

l n cr t d d e p n tion in Europ d uri ng n rly

esso s ea e a e se sa e ea
iv PREFAC E .

a qu rt r f c ntury ( 8 9 to
a e o nd l ftal ti ng e 1 2 a e a as

impr i n n th mind f dmiring nd nth u i ti

ess o o e s o a a e s as c

pupil in P i om f w hom lik Roth nd M

s ar s, s e o , e a ax

M iill liv d to b th profound t V dic chol r f

er, e e e es e s a s o

o ur age .

Germ an sc hol r
m ntim h d comm nc d
a s, in th e ea e, a e e

th ir l bour nd w h n onc th y b g n work in thi

e a s a e e e e a s

li n th y o n xc ll d nd v n ou t d ll oth r
e, e s o e e e a e e s e a e

l bour r in th fi ld f Indi n Antiquiti ! R n th

a e s e e o a es o se , e

cont mpor ry nd fri nd f R j R m M oh n R y

e a a e O a a a a o ,

p ubli h d th fir t A h t k f th Rig V d with

s e e s s a a O e e a, a

L ti n tr n l tion but h i untim ly d th pr v nt d t h

a a s a s -
e ea e e e e

furth progr f th w ork

er ess o e .

B ut t h mo t mi n nt G rm n chol r f th d y
e s e e e a s a s o e a

se t b for th m lv
e e high r t k nd th i nd u try
e se es a e as a e s ,

p r v r nc nd g ni u f m n lik Bopp Grim m

e se e e e, a e s o e e , ,

a nd H umboldt oo n chi v d r ult which r nk

s a e e a es a s as

o n f th nobl t nd mo t brilli nt di cov ri

e o e es f th a s a s e es o e

ce ntury Th y m rk d nd tr c d th conn ctio n

. e a e a a e e e

a mong ll th Indo Europ n l ngu g —th S n crit

a e -
ea a a es, e a s ,

th Z nd th Gr k th L ti n th Sl v th T uto n
e e ,
e ee nd ,
e a ,
e a , e , a

t h C ltic
e
—eth y d mon tr t d ll th l ngu g to
,
e e s a e a ese a a es

b th off hoot
e e f th s m origi n l tock nd th y
s o e sa e a s ,
a e

v n di cov r d th l w und r which word w r tr n

e e s e e e a s e s e e a s

f rm
o d in e p i ng f rom n l ngu g to noth r
ass o e a a e a e .

C l ic
assl ch l r a f t h s d y wh b li v d th t ll ci i
o a s o e a , o e e e a a v

li ti n nd c ult ur b g n w ith th
za o a Gr k nd th e e a e ee a e

L ti n t fir t mil d nd ridicul d th n to d gh t
a , a s s e a e , e s o a as ,
 PREFACE .

and u ltim t ly g v w y w ith con id r bl ch grin

a e a e a s e a e a

a nd ng r to th irr i tibl m rch f Truth !

a e e es s e a o

Th d ir to lu id t nci nt Hind u lit r tur

e es e e c a e a e e a e

a nd hi to y d p n d mo ng chol r
s r th y b c m
ee e e a s a s as e e a e

mor thoroughly liv to th v l u f S n crit Roth

e a e e a e o a s .
,

n
o e o f th profound t V dic chol r
e f th c ntu y es e s a s o e e r ,

produc d h i dition f Ya k with h i mo t v l u bl

e s e o s a s s a a e

not es, nd l t r
a n h publi h d with Whitn y n
a e o e s e ,
e , a

e ditio n f th Ath o V d nd compl t d w ith

e arv a e a, a e e ,

BO h t lingk th mo t cc ur t
e ,
nd compr h n iv S n
e s a a e a e e s e a

s crit Diction ry y t writt n L n publi h d h i pro

a e e asse s e s

fo nd w ork Indi ch Alt th um k und di pl yi ng

u ,
s e er s e, s a a

d p l rning nd ccur t chol r hip which h ldom

ee ea a a a e s a s as se

b n xc ll d ; W b r publi h d th Whit Y j ur
ee e e e e e s e e e a

V d w ith it Brahm n nd Sfi t
e a s lucid t d m ny a a a ras, e a e a

ob cur poi nt f Anci nt Hind u Hi tory in h i In

s e s o e s s

di ch Studi nt nd g v th fir t cl r nd mp h n
s e e , a a e e s ea a co re e

s iv ccount f S n crit lit r tur in h i Hi to y f

e a o a s e a e s s r o

Indi n L it r tur ; B nf y p ubli h d

a e a mo t v l u bl
e e e s e a s a a e !

e ditio n f th Sam V d f which n dition w ith

o e a e a, O a e ,

tr n l tion h d b n publi h d by St v n on nd
a s a , a ee s e e e s a

Wil o n b for ; nd M uir coll ct d th mo t ugg

s e e a e e e s s es

tiv nd hi toric lly v l u bl t xt from S n crit lit r

e a s a -
a a e e s a s e a

tur in fi vol um which

e, ve monum nt f h i es,
‘

are a e o s

indu try nd l rni ng

s a ea .

And l tly Prof or M as M ll r m pp d out th

,
ess ax u e a e e

whol f th
e o nci nt S n crit lit r tur chro nologic lly
e a e a s e a e a

in 1 8 5 9 .
vi PREFACE

or l u bl to Hi nd u th n th i gr t w ork
M e va a e s a s ea

mor v lu bl th n th l rn d Prof or num r u

e a a e a e ea e ess
’
s e o s

w ork nd contrib ution

s a n L ngu g R ligio n nd s o a a e, e , a

M ythology i h i m gnific nt ditio n f th

, s R ig
s a e e o e

V d S nhita with Séy n Comm nt y Th w or k

e a a , a
’
as e ar . e

w as h il d in Indi w ith gr titud nd joy it p n d

a e a a e a O e e

to Hi nd u tud nt g n r lly th gr t nd nci nt

s e s e e a e ea a a e

vol um w hich h d hith rto r m i n d l d w ith v n

e, a e e a e sea e se e

l to ll but v y f w chol r ; nd it w k n d
s ea s a a er e s a s a a a e e

in th m h i t ric l i nt r t in th
e a s o p t — d ir a e es e as , a es e

to nquir i nto th ir nci nt hi tory nd nci nt f ith

e e e a e s a a e a

from origi n l o urc a s es .

Jon nd Col bro k nd Wil on h d w orthy

es a e o e a s a

su cc or in Indi but non m r di ti ngui h d th n

ess s a, e o e s s e a

J m P in p Th i n cription f A ok n pill r
a es r se . e s s O s a o a s

a nd ro k ll ov r Indi h d r m i n d uni nt lligibl

c s a e a a e a e e e

for ov r thou nd y r nd h d d fi d th kill f

e a sa ea s, a a e e e s O

Si Willi m Jo n
r and h i ucc r J m P in p
es a s s esso s . a es r se ,

th n S cr t ry to th A i tic Soci ty d ciph r d th

e e e a e s a e , e e e ese

i n cription nd flood f light w thu thr w n n

s s, a a o as s o o

B uddhi t ntiquiti nd po t B uddhi t hi tory Pri n

s a es a s -
s s .

se p w l o ast h fir t
a st d l in chol r likew y w i t h
s o ea a s a -
e a

th ecoi n f t h e po t B uddhi t ki ng found ll ov r

s o s -
s s a e

W t rn Indi
es e H h b n follow d by bl hol r
a . e as ee e a e sc a s .

Dr H ug dit d nd tr n l t d th Ait y B fih
. a e e a a s a e e are a r

m n nd l u id ted th hi t ry f th P r i ; Dr
a a, a e c a e s o O e a s s .

Burn ll wrot n S uth Indi nP l ogr phy Dr B hl r

e e o o a a e a . u e

h as bly d lt w ith th nci nt l g l lit r tur ; nd

a ea e a e e a e a e a
 PREFACE . v ii

Dr Thib ut h in l t y r di cov r d Anci nt

. a as, a e ea s, s e e e

Hi nd u G om try e e .

Amo ng my countrym n th gr t r form r R j e , e ea e e s, a a

R m M oh n R y nd D y n nd S r v ti tu n d th ir
a a o a a a a a as a ,
r e e

a tt ntio n to nci nt S n crit lit r tur Th fir t

e a e a s e a e . e s

tr n l t d numb r f Up ni h d i nto Engli h nd

a s a e a e o a s a s s , a

th l tt r publi h d tr n l tion f th Rig V d

e a e s e a a s a o e e a

S nhit a in Hi ndi
a Si R j R dh K nt D ul . r a a a a a a ev c

ti t d S n crit l
va e rni ng nd publi h d compr h n iv
a s ea , a s e a e e s e

a nd xc ll nt dictio n ry ntitl d th S bd k lp d um
e e e a e e e a a a a r a .

Dr Bh o D ji nd Pr f or Bh nd k Dr K M
. a a a o ess a ar ar, . . .

B n rj nd Dr R j ndr L l M itr h v by th ir
a e ea a . a e a a a a a e, e

v ri d nd v l bl co ntribution t k n th ir f ir h r
a e a a ua e s, a e e a s a e

o f w rk in th fi ld f ntiquiti
o My t mde e o a es . es ee e

fri nd P ndit S ty Vr t Si m S min h

e ,
a p ubli h d
a a a a a ra as s e

n xc ll nt dition f th Sam V d w ith Séy n ’

a e e e e o e a e a a as

C mm nt ry nd n diti n f th W hit Y j ur V d
o e a a a e o o e e a e a

with M h idh Comm nt ry nd i n w ng g d in

’
a ara s e a ,
a s o e a e

a l rn d dition f Va k Ni uk t And l tly my

ea e e O s as
’
r a . as ,

l rn d fri nd M An nd R mB
ea e e h f th B ng l
,
r . a a oro oa ,
’
o e e a

Civil S vic h publi h d h ndy nd xc ll nt Eng

er e, as s e a a a e e e

li h S n rit Diction y nd i n w ng g d in S n
s -
a sc ar ,
a s o e a e a a

s crit gr mm r f formid bl i nd rudition l

a a o a e s ze a e

Since th e above lines were written, th e auth or h as received th e sad

intelligence of th e death of th e talented sch olar. H is unti mely death
is a loss to Sanscrit sch olarsh ip
in this country , wh ich will not be easil
y
re medied . To th e p resent writer, th e sorrow is of a
p ersonal nature, as

h e enj oy ed th e friendsh ip th e deceased for twenty y ears and of more ,

since the o ld College day s in this country and in England

-
.
vfi i PREFACE .

General Cunningh am s l bour in rch ology nd in ’

a s a e a

the e l ucid tion f nci nt Indi n G ogr phy

a o a in e a e a a re

va l u bl ; nd Burg
a e a nd F rgu o n h v tr t d ness a e ss a e ea e o

Indi n Archit ct ur F gu n work n th ubj ct

’
a e e . er sso s o e s e

is a cc pt d th t nd rd work
e e as e s a a .

In Europ Dr F us ll m y b e, . id to b th foun
a a e sa e e

d er o f Pfi li chol r hip nd dit d th Dh mm p d

s a s , a e e e a a a a

so far b ck 85 5
a nd h aas inc dit d th J at k
1 , a s s e e e e a a

T l Dr O ld nb rg h dit d th Vi n y t xt nd
a es . . e e as e e e a a e s a

th chol r
ese s w ll Rhy D vid
a s, as nd Me M iill as s a s a ax er

h v n w giv n u n Engli h tr n l ti n f th mo t
a e o e s a s a s a o o e s

import nt portio n
a f th B uddhi t Scriptur in th
s o e s es e

inv l u bl
a a ri f S cr d Bo k f th E t
e se es o a e o s o e as .

I w i h to s y w ord bo u t
sa thi ria b c u I m in a s se es, e a se a ,

a s e p ci l d gr i nd bt d to it Pr f or M M iill
a e ee, e e . o ess ax er,

wh o h by h is li f l ng l b ur d n mor th n ny
as, e -
o a o s, o e e a a

livi ng chol r to l ucid t nci nt Hi nd u lit r tur nd

s a e a e a e e a e a

hi to y h h w conc iv d th nobl id f n bli ng

s r , as o e e e e ea o e a

Engli h r d r to go to th fo unt i n u c
s ea e s nd n e a -
so r e, a co

s ult ori nt l w rk in
e a ri f f ithful tr n l tio n
o s a se es O a a s a s.

M or th n thirty vol um
e a tr n l t d fr m th S n es, a s a e o e a s

crit Chi n Z nd P hl vi P li Ar bic & h v

, ese, e , a a ,
a ,
a ,
c .
, a e

l dy b n publi h d nd mor v l um
a rea ee sxp ct d e ,
a e o es a re e e e .

I t k thi opportunity to wn my gr t i nd bt d n
a e s t o ea e e ess o

t h vol um
e f thi ri whi h r l t to Indi n Hi to y
es O s se es c e a e a s r .

I h v fr ly q uot d from th m
a e ee — llow i ng my l f th
e e ,
a se e

lib rty £ v rb l lt r tion h r nd th r nd I h v

e o a e a a e a e e a e e a a e

se ldom thought it n c y to con ult tho origi n l e essar s se a

 x PREFACE .

and settl d in th Punj b thr thou nd y r b for

e e a ee sa ea s e e

th Sult n f Gh u ni H h
e a r d f Sh h b ud din
o z . e as ea o a a - -

M uh mm d Gh i conqu t f D lhi nd K n uj b ut
’
a a or s es o e a a o ,

h c rc ly ny hi toric l knowl dg f th nc i nt
as s a e a s a e e o e a e

ki ngdom f th K uru nd th P n h al in th m
s o e s a e a c as e sa e

tr ct f country H know wh t mp ror r ign d in

a o . e s a e e e e

D lhi wh n Siv j liv d nd fought but c rc ly k n w

e e a i e a , s a e o s

o f t h ki ng wh r ul d in M g dh wh n G ut m B u d
e o e a a a e a a a

dh liv d nd pr
a h d H i f mili r with th hi t ry
e a eac e . e s a a e s o

o f A hm d n g r B ij p a nd G lk nd but h
a a , c rc a ore, a o o a, as s a e

ly h rd f th Andhr
ea th oG upt nd th Ch l u
e as, e as a e a

ky H k no w x ctly th d t f N dir Sh h ’
as . e s e a e a e O a a s

i nv ion f Indi but c rc ly know w ithi n fi

as o a, s a e s, ve

c nturi th d t wh n th S k i nv d d Indi nd
e es, e a e e e a as a e a, a

w r r p ll d by V
e e ik madity
e e the Gr t H kn w ra a e ea . e o s

mor f th d t e o f F du i nd F i h t
e a es th n f o er s a er s a a o

Ay bh tt or Bh bh fi ti nd n t ll wh b uilt th
r a a a av a , a ca e o e

T j M h l witho ut h vi ng t h f i nt t notion w h n t h
a a a a e a es e e

t p f S nchi th c v f K rli nd Aj nt t h
o es o a , e a es o a a a a, e

t mpl f Ellor Bh u n
e es o nd J g nnath w r
a, va esv ara, a a a a e e

b uilt .

And y t uch thi ng hould n t b

e ,
s For th Hi ndu s s o e. e

s tud nt th hi tory f th Hi nd u p riod hould n t b

e e s o e e s o e

a bl nk n confu d j umbl f hi toric nd l g nd ry

a , or a se e o s a e e a

n m a r ligiou p r bl
es, e nd Epic l nd P u ni
s a a es, a a a a ra c

myth N tudy h s . pot nt n i nflu nc in formi ng

o s as so e a e e

n tio n mi nd nd n ti n ch r ct r critic l
’ ’
a a s a a a o s a a e as a a

a nd c r ful tudy f it p t hi tory

a e s And it i by uc h o s as s . s s
 PREFACE . XI

study lo n th t n unr o ni ng nd up r titiou w

a e a a eas a s e s s or

s hip f th p t i r pl c d by
o e l gitim t nd m nly
as s e a e a e a e a a

a dmir tio n a .

It lmo t a m n irony f f t th t th p t hould

s see s a o a e a e as s

b con id r d
e bl nk in co unt y wh r nci nt g
s e e a a a r e e a e sa es

h v h nd d dow n tr dition nd l bor t compo i

a e a e a s a e a a e s

tion thr ugh thou nd f y r nd wh r g n r tion

s o sa s o ea s, a e e e e a

a eft r g n r tio n h v
e pr rv d th h rit g by
e a a e ese e e e a e a

f t
ea f m mo y which i
o eco n id r d mir cl in
r s s e e a a e

mod rn d y ! In i n m u t th thou nd f nci nt

e a s va s e sa s o a e

Hi nd u t ud nt nd chol r h v toil d to pr
s e sa rv th s a s a e e ese e ese

work if t h w ork giv u n cl u to

s, e g n r l o utli n
s e s o e a e e a e

Hi tory f A nci nt Indi

s o And inv i n too m u t mi n nt
e a . a , ,
s e e

Europ n chol r nd nti qu ri n h v work d d uri ng

ea s a s a a a a s a e e

th le t h undr d y r if it b till impo ibl to p ut

as e ea s, e s ss e

tog th r th r ult f th ir l rn d r rch in th

e e e es s o e ea e esea es e

h p f conn ct d hi to y which w ill b i nt lligibl

s a e o a e e s r e e e

to th g n r l r d r nd th ordin ry tud nt
e e e a ea e a e a s e .

H ppily thi i n long r impo ibl And lthough

a s s o e ss e . a

m ny portion f Indi n Hi tory

a s till b cur
o a s are s O s e,

a lthough m ny qu tion f d t il a till ubj ct f

es s o e a are s s e s o

co ntrov r y to co n truct g n r l hi tory f th Hi nd u

e s , s a e e a s o e

P riod i n lo ng r
e s hop l t k And how v r
o e a e ess as .
, e e

unfit I f l my l f to eeccompli h thi t k I n v se a s s as , , e er

th le ess,v ntur to m k e com m nc m nt in th

e a e a e e e , e

hop th t bl r chol r will p rdon my hortcomi ng

e a a e s a s a s s

r tify my i n vit bl rror nd p rform kil fully nd

ec e a e e s, a e s a ,

w ll wh t I m y do cl um ily or l v undo n
e a a s ea e e.
 PREFACE .

In und rt ki ng thi gr t work I m u t onc f l

e a s ea ,
s , e or a

di cl im ny int ntion to m k ny n w di cov ri f

s a a e a e a e s e es , o

to xt nd in ny w y th limit f ori nt l ch l r
e e a a e s o e a s o a

s hip nd a rch My limit d k nowl dg f th

resea . e e e o e

s ubj ct pr cl ud
e th po ibility f uch pr t nt ion
e es e ss o s a e e

b i ng dv nc d nd th limit f th pr nt w rk
e a a e , a e s o e ese o

m k it impo ibl th t ny uch r ult hould b

a e ss e a a s es s s e

a chi v d I h v imply tri d to tring tog th r in

e e . a e s e s e e ,
a

m thodic l ord r th r ults f th l bour f bl r ch o

e a e , e es o e a s o a e s

l r inord r to prod uc r d bl work f th g n r l

a s, e e a ea a e or e e e a

r d r If in th fulfilm nt f thi d ign I h v b n

ea e .
, e e o s es , a e ee

s om tim b tr y d i nto conj ctur nd upp o ition

e es e a e e es a s s s,

I n o nly
ca k my r d r to cc pt th m
as uch ea e s a e e as s ,

n t o hi toric l di cov ri
as s a s e es .

T n y r g I coll ct d nd rr ng d th m t ri l
e ea s a o e e a a a e e a e a s

th n v il bl to m w ith vi w to writ littl chool

e a a a e e, a e e a es

book in my wn v rn cul r ; nd th littl work h

o e a a a e e as

s i nc b n cc pt d
e ee t xt book in m ny chool in
a e e as a e -
a s s

B ng l Si nc th t tim I h v conti nu d my w ork in

e a . e a e a e e

thi li n f
s my tim p rmitt d nd wh n thr
e, as ar as e e e a e ,
ee

y r g I w n bl d by th g n ro i ty f th G
ea s a o, as e a e e e e s o e ov

er nm nt f B ng l to pl
e o compl t B ng li t n l
e a ac e a e e e a ra s a

tion f th Rig V d S nhita b for my co nt ym n

o e e a a e e u r e ,

I f lt mor th n v r imp ll d to
e e rr ng th h i t i
a e e e e te a-
a e e s or

ca l m t ri l furni h d by u
a e a s nci nt lit r t ur ins e o r a e e a e a

p rm n nt form In pur u nc f thi obj ct I p ub

e a e . s a e o s e ,

li h d om p p r from tim to tim

s e s e a in th C l utt
e s, e e, e a c a

R iw ev e nd th p p r tog th r with ll oth

a ese a e s, e e a er
 PREFACE . x iii
m t ri l w hich I h v coll ct d h v b n
a e a s a e e e ,
a e ee e mbodi d e

a nd rr ng d in t h pr
a a e nt w ork e ese .

Th m thod n w hich thi w ork h

e e b n writt n i
o s as ee e s

v ry impl M y princip l obj ct h b n to furni h

e s e . a e
.
as ee s

th e g n r l r d w ith pr ctic l nd h ndy work

e e a ea er a a a a a

o n th A nci nt Hi tory
e f In e —
di n t to compo n s o a, o se a

l bor t work f di cu ion n Indi n Antiquiti

e a a e o s ss s o a es.

To tudy cl rn nd conci n n ubj ct lik

s ea ess a se ess o a s e e

thi w n t how v r n y t k Ev ry h pt r in
s as o e e a eas as . e C a e

th e pr nt work d l w ith m tt r bout which long

ese ea s a e s a

resea rch h v b n m d nd v riou opi nion h v

es a e ee a e, a a s s a e

b n r cord d It w uld h v fford d m ti f

ee e e . o a e a e so e sa s ac

tion to m to h v giv n th r d r th hi to y f v y
e a e e e ea e e s r o e er

c ontrov r y th ccount f v y ntiqu ri n di cov ry

e s , ea o e er a a a s e ,

a nd th p e nd n f v ry opi nio n dv nc d
ros a co s B ut o e e a a e .

I c uld n t yi ld to thi t mpt tion w ithout i ncr

o o e i ng s e a eas

th w ork to thr
e or four tim it pr nt humbl i
ee es s ese e s z e,

a nd th u crifici ng th v ry obj ct w ith which it i

s sa e e e s

writt n To c r y ut my p im ry obj ct Ih v
e . a r void d
o r a e , a e a e

v y n dl controv r y nd di cu io n nd I h v
e er ee ess e s a s ss ,
a a e

tri d to xpl i n cl rly n i ly g nd di ti nctly I

e e a as ea , co c se a s as

w as abl ch ucc ding ph

e, ea f Hi nd u civili tion
s ee ase o za

and Hi nd u li f in nci nt tim e a e es .

But w hil co nci n

,
h b n th m i n obj ct f th
e se ess as ee e a e o e

p r esent w ork I h v l o n d v ur
, d to t ll my tory
a e a s e ea o e e s

so th t it m y l v om di ti nct m mori n my
a a ea e s e s e es o

d r ft r th y h v lo d th work For thi

rea e s a e e a e c se e . s

reas on I h v void d d t il f
, a ea po ibl nd tri d e e a s as ar as ss e, a e
 xiv PREFACE .

to d v lop fully nd cl rly th l di ng f ct nd

e e e, a ea , e ea a s a

f t ur
ea f ch ucc di ng g
es o R p tition h n t b n
ea s ee a e. e e as o ee

a void d wh r uch r p tition m d n c ry to im

e e e s e e see e e essa

—
,

pr n my r d r t c rdi n l f ct th li nt f
ess o h ea e s e a a a s e sa e ea

tur f th tory f Hi nd u civili tion

es o e s o za .

Th v y p i u xtr ct which I h v giv n (in tr n

e er CO o se a s a e e a s

l tion) from th S n crit work m y t fir t ight m

a e a s s a , a s s , see

to b i ncon i t nt with my d ir f conci n

e s s e Such es e or se ess .

e xtr ct how v r h v b n dvi dly giv n In th

a s, e e , a e ee a se e . e

fir t pl c n ubj ct w h r th r i
s a e, o a s m uch room e e e e e s so

f or di ff r nc inopi nion it i f th high t import nc

e e e ,
s o e es a e

to furni h th r d r w ith th t xt n which my n

s e ea e e e o co

c lu i n
s o b d to n bl him to form h i wn j udg
s are ase , e a e s o

m nt nd to r ctify my mi t k if my conclu io n
e ,
a e s a es s s are

r n ou In th cond pl c it i g i n inth c u
e ro e s . e se a e, s a a e a se

o f hi toric l k n w l dg to f mili ri
s a th or d r w i th
e e a a ze e ea e

th e t xt f u nci nt uthor It i c rc ly to b
e s o o r a e a s . s s a e e

hop d th t th bu y tud nt will p nd m uch f h i

e a e s s e s e o s

tim in r ding th nci nt nd b tru work in th

e ea e a e a a s se s e

o rigin l or v n in l rn d tr n l tion nd th h i
a e e ea e a s a s, a e s

t ri n wh
o a k to f mili ri h i r d r w ith m
o see s a a ze s ea e s so e

p rtion t l t f th
o s a nci nt work
eas dd in f o ese a e s, a s so ar

to th cc ur t k nowl dg f h i r d r n thi ub
e a a e e e o s ea e s o s s

jec t . A n d l tly it h b n w ll id
as th t th,ught i as ee e sa , a o s

l ngu g nd l ngu g i thought And if it b th in

a a e, a a a e s . e e

t nti n f th hi tori n to conv y n id

e o o e s f nci nt a e a ea o a e

—
thought f wh t th nci nt Hi nd u f lt nd b
,
o a e a e s e a e

li
ev e d h c nnot do thi b tt r th n by quoti ng th
,
-
e a s e e a e
 xv PREFACE .

word by w hich th t
s nci nt p opl xpr d th m a a e e e e esse e

se lv Such bri f xtr ct v ry oft n giv th mod rn

es . e e a s e e e e e

rea d r f mor r li tic nd intim t k nowl dg f

e a ar e ea s a a e e e o

a nci nt Hi nd u oci ty nd m nn r
e nd w y s f thi nk e a a e s a a s o

ing th n ny ccount th t I could giv

a a t twic t h
a a e a e e

l ngth And it i b c u I h v d ir d th mod rn

e . s e a se a e es e e e

rea d r to nt r i nto th pirit nd th i nn r li f f

e e e e s a e e e o

th e anci nt Hi nd u th t I h v tri d to bri ng th old

e s, a a e e e

c ompo r f hym n nd fi t f c to f c w ith

se s o s a s ras a e a e

th e r d r nd llow d th m to p k f th m lv
ea e ,
a a e e s ea or e se es .

Such n i ntim t gr p f th i nn r li f
a a e nd f li ng as o e e e a ee s

o f th nci nt i th
e a v ry k rn l f tru hi toric l
e s s e e e e o e s a

know l dg nd I h v f lt it hop l t k to imp rt

e e, a a e e .
a e es s as a

thi k now l dg mor cc ur t ly or mor co nci ly

s e e e a a e e se

th n in th w ord f th nci nt It i f thi

a e s o e a e s. s or s

r o n m i nly nd con i t ntly with my nxi ty to

eas a ,
a s s e a e

b co nci
e th t I h v quot d copiou ly from nci nt
se, a a e e s a e

work s .

In co n l u io n I h v to cr v t h i nd ulg nc
c s , f th a e a e e e e o e

r d r f th m ny dif i n i w hi h h will n doubt

ea e or e a Ic e c es c e , o ,

fi nd in t h pr nt w k w itt n in mom nt t l n
e ese or j r e e s s o e

from offi i l w ork nd in pl c

c a wh r d c nt lib y
, a a es e e a e e rar

w as n v r v il bl
e e Such cl im to i nd ulg nc i
a a a l e. a e e s se

dom dmitt d nd th r d r v ry p rtin ntly nquir

a e , a e ea e e e e e es

why w rit r ho uld

a v r und rt k work f which
e s e e e a e a or

h w
e n t in v ry w y fully q uipp d
as o N v th l
e e a e e . e er e ess,

I m ntio n th
e circ um t nc th y m y xpl i n
ese s a es, as e a e a ,

if th y e nn t j u ti fy th
ca hortcoming f th w o k
o s , e s s o e r .
xvi PREFACE .

Th e tim f th pr nt w rit r i n t h i wn nd th
e o e ese e s o s o , a e

ch rg f B ng l Di t ict w ith n r f ov r i
a e o a e a s r a a ea o e s x

thou nd qu r mil nd popul tion f ov r th

sa s a e es a a a o e ree

million l v littl l i ur f oth r work To rr ng

s, ea es e e s e or e . a a e

my m t ri l und r th
a e a s, irc um t nc h b n n
e ese C s a es, as ee a

arduou work nd I n only k th i nd ulg nt n

s , a ca as e e co

sid r tion f my r d r f ny rror nd d f t

e a o ea e s or a e s a e ec s

w hich m y h v cr pt i nto thi work

a a e e s .

M YM ENSING D ISTRICT ,

B ENGAL
’

, R C D U TTJ . .

August 1 8 88 .
 INTRO D UCTIO N .

c ount f dy n ti nd w r
s
‘
a nd a c s o as es a a s .

Inc iptio n f A yri nd B byl n

s r s o ss a a a o

t ll u m uch th
e s m tory A nd v n nci nt e sa e s . e e a e

Chi n r co d h d littl light n th gr d u l p

ese e r s s e e o e a a ro

g r ess o f h um n c ult u n d civili

a tio n re a z a .

A nci nt Hi nd u w ork
e f di ff r nt ch r ct r s a re o a e e a a e .

If th y d f ctiv arein om e er p ct th y nu
e s e es e s, a s
l e e

d ubt dly
o e th y d f ctiv
a re, o unt f
e a re e e e as a cc s o

dyn ti as f w r es, f o c ll d hi toric l i ncid nt

a s, o so -
a e s a e s.

lO n th oth r h nd th y giv u
e e a full co nn ct d end e s a , e e , a

l r cco unt f th dv nc m nt f civili tio n f

C ea a o e a a e e o z a , o

th e pr gr f th
o h m n mi nd uch w h ll
ess o e u a ,
s as e s a

see k f in v i n mo ng th r cord f ny oth r q u lly

or a a e e s o a e e a

nci nt n tio n Th a lit r t r f ch p i d i e e a u e o ea

‘

a e . er o s a

p f t pictu
er ec — ph t g ph if w m y
re a c ll it
o o ra , e a so a

o f th Hi nd u i ili ti p f th t p riod A nd th
e c v za o o a e . e

w ork f u
s siv
o p iod form compl t hi to y
s c ces e er s, a e e s r

o f Hi nd u civili tio n f ov r thr thou nd y r

z a or e ee sa ea s,

so full cl th t h w h un m y r d
,
so ea r, a e o r s a ea .

In cripti n
s n t n o nd w riti ng
s o n p pyri
s o e a s o a a re

r cord d w i th
e e d ig n to comm mor t p i ng
a es e a e a ss

e v nt Th ng nd hym n nd philo phi l nd

e s . e so s a s a so ca a

re ligi u ffu i n f p pl
o s e s o n unc n ci u
s o nd a eo e are a o s o s a

tru fl ctio n f it ivili tion nd it th ught Th

e re e o s C z a a s o . e

ea rli t ffu ion f th Hi nd u w n t

es e s s o rd d in e s e re o rec o e

w riti ng — th y ,
th r f r full nd unr tri t d
e a re, e e o e, a es c e ,

th y e n t ur l nd tru
a re a a p an f tha n tio n e ex ressIo o e a
’
s

t ho ght u nd f li ng s a Th y w r pr rv d n t n
ee s . e e e ese e , o o
 EPOC HS AND D ATES .
3

s to n but in th f ithf l m mory f th p opl w h

e, e a u e o e e e, o

h nd d do w n th g t h it g f m c ntu y t nt ury
a e e rea er a e ro e r o ce

w ith rupul u x titud w hi h in mod rn d y

a sc o s e ac e c ,
e a s,

w o uld b o n id r d mir l
e c s e e a ac e .

S hol c wh h v a rs tudi d th V di hy mn bi t i
o a e s e e e c s s or

ca lly w r
a re th t th m t i l th y ff rd f
a a e a e a er a s e a o or

co n tructi ng
s hi t ry f ivili ti n
a full nd
s o o c z a o are er a

t u r th n ny c unt which ould h v b n

r e a a ac o s c a e ee re

c rd d u t n
o e o p py i A nd th w h h v
s o e or a r . ose o a e

pur u d Hi nd lit r tu through th di ff r nt p iod

s e u e a re e e e er s

o f H i nd hi t y u qu lly w r th t th y form
s or ,
a re e a a a e a e

a mpl t nd omp h n iv t ry f th progr

co e e a c re e s e s o o e ess

a nd g d u l m difi tio n f Hi nd u ivili ti n tho ught

ra a o ca s o C z a o , ,

a nd ligion th gh ov r thr thou nd y

re ro u A nd e ee sa ea rs .

th philo phi l hi to i n f h um n civili ti n n d

e so ca s r a o a z a o ee

n t b
o Hi nd u to thi nk that th Hi nd u h p
e a e s av e re

se rv e d th full t th l r t nd th tr t m t i l
e es ,
e c ea es ,
a e ues a er a s

for h i wo k s r .

W w i h n t to b mi und to d W h v m d
e s o e s ers o . e a e a e

th fo goi ng
e re m rk imply w ith Vi w to m v
re a s s a e re o e

th v ry mm n nd v ry ro n imp ion th t
e e co o a e er eo us ress a

A nci nt Indi h e n hi t ry w th t dyi ng n

a as n o s o or s u ,
o co

n t d nd
ec e li bl h ni l f th p t w hi h w uld
a re a e c ro c e o e as c o

b i nt
e ti ng i n t u ti to th mod rn d
eres or s r c ve e e rea er .

A nci nt Indi h e co nn t d t y t t l l nd
a as a ec e s or o e ,
a

so f f om b i ng uni nt r ti ng it
ar r p il f t r
e e es ,
s s ec a ea u e

i it i nt n
s s tt tiv n
e se a W r d in th t n i nt
rac e ess . e ea a a c e

s tory h w gi ftod A y n ap pl p t d by
e r a eo e, se a ra e
4 INTRO D UCTIO N .

circum t nc from th out id world wo k d ut th ir

s a es e s e ,
r e o e

civili tion mid t n tu l nd clim tic condition which

za a s a ra a a s

w r p c uli rly f vo ur bl
e e e a W not th ir i nt ll ctu l
a a e . e e e e e a

di cov ri g ft r g ; w w tch th ir r ligiou

s e es a e a e a e e a e e s

p ogr
r nd d v l pm nt
ess a thro ugh ucc iv
e e o n e s s ess e ce

tu i r es w m rk th i politi
e l c r th y g d u l
a e r ca aree ,
as e ra a

ly xp nd ov r Indi
e a nd fo und n w ki ngdom
e a,nd a e s a

dyn ti ; w ob rv th ir truggl g i n t p i t
as es e se e e s es a a s r es

ly domi n ti n th ir u c a o nd th ir f il ur
,
e ; w s c esses a e a es e

s t udy w ith i nt r t th ir gr t oci l nd r ligiou

e es e ea s a a e s

re vol uti n nd th ir f r chi ng co n qu nc And

o s a e ar -
ea se e es .

thi gr t to y f
s ea n
s tio i t ll ct l li mor
n r n u of — a a
’
s e e a e e

thrilli ng in it i nt r t th n ny t l w hich Sh h di
s e es a a a e a arz a

t ld —i n wh r br k n nd no w h r di nn ct d
o s o e e o e a e e sco e e .

Th gr t c u
e ea w hi h l d to gr t o i l nd
a ses ligiou
c e ea s c a a re s

ch ng a m ni f t t th r d nd h f ll w th
es a re a es o e ea e r, a e o o s e

g d u l r vol ution f Hi nd u civili tio n thro ugh thirty

ra a e o za

ce nt uri w i th ut
es br k or i nt r uption
o a ea e r .

Th v ry hortcomi ng f Hi nd u civili t i n
e e s s o z a o ,
as

c omp r d w ith th y ung r civili ti n f G

a e e oro e z a o o reece

R m h v th ir l
o e a e o n f th mod rn r d Th
e ess s or e e ea er . e

s to y f u ucc
r o o i n t mor i n t uctiv
r s th n th
esses s o e s r e a e

t y f u f il ur Th hym n f Vi amit th
s or o o r a es . e s o sv ra , e

philo ophy f K pil nd th po t y f Kalid a h v

s o a a a e e r o sa a e

n high
o l o n f th mod n r d r th n th
er ess s or e er ea e a e

d p c u w hich l d to th d c d n f u politic l
ee a ses e e e a e ce o o r a

li f nd th
e a nd n y f pri t
e asce Th t y f th
a c o es s . e s or o e

r ligiou ri i ng f th p opl und th l d r hip f

e s s o e e e er e ea e s o
 EPO CH S AND D ATES .
5

Gau t m B uddh i n t mor i n tructiv th n th

a a a s o e s e a e

c u w hich ccount f th b nc f ny politic l

a ses a or e a se e o a a

ri i ng mong th p opl th b nc f ny fl t ft r
s a e e e, e a se e o a e
'

or s a e

pop ul r fr d m And th g t h ight t w hi h th

a ee o . e rea e s o c e

g niu f B ahm n nd K h t iy o r d in th in
e s o r a s a s a r as s a e e

f ncy w rld i nt ll t u l li f n t mo
’
a f th o e o s e ec a e a re o re

s ugg tiv nd n t m r i n t tiv th n th b n

es e a o o e s ruc e a e a se ce

o f g ni u in t h p opl
e s t l rg in th i ordi n y p u ui t
e e e a a e e r ar rs s

a nd tr d —in m h nic l i nv nti n

a es, nd m ritim ec a a e o s a a e

di ov ri in culptur r hit ctur nd rt in m ni

sc e es, s e, a c e e a a s, a

f t ti n f pop ul r li f
es a o s o nd th rtion f popul ra e a e asse o a

p w r
o e .

Th hi to y f th i nt ll tu l nd r ligio u li f
e s r o ef e ec a a e s e o

th e nci nt Hi nd u i m t hl
a e in it co nti nuity it
s s a c ess s ,
s

f ul n nd it philo ophic l t th
ess, a s B ut th hi to i n s a ru . e s r a

wh o nly p i nt th c u nt f th t i nt ll ctu l li f
o a s e rre o a e e a e

p form h l f h i d uty Th i n th r nd dd r
er s a s . ere s a o e a a sa e

p tio
or n f Hi nd u hi to
o y — nd it i n ry th t this r ,
a s ec essa a s

p o tiorn f t h to y
o t h uld b f ith fully told
e s r ,
oo, s o e a .

W h v e id b for th t th hi tory f Anci nt

a e sa e e a e s o e

Indi divid it l f i nto v l di ti nct nd long

a es se se era s a

p riod
e or poch
s E ch f
e th p riod s h . a o es e e s as a

di ti nct lit r tur nd h h

s e a ivili tio n p uli r
e, a eac as a c z a ec a

to it w hi h modifi d it l f i nt th civili tio n f th

,
c e se o e z a o e

n xt p riod und r th
e e op r tion f gr t politic l
e e e a o ea a

a nd oci l c u
s It i d i bl th t w
a a ses h uld t
. s es ra e a e s o ,
a

th e out t giv se bri f count f th hi toric l

, e a e ac o ese s a

e poch nd th gr t hi to ic l v nt by which th y
s a e ea s r a e e s e
6 INTRO D UCTIO N .

are m rk d Such n outli n ccount f th di ff r nt

a e . a e a -
o e e e

p riod w ill m k u r d cqu i nt d w ith th pl n

e s a e o r ea ers a a e e a

and cop s f thi w o k nd w ill prob bly h lp th m

e o s r ,
a a e e

to g p mor ff ctu lly t h d t il f ch p i d

ras e e e a e e a s o ea er o

wh n w e om t t t th m mor fully W b gi n
e c e o rea e e . e e

w ith th li t p ri d i th t f A ry n ttl m nt
e ea r es e o ,
v z .
, a o a se e e s

in t h Punj be Th hym n f t h Rig V d

a . fu ni h e s o e e a r s

u w ith t h
s m t ri l f hi tory f thi p iod
e a e a s or a s o s er .

F IRST EPO CH .

In thi p i l v l um w fi nd th Hi nd u A y n
s r ce ess o e, e e r a s

as c nq o nd ttl
uero rs a n th b nk f t h Ind se ers o e a s o e us

a nd it fi br n h
s ve nd Indi b y nd th
a c Sutl j w
es a a e o e e as

a lmo t unk n wn to t h m Th y m
s o c nq i ng e
’

. e ca e as a o uer

rac e, full f th lf ti n nd vigour f young

O e se -
asser o a o a

n tio n l li f w ith
a a t o ng lov f cti n nd c p city
e, a s r e o a o a a a a

for a ctiv njoym nt Th y w in thi r p ct f

e e e s . e ere, s es e , ar

r m v d f m th o nt mpl tiv nd p iv Hi nd u
e o e ro e c e a e a ass e s

o f l t r d y ; th y
a e joi d in w lth nd c ttl nd
a s e re ce ea a a e a

p tu fi ld ; nd th y v d ut w ith th ir trong
as re -
e s a e ca r e o ,
e s

right m n w p ar i n nd r lm from th b
,
e o ssess o s a ea s e a

origi n f th oil w h v i nly truggl d to m i nt i n

es o e s , o a s e a a

th ir wn g i n t th i nvi n ibl conq u ror Th u th

e o a a s e c e e s . s, e

p iod w n f w
er as o nd co nqu t g i n t th b
e o a rs a es s a a s e a

origi n nd th A y n vi to
es a t i umph ntly bo t f
e r a c rs r a as o

th ir conq u t in th ir hym n nd implor th ir g d

e es s e s, a e e o s

to b tow n th m w l th nd n w po ion nd t
es o e ea a e ssess s, a o
 FIRST EPO C H .
7

des troy th b b ri n Wh t v r w bright nd

e ar a a s . a e e as a

c h rf l nd gl i u in th p t f n tu truck
ee u a or o s e as ec s o a re s

th e A y n w ith dmi ti n nd gl d n
r a s nd uch a ra o a a ess, a s

m ni f t tion f n tur w r w hipp d nd i nvok d

a es a s o a e e e o rs e a e

as god s .

It i n dl t
s
y th t
ee t h n tir body
ess f A ry n
o sa a e e e o a s

w as th n unit d mm unity nd th o nly di ti nctio n

e a e co , a e s

o f t w b tw n th A ry n nd th b igi n
c a s es as e ee e a s a e a or es .

Ev n t h di ti n ti n b tw n pr f io n w
e e s n t v ry
c o e ee o ess s as o e

m k d ; nd th turdy l rd f m ny
ar e a wh
e s o o a ac res, o

pl gh d h i fi ld nd wn d l g h d in tim f
ou e s e s a o e ar e er s es o

p w nt
eac e , ut t d f nd h i vill g or pl und r th
e o o e e s a e e e

a borigi n in tim f w nd o ft n comp d pirit d

es es o a r, a e o se s e

hym n to th m ti l g d Ind in h i h ur f d vo
s e ar a o ra s o s o e

tio n Th r w r n EQLELi é fl d Q idol

. e e hp ti
e e o T
‘ S - A
Q s eac a r

a r h f f mily light d th
c o a rifici l fi in h i wn
a e e sac a re s o

h rth nd o ff d milk nd ri o ff ri ng
ea ,
a erenim l a ce e s, or a a s,

or lib tion f th S m j ui t th fi nd i nvok d

a s o e o a ce o e re, a e

th e bright g d f bl mg nd h lth nd w lth

”
o s or ess
'

s, a ea ,
a ea

for him l f nd h i child n Chi f f t ib w r

se a s re . e s o r es e e

ki ng nd h d th ir pri t t p rform crific nd

s, a a e es s o e sa es a

utt r t h
e hym n f th m ; but th r w n pri tly
e s or e e e as o es

c t nd n y l t Th p opl w r fr njoy
as e, a o ro a c as e . e e e e e ee, e

ing th fr dom w hich b lo ng to vigorou M

e ee or l e s s a

W h at is th e d a te o f thi s p eriod of A ry an settl e

ment s in t h e Punj a b ? Col ebr o o k e w h o w a s t h e firs t ,

di c v r r
s o e e of th e Vd e as fo r Eu rop ean ea r d r fix d th e s, e e
8 INTRO D UCTIO N .

fourt nth c nt ury th d t wh n th y w r fi n lly

ee e as e a e e e e e a

compil d nd rr ng d And ll ch l r llow fi

e a a a e . as a s o a s a ve

or s xi c nt uri f th
e xp n io n f th A ry n l ng
es or e e a s o e a s a o

th e Ind u nd it fi s tribut i w m y fix th d t
a s ve ar es, e a e a es

o f th fir t p riod
e st to e B C Pr f a . . o esso r

M ax M iill in h i l t t w o k
er, llow B Cs a es r s, a s . . as

th e d t w h n th V d uch w n w h v th m
a e e e e as, s as e o a e e ,

w r e e compo d or tose B C th p i d
,
‘
. . as e er o

w h n th y w
e compo d nd fi n lly r ng d In
e ere se a a ar a e .

a noth r w ork h
e tt Four tho nd y g (
e s a es : usa ears a o or

it m y b rli ) th Ary n w h h d tr v ll d uth

a e ea er e a s, o a a e e so

w rd
a to th riv
s f th Punj b c ll d him D y u h
e ers o e a a e a s

Pith H v nly F th m? ”
or ea e a o

P of r or W b r llow
ess thou nd y r f t h
e e a s a sa ea s or e

occupyi ng ubj ti ng to compl t c ultiv tio n nd

,
s ec e e a ,
a

B fi h m ni ing th
r a imm n t t f l nd fr m t h
s e e se rac o a
”
o e

Ind u to t h Gundu k
s W ith thi rgum nt w g
e c . s a e e a ree

b ut th Pro f or i wrong wh n h fix 5 00 B C
e ess s e e es . . as

th e tim w h n th Hi nd u ttl d n th Gundu k

e e e s se e o e c .

W w ill h w th t th y fo und d th ki ngdom f th

e s e a e e e o e

Vid h by th t iv r bout
e as B C nd th A ry n
a r e a . .
, a e a s

m u t h v fir t cro d th Ind u b ut
s a e s B C sse e s a o . .

Pro f or Whitn y giv

ess to 5 B C f th e es I, 00 . . or e

Rig V d hym n e a nd Dr M rti n H ug llo w s, a . a a a s

to B C f tho hym n w hil f th rli t f

. . or se s, e, or e ea es o

India w ha t ca n it teach a: i
’
p.8 3 .

l Let tum on the Origi n a nd Grow th of Religion, Lecture

‘ '
VII .
IO INTRO D UCTIO N .

fur th r to th o uth t round bout mod rn K n uj

e e s -
ea s , a e a o .

Th K e l o cupi d th p i u c unt y b tw n
o sa as c e e s ac o s o r e ee

th e J um n nd th Gundu k w hi h i ncl ud mod r n

a a e c , c es e

O udh th V id h liv d b y nd th Gundu k in w h t

e e as e e o e c ,
a

i
s n w k no w n
o Ti h ot ; nd th Ka i ttl d as r o a e s s se e

do wn n r nd b t m d n B nea a Th w r
a ou o er e a res . ese e e

th m e t r n w n d n ti n f th
os e o nd p iod th
e gh a o s o e seco er ,
ou

oth l p w f l n tio n liti l fl u i h d nd

er ess o er u a a es a so o r s e a

e xt nd d th ir ki ngd m f m tim t tim

e e e o s, ro e o e .

Wh n t h fi t K r
e end P n h i l
rs ttl d in t h u us a a c
’
t as se e e

D b th y g v i ndi tio n f
oa , e Vig
a e n tio n l ca s o a o ro us a a

li f nd th i i nt n i n w f rm th ubj t f t h
e, a e r er ec e a rs o e s ec o e

fi t n tio n l Epi f Indi th M ah abh a t A nd l

rs a a c o a, e ra a .
,
a

th ugh thi w k in it p nt h p i th p d ctio n

o s or ,
s rese s a e, s e ro u

o f l t g
a —
a er a r th r f l t g y t n in it
e — or a e o a er a es e ,
ev e s

pr nt f m it pr r i ndi ti n f th t d nd
ese or ,
e se v es ca o s o a ru e a

t rdy vig ur nd w lik j l i w hich m t h v

s u o a ar e ea o us es us a e

c h ct i d th
ara er se ly nq f th e G ng ti
ea r co uere rs o e a e c

va ll y Th Hi nd u did n t h w v r li m ny n
e . e s o ,
o e e ,
ve a ce

t i
ur es in t h ft l im t f thi v ll y b for l i ng
e so c a e o s a e e e os

th ir vig u nd m nli n
e o r a th y g i n d in l r ni ng
a ess, as e a e ea

a nd i ili ti n A th y dri ft d d w n t h
C v z a o . iv th y s e e o e r er e

m ni f t d l nd l f th vig u f nqu i ng c
a es e ess a es s o e o ro co er ra es .

Th r y le o u t f th
a Vid h nd th K a i w
co r s o e e as a e s s e re

l n d nd nlight n d b t nt mp ry lit t r
ea r e a e e e , u co e o ra era u e

d n t b r w it n t th i w l ik q liti
o es o ea Th
ess o e r ar e ua es . e

K l
osa as, t w r p li h d n ti n but th t di
o o, e e a o s e a o , e ra

tion f th t n tio n p r rv d in th
s o a a o nd N tio n l,
ese e e sec a a
 SECO ND EPO CH . lI

E pic f Indi th Ram ay n (in it pr nt form pro

o a e a a, s ese , a

d uctio n f l t r g ) h w mo d votion to oci l

o a e a es, s e re e s a

a nd dom tic d uti ob di nc t pri t nd r g d

es es, e e e o es s, a e ar

for r ligi u form th n th turdy v lour nd th fi ry

e o s s, a e s a a e e

j lou i f th M h abh ar t
ea s es o e a a a .

Thi g d u l n v ti n f th Hi nd u w th c u
s ra a e er a o o e s as e a se

o f th m t import nt r lt in r ligiou nd oci l

e os a esu s e s a s a

rul es R ligio n h ng d it
. pirit Th m nly but
e C a e s s . e a

s i mpl hym n w ith which th tu dy co nqu o f th

e s e s r er rs o e

Punj b h d i nvo k d n t u g d
a a c rc ly comm nd d e a re -
o s s a e e e

th m lv to th mor ff t nd mor c r moniou

e se es e e e e e a e e e s

Hi nd u f th G ng tic v ll y Th hym n w
s o e t illa e a e . e s ere s

r p t d b t lo t th ir m ni ng nd n nd v t
e ea e ,
u s e ea a se se, a as

c r mo ni l nd b rv nc t ok th pl c f impl
e e a s a O se a es o e a e o s e

form Th pri tly cl

s . i n r d in numb r nd in
e es ass c eas e e a

i nfl u n until th y form d h r dit ry c t f th i

e c e, e e a e e a as e o e r

o wn Th ki ng
. nd w r ior ef th G ng tic v ll y s a a r s o e a e a e

liv d in mor pl ndid court nd h d mor gorg ou

e e s e s, a a e e s

s urro undi ng th n th impl gri ultu l w rio f

s a e S e a c ra ar rs o

th e Punj b nd oo n p t d th m lv from th
a ,
a s se a ra e e se es e

p opl nd fo m d c t f th ir wn Th m
e e a r f e a as e o e o . e ass o

t h p opl
e — th V i y
e or Vi e f th Rig V d — b e a s as sas o e e a e

c m mor lif l th n th ir f f th r in th Punj b

a e e e ess a e o re a e s e a ,

a nd w or w ith ut prot t th ch i n w hich pri t

e, o a es ,
e a s es s

a nd w r i — th Brahm n
a r o rs nd th K h triy —th w e a s a e s a as re

a round th m A nd ubj ti n m n d m li
e . as s ec o ea s e ora z a

tion th p opl in Hi nd u ki ngdom n v r ft rw d

,
e e e s e e a e ar s

b c m wh t th p opl in nci nt nd mod n Eu p

e a e a e e e a e a er ro e
I2 INTRO D UCTIO N .

h v triv nto b And l tly th borigi n wh w r

a es e e . as ,
e a es o e e

s ubj g t d u a e nd h d dopt d th a Ary n civili tio n a a e e a za

form d th l w c t
e f Sfi d
e o nd w r d cl r d unfit
as e o ras, a e e e a e

to p rfo m th Ary n r ligio u rit or to cquir

e r e a e s es a e

r ligiou k nowl dg
e s e e .

Such w th origi n f th C t y t m in Indi in

(th
as e o e as e s -
s e a,

e nd p riod
seco f Hi nd u hi tory e Th ytm o s . e s s e

r
a o se ut f w kn
o nd li f l
o
'

n mo ng th
ea ess a e ess ess a e

p opl nd to c t i n xt nt it h p p tu t d th t
e e, a , a er a e e as er e a e a

w kn ea v r ft
ess e e a er .

It w ill b ob rv d th t thi S cond P ri d W

e se e a s e e o as a

p riod f th ubmi i n f th p opl und r th

e o e s ss o o e e e e e

B ahm n nd th K h t iy
r a s a nd f th ubmi io ne s a r as, a o e s ss

o f th K h triy th m lv und th Brahm n

e s a as e se es er e a s .

A t th clo e f th p i d how v r th
se o pp e er o ,
e e ,
ere a ears

t o hv b n a e tio n nd th p ud K h
ee a reac ,
a e ro s a

t iy
r t l
as t tri d to h k ff th g lli ng yok nd to
a as e s a e o e a e, a

prov th ir qu lity w ith th Brahm n in l rni ng nd

e e e a e a s ea a

re ligi ult ur
o us c W i d w ith th unm ni ng rit u l
e
.
~
ear e e ea a s

a nd mo ni l pr ib d by pri t th K h triy
c ere a s esc r e es s, e s a as

t t d n w p cul tio n nd bold nq i i ft r t h

s ar e e s e a s a e u r es a e e

t uth Th ff t w un v ili ng Th p i t r m i n d
r . e e or as a a . e r es s e a e

s up m re B ut th vig
e . p cul tion whi h th K h
e o rous s e a s c e s a

t iyr t rt d form th o nly r d mi ng portion f t h

as s a e e e ee o e

i n n nd li f l lit t
a e a f thi p ri d
e ess A nd th e era ure o s e o . es

s p cul ti n r m i n d
e a o h rit g f th n tio n nd
s e a e as a e a e o e a , a

fo rm d t h e nucl u f th
e Hi nd u philo ophic l ye s o e s a s s

t m nd r ligiou r v l utio n f l t r d y
e s a e s e o s o a a e a .
 SECO ND EPO CH . I3

It w as in thi p riod f A ry n xp n ion in th s e o a e a s e

G ng tic v ll y th t th Rig V d nd th thr oth r

a e a e a e e a a e ee e

Vd e — Sam n Y j u
a s, nd A th rv n w r
a — ,
fi n lly
a s a a a e e a

a rr ng d nd c mpil d Th n f ll w d noth r cl
a e a o e . e o o e a e ass

o f comp itio n k no w n os t h B ahm n s nd d vot d as e r a as, a e e

to a rifi i l rit ; nd th i n n nd Vrbo com

s c c a es a ese a e a e se

po itio n r fl ct th n rv ti n f th p opl nd th
s s e e e e e a o o e e e a e

dogm ti pr t n ion f th pri t f th g Th

.

a c e e s s o e es s o e a e . e

c u t m f r tir m nt from th w o ld i nto for t lif

s o o e e e e r es e,

w hi h w c unk n w n in th
as rli r g pr ng up nd
o e ea e a es, s a , a

th e l a t portion f th B ahm n
s A ny k
s o e r a as a re ra a as

d vot d to f
e e t it A nd l tly th bold p cul
o res r es . as e s e a

ti n t rt d by K h t iy
o s s a e k no wn th s a r as a re as e

U p ni h d a nd form t h l t p rti n
s a s, a f th lit tu e as o o s o e era re

o f t h i p i d nd clo
s er oth c ll d R l d L it t
,
a se e SO -
a e ev ea e era ure

o f Indi a .

Dr H H W il n wh n r vi w i ng Pro f or M
. . . so ,
e e e ess ax

M ii ll g t w ork n S n c it lit tur thirty y

er s
’
rea o a s r era e ea rs

a g d
o, cl d th
e t p ri d
are f fi nt u i a w n tt
a e o o v e ce r es as o oo

lo ng to ount f th g t politic l oci l nd r li

a cc or e rea a , s a , a e

gio n h ng w hi h occ ur d in thi p riod And D

s c a es c re s e . r .

W il o n w s ight Withi n thi p i d th v ll y f th

as r . s er o e a e o e

G ng
a f Tirho t w l r d c lo ni d nd
es, as ar a s o ,
as c ea e ,
o z e , a

Hi nd u i d nd form d th it f po w rful ki ngdom

-
ze ,
a e e s es o e s .

R ligio u
e b rv nc w v tly l bor t d ; o i l
s O se a es ere as e a a e s c a

rul w r h ng d th c t y t m w form d th
es e e C a e e as e s -
s e as e e

s upr m cy f prie t w t bli h d nd confirm d nd

a o es s as es a s e a e , a ,

ultim t ly q u tio n d by th
a e , K h triy ; nd l tly
es e e s a as a as ,
 14 INTRO D UCTIO N .

ithi n thi g v i d nd vol umi nou lit r tur w

w s a e, a ar e a s e a e as

“ r cord
e d Th P riod m y th r for b
e . e euppo d to a ,
e e e, e S se

l h v xt nd d pproxim t ly from
a e e e e a to B C a e .

O n or tw f ct m y b cit d h r w hich co nfirm

e o a s a e e e e

th d t Th c nt l hi tori l f t f thi p riod

ese a es . e e ra s ca ac o s e

r t b t K ur u

m
w w ea w n th ar nd teh P n h al
ee e s a
g
as a e a c as

w hi h form c th ubj t f th M h dbh a

s e s f ec o e a ra

w hi h w c h ll h v m thi ng to y furth n Th
e s a a e so e sa er o . e

c ntr l lit r y f ct f thi p ri d w t h com p il tio n

e a e ar a o s e o as e a

f th V d
o e Tr dition nd th Epic it l f i nf m u
e as . a a e se or s

th t th e compil r f th V d w
a econt mpo ry f
o e e as as a e ra o

th w e ; b u t w
ar m y c pt or r j ct thi
e w lik
a ac e e e s as e e .

W will x mi n th
e e tw f t
a p t ly
e ese o ac s se ara e .

Tr dition g i n h it th t wh n th V d w r
a ,
a a , as a e e e as e e

ompil d th po i tio n f th
c e ,
e l titi l poi nt w
s o e so s a s as

Ob rv d nd r c rd d t m k th d t
se e a e o Th J y t i h
e o ar e a e . e o s a

in w hich thi ob v tio n i n w fo und i l t w ork

s ser a s o s a a e ,

n t o rli r th n th third c ntury b for Chri t but th

ea e a e e e e s , e

b rv tio n w c t i nly m d t n nci nt d t nd

o se a as er a a e a a a e a e, a

e e —
B ntl y nd Archd co n P tt both bl m th m ti
a ea ra a e a e a

i n
c a — h v go n ov r th c l ul tio n nd fo nd th t
s a e e e e a c a a u a

it w m d in as a B C e . .

M uch h b n w ritt n f l t g i n t th v l u
as ee e o a e a a s e a e

f thi di cov ry in Eu p
o s s A m ric
e nd Indi but ro e, e a, a a,

w h v found n thi ng in th di c u ion w hi h

e a e o ese s ss s c

go g i n t th g nui n n f th tro nomi l b

es a a s e e e ess o e as ca o se r

v tio n W
a . i n li n d to b li v th t th ob rv
e a re c e e e e a e se a

ti n m rk pproxim t ly th tru d t f th fi n l
o a s a a e e e a e o e a
 SECO ND EPOCH . IS

co mpil tio n f th V d ; nd th work f compi

a o e e as a as e o

l tio n prob bly o c upi d num ro u t ch r f g n r

a a c e e s ea e s or e e a

tio n tog th r w m y uppo th t th V d w r

s e e ,
e a s se a e e as e e

c o mpil d d u i ng th 4th nd 3th ntu i B C And

e r e 1 a 1 ce r es . .

thi d t f ll w ithi nth p riod w hi h w h v

s a e a s ign d e e c e a e ass e

for th nd p h
e sec o e oc .

N w w ith g rd to th K u u P nchal W
o ,
re a Th e r -
a a ar . e

a nn l f di ff r nt ki ngdom in Indi
a s o ll ud to thi
e e s a a e s

a n i nt w
c e nd m f th ar, nn l a n t un so e o ese a a s a re o re

li bl Th f nd r f B ddhi m liv d in th ixth

a e. e ou e o u s e e s

ce nt y B Cur nd w l n f om t h
. .nn l
,
af M g dh e ea r r e a a s o a a a

th t 3 5 ki ng ign d b tw n th K ru P n h fi l W
a s re e e ee e u -
a c a ar

a nd t h tim d B uddh A llow i ng y to ch

e e a . 20 ears ea

r ign thi w uld pl th w in th 3th c nt ury B C

e ,
s o ac e e ar e 1 e . .

A g i n w k n w f m c i n th t K ni h k
a e .
o l d in ro o s, a a s a ru e

K h mi as in th fir t nt y A D nd h i cce or
ra e s ce ur . .
, a s su ss

A b h im ny u pr b bly r ig n d t w rd th
a lo f th t
a e e o a s e c o se o a

ce nt y Th
ur hi t i n f K h mi i nf rm u th t
. e s or a o as ra o s s a

5 2 ki ng ig n d f s re y r f m t h et im f t h
or ea s ro e e o e

K ru P n h al W to th tim f A bh im ny u nd
u a c a ar e e o a , a

th i w uld pl th w in th th c nt ry B C
s o ac e e ar e 12 e u . .

W d n t k th r d to c pt ny f th p rti
e o o as e ea er ac e a o e a

cul d t giv n bov It i lm t imp ibl t

at a es e a e. s a os o ss e o

fix ny p ci d t in th Hi to y f Indi b f r
a re se a e e s r o a e o e

A l x nd r t h G
e a t vi it d th l nd nd w m y w ll
e e rea s e e a a e a e

h t it t
es v n w h n t o n mi l l l tion poi nt t
a e, e e e as r o ca ca c u a s o

a p ticul y r or hi to i l li t poi nt to p ti l
ar ar ea ,
s r ca s s a ar cu ar

c ntury All th t w k nd ll th t w
e . a ntitl d e as ,
a a a e are e e
 INTRO D UCTIO N .

t o as kth t t h r d r w ill n w fi nd it po ibl to

, is a e ea e o ss e

cc pt th f ct th t th V d w r fi n lly compil d
a e e a a e e as e e a e

nd th
a Kuru P nchal W w fought om tim
e a a ar as s e e

bout th 3th c nt ury or th th c ntu y B C

a e 1 e e 12 e r . .

A nd if th K uru P n h fi l W
, e w fought in t h a c a ar as e

3
1 th c nt ury eB C bo ut c nt u y .b f r t h . a a e r e o e e

Troj n W ) it i impo ibl to fix d t l t r th n

a ar ,
s ss e a a e a e a

B C f th comm n m nt f th co nd po h
. . or e e ce e o e se e c

o f w hich w p ki ng For t th tim f th

e a re s ea . a e e o e

Kuru P nchal W th co nt y ro und mod n D lhi

a a a r, e u r er e

a nd K n uj w r th a o t f p w rful n tio n wh
e e e sea s o o e a s o

h d d v lop d
a e e civili tio n nd lit r t u f th ir w n
e a z a a e a re o e o .

A nd t w nt urio m u t b llow d b t w n th d t
ce es s e a e e ee e a e

w h n th A y n i u d ut f th Punj b nd t h
e e r a s d t
ss e o o e a a e a e

w h n the ult h d b
ese res n hi v d in th G ng tic
s a ee ac e e e a e

v ll y
a e .

To cc pt a B C th d t wh n th A ry n
e . . as e a e e e a s

i u d ut f th Punj b i to co nfirm th d t w
ss e o o e a , s e a es e

h v giv n
a e to
e B C ) f th fir t poch . . or e s e
,
t h V di P riod
e e c e .

A g i n m ny f th B ahm n co nt i n i nt r n l
a ,
a o i e r a as a e a ev

d nc th t th y w
e e a mpo d t th tim or ft r th
e ere co se a e e a e e

tim f th Kuru nd th P n h al W m y th r
e o e s a e a c as . e a , e e

for uppo
e, s th to h v b n compo d in th 3th
se ese a e ee se e 1

a nd th c nt ri B C And th Up ni h d which
12 e u es . . e a s a s,

m rk th clo f Brahm n lit r tur w r comp d

a e se o a a e a e, e e o se

a bout th th c nt ury B C
e 11 J n k th Ki ng f e . . a a a, e o

th V
~_

gv t rt to th Up ni h d ; w m y
\

e id h e as, a e a s a e a s a s e a ,
 INTRO D UCTIO N .

In di a, f rom
j b to B h r und r th rul f
th e Pun a e a , e e e o

nd h i gr nd o n A ok th Gr t t h pro
‘

M g dh a a a a s a s s a e ea , e

mulg t f B uddhi m w
a or o th gr t t mp ror th t s , as e ea es e e a

v r rul d in Indi w ithi n th thirty c nturi f Hind

e e e a e e es o u

i nd p nd nc W ith th tim f A ok th Thi d

e e e e. e e o s a e r

Epoch nd nd th F
e th B uddhi t Ep eh b gin
s, a e o ur or s o fi
e s .

A y n colo ni t p n tr t d to B ng l nd i nt d uc d
-

r a s s e e a e e a a ro e

Hi nd u r ligion nd ivili tion mo ng th b igi n

e a c z a a e a or es,

b ut B ng l n v e m d
e ny mrk in t h
a e hi tory f
r a e a a e s o

A nci nt Indi e Th ki ngdom fo und d in th

a . uth w n e s e e so o

gr t r di ti nction Th Andhr found d p w rf l

ea e s . e as e a o e u

k i ngdom in th D cc n fo und d gr t eho l f l rn e a ,

e ea sc o s o ea

ing nd w r d ti n d t
,
a l t r p riod to xt nd th i
e e es e ,
a a a e e , e e e r

s w y ov r North r n Indi
a e l o Furth r th th e a a s . e so u ,
e

A ry n c m in o nt ct w ith th old
a s a e nd imp f ctc a e a er e

Dr vidi n civili ti n Th mor p rf ct Hi nd ivili

a a z a o . e e e e uc za

tion pr v il d nd th Dr vidi n w r Hi nd u i d nd
e a e ,
a e a a s e e -
z e a

fo und d ki ngdom w hi h b
e m di ti ngui h d f l rn s c ec a e s s e o r ea

ing nd po w r Th thr
a i t r ki ngdom f th Ch l
e . e ee s s e -
so e o as,

l th Ch r
e nd th P ndy
e as, a m d th i m k b for e a as a e e r ar e e

th third c ntu y B C
e nd K a h i ( Co nj v
e r m ) th . .
,
a e era ,
e

c pit l f th Ch l di ti ngui h d it l f th
a a o e t f
o as, s s e se as e sea o

Hi nd u l rni ng t l t r d y
ea a a a e a .

In th w t th S u a htr
e i( ncl udi ng Gu t nd
es e a r s as z ra a

th e M h r tt country) r c iv d Hi nd u civili tion

a a a a e e e z a

from th Andhr f th D cc n w hil

e b yo nd trip
as o e e a e, e a s

o f th C ylo n w
e sea,di ov r d nd form d gr t
e as sc e e ,
a e a ea

r ort f Hi nd u tr d r until A ok th Gr t nt h i
es o a e s, s a e ea se s
 TH IRD EPO CH . 19

so n to th t l nd nd co nv rt d th p opl to Buddhi m
a a a e e e e e s .

In th t B ddhi t pilg im m nd ttl d in O ri

e ea s ,
u s r s ca e a se e ssa

a nd xc v t d c v
e in ro k c nt u i
a a eb fo A ok a es c s e r es e re s a .

Th p ti l nd nt pri i ng pi it f th g h w
e rac ca a e er s s r o e a e s e s

it l f in lit r tu
se w ll in t r it i l co nq u t
e a re as e as e r or a es s .

Th w h l v b t chi ng nd rit f th
°

e f th o e o e er o se ea s a es o e

Brahm n nd A ny k w ond n d i nto Sfi t

a as a ra a as ere c e se ras

or a phori m to f rm h ndy m nu l f W
s s s o asi o a a a s ox -

fi ce O th r Sfi t
. w fr m d f l yi ng do wn th
e ras ere a e or a e

r ul es f dom tic rit o nd o i l co nd u t Sfi t es es a s c a c . ra

sc h ool pr ng ll ov Indi in th north nd in th

s s a a er a, e a e

so u th nd w o k m ltipli d B id th r ligiou
,
a r s u e . es es ese e s

w rko ph n ti m t gr mm r nd l xico n w r
s, o e c s, e re, a a , a e s, e e

s t udi d nd Ya k w rot h i Ni k t nd Pani ni h i

e ,
a s a e s ru a, a s

gr m m r rly in thi p i d And th con tructio n

a a ,
ea s er o . e s

o f ifici l lt c ordi ng to fix d rul g v ri t

sac r a a a rs a c e es a e se o

g om try which w fir t di cov r d in Indi

e e as s s e e a .

And l tly t h l on f t h Up ni h d w r n t
,
as ,
e ess s o e a s a s e e o

l t Th bold p ul tion t rt d in th work w r

os . e s ec a s s a e ese s e e

p r u d until K pil o in th ighth or v nth n

u s e ,
a a a r se e e se e ce

t ry B C nd t rt d th Sankhy philo ophy th

u . . a s a e e a s ,
-
e

fir t clo ly r on d y t m f m nt l philo phy

s se -
ea s e s s e o e a so

k nown in th wo ld O th r y t m f philo ophy e r . e s s e s o s

w r t rt d by oth r thi nk r but th Sankhy philo

e e s a e e e s, e a

phy w d ti n d to h th gr t t i nflu nc in
so as es e av e e ea es e e

th fut ur
e f Indi ; f G ut m B uddh w e o born in a or a a a a as

th eixth c ntury B C nd h dd d to th cold

s e . .
, a e a e e

logic f th sankhy philo ophy

o w orld m br ci ng
e a s a -
e a
20 INTRO D UCTIO N .

symp thy nd lov f m nki nd w hich h m d h i

a a e or a as a e s

r ligio n th r ligio n f third f th h um n r c

e e e o a o e a a e .

Buddh i m pr d low ly mong th poor nd th

s s ea s a e a e

lowly f it w ,
p t t g jp t st vil
or as a ro es a a s
_
ca
_
e
'

e es a

r ligion f qu lity f m n It pr d low ly —

e o e a o e . s ea s as

C h i t i
r sn ty apr d in E u op ins t h rly
ead y — n til r e e ea a s u

A oks mbr c d B uddhi m in th thi d ntury B C

a e a e s e r ce . .
,

as Co n t nti n th G
s a t mbr c d th n w f ith in
e e rea e a e e e a

Europ A in t h
e . f Chri ti nity
S in t h e case o s a ,
so e c a se

of B ud dhi m it f t b c m s n tio n l r ligio n und r

,
as e a e a a a e e

imp ri l f vo ur nd from th third c ntu y B C th

e a a ,
a e e r . .
, e

Fo th or B uddhi t Epoch b gi n
ur s e s .

O r d r w ill p r iv th t w h v n di ffi c ulty in
ur ea e s e ce e a e a e o

fixi ng t h d t f th Third Epoch A k th Gr t

e a es o e . so a e ea

as c end d t h thro n
e bo ut 6 B C nd h ld h i gr t
e e a 2 0 . .
,
a e s ea

B uddhi t Co uncil to ttl th Buddhi t Scriptur

s se e e s es

abo ut 4 B C Tw u h Council h d b n h ld
2 2 . . o s c s a ee e

b f r n in th y
e o e, o f G ut m
e d th in 4 77 B C
e ea r o a a as
’
ea . .
,

a nd n o hundr d y
e a ft r in 37 7 B C B ut th
e ears a e . .
e

Coun il h ld by A ok in 4 B C fi n lly ttl d th

;

m
c e s a, 2 2 . . a se e e

S cript u r a nd t h gr
es, t p ror th n prom ulg t d e ea e e e a e

th m ll ov r Indi nd b yond th limit f Indi

e a e a, a e e s o a .

A t thi d t sth r f or 4
a e, B C t h Thi d E
e e p ch nd e, 2 2 . .
, e r o e s

a nd t h Fo urth or B uddhi t Epoch b gi n

e A nd w s e s .
e

hv a e see n b for th t th S cond Epoch clo

e e b ut a e e ses a o

B C W m y th r for d t th Third Epoch

. . e a ,
e e e, a e e

from B C to 4 B C For th k f n . . 2 2 . . e sa e o co ve

ni n e ce, w will c ll it th Ph il p h i l P i d
e a e oso ca er o .
 TH IRD EPO CH . 2I

g t politic l lit y nd r ligiou i ncid nt

Th e re a a ,
erar ,
a e s e s

o f t h p ri d r quir th w id
e e p c f v n c nt uri
o e e e e s a e o se e e es

a nd h l f th t w h v ll tt d to th Epoch nd ll
a a a e a e a o e e a a

th f ct th t w k no w co nfi m th
e a s d t
a Dr H e r ese a es . . .

H W il n n id r th t th fir t i nc ur io n f th
. so co s e s a e s s s o e

A ry n t tha outh b g n bout

s o B C nd we s e a a . .
, a e

h va d pt d thi d t
e a o th c mm nc m nt f th
e s a e as e o e e e o e
n
“
L

Thi d P iod Th d t w hi h Dr B ih l h giv n

r er . e a es c .
‘

I er as e

to th Sfi t e f G ut m B udh ay n
ras nd A p o a a a, a a a, a as

t mb f ll w ithi n th d t giv n b v Dr Thib ut

a a a e a es e a o e . . a

ass ign t h ighth c ntury B C t th Sulv Sf t

s e e e . . o e a t ras o r

g m t y Writ r n Sankhy p h il p y
eo e r . gn th e s o a oso assi e

e ighth v nth c ntu y B C to K pil philo phy

or se e e r . . a as
’
so ,

a nd G ut m B uddh liv d w k n w in th i th
a a a a e ,
as e o , e s x

ce nt y B C Ch ndr g p t
ur w
. co nt mpor y f
. a a u a as a e ar o

A l x nd r t h Gr t nd c nd d th thro n prob bly

e a e e ea ,
a as e e e e a

in 3 B C nd h i gr nd on w h v
20 . .
,
a n b fo s a s ,
as e a e see e re,

b m ki ng ixty y r l t r
eca e S ea s a e .

Th d t w hich h v b n rt i n d w ith t l
ese a es, a e ee asce a e o e

ra bl c rt i nty c nfirm th d t w hi h w h v cc pt
e e a ,
o e a es c e
'

a e a e

e d f thor pr vio u or th Epi P riod For if th

e e s e c e .
, e

phil phy f K pil w hi h w di t nt nd m t u d

o so o a a, c as a s a a a re

res ult f th U p ni h d w
o t t d in th ighth
e a s a s as s a r e e e or

v nth ntury th Up ni h d th m lv m u t h v
se e ce ,
e a s a s e se es s a e

b n c mp d t l t tw c nturi
ee o ose rli And a eas o e es ea er .

w pr m bly c rr ct in igni ng B C
e a re es u af o e ass . . or

th e p
U n i h d — th w ork
a w hich clo d th
s a Epi s, e s se e c

P riod
e .
22 INTRO D UCTIO N .
v v

FO URTH EPO CH .

TH E poch b gi n w ith th brilli nt r ign f A ok

e e s e a e o s a

th e G t wh w rea th mp ror f N rth n Indi

, o as e e e o o er a

a nd p ubli h d h i dict f h um nity n ton pill

s e s e s o a o s e ars ,

a nd n r ck o ll ov r No th n Indi from Gu
o s a t t e r er a, z ra o

O ri H pr hibit d t h
ssa . l ught r f nim l p
e o e e s a e o a a s, ro

v id d m dic l id to m n nd
e e ttl ll ov r h i mpir
a a e a ca e a e s e e,

procl im d th d uti
a f citi n
e nd m mb r
e f es o z e s a e e s o

f mili
a nd dir t d B uddhi t mi i n ri
es, a to p o d
ec e s ss o a es r c ee

to th nd f th e e th to mix w ith th ri h nd th
s o e ear , e c a e

poor nd to p ocl im th tr th H i i n ripti n h w

, a r a e u . s sc o s s e

th t h m d tr ti w ith Antioch f Sy i Pt l my f
a e a e ea es o r a, o e o

Egypt A ntigo n f M
,
d n M g f Cyr n nd us o ace o ,
a as o e e, a

A l x nd r f Ep i
e a nd e nt mi i n i
o t th ro s, a se ss o a r es o ese

ki ngd m t pr h t h B uddhi t ligi n Both h

o s o eac e s re o . e re

a nd in f ign c unt i y A k
o re v ryw h r th
o r es,
”
sa s so a,
“
e e e e e

p opl f llow th doctri n f th ligion f th B l d

e e o e eo e re o e e ov e

f th G d w h r o v it h th B ddhi t mi ”
o e o s, e es e er reac e . u s s

i n i
s o y Chri ti n w it
a r es, p h d in Syri
sa s a s a r er,
’
reac e a

tw nturi
o b for th t hi ng f Ch i t (w hi h h
ce es e e e eac o r s c as

som ny m r l poi nt in c mmon) w h rd in No th

a o a s o as ea r

n P l ti n
er S tra es i it th t v y g e . t hi to ic l
o ue s a e er rea s r a

ch ng h h d it f r nn r
a e as a s o re u e .

Th M u y dy n ty w hi h h d comm n d w ith
e a r a as c a e ce

A ok gr nd f th r Ch ndr g pt bout 3 B C
’ ‘
s a s a a e a a u a a 20 . .

did n t l t ry lo ng ft r th tim f A ok It w
o as ve a e e e o s a . as

M ah affy , Alex ander s Emp ire, Ch ap ter X III

’
fi' .
 FO URTH EPOCH . 23

follow d by twe hort liv d dyn ti th Sung nd

o s -
e as es, e a a

th K anv ( 8 3 to 6 B C )
e a 1 nd th n th gr t Andhr
2 , a e e ea as

wh o h d fo nd d
a po w rful mpir in th South n
u e a e e e e co

q u r d M g dh nd w r m t r f North rn Indi
e e a a a a e e as e s o e a

f
or fo ur c nt uri e nd h l f B C 6 to AD 4 3
es a Th y
a a ,
. 2 . 0 . e

w f g n
e e e lly Buddhi t but r p t d Brahm n nd
era s s, es ec e a s a

o rthod x Hi nd u nd thro ghout th Buddhi tep h

o s a u e s oc ,

th tw
e r ligi n flouri h d in Indi id by
o e o s s e a s e

p e
ers cu t i n w o lmo st un k n w
as a n Th A n dhr w o . e as ere

s ucc d d by th gr t Gupt mp ror wh w r

ee e e ea a e e s o e e

s u pr m in Indi
e e till bout 5 0 a nd th n th ir
a 0 a e e

p o w r ew ov rthro
as w n T h
e G pt w r g n lly
. e u as e e e era

or thodox Hi nd but f vou d B uddhi m l o nd

us, a re s a s ,
a

m d g nt t B uddhi t ch urch
a e ra s o nd mo n t i s es a as er es .

In t h m antim Indi w th c n f c ntinu l

e e e a as e s e e o o a

for ig n i nv i n
e Th G
as o k f B ctri xp ll d by
s . e ree s o a a, e e e

T ur ni n i nv d r nt d Indi in th cond nd fir t
a a a e s, e ere a e se a s

ce nt uri esb fd Chri t f und d ki ngdom i ntrod uc d

e re s ,
o e s, e

Gr k ivili ti n nd k now l dg nd h d v i d f
ee c z a o a e e, . a a ar e or

t un in di ff
es nt p rt f Indi f c nt uri
e re a ft r Th y
s o a or e es a e . e

a re id to h v p n tr t d
sa a f e O ri e Th
e a e as ar as ssa . e

T ur ni n th m lv f th Yu Ch i trib n xt i nv d d
a a s e se es o e -
e e a e

Indi nd g v
a, a pow ful dyn ty to K h mi ; nd
a e a er as as ra a

K ni hk th Gr t Yu Ch i ki ng f K h mi
a s a e ea h d n -
, o as ra, a a

e xt n iv mpir in th fi t c ntu y A D which

e s e e e e rs e r . .
,

Th ese dates are h ow ev er uncertain . M any sch olars think th e Gup tas

reigned fro m th e 2nd to th e 4 th century A D . .

24 INTRO D UCTIO N .

s tr t h d from K bul nd K hg r nd Y k nd t
e c e a ,
a as a ,
a ar a o

Gu t nd Agr
z ra a H w B ddhi t nd h ld gr t
a . e as a u s , a e a ea

c n il f th North rn B uddhi t in K h mi Th
ou c o e e s s as ra . e

C a m b j i n ond othar tribs af K b ul th n po u d i nt e es o a e re o

Indi nd w r in th ir t urn follo w d by t h l u t

a, a e e e e e oc s

ho d f th H un w h p d o r W t n Indi in
r es o e s, o s rea ve es er a

th fi fth c ntury A D Indi h d n r t fr m fo ign

e e . . a a o es o re

i nv io n f i or v n nturi ft r th tim f
as s or s x se e ce es a e e e o

A k th Gr t ; but t h i nv d r
so a e ea th y fi n lly t e a e s, as e a se

t l d dow n in Indi
e d pt d th B uddhi t ligio n nd a, a o e e s re ,
a

f rm d
o ep rt f th p pl
a a o e eo e,

B uddhi m gr d u lly d li n d d uri ng th c ntu ri

s a a ec e e e es

a ft r th Chri ti n
e e m uch in th m w y
s a th
era , e sa e a as e

Hi nd ui m f th Rig V d h d g du lly h mq go
s o e e a a ra a ec o r

r up t d in t h
e Epi P i d w h n th Hi nd u h d ttl d
e c er o e e s a se e

d wn in th G ng tic V ll y B uddhi t monk f rm d

o e a e a e . s s o e

a v t nd unm n g bl body f idl pri th d w ni ng

as a a a ea e o e es oo ,
o

v t cr f l nd tt h d t
as a es o h mon t y nd f d
a a ac e o eac as e r , a ee

ing n th r o urc
o f th p pl ; nd B ddhi t c r
e es es o e eo e a u s e e

moni l nd form bord r d m r nd mor n B ddh

a s a s e e o e a e o u a

w hip nd idol t y A ch ng w t h nd nd
o rs a a r . a e as a a a

th t h ng w w it n d w h n Hi nd u g ni u nd
a c a e as esse e e s a

l rni ng nd n w fo m f Hi nd ui m
ea a a e rt d th m r o s a sse e e

se lv in th ixth c ntu y ft r Ch i t fi t in Uj j y ini

es e s e r a e r s ,
rs a ,

a nd th n ll ov r Indi
e aAn ff t form f B uddhi m
e a . e e e o s

li ng r d n f om c nt ri in om p t f Indi
e e o or s e e u es s e ar s o a

a ft r thi
e but th B uddhi t p riod m y b
s id to clo
e s e a e sa se

w ith th fi fth c nt ury A D

e e . .
 26 INTRO D UCTIO N .

o n th e V d nd do n t b lo ng to ny V dic chool
e as a o e a e s .

Ev n th r viv d form f Hi nd ui m f th ixth c nt u y

e e e e o s o e s e r

and l t r g i n t
a e r ligio n f V dic rific but
a es s o a e o e sac es ,
J of w or hip f im g nd g d unk now n to th V d
s o a es a o s, e e as .

Th Cod ef M nu pr nt Hi nd u th ght nd
e o a re ese s ou a

m nn r f th B ddhi t Epoch It i b d n th
a e s o e u s . s ase o e

anci nt D h m fi t
e oci l l w f th Phil ophi l
ar as ras o r s a a s o e os ca

P riod but w h il th D h m fi t
e b long t di ff r nt
e e ar as ras e o e e

V dic chool M n S nhita k now f n h divi

e s s, a us
’
a s o o s uc

sio n nd prof
s a to b th l w f ll A y n It i
esses e e a or a r a s. s

r m rk bl th t v n l t M nu tim th w h l
e a a e a e e so a e as a
’
s e, e o e

A ry n popul tio n ( l vi ng
a id pri t nd ldi )
a ea as e es s a so e rs ,

still f rm d n comp t t th V i y nd h d n t
o e o e ac c as e, e a s as, a a o

b n di unit d nd divid d i nto th num r u t d nd

ee s e a e e e o s ra e a

p of i nc t f m d ntim
r ess o M nu mix d
as es o t o er es . a
’
s e c as es

a re m tly Hi nd u i d b igi n l trib

os -
ze a or a es .

F o n whi h w ill pp r from th f r goi ng

or reas s c a ea e o e

r m k w d t th fo urth or B ddhi t P i d fr m
e ar s e a e e u s er o o

24 B C
2 to 5 00 A D.

(M
. .

F IFTH EPO CH .

TH E fi fth or l t p ch f Hi nd u hi to y i th as e o o s r s e

e p h f Hi nd u r viv l nd cov
oc o v n c nt ri e a ,
a ers se e e u es

fr m 5
o A D to 00
94 A D t h d t
. f t h.M b m 11 . .
,
e a e o e a o

m d n conqu t f N th n Indi
e a es o or er a .

Th p riod b gi n w ith gr t d d in politi

e e nde s ea ee s cs a

lit r tu Fo ign i nv d h d h r d Indi f

e a re . re a e rs a a asse a or

c nt uri b for nd t l t g t v ng r ro
e es e e, a a as a rea a e e a se .
 F IFTH EPO CH . 27

Vik mfi dity
ra a th e G reat
m tr f ,
of Ujj ay ini, w as th e as e o

North rn Indi ; h b t b ck th i nv d r k nown

e a e ea a e a e s as

th eS k in t h
a g t b ttl f K u nd rt d
as e rea a e o o r r, a asse e

Hi nd u ind p nd n Hi nd u g niu nd lit r tur

e e e ce . e s a e a e

r viv d und h i u pic nd n w form f Hi nd ui m

e e er s a s es, a a e o s

as se rt d it l fe se .

Th t w e nt u i nd
o ce h l f comm nci ng with th
r es a a a e e

tim f Vik madity th G t ( 5 to 7 5 A D ) m y

e o ra a e rea 00 0 . . a

b e call d th A g t n
e f l t r S n rit lit r t r
e u us a era o a e a sc e a u e,

a nd n ly ll th g t w o k whi h
ear a popul r in
e rea r s c a re a

Indi t thi d y b l ng to thi p riod

a o s K alid a w rot
a e o s e . sa e

h i m t hl
s d m nd p m in Vik m court
a c ess ra as a oe s ra a s
’
.

Am Si nh
ara th l xic gr ph w n th r f th
a, e e o a er, as a o e o e

ni n g m f thi c rt A nd B h fi
”
“
e e s o i w K a1i s ou . ra v as

da sa s cont mp r y liv d h rtly ft r Silfi dity II

’
e o ar or e s o a e . a .
,

a s u r f Vik madity l d fr m 6 to 6 5 A D
cc esso o ra a , ru e o 10 0 . .
,

a nd i r p t d to h v
s e b n th ut h f R tnfi li
u e a e ee e a or o a va ,

tho gh t h w rk w pr b bly compo d by n thor

u e o as o a se a au

o f h i co urt D ndi n th
s uth r f D
.
k uma Ch rit
a ,
e a o o asa ra a a,

w as n ld m n w h n Siladity II r ign d
a o a nd B an e a e e , a a

bh tt th uth r f K ad mb ri liv d in h i court

a a, e a o o a a ,
e s .

Sub ndh u tha uthor f V

,
a d tta l o liv d t t h
e a o sav a a , a s e a e

sa m tim ; nd th
e e r on t b li v th t th
a ere a re eas s o e e e a e

B h t t ik é y w
a compo d by B h t ih i th uthor f
v a as se ar r ar , e a o

th S t k
e in t h
a a m r ign
a s, e sa e e .

In th n xt c nt ry Y e e m n rul d b t w n 7 0
e u asov ar a e e ee 0

a nd 7 4 A D 0nd th r no w n d B h
. .
,
bh fi t i co mpo d
a e e e av a se

h i pow r ful dr m
s e in thi r ig n B h bh fi ti h w v r
a as s e . av a ,
o e e
28 INTRO D UCTIO N .

w as th e l t f th g l xy f p t nd lit r y m n
as o e a a o oe s a e ar e ,

a nd n lit r ry g ni u
o ro in Ind i ft th mi ddl f
e a e s a se a a er e e o

t h 8 th c nt u y
e e r .

It w in thi as A g t n l th t th g t
s u us a era a so a e rea

n ti n l pic
a o a f Indi e th p d s t i n f m ny
o g a, e ro uc o o a a es ,

c iv d th i l t dditi n nd t h nd m d
re e e e r as a o s a o uc es a a s su e

th ir fi n l h p nd th v l mi n Pu an w hic h
e a s a e, a e o u o us r a s,

h v giv n th ir n m to thi P i d b g n t b m
a e e e a e s er o ,
e a o e co

p d in th i p nt h p
o se e r rese s a e.

In m d n Hi nd u o i n too w h th b ight t
er sc e ce, , e av e e r es

n m a in th
es tw c ntu i nd h l f Ay bh tt
ese o e r es a a a . r a a a,

th e f und o f m d n Hi nd er o t n my w bo n in
o er u as ro o ,
as r

47 6 A D nd
. p d.u ,
d hai w o k ly in ro t h i thce s r ea r e s x

ce nt u y rV ab M ih i h i u
. ar r w n f th
a ra, s s c c esso ,
as o e o e

ni n g m f V ik m C rt B hm g pt w
“ ’2 ’
e e s o ra a s ou . ra a u a as

b n in 5 9 8 A D nd w th f r
or . nt mpor y f
.
, a a s, ere o e, a c o e ar o

B é n bh tt th nov li t
a a a, A nd t h nk n w n
e th f e s . e u o au or o

t h SC y Siddh ant l liv d b ut th ixth c nt y ‘

e Ir a a a so e a o e s e ur .

Thi b illi nt p i d f t w c nt i nd h l f
s r a er o o o e ur es a a a

(5 00 to 7 5 A D ) w foll
0 w d by t w . c n t .i f as o e o e ur es o

imp n t bl d k n ! Th hi t ry f Indi fr m
e e ra e ar ess e s o o a o

75 t0 9 5 o A D i p
0 f t bl nk. N g. t dy n
s a ti er ec a . 0 rea as es

o to po w r n lit ry
r se e i ntifi m n
,
o to era or sc e c e ro se

re n wn n g
o ,
t w rk f r hit tu
o rea t w n
o o a c ec re o r a r as co

t uct d in N th n Indi Hi tory i il nt ov th

s r e or er a . s s s e er e se

t w dr do nt ri
ea ! ce u es

B t w u h v i ndi ti n f w h t w tr n piri ng
e a e ca o s o a as a s .

Th t w d rk c nt u i
e o w it n
a d th f ll f nci nt
e r es esse e a o a e
 F IFTH EPO CH . 29

dyn ti as c umbli ng down f nci nt ki ngdom

es, a nd th e r o a e s

a nd n tio n litia Th y r mbl th d rk p riod f

a es . e ese e e a e o

Eu op w hi h w it n
r e, d th f ll f th Rom n po w r
c esse e a o e a e ,

a nd w hich l d p w h n F ud l pow ro
c ea re In u e e a er a se .

Indi t a,th p w oo, f n i nt r e nd dy n ti

o w
er o a c e ac es a as es as

s il ntly w pt w y d i ng t h p iod f d k n ;
e s e a a ur e er o ar ess

a nd w h n li ght b e k in g i n w nw r
rea f s a a , e see a e a ce o

Hi nd F d l b u n eu t h m t
a f Indi — th
a ro s as e as ers o a, e

mod r n R jp t
e In th g n a l di l tion f n i nt
u s e e era sso u o a c e

p w nd th t ggl f
o er a p m y th y ng t
e s ru e or su re ac ,
e ou es

nd t h m t vig m t th f fr nt nd '

a e os o ro us ra ce c a e o e o re o ,
a

a b t 9 5 A D w fi nd t h R jp t dyn ti ruli ng
ou 0 . . e e a u as es

ry w h in N th rn Indi Th y i nh rit th
“

ev e ere or e a . e e e

thr n f Vik mé dity nd h i

o e o ra in Ujj y ini a a s s ucc esso rs a

a nd K n j th y
a ou p d th p w f th p w ful e usur e e o er o e o er

B ll bh i
a a S n Ki ng or f Gu t nd W t n Indi
e a s o z ra a es er a

a nd th y t i d t e opp th p og r e f S b k t gin
o ose e r ress o a a a

a nd M hm d in t h Punj b
a u e a .

If th t w d k e nt u i th w itn d th ri f
o ar ce r es us esse e se o

a n w p w e th y l w itn d n th r gr t
o er, e lu
a so esse a o e ea rev o

ti n D y i ng B ddhi m w hi h in th tim f Vik

o . ec a u s , c e e o ra

mfi dit y nd h i a a w llow d t xi st id
s suc c esso rs as a e o e s e

by id w ith Hi nd i m w
s e u h d ut f xi t n u s , as c r s e o o e s e ce

d uri ng th d rk nt u i Vik madity th ugh h

e a ce r es . ra a, o e

f v ur d Hi nd i m n v r p r
a o e t d B uddhi t nd
u s , e e e s ecu e s s, a

s om f h i m t r n w n d o u ti lik Am r Sinh
e o s os e o e c r ers, e a a a,

th l xi ogr ph r w r B ddhi t H i uc or
e e c a e , e e u s s . s s c ess s

f vo ur d Hi nd ui m ndB uddhi m by tu n but th r w

a e s a s r s, e e as
 3 0 INTRO D UCTIO N .

compl t tol r tion througho ut th p riod Silédity II

e e e a e e . a .

t h r p ut d uthor
e e f R t na li w
e a t n h B ud o a va as a s au c

dh i t nd w
s ,
vi it d by Ho u n Tfi ng th t in
a as s e e , es e

t v ll r b ut 640 A D Th r w n tho ght f p

'
ra e e , a o . . e e as o u o er

sec ut i n thr ugh ut t hi

o i nt ll tu l p ri d Hi nd u
o o s e ec a e o ,

i m w
s r vivi ng w ith th vig ur f n w li f B ud
as e e o o e e,

dh i m w s dyi ng l w nd n t ur l d th B ut th r
as a s o a a a ea . e e

a re r n t upp th t p r uti n th bu ni ng f
easo s o s o se a e sec o , e r o

m n t ri nd b k nd th b ni hm nt f mo nk
o as e es a oo s, a e a s e o s,

w r w itn
e e d b tw n 7 5 A D nd 9 5 A D S nk ra
esse e ee 0 . . a 0 . . a a

c hd y thr a mo t d t mi n d f f B uddhi m w
e s e er e oe o s , as

b rn in 78 8 A D nd th pi it w hich m rk h i
o . .
,
a e s r a s s

lit r ry l b u oo n f und v nt in th cti n f ki ngs

e a a o rs s o e e a o o .

Th r on t pp th t th n w R jput
e e a re reas s o su o se a e e a

r i r p n ibl f thi p r c uti n whi h fi n lly

ac e s es o s e or s e se o c a

\ /t mp d ut B uddhi m in Indi
s a e o Di ff r nt th ori s a . e e e es

h v b n p ut forw rd t th rigi n f th R jput

a e ee a as o e o o e a s .

Dr H H Wil o n C l T d nd th r utho iti m in

. . . s ,
o . o ,
a o e a r es a

t i nth t th y w r d nd d from th S ythi ni nv d r

a a e e e esce e e c a a e s

o f Indi w h po r d in through u iv ntu i

a o u e s c c ess e ce r es,

wh w r o n b t n b k by Vik madity t h G t
o e e ce ea e ac ra a e rea ,

but w h lik oth r i nv d o, ttl d d wn in th d rt

e e a ers, se e o e ese s

o f W t rn Indi es e nd r ul d nd onqu r d w h n
a, a e a c e e e

th y could B th t it m y th R jput c rt i nly

e . e a as a ,
e a s e a

a pp r to h v b n n w co nv rt t Hi nd u civili tion
ea a e ee e e s o
‘

z a ,

f th r n m ntio n f th m n old r r cord L ik

or e e Is o e o e I e e s . e

a ll n w co nv rt th y
e p u d Hi nd ui m w ith
e s, e es o se s ex ce
p
ti n l
o a l ; th y w r proud t b tyl d K h triy
z ea e e e o e s e s a as
 FIFTH EPO CH .
3 I

(des c nd d from th Sol r nd Lun r r c ) ; nd

e e e a a a a es a

w h r v r th y co nq u r d
e e e B uddhi t ch ur h
e n e e , s c es a

m n t i w nt d w n nd Hi nd u t mpl nd idol
o a s er es e o a e es a s

r
a o se P i tly m nop ly in it
. r es l t f m nd th o o s c o ses or a e

unh lthi t r tri ti n f m d rn Hi nd ui m d t

ea es es c o s o o e s a e

f o m th
r ri f th R jp t nd w r p rp t u t d
e se o e a u s, a e e e e a e

d uri ng th v n entu i f n tion l li f l n und r

e se e c r es o a a e ess ess e

t h M u lm n rul
e sa a e .

It i imp ibl n t t b t u k w ith th r m

s o ss e o o e s r c e ese

bl nc b t w n E r p n Hi t y nd Indi n Hi to y
a e e ee u o ea s or a a s r

a t th p i d w hi h m k th l
e er o f th A n i ntc ar s e c ose o e c e

Ag e Th. ff t f V ik madity t b t b k th
e e or s o ra a o ea ac e

S k a ashv lo r mbl n t th ff rt f th
a e a c se ese a ce o e e o s o e

l t R m n Emp
as or nd rmi t k p b k th
a ero s a a es o ee ac e

hord f b rb ri n w h pr d g ly f w rd f
es o a a a s o esse ea er or a or

conqu t For c nt ri th Hi nd u nd th R m n
es s . e u es e s a e o a s

s uc d d ; but th w v f i n i n nd o nqu t
c ee e e a es o v as o a c es

a t l t ov rw h lm d th n i nt mpir in Indi nd in
as e e e e a c e e es a a

It ly
a nd m k d t h
,
a f ll f n i nt thr n
ar end e a o a c e o es a

i n tituti n ! For c nt i ft r thi v nt W t rn

s o s e ur es a e s e e , es e

Europ nd N rth r n Indi h

e a c r ly ny hi t y
o e a av e s a c e a s or

or t h hi tory i e n f vi l n
s nd w w hich cl
s o d e o o e ce a a rs o se

a n A nci nt E nd u h e d in th M d rn Ag ! Wh n
ra a s ere e o e e e ,

a t l t th d k n l r up w fi nd n w F ud l
as ,
e ar ess c ea s ,
e a e e a

po w r in Europ nd n w R jput pow r in Indi

e e, a a e a e a .

A nd th n w d y n ti e f Eur p e h d mbr c d as es o o e a e a e

C hri ti nity s nd x rt d a lou ly nd nth i

,
a e e e as z ea s a e us as

t ic lly f
a th m di v l pri t
or th n w ly co nv t d
e e e a es s, as e e -
er e
 3 2 INTRO D UCTIO N .

jput did f th B rahm n nd th mod rn Hi nd u

Ra s or e a s a e e

i m f Indi
s o a .

B ut th p r ll l do n t nd h r
e Th n w m t r
a a e es o e e e . e e as e s

o f Indi h d to fight a h rd g i n t th w v f
a as a a a s e a es o

M homm d n i nv io n
a th n w m
e a t r f Euro p as ,
as e e as e s o e

did in Fr nc Sp i n nd in Syri Rich rd th L io n

a e, a , a a . a e

h rt d w fighti ng t th m p riod
ea e as P ith u R i a e sa e e as r a

o f D lhi nd g i n t t h
e ,
m ri i ng p w r In
a a a s e sa e s o e .

Eur p t h Chri ti n b r n
o e v d th ir i nd p nd nc
e s a a o s sa e e e e e e,

a nd ultim t ly xp ll d th M u lm n v n fro m
a e e e e e sa a s e e

Sp i n ; in Indi
a th Hi nd u b ro n truggl d nd a e a s s e a

f lle Sh h b uddi n Gho i ov th w t h

. a a R jp ut ki ng r er re e a

dom f D lhi nd Aj m K n j nd B n
s o e a in ere , a ou a e a res

1 193 nd 94 A D
a nd t h bold t f th R jput
11 . .
,
a e es o e a s

r t t d to th ir d t f t n
e rea e wh r th y njoy
e eser as esses, e e e e a

so t f i nd p nd nc t th pr nt d y th o ugh th
r o e e e e o e e se a , r e

g n rou uff r n f th B iti h Gov rnm nt

e e s s e a ce o e r s e e .

maditiy a th e Gr t t h v
ea o a e ru e l d hortly ft r 5
s a e 00 AD . .

flouri h d in t h fir t ntury B C Th r r h
s e e s ce . e esea c es

of mod rn chol r w hi h h v confirm d nd dd d to

e s a s c a e e a a e

Vik madity hi t ri l im to r now n h v h w v r

ra as
’
s o c c a s e ,
a e, o e e ,

t k n w y from h i ntiqui ty nd h i
a e a a l dt i s a , a s rea a e s

n l ng r n op n q u tio n It i impo ibl f

o o e a u to e es . s ss e or s
34 INTRO D UCTIO N .

S h k p r from th Eli b th n po t nd to ign

a es ea e e z a e a e s, a ass

to him d t w ithi n tw c nturi f Al fr d tim

a a e o e es o e
’
s e

DATES .

Wh t th n i th origi n f th S mo t E b gi n
a e s e o e a a ra, e

ni ng t 5 6 B C P And w h t i t h origi n f th S h é bd
a . . a s e o e a a

E ra, comm nci ng t 78 A D Schol r h v

e a . . a s a e ex

p i n
er e d t
ce h gr t t di fi
fe c ulty in fi ndi ng
ea esut w h t o a

gr t v nt th Er r lly comm m r t nd th
ea e e s es e as ea e o a e a e

co ncl u io n s rriv d t
s a n t y t b y nd th p l
e a f are o e e o e a e o

controv r y e s .

Th S k abd (7 8 A D ) i uppo d to comm mo t

e a a . . s s se e ra e

th d t n w hi h g t Hi nd u ki ng Sfili ah n
V
e a e o c a rea , v a a, or

ik madity
ra d f t d th S k a, B ut th r i n
e ea e e a as . e e s o

e vid nc f S k i nv ion f th t d t xc pt th t
e e o a a as s o a a e, e e a

o f t h gr t ki ng K ni h k
e ea f K h mi th agr t t s a o as ra, e ea es

B uddhi t ki ng f Indi ft r A ok th Gr t wh
s o a a e s a e ea , o, as

w h v
e n b for co nq u r d W t rn Indi
a e see e e, f e e es e a as ar as

A gr a nd Gu a t nd h ld gr t Council f th
z ra ,
a e a ea o e

North rn B uddhi t
e Hi tory do n t p k f nys s . s es o s ea o a

Hind u ki ng wh ch k d h i progr ; but n th o ec e s ess o e

o th r h nd th r
e a ,
i n iption to h w th t K ni hk
e e a re sc r s s e a a s a

h im l f se t bli h d n E w hich w u d from h i

es a s e a ra as se s

tim f tw or thr
e or o nt uri It h b n nj
ee ce es . as ee co ec

t u d th t thi E
re a f K ni h k h s ub qu ntly b n
ra o a s a as s se e ee

k now n th as S k abd or th E e f th
a S k ki ng ;a e ra o e a a

f
or th S k abd w
e a origi n lly B uddhi t E It w
a as a a s ra . as

a dopt d in B uddhi t Indi nd it w k nown nd

e s a, a as a

u d in
se ll a un —
Buddhi t co tri in Thib t nd B u m s es e a r a,
 D ATES .
35

in Ce ylo n
J v It w ft r th Hi nd u r viv l
a nd a a . as a e e e a

o f th 6 th nt u y th t t h
e d t w dopt d by
ce r a e a e as a e

Hind u nd th t y w dd d th t th E m rk d
s, a e s or as a e ,
a e ra a e ,

n t th o r ig n f e B uddhi
e t S k ki ng b
o ut t h d af t / s a a , e e ea

o f th S k e by Hi nd u ki ng Dr Bh o D ji w
a as a . . a a as

th fir t to point ut th t thi id f th S k E
e s o a s ea o e a a ra,

co mm m r ti ng th d f t nd d tructio n f th
e o a e e ea a es o e

S k a d n t c op up b for th 8 th c nt ury A D
as , o es o r e e e e . .

W h v r th E i it d by nci nt w rit r it i
e re e e ra s c e a e e s, s

c it d th E f S k ki ng
e as e nd to t h
ra o pr nt a a a a e ese

d y th Ea i k no w n in u
e ra lm n s th S k abd o r a a a c s as e a a,

or m r fully S k N p t Atit ibd w hich m n

o e as a a ara a er e a, ea s

th E e f th S k ki ng n t th E
ra o f th d tr uctio n
e a a ,
o e ra o e es

o f th S k eby Hi nd u ki ng
a as a .

Th S mv t E i till m r p rpl xi ng
e a a Popul ly
ra s s o e e e . ar

it i k no wn s th E f gr t vi to y f Vik ma
as e ra o a ea c r o ra

dity but hi tory k no w

a, fn V ik madity
s f Ujj y ini s o o ra a o a

in 5 6 B C . .

It i till mor c uri u th t th S mv t E h

s s e com o s a e a a ra as e

i nto u in comp r tiv ly r nt tim

se Dr Bh o D j i
a a e ec e es . . a a

Th e ex ceedingly c areful and observant sch o lar, Co lebro ok e , p ointed

out sev enty y ears a o
g , th at th e astrono mer , V ardh amih ira, w h o liv ed in th e

6th ce nt ury A . D .
, c ited th e Sak a Era as th e Sak a B h up a K dla or

Sahemlra K dla , i. e th e Era of Sak a k ing

th e H is commentator .

ex p lains th is as th e Era wh en th e barbarians called Sak as w ere dis

eo m
fi ted by V
ik ra mddity a . Again, th e astrono mer , B rah magup ta, wh o
fl ourish ed in th e 7th century A . D .
, cites th e Era as Saka Nrip dnte ,

i . e. , a fter th e Sak a K ing . H is co mmenta to r ex p lains th is as

“
af ter

the reign qf V
ih ra mddity a ,
w h o slew a p eo p le f
o barha r ia ns ca lled Sa has.

Colebrook e s Algebra, & c

’
.
, from th e Sansc rit, p . x liii. London 1 8 1 7 .
 36 INTRO D UCTIO N .

sa sy h k now f n i n cription b for th th n

e s o o s e e e 11 ce

tury A D adopti ng thi E Dr K rn in h i int du

. . s ra . . e s ro c

tion to th B ib t S nhita f V ah mih i d cl r th t

e t a a o ar a ra, e a es a

th e u f t h S mv t E
se o in rly tim c nnot b
e a a ra ea es a e

d mon tr t d whil Hi nd u tro nom r b gin to u it

e s a e , e as e s e se

a ft r th
e y r 000 or
e W t gu d hold th t t h
ea 1 so . es er ar s a e

g nt f D ntidu g d t d S k 675 S mv t 8 ( A C
ra o a r a, a e a a , a a 11 .

7 5 4) i t h rli
s t c rt i n i
e ean t nc f ites urr nc e a s a e o s o cc e e .

iA nd Dr B um ll hold . imil r opi nion N t c f

e s a s a . o ra e o

thi E i found in th in ription f th Buddhi t

s ra s e sc s o e s

P riod in Indi
e in oth r B uddhi t co unt i
a, o r, Thib t e s r es, e

a nd B urm C ylon nd J v a, e a a a .

Th c rt i nly m t b om my t y b ut t h
ere e a see s o e s e s er a o e

S mv t E
a 5
a 6 B C It p
ra, t nd to comm mor t . re e s e a e a

victory f king f whom hi tory k n w n thi ng nd

o a o s o s o a

it i n E w hich d n t m to h v b n d in
s a ra o es o see a e ee use

th num ro u i n
e ip tio n in Indi f v l nturi
e s sc r s a or se era ce es

a ft r it pr t nd to h v b n t bli h d
e e e s a e ee es a s e .

Dr F rgu o n o ff
. e b ld ol utio n f thi my t y
ss ers a o s o s s er .

Th t th r l Vik madity th p tron f Kalid a

a e ea— ra a e a o sa

liv d in th 6 th ntu y A D i n w t bli h d

e e ce r . . s o es a s e

b yond doubt ; th t h d f t d f r ig n i nv d r
e a a e e ea e o e a e s

in th b ttl f K u in th 6th nt u y A D
e a e o or r e ce r . .

i s ahi tori f ct ; th t thi y r f gr t Hi nd u

s c a a s ea o a ea

vict ry (prob bly 5 44

o nd f th
a r viv l f a o e e a o

Hi nd u l rni ng ci nc nd r ligio n w
ea , Suit bl
s e e, a e ,
as a a e

d t f th comm n m nt f n E i pp r nt
a e or e e ce e o a ra s a a e .

B ut h niC c l w r n t
ro ti fi d with n E w hich
ers e e o sa s e a ra
 D ATES .
37

was long po t ri r to th B uddhi t E f th

so s e o e s ra o e

S k abd
a nd a,th y fix d n E i ‘ c nturi
a so e e a ra s x e es

b f
e o re t h b ttl f K u
e t m k it nt rior to t h
a e o o r r, -
o a e a e e

S k abd E
a nd
a ll d it by th n m f Vik ma
ra, -
a ca e e a e o ra

dity th a, h f th e b ttl And th y fix d noth r

ero o e a e . e e a e

E ra th u nd y r b for th b ttl f Ko u nd
a o sa ea s e e e a e o t r, a

c ll d th t E by th n m f S i H r h Vik ma
a e a ra e a e o r a s a, ra

dity f th r
a s
’
N Vik madity liv d in 5 6 B C nd
a e . o ra a e . .
,
a

n S i H r h liv d in 4 5 6 B C ; but th
o r a s a Er n m d e . . e as a e

a ft r t h m m n i
e e nd t n c nt i b f r th
ea s x a e e ur es e o e e

i t ry f Vik médity S i H h E h f ll n
v c o o ra a . r a rs a s
’
ra as a e

into di u ; th S m t i till in univ r l u

s se e a va s s e sa se .

Th upp itio n i n t unlik ly f th n mi ng f n

e s os s o e ,
or e a o a

o ld E ft ruli ng ki ng or mp ror i n t unk now n

ra a er a e e s o .

Holt m nn poi nt d ut m ny y r g th t to
z a ign e o a ea s a o a a ss

t V
o ik mfi dity th fi t y r f h i E might b q it
ra a e rs ea o s ra e u e

as gr t mi t k ea w
a h uld commit by pl i ng
s a e as e s o ac

Pop G r go y X III in th y r O n
e e r f th Gr g i n e ea e o e e or a

C l nd r
a e v n J uliu C r in th fi t y r f th
a ,
or e e s e sa e rs ea o e

J uli n P ri d Dr F gu n th ory f th origi n f

a e o .
”
. er sso
’
s e o e o

th S mv t E
e a h f
a b n cc pt d by chol r
ra as, so ar, ee a e e s a s

but w h th r it b fi n lly
e e cc pt d or n t th d t f e a a e e o , e a e o

Vik madity nd f K alid a h b n fix d in th

ra a a o sa as ee e e

6th c nt ury A D b yo nd th po i bility f ny futu

e . .
,
e e ss o a re

co rr ctione .

W n w proc d f f cility f r f r n to giv

e o ee , or a o e e e ce, e a

t bl f d t f th di ff r nt Epoch pr mi i ng th t
a e o a es or e e e s, e s , a

th d t hould b t k n only pproxim t ly

e a es s e a e as a a e
3 8 INTRO D UCTIO N .

corr ct nd th t th rli r d t
e , a o nly up p o d to
a e ea e a es a re s se

be corr ct w ithi n tw or thr c ntu i

e o ee e r es .

EPOCH I V ED IC PERI D . O .

Ary n ttl m nt in th Ind u

a se e e e s

V ll y a e
B C 000 to 4 2 1 00
Compo itio n Rig V d
. .

f th
s o e e a

hym n s

EPOCH II . EPIC PERIOD .

Ar y n ttl m nt in th G ng
a se e e s e a es

V ll y a e B . C . 1 4 00 to 1 000

Lun r Zodi c fix d A tronomi

a a e . s

l O b rv tio n
ca se B a s . C . 1 4 00 to 1 2 00

Compil tio n f th V d a B o e e as . C . 1 4 00 to 1 2 00

F lo u i hi ng P ri d f th K ur
r s e o o e us

nd th P n h al
a e B
a c as . C . 1 400 to 1 2 00

K u u P nchal W
r a B a ar . C . 1 250

F louri hi ng P riod
s f th Ko e o e sa

l as,th K a i nd Vid h B
e s s, a e as . C . 1 2 00 to 1 000

Compo itio n f th s Brahm n o e a as

nd A ny k
a ra B a as . C . 1 300 t o 1 1 00

Compo ition f t h Up ni h d
s B o e a s a s . C . 1 1 00 to
EPO CH III . PH ILO SO PH ICAL PERIO D .

Ary n Conq u t
a B es o f a ll In di a . C. 1 000 to 24 2

Ya k s a B . C 9 th
. t ry
c en u

Pfi nini B . C 8 th
. cent ury ( P)

Sfi t S hool
ra c B s . C . 8 00 to 3 00

S lv S tr
u a ( G om t y )
u B as e e r . C 8 th
. cent ury .

K pil nd Sankhy Philo ophy B

a a a a s . C 700
.
 D ATES .
39

t r chool f Philo ophy

O he S B C
s o to 00 s . . 1

G t m B uddh
au a a B C 5 5 7 to 4 77
a . .

Bimbi Sd Ki ng f M g dh
ra, B C 5 37 to 4 8 5 o a a a . .

Aj t S t u
a a a r B C 4 8 5 to 4 5 3 . .

Fir t B uddhi t Council

s B C 4 77
s . .

S c nd B uddhi t Co uncil
e o B C 377s . .

Ni n N nd Ki ng f M g dh
e a B C 370 to 3
as, s o a a a . . 20

Ch ndr g upt Ki ng f M g dh
a a B C 3 to 9
a, o a a a . . 20 2 1

Bind u Sfi Ki ng f ra, B C 9 to 63 o . . 2 1 2

A ok
s ub ki ng f Uj j y ini
a, s -
B C 63 to 5 9
o a . . 2 2

D itto Emp or er B C 5 9 to . . 2 222

Third B uddhi t Council B C 4

s . . 2 2

M h nd
a e nt to C ylo n
ra se B C 4 e . . 2 1

Katy ay n tt k Pani ni
a a a B C 4 th c ntury
ac s . . e

P t nj li d f nd Pfi nini
a a a e e B C nd c nt u y
s . . 2 e r

S ur a htr
a nd B ng l colo ni d
s a a e a ze

by A y n r a sB C 8 to 5 00 . . 00

Andhr Ki ngdom fo und d

a B C 60 (P) e . . 0

Ch l Ch
o a, nd P ndy Ki ng
era, a a a

do m fo und d
s B C 400 (P)
e . .

Buddhi t M i ion i in O ri
s B C 5 to 00
ss ar es ssa . . 00 2

EPO CH IV B UD D H IST PERIO D . .

Pr v l nc
e a e f B uddhi m e o B C 4 to A D 5 00 s . . 2 2 . .

The M y ur Dyn ty (from

a a as

Ch ndr g upt ) in M
a a dh B C 3 0 to B C 8 3
a ag a a . . 2 . . 1

Th Sung Dy n ty in M g dh B C 8 3 to
e a as
7 a a a . . 1 1

Th K anv Dyn ty in M g dh B C 7 to
e a as 6 a a a . . 1 2

Th Andhr Dy n ty inM g dh B C
e a 6 to A D 4 3
as a a a . . 2 . . o
40 INTRO D UCTIO N .

Th e Gu pt
mp ror a E e s A . D
to A D 5 .
4 00 . . 00

B ctri n i nv d d Indi
a a s a e a B C nd8 t c ntu y
. . 2 1 Is e r

BC8AD t n 1 Is ce
Yu Ch i i nv d d Indi
. . . .

a e a
tu y
-

r .

Ki ng f
K anish k a t h e Yu Ch i ,
o

K h mi ash ld th Coun il f ra , e e c o

N rth rn B uddhi st or di d
o e s, e A . D .

Th Sh h Ki ng rul d in S n
e a s e a

rash t ra A . D . 1 5 0 to 3 00

Camboj ians rom K bul ( f a a nd

K nd h r) i n d d Indi
a a a va e a A . D . 200 to 4 00
A D 4 th st h c en
Th e W hit H un i nv d d Indi
. .

e s a e a ,

tu rIes .

EPO CH V PAURANIK PER O D . I .

Hi nd u R viv l e A D 5 00
a to . . 1 1 94

Vik ra mddity a of Uj j ay ini and

North ern Indi a A . D .

5 15 to 5 5 0

Vik ra b t b ck th
mfi dity a ea a e

for ig n i nv d r in th B ttl
e a e s e a e

f Ko u
o di d f r, o r e A . D .
5 44
K alid a Am inh
sa, Vr u aras a, a ar

chi & ,
c . A D . .
5 00 to 55 0

Bh é i bout
rav , a A . D .
55 0 to
Ay bh tt Fo und r f M od n
r a a a, e o er

Hi nd u A tronomy s

V ah mih i
ar a ra

Author f Sfi y Suddh nt
o r a a a

B hm gupt
ra a a
4 2 INTRO D UCTIO N .

Th e Ki ngdo m of Vj
i z ay anagra A D . . 1 344 to 5 6 5
1

B h dsk arfi ch fi ry a A D . . 12 th c nt u y
e r .

J ay adev a Sri H rh
a s a, gh
Ma a, 810
. A D . . 12 t h c nt ury
e .

say anach firy a A D . . 1 4 th c

e nt u y
r .
 B OOK I
VED IC PERIO D . B . C 2 000 To B . C . 1 400.

C H APT ER I.

IMM IGRATIO N O F TH E IND o ARYAN -

S—TH E1R
.

L ITERATURE .

TH E it f th rly hom f th A y n h b n
s e o e ea e o e r a s as ee

a ubj ct
s f e ndl nt v r i
o m ng hol r
e ess co ro e s es a o sc a s .

Enth u i ti s as nd p t iotic Hi nd u
c hol r w ill n t
a a r sc a s o

admit th t th fir t hom f th Ary n w ny

a e s e o e a s as a

wh ereo ut id Indi w hil q u lly p tri ti Europ n

s e a e e a a o c ea

schol w o ld pl th
a rs t f th primitiv A y n
u ac e e sea o e e r a s

on th ho f th B ltic S W n d h dly y
e s res o e a ea . e ee ar sa

th t it i n t u obj t to nt int thi di c u ion ;

a s o o r ec e er o s s ss

and w m ly r p t h th th y f ll mod r t
e ere e ea ere e eo r o a e a e

thi nk th t th rly hom f th A y n w om

ers a e ea e o e r a s as s e

w h r i C nt l A i
e e h e ra s a .

Th m i n rgum nt n whi h thi on l io n i

e a a e s o c s c c us s

b d h v b n umm d p by Pr f
a se a e ee M M ill in
s e U o esso r ax
‘

I er

a r c nt work nd w q t th m f
e e ,
adr e uo e e o r o ur rea e s

Fi tly w h v t w t m f l ngu g n t nd
rs , e a e o s rea s o a a e, o e e

ing o uth s t to Indi nd th oth r no th w t t

-
ea s a, a e e r -
es o

E ropu Th p i nt w h r th
e . twe tr m n tur lly
o e e ese o s ea s a a

int r ct poi nt to A i
e se , s s a .
”
44 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

Se condly rli t c ntr f civili d lif w r

, th e ea es e es o z e e e e

in A i A nd w m y dd th t th m t p imitiv
’
s a . e a a a e os r e

f r m f ll A y n l ng g
o o a — th nr a t pp h t a ua es e ea res a ro a c o

th t l ng g whi h w
a a p k n by th commo n
ua e c as s o e e

a nc tores f ll A y n r c
s —
o i t h V di S n
a it f r a a es s e e c a sc r o

A n i nt Indi
c e a .

“
Thirdly w in l t r tim
, l rg th nic w v
e see a e es a e e a es ,

i i ng fr m C ntr l A i nd ov r wh lmi ng E r p
r s o e a s a a e e u o e .

Su h c th H n in th f urth nd th M o ngol in
a re e u s e o a e s

t h thirt nth
e nt ury ee ce .

Fo urthly if th migr ti n h d t k n pl
,
fro m e a o a a e ac e

Europ t A i e p rti ul rly f m S ndi n vi w

o s a, a c a ro ca a a, e

s h ld n t r lly l k in th c mm n Ary n l ngu g

ou a u a oo e o o a a a e

n mb r f w d c nn t d w ith m ritim li f ’
for a u e o or s o ec e a e e .

B ut thi i n t th s sWhil w fi nd mm n n m
o e c a se . e e co o a es

for p rti ul r nim l nd bi d nd v n omm n

a c a a a s a r s, a e e c o

n ma f es nim l (p or a ) nd bird ( )
w in g n l
a s w a su a s e era , e

fi nd n n m o f p ilfih a es nd n g n r l n m
or s ec a s es, a o e e a a e

f or fi h ns v n i th r
,
mm n n m f th
or e e sl e e a co o a e or e s ea
”

V ri u pi t
a o mo or l im gi n y f th
s c ures, re ess a ar ,
o e

c ivili ti n f th
z a ly A y n b f r th y p r t d
o o e ea r r a s e o e e se a a e ,

h v b n dr w n by v iou hol f m th l n
a e ee a ar s sc ars ro e s e

d er m t i l f th w rd w hi h
a er a s fo nd in com
o e o s c are u

mn uo m ng th di ff r nt A y n n tion in th
se a o e e e r a a s e

w orld Pi t t w k in t w l g v l um publi h d
’
. c e s or o ar e o es , s e

in P ri in 8 5 9 6 3
a s r t d w id r i nt r t th n ny
1 -

,
c ea e a e e es a a

p c di ng tt mpt f imil r n tu ; nd thi w

re e a e o a s a a re a s as

f llo w d by Dr Fick w ork in 8 68 nd Dr H h n

’ ’
o e . s 1 , a . e s
C H AP I . .
] ARY AN IM M IG RATIO N .
45

w ork in 8 7 It i n t u i nt ntion t dr w uch

1 0 . s o o r e o a s

pi tu h r w w ill nly giv f w f ct bout th

c res e e e o e a e a s a e

li f f th primitiv A y n bout w hi h th r i n
e o e e r a s, a c e e s o

di p t
s u e .

Th dom tic con my mong th

e es ly Ary n e o a e ear a s

w as m u h th m it i m ng th A y n n tion
c e sa e as s a o e r a a s

o f th pr nt d y Th hi to i n f m n d n t
e ese a . e s r a o a o es o

fi nd in A y n hi t y ny tr f H f i i m ( or f
r a
f s or a aces o a r s o

p omi o u l ti n hip b tw n th x ) f f mi
r sc u s re a o s e ee e se es , o a

li b i ng r ko n d
es e th m th r id
ec f i e oh e o e
’
s s e, or o h

h it n by th f m l li n O n th nt ry th
er a ce e e a e e . e co ra , e

f th r w
a e th p t t r nd th n i h
as f th
e ro ec o a e o ur s er o e

f mily th m th r l k d
a ,
ft r
e nd f d t h
o childr n
e oo e a e a e e e ,

th d ght milk d th ttl nd l tion hip by

e au er e e ca e, a re a s

m rri g w
a a r g ni d P b bly th primitiv
e as ec o z e . ro a e e

A ry n h d lr dy
a s h d high r t t f ivi
a a ea rea c e a e s a e o c

li t i n th n pr mi
z a o ou livi ng w uld i mply Th
a o sc u s o . e

f mily
a nd n t th t ib
,
a w t h unit f i ty nd
o e r e, as e o so c e a

th f th r w
e a th h d f th f mily
e as e ea o e a .

M ny f th a ful nim l h d b n dom tic t d

o e use a a s a ee es a e

nd bro ght nd r th uIi f m n Th u w th

'

a e e se v c e o a . e co e
,

b ll th ox th h p th go t th w i n th d g nd
u ,
e ,
e s ee ,
e a ,
e s e, e o ,
a
C' U '

th h r h d ll b n d m ti t d Th w ild b
e o se a a ee o es ca e . e ea r,

th w ol f th h r
e nd t h dr d d
,
e rp nt w r k n w n
a e, a e ea e se e e e o .

Simil rly m ng bi d th goo

a th d uck th
a o u koo r s, e se, e , e c c ,

th v n th qu il th r n nd th wl w w ll
e ra e ,
e a ,
e c a e, a e o ere e

k now n to th ly Ary n e ea r a s .

Th v riou i nd u tri w r till in th i i nf n y ;

e a s s es e e s e r a c
 4 6 VED IC PERIO D .
[ B OO K 1 .

but comm nc m nt in m nuf ctur nd rt h d

a e e e a a es a a s a

b n m d Th A ry n built ho u vill g nd
ee a e . e a s ses, a es a

town m d ro d nd con truct d bo t f

s, a e a m s, a s e a s or co

muni ti n by w t r or f
ca o humbl ki nd f tr d a e or a e o a e .

W vi ng pinni ng nd pl iti ng w r k no w n nd f
ea ,
s , a a e e , a urs ,

s kin nd wooll n f bric w r m d i nto g rm nt

s, a e a s e e a e a e s .

C rp ntry m u t h v
a e md co n id r bl prog
s a e a e a s e a e ress ,

a nd dy i ng w known
e as .

It n d c rc ly b
ee t t d th t gricultur w
s a e e s a e a a e as

pr cti d by th primitiv A y n ; nd it w thi

a se e e r a s a as s

occup ti n which pr b bly g v th m th ir n m

a o o a a e e e a e

7 M ny w ord f mili r to ulti a s a a c

t
v a o rs lik th plough th w ggo n th c t th
e e , e a , e ar , e

w h l th
ee ,
xl th y k in mmo n u mo ng t h
e a e, e o e, co se a e

A ry n n tion poi nt to t h
a a m primitiv root from
s, e sa e e s

w hich th y h v b n d riv d Corn w g o nd

e a e ee e e . as r u ,

pr p r d nd cook d in v riou w y ; w hil th

e a e a e a s a s e e

flo k f h p nd co w by w hich v y f mily w
c s o s ee a s e er a as

urro und d ff d d milk nd m t Th r n b '

s e a or e a ea . e e ca e

littl doubt th t lth ugh gric ultur w l rg ly

e ,
a ,
a o a e as a e

res ort d to m ny p t i r h f f mili u d l o to

e ,
a a r a c s o a es se a s

rov bout from pl c to pl c w ith th ir tt nd nt

e a a e a e e a e a s

a nd flock in r h f n w p tur
s nd f irly
sea c o e as es, a a a

l g portion f th rly Ary n l d nom d li f

ar e o e ea a s e a a e
.

O f thi w h v s om tr c v n in th Rig V d
e a e s e a e e e e e a, as

w h ll f rth r n
e s a see a e o .

W w n t i nfr qu nt in tho primitiv t im

ar as o nd e e se e es, a

w p n f bo n
ea o nd f w ood f to n nd f m t l
s o e a o ,
o s e a o e a s,
C H AP I . .
] ARYAN IMM IGRATIO N .
47

we r k now n Th b w nd th rrow th word nd

e . e o a e a , e s a

th p r m to h v b n th w po n f w
e s ea see a e ee e ea s o ar .

It rg u a om dv nc in ivili tio n th t th u
es s e a a e C z a a e se

f gold ilv r w undo bt dly k now n to i

o nd f a o s e as u e

th e rly A ry n nd w ith th implicity f rly

ea a s a e s o ea

r c th y c ll d gold by th n m y llow nd ilv r

a es , e a e e a e e a s e

by t h n m w hit e a A thi d m t l ( y ) w
e el .
”
r e a a es as a so

k nown but it i doubtful if it w iron

, s as .

It i p rh p impo ibl
s e to co nj tur th ort f
a s ss e ec e e s o

gov rnm nt w hich obt i n d in tho old n d y

e e a e se e a s .

P tri rch
a a f trib nd l d r
s o f m n undo ubt dly
es a ea e s o e e

obt in d a nd ncy
e nd th
as c e impl ubj ct look d
a , a e s e ,
s e s e

up to th m nd c ll d th m th prot ctor or no uri h

e a a e e e e s s

c m f m n or th e hi ni ng ( P ti V
o e ,
i p ti R ij ) chi f
s a ,
s a , e a e

in w w ll
ar a s in p c Th n t ur l f li ng
e as f ea e . e a a ee s o

c ivili d m n di ti ngui h d b tw n right nd w rong

z e a s s e e ee a ,

a nd u t m nd c s o v gu p r ption f wh t w good
a a a e e ce o a as

for t h n ti n h d t h f
e a of l w a e o rce o a .

A nd l tly th primitiv r ligio n f t h A ry n w

as ,
e e e o e a s as

s ugg t d by w h t v r w
es e b uti ful nd triki ng in
a e e as ea a s

th ph nom n f N tu Th k y or th bright k y
e e e a o a re . e s e s

w as a n t rn l bj ct f w o nd r nd f w or hip
e e a o e Th o e a o s . e

s un t h d w n th
,
e fi a nd t h rth th torm nd
,
e re, a e ea , e s s a

th loud nd th th und r ll r c iv d wor hip B ut

till i m
e c s a e e ,
a e e e s .

r ligion w
e pl nd rch ic M yth nd
as s s e a a a . s a

l g nd bout th god nd th ir r l tion hip h d n t

.

e e s a e s a e e a s a o

y t
e m ultipli d l b r t rit e n d c r mo ni l h
e a o a ed n t es a e e a s a o

y t
e b n f bric
ee t d T h a bold for f th r
a e f t h .A ry n e e a e s o e a
4 8 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

na tion look d Up w ith m nly v n r tion to wh t

s e a a e e a a ev er

w as w o nd o u nd b uti ful in N tur

r s a im gi n d uch
ea a e, a e s

m nif t tion
a es a i n ti nct w ith d ity nd o ff r d th i
s as s e , a e e e r

pr i nd th ir pr y r w ith gr t ful nd f v nt
a se a e a e s a a e a er e

h rt
ea .

Adv nturo u b nd e f A y n l ft th ir hom in C n

s a s o r a s e e e e

tr l A i from tim to tim in qu t f fo d or p tu

a s a e e es o o as re ,

o f ki ngdom or pl und r Ths x ct ord inw hich th e . e e a er e

for f th
e a f th di ff r nt n tio n l ft h
ers o e n tb n e e a s e as o ee asce r

t in d nd w ill n v r b
a e ,
a c rt i n d Prof or M
e e e as e a e . ess ax

M iill hold th t th fir t divi io n f th A ry n r c w

er s a e s s o e a a e as

divid d into tw b n h
e i th North W t rn
o ra c es, v z .
, e -
es e or

Europ n nd th S uth E t rn or A i ti
ea ,
a e nd t h t
o -
as e s a c a a ,

a ft r th y b c m o n
e e p t d th tw b nch n v
e a e ce se a ra e ,
e o ra es e er

m t g i n Th North W t n br nch tr v ll d to w rd
e a a . e -
es er a a e e a s

Europ divi i n took pl

e nd fi
s o di tinct
s a c e, a ve s ra c es

occupi d fi di ff r nt p rtion f Europ t p riod

e ve e e o s o e a e s

w hich c nnot b a c rt i n d Th C lt ttl d or w

e as e a e . e e s se e , ere

mor pr b bly driv n onw d by oth r r c to ttl

e o a e ar s e a es se e,

in th xtr m w t f Europ in Fr n Ir l nd
e e e e es o e, a ce, e a ,

Gr t Brit i n nd B lgi um th rob u t Tut n ttl d

ea a ,
a e e s o s se e

in c ntr l Europ
e a f m w hich th y i u d ft r th
e, ro e ss e a e e

downf ll f Rom t onqu r th whol f Europ

a o e o c e e e o e

t h Sl v
e ttl d in t n Europ i in Ru i nd
a s se e e as er e, . o, . ss a a

oth r pl c nd th It lic nd G r k divi io n ttl d

.

e a es a e a a ee s s se e

in th outh f Europ
e s o e .

Th A i tic br nch tr v ll d o uth w rd

e s a a nd ccord a e e s a s, a a

ing to M M iill th
ax till undi id d Indo Ir ni n
er, e s v e -
a a s
5 0 VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K 1 .

li g It xpl i n h w th mi nd f m n in it i nf n y
fee n s . e a s o e o a s a c

wor hip w h t i bright nd glorio u in n tur

s s a s wh t i a s a e, a s

p w rful nd triki ng A mong l h ppy n tion r li

o e a s . ess a a s, e

gion b g n w ith th dr d f di
e a nd f vil e ea o seases a o e s, a s

th m d th mo t l ti ng impr ion n th mi nd
ese a e e s as ess o e .

B ut mo ng tha A ry n th bright r nd pl
e ant r s, e e a easa e

a s ec s
—
p t f n tur th bright k y th bl u hi ng d w n
o a e, e s , e s a ,

th e ri ing un nd th glowi ng fi cr t d th d p t
s s ,
a e re, ea e e ee es

impr ion nd c ll d forth o ng f gr titud nd

ess ,
a a e s s o a e a

pr i nd wor hip Thi i th Rig Vd S nh itfi

a se a s . s s e e a a ,

thi i th rli t form f Ary n r ligion k nown

s s e ea es o a e .

B ut th Rig V d i mor th n thi

e e It ho w u
a s e a s. s s s

h w
o t h mi nd ie l d from N t ur ups to N e t ur G d a e a es
’
o .

For th g f th Rig V d do n t l w y r m i n
e sa es o e e a o a a s e a

sa ti fi d w ith th w or hip f th m ni f t tion f

s e e s o e a es a s o

N tur ; th y om tim
a e e o r high r nd d r t
s e es s a e , a a e o

c onc iv th t l th ph om n th un th k y
e l
e a n a — ese e e a e s , e s ,

th torm nd th th d r
e s u n
s, a
— but th e ction f t h e are e a s o e

Un k n o w bl O n aIt i in t
e h v ry l t t hym n f t h
e . s e e a es s o e

V d th t w fi nd th d ri ng gu
e a a e ft r truth ese a esses a e ,

thi bold c nc ption f n God

s o e o o e .

A nd if uch i th v l s f th Rig V d to th h i
s e a ue o e e a e s

tori n f m n it v lu to th hi tori n f Ary nn ti n

a o a ,
s a e e s a o a a o s

i
s s till gr t r I t i t h
ea e old t work inth A ry n world
. s e es e a .

It giv u pict
es u r f
s ath old t civili tio n
e ow hich th e es za e

A ry n a d v lop
s d in n y
e e p rt f teh w orld ; nd a a o e a as

w h ve aid b fo it nlight n nd l r up m uc h
e sa e re, e e s a C ea s

th t i d rk nd ob c ur in th r ligion nd myth f
a s a a s e e e s a s o
C IIAP . I .
] ARYAN IM M IG RATIO N .
5 1

Ar y n n tion ll ov r th world It would b ntir ly

a a s a e e . e e e

f r ig n t
o e pr nt obj ct to ill u tr t thi by
o o ur ese e s a e s

i n t nc but om i n t n
s a es, w ll k no w n t s e s a c es a re so e as o

m r ly r quir m ntio n t ill u tr t u vi w

e e e e a e o s a e o r e s .

Z u or J upit r i th V dic D y u th Sk y D phn

e s e s e e ,
or e a e

a nd A th n th V dic D h na nd Ah na th
e a a re e e a a a a , e

d w n Ur nu i V run th k y nd p b bly
a a s s a a, e s a ro a ,

Pr m th u
o nd H ph i to
e e t h V dic P m nth
s a e a s s are e e ra a a

a nd Yav ish th a , th e fi re

To th e Hi nd u ork f till high s th e Rig Vd e a is a w o s er

import nc It xpl i n th wh l f b i f th l t r
a e . e a s e o e a rc o e a e

Hi ndu r ligion it cl r ll th complic ti n f l t

e ea s a e a o s o a er

myth logy ; it thro w light n th hi to y f th Hi nd u

o s o e s r o e

mi nd fr m it rli t t g f i nf ncy to th l t t
o s ea es s a e o a e a es

tim Th Hi nd u l rn fr m thi n i nt nd p ic l
es . e ea s o s a c e a r e ess

vol m th t Vi hnu th up m pr rv r nd h i
u e a s e s re e ese e , a s

thr t p cov ri ng th uni r m n th un t it

ee s e s e e v e se, ea e s a s

ri it nith nd w h n tti ng th t th t rribl god

se, s z e ,
a e se a e e e

R udr t h u
apr m d tr y re origi n lly m nt th
S e e es o e ,
a ea e

th und r or thund r loud ; nd th t Br hm a th upr m

e e -
c a a a . es e e

cr tor w rigi n lly pr y r th god f pr y

ea ,
as o a a e or e o a er .

A nd l tly h l r n th t Ram
as ,
nd Kri h n D u gfi
e ea s a a a s a, r .

a nd L k hm i G n a nd K artik y
s ,
l t r cr tion
a esa a e a, a re a e ea s

o f th P uran
eik f n cy n daw r u nk n o w n to t h fir t a ,
a e e e s

A y n in Indi
r a s a .

Hi toric lly nd oci lly too th Hi nd u h m uch

s a ,
a s a ,
e as

t ol rn fr m th V d For th Rig V d giv u a

ea o e e a. e e a es s

pictur f oci ty wh n th w r n t di ti nction

e o s e e ere e e o cas e s s,
5 2 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

w h nw
e ido w w r m rri d
s nd w om e en h d th ir l gi
a e , a e a e e

t im t i n
a e fl u n in t h oci
e ty in
ce whi h th y eliv d snd e c e e a

mv d o e .

Th V ed co n i t e f a hym n compri
s s s o i ng v s, s o er

t n tho u nd v r
e sa Th hym n e ses ddr d t
. e s a re a esse o

N urgrg
t a d f w homo f
s, ull o o nt w ill b g v na acc u e i e

tr n
/

a e o .

Th hym n e g n r lly impl nd b tr y hild

s a re e e a s e, a e a a c

lik e and impl f ith in t h g d to w h m

s e a ifi e o s, o sac r c es a re

o ff r d
e e nd lib ti n
,
a f th S m j uic
a o s pour d
o e o a e are e ,

a nd w h k d f in
o a re as f prog ny
e orttl nd c rease o e ,
ca e, a

w lth nd implor d t h lp th A ry n in th ir till

ea ,
a e o e e a s e s

do ubtful tr ggl g i n t th bl ck b igini f th

s u e a a s e a a or es o e

P nj b u a .

Th hym n f th Rig V d
e s o divid d i nto t n
e e a a re e e

M nd l a B k nd w i th th x pti n f th fi t
a as o r oo s, a e e ce o o e rs

a nd th l t b ok e v y n f th r m i ni ng igh t
as o s, e er o e o e e a e

b ook c nt i n hym n
s o aid to h v b n c mp d
s s sa a e ee o os e or

ra th r pr l im d by n i hi by w hi h w m y nd
e oc a R — e o e s , c e a u er

t nd n f mily li n f t ch r Thu th co nd
b ook i by G it m
s a o e a or e o ea e s . s e se

s d wh i
r id to b th
sa a a, m o s sa e e sa e

as S un k ; th third by V
a a a i fi mit e th f rth by sv ra e ou

B dm d a th fi fth by A t i ; th
ev a e ixth by Bh a d aj r e s ra v a

th v nth by V i h th th ighth by K nv nd th
e se e as s a e e a a a e

ninth b y A ngi Th fi t book nt i n 9 hym n

’

ra s . e rs co a s 1 1 s,

w hich w ith t t r d x pti n sc a mpo d by fi ft n

e e e ce o s, are co se ee

Ri hi ; nd th t nt h book l
s s a e nt i n 9 hym n
e a so co a s 1 1 s,

w hich mo tly crib d to fictitiou uthor

are s as e s a s .
C H AP . I.
] ARVAN IM M IGRATIO N .
53

tt mpt to p r t th old r hym n f m th

Th e a e se a a e e e s ro e

n w e nd t
, a ign p t p ri d f o a ss h h nt a se a ra e e o or eac ,
as o

s u d d nd i n v r lik ly t u d N v th l
cc e e e ,
a s e e e o s cc ee . e er e ess,

th m t
e los t d nt f th V d nn t h l p
c a re ess s u e o e e a ca o e

n ti i ng th t t h t nth
o c l t M nd l f th Rig V d
a e e or as a a a o e e a

t nd p t f m th th ni n nd l k lik l t
s a s a ar ro e o er e, a oo s e a a er

a pp nd g ; nd m t f th hy mn f thi b k
e a e a os o e s o s oo a re

co mp t i ly r nt hym n O n
a ra ve n lm t l y h i
ec e s . e ca a os a s

fi ng n m ny f th hym n f thi b k whi h

er o a o e s o s oo c a re

u nd bt dly r nt omp r ti ly p ki ng Th y
ou e ece ,
c a a ve s ea . e

di l high d v l pm nt f id
s c o se a m r mt d
er e e o e o eas, a o e a ure

t t f p l ti n nd ft n g
s a e o s ec u a p titio n
o s, a o e a rosser su ers ,

a nd m a t ifi i l t t f i ty S h
o re ar th c a s a e o so c e . uc a re e

hy mn w hi h d ib th f t w rld l y do w n th
s c esc r e e u ure o ,
or a e

rit l f m i g fun l nd h th b
ua s or arr a e or era a suc a re e o scure

s p ul ti n b t th nity f G d S h g i n
ec a o s a ou e u o o . uc a a a re

t h M nt
e g i n t di
a ras a & imil t th hymn f
a s seases, c .
,
s ar o e s o

th eAt h V d w hi h i d mitt dly l t r wo k

arv a e a, c s a e a a e r .

M t f th hym n f th t nth Book f th Rig V d

os o e s o e e o e e a

a g in
a ib d to g d if th r l uth w
a re asc r e u o s, a s e ea a o rs ere a x

i to c n l th l t igi n f th hym n by thi d vi

o us o c ea e a e or o e s s e ce

Th hym n e f th Rig V d w
s h nd d do wn
o e e a ere a e

f m f th r t
ro a n from t
e h r t p pil f nt ri
o so , or eac e o u o r ce u es

t g th r nd it w in l t r g in th Epi P riod
o e e , a as a a e a e, e c e ,

th t th y w
a e r ng d nd mpil d Th whol
ere a r a e a co e . e e, o r

g t r porti n f th t nth Bo k m to h v b n
rea e o o e e o , see s a e ee

th prod u ti n f thi l t
e c p iod but w th wn in
o o s a er er ,
as ro

a nd pr v d w ith th body f th old hym n

eser e e o e er s.
54 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

Th e rr ng m nt nd com p il tion f th Rig V d

a a e e a a o e e a

hym n in th ir p nt h p m u t h v b n compl t d
s e rese s a e s a e ee e e

w ithi n th Epi P riod In A it

e y A r ny k cII e . are a a a a , 2,

w h v f n i ful d iv ti n giv n f th
e a e a c n m f th er a o s e o e a es o e

Ri his f th s Rig V d in th
o ord r in w hi h th
e e a e e c e

M nd l
a r ng d A nd thi i foll w d by n
a a s are a r a e . s s o e a

a cco unt f Sukt or hym n f Rik

o a v r f h lf a , o a or e se, o a a

Rik f, P do w o d nd f n A k h
a a or yll bl
a or r ,
a o a s ara s a e .

Th Rig V d S nhi ta th r for h d n t o nly b n

e e a a e e e a o ee

a rra ng d M nd l e by M nd l b t h d b n c r
a a a a a a, u a ee a e

f l ly divid d
u ubdivid d nd en ly d w ithi n t h
, s e , a a a se e

Epi c P ri d e o .

By th lo f th Epic P ri d v ry v r v ry
e c se o e e o ,
e e e se, e e

w d or v y yll bl f th Rig V d h d b n
, e er s a e o e e a a ee

co unt d Th numb
e . f v r c mp t d v ri
e er o e ses, as o u e ,
a es

f m
ro t th t f w rd i o th t f a o o s s a o

syll bl 4a es
 C H APT ER II .

AG RICULTURE, PASTURE, AND CO M M ERCE .

TH E m i n i nd u t y f th n i nt Hi nd u
a s r f th o e a c e s, as o e

mod rn Hi nd u w
e gricult ; nd might b s, as a ure a as e ex

p t
ec ed w h v , fr q u nt lleu io n t
a e it in t h Re ig V d e a s s o e e a .

Th y n m Ary by w h i h th A ry n co nqu o f
e v er a e a c e a er rs o

Indi h v di ti ng ui h d th m lv
a a e fr m th
s bo igi n
s e e se es o e a r es

or Da i id to c m f om
s as , s sa ot w hich m n t o e r a ro ea s o

c ultiv t Pr f
a e r M M iill h tr c d th p
. o esso ax er as a e e ro

g f
res s o thi w ord ll ov t h sA y n w o ld f om a I n er e r a r ,
r ra

or P r i to Eri n or Ir l nd nd rg w ith co n id
e s a, e a ,
a a ues s er

a bl for th t th w ord w i nv nt d in th prim v l

e ce a e as e e e e a

hom f th A y n in C ntr l A i to i ndi t

e o e r a s e a s a, ca e

t h ir p rti lity to c ultiv tio n

e a a di ti ngui h d from th a , as s s e e

n m dic h bit
o a f th T ur ni n w ho
a n m i ndic t
s o e a a s, se a e a es

th ir r pid j u ni or th fl tn
e a o f th ir hor
r es e ee ess o e se .

C rt i n it i th t th w ord Ay i th
e a s a n w ord in e r a s e o e

th e Rig V ed w hi h di ti ng i h a th conqu ror c s u s es e e s as a

l or v n
c a s s, c t f m th bo igi n f th
e e as a as e, ro e a r es o e

co unt y A nd th r
r . m rk bl p g l o whi h e e are re a a e assa es a s c

s ho w th t th n w ttl r in lli ng th m lv Ay
a e e se e s, ca e se es r a,

h d n t lt g th r f gott n th
a o a o r l ignifi tion f
e e or e e ea s ca o

t h w ord O n i n t nc w ill ffi s a su ce
*

e . e e

O y tw A vi n ! y e h v di pl y d y ur glo y
o s s ou a e s a e o r
 5 6 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

by t chi ng th fi y to cultiv t w ith th plo gh nd

ea e r a a e e u a

f
to sow cor n nd by givi ng him r i n f
,
a ( t h prod u a s or e c

ti n f) h i food nd by d troyi ng th D y by
o o s , a es e as u

y th und rbolt ( I 7
our e .
”
, 11 ,

Th r tw oth r w rd
e e a re in th Rig V d w hi h
o e o s e e a c

yno nymou n t m h w ith th A y n trib b t

a re s s, o so uc e r a e, u

r th r w ith m n g n r lly nd both f th m com

a e a e e a a o e e

f om oot w hich i ndi t c ultiv tio n Th

r r s w rd ca e a . e o s a re

Cha rsha ua ( I, 3, 7, & c ) . and K ris/i ii ( I, 4 , 6 and

both th wo d om f om m difi tion f th

ese r s c e r o ca s o e

sa m root K i h or Ch i ] to ulti t
e r s r s : c va e .

Thu th v y n m which th A y n nqu ror f

s e er a es e r a co e s o

Indi g v th m lv
a a e n m w hi h i ndi t
e se th t es a re a es c ca e a

u ful o
se up ti n w hi h di ti ng i h
cc a tho ivili d m n c s u s es e c z e a

f om th b rb i n i
r e lti tio n f th oil
a ar a ,
v z .
,
cu va o e s .

Th num
ere u dia re t ll i n in th Rig V d ero s rec a us o s e e a

to gricultur but th mo t r m rk bl m ng th m
a e, e s e a a e a o e

is a hym n whi h i d di t d to uppo d g d f c s e ca e a s se o o

a g i ultur th L d f th Fi ld
r c e, e h i ll d nd
or o e e as e s ca e ,
a

w hi h w w ill tr n l t in f ll
c e a s a e u

W w ill w in ( ltiv t ) thi fi ld w ith th L ord

1 . e cu a e s e e

o f t h Fi ld m y h n u i h
e e ttl nd u ho
a e o r s o ur c a e a o r rses

m y h bl
a u th
e by ess s ere .

O Lord f th Fi ld b to w n u
2 . o w t nd e e es o s s ee a

pur nd b utt lik nd d li i u nd opi u r i n

e a er -
e a e c o s a C o s a ,

v n co w giv u milk M y th Lo d f th
e e as s e s . a e r s o e

w t r bl
a e u ess s .

3 M y. t h pl nt b w
a t unto u ;em y t h ki a s es ee s a e s es
5 8 VED IC PERIO D .
[BOO K 1 .

Vd e a lit r y compo ition Wh th r it i n

as a e ar s . e e s a

ac count f b ttl with borigi n or p y r to fri nd

o a a e a es , a ra e e

ly Indr t om nd h v up f Som or ong f

a o c e a a e a c o a, a s o

th e impl ul tiv t r —th Rig V d h ym n l w y

s e c a o ,
e e a a a s

t k u n r r to th impl worki ng f impl b t

a es s ea e e s e s o a S e u

t ightforw rd nd m nly h rt th n nything in th

s ra a a a ea a a e

lit r tur f l t tim

e a e o a er es .

W w ill t n l t
e portion f noth r hym n l
ra s a e a o a e ,
a so

d dic t d to g i ultu
e a e a r c re

3 F t
. n t h pl gh
as e pr d u t t h
e yok n d
ou s, s ea o e es, a

so w th d n thi fi ld wh i h h b n pr p r d L t
e see o s e . c as ee e a e . e

t h co n gro w w ith u h mn l t th yth of ll n

r s e e sc es a o
e r
y
th n ighb uri ng fi ld w h r th cor n i
e e o ip e s e e e s r e .

4 T h . plo gh h v be n f t n ud t hs l bo a e ee as e e e a ure rs

h v p d th yok th w i m n utt i ng pr y
a e S rea e es e se e a re er a

e rsto g d o s.

5 P p
. r t o gh f
re t h dri
a e nki n g f
r u t h n im l s or e o e a a s .

F t n th l th r tring nd l t u t k ut w t
as e e ea e -
s ,
a e s a e o a er

f m thi
ro d p nd goodly w ll whi h n v r d i
s ee a e c e e r es

UP

6 .trough h v b n pr p r d f th nim l
Th e
. s a e ee e a e or e a a s

th l e th r tri ng hi n in th d p nd goodly w ll
ea e -
s s es e ee a e

w hi h n v r dri
c up
e e nd th w t r i ily got T k
es ,
a e a e s eas . a e

o ut w t r fr m th w ll
a e o e e .

7 R fr. h t h h ses;e t k u p
es t h cor n t k
e d or a e e s ac e

in t h fi ld e nd m ke c rt w hi h will conv y it i
a a e a a c e eas

ly . Thi w ll f ll f w t r f th dri nki ng f nim l

s e u o a e or e o a a s,

is o n d in xt nt nd th
e roua i ton wh l t it
e e , a ere s a s e ee o .
C H AP . II .
] AGRICULTURE, & C .
59

A nd th e r rvoir f th dri nki ng f m n i n h n

ese or e o e so e s a aa
’
.

Fill it w ith w t r ( X a e .
”
,

Irrig tio n nd c ultiv ti n in th

a Punj ba o nly a o e a are

p ibl by m n f w ll nd w ll
o ss e r rv d l
ea s o e s, a e s are ese e a so

f orth dri nking f m n nd f b t ; nd it i n t

e o e a o eas s a s o

s u pri i ng th r for
r s th t w hould fi nd r f r nc t e e e a e s e e e es o

w ll in th Rig V d
e s A n th r r m rk bl f ct w hich
e e a . o e e a a e a

a p p r from
ea s t h p g t n l t d bov i th t e a ssa es ra s a e a e s a

h r w r u d f c ultiv tion in tho d y c u tom

o s es e e se or a se a s, a s

still common in Europ but n t in Indi in mod rn e, o a e

ti m es .

In X 5 4 nd in m ny oth r pl
, 2 ,
w h v
,
a ll u io n a e a c es e a ea s s

to w ll In X 9 3 3 w
e s . t ld h w w t r w , , 1 , e are o o a e as

r i d from w ll f irrig tio n Th co ntriv n i

a se e s or a . e a ce s

th e m sa i till in v g in North rn Indi ;

e as s s o ue e a a

numb er f pot ti d to t i ng nd th p t g
o s are e a s r , a as e o s o

up nd dow n by th mov m nt
a f w h l th y e e e o a ee , e a re

fill d in th w ll nd pull d up nd mpti d nd nt

e e e a e a e e a se

do w n g i n Th co ntriv n i
a a ll d gh ti h h
. e a ce s ca e a e a ra , o r

th circl f pot nd b r th m n m to th
e e o s, a ea s e sa e a e e

pr nt d y
ese a .

In X 9 9 4 w h v ,
noth r ll u io n to irrig tio n f
, , e a e a e a s a o

fi ld by m n f c n l which w r r pl ni h d w ith
e s ea s o a a s e e e e s e

w t r by m n
a e f d A nd in X 68
ea ws o a roua . , , 1, e a re

told th t c ultiv tor wh i rig t d th ir fi ld k pt

a a s o r a e e e s e

a w y bird by utt ri ng lo ud
a i
s e c r es .

A
-
t t d bo th ll u ion to p t ur
s s a e a by n ve, e a s s as e are o

m n ea f q uent
s so th ll u io n to g i ltu
re as e a s s a r cu re.
 60 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

Pas h an is th e god of sh
gp h grds,
—h e is t h e s un as

i
Vew e d by h ph d — nd i upp d t p t ct th m
s e er s, a s s o se o ro e e

a nd t v ll g n lly in th ir w nd i ng v r th
ra e ers e e ra e a er s o e e

count y A nd h r nd th
. in hym n to Pfi h n w ere a ere a s a , e

fi nd th t th A y n a f Indi h d bro ght w ith t h m

e r a s o a a u e

r c ll ction nd ng bo ut tho mig ti n w hic h

e o e s a so s a se ra o s

th y occ ion lly und t k in C ntr l A i if n t

e as a er o o e a s a, o
“
wh
i ft th ir ttl m nt in Indi W t n l t n h
er e se e e a . e ra s a e o e suc

h ym n b lo w e

O P I h n ! h lp u t fi ni h u jo urn y nd
‘

I . Is a e s o s o r e ,
a

r mov ll d ng r 0 S n of th Cl ud d tho u
e e a a e s . o e o ,
o

m rch b for u
a e e s

O Pu h n ! d th u
2 . mov from u p th him
s a o o re e o r a

w h wo uld l
o d u t y wh trik nd pl und r
ea s a s ra , o s es a e s

a nd do w ro ng es .

3 Do tho
. u d iv w y th t w ily robb r w h r e a a a e o

i nt rc pt journ y
e e s e s .

4 Do tho
. u tr mpl nd r thy f oot t h vi l c r
a e u e e e a ca s s

o f him w h pl und in both w y ( by t lth nd

o ers us a s s ea a

by forc ) nd w h c mmit outr g

e a o o s a es .

5 O w .i Pfi h n d troy r f
se n mi ! w s a ,
es e o e e es e

impl r f th th pr t t i n w ith which thou did t

o e O ee e o ec o s

s hi ld nd ncour g
e a f f th r
e a e o ur o re a e s .

6 O Pfi h n po
. d f ll w lth p
s a ,
d f ssesse o a ea ,
o ss esse o

g ld n w pon nd chi f mo ng b ing ! b to w n

o e ea s, a e a e s es o

u thy ri h
s c es .

7 L d u. th t n
ea mi w h isnt r pt
so m y a e e es o e ce a

n t h rm u ; l d u by n
o a y nd pl nt p th
s ea s a eas a easa a .
C H AP . II .
] AG RIC ULTU RE, &C . 61

O P fi s h an ! d vie se m eans ( fo r o ur sa fe ty) on thi s

j ur n y
o e .

8 d u to pl nt tr t c r d with gr n
. L ea s easa ac s ove e ee

g ; l t th r b n xt m h t by th w y 0
ra ss e e e e o e re e ea e a .

Pu h n d vi
s a m n (f u f ty) n thi journ y
e se ea s or o r sa e o s e .

9
“
B p w. r fu l ( in thye prot cti n); ofill u e
( w ith e o s

rich ) ; b t w n u (w lth) ; m k u tr ng nd
es es o o s ea a e s s o a

giv u food O Pu h n d i m n (f u f ty)

e s s a ev se ea s or o r sa e

o n thi jo rn y s u e .

W d n t bl m Pfi h n b ut w xtol him in
10 . e o o a e s a e e

o u hym n W oli it w lth from th h nd om

r s . e s c ea e a s e

Pu h n
”
s I 4 a .
, 2 .

Th r i l e e noth r i nt r ti ng hym n
s a so n th a e e es o e

pr ctic f t ki ng ut c ttl to p tur fi ld nd th n

a e o a o a e as e e s, a e

bri ngi ng th m b ck A f w v r e worth tr n a . e e ses are a s

l ti ng
a

4 W ll
. t h co w h rd l
e t him t k
ca t th e e , e a e ou ese

cow l t him p tur th m in th fi ld l t him k no w

s e as e e e e s e

a nd pi k t th c nim l ; l t him bri ng th m b k

ou e a a s e e ac

to th h u l t him p t th m n ll id
e o se e a s ure e o a s es .

5 T h w h. d k f t h o w
e co n d bri ng th m
er s ee s or e c s a s e

b k to t h h u ; h p t ur th m n ll id
ac e o se e as es e o a s es .

M y h om h m
a ec f e o e sa e .

8 O c w h rd ! p tur th co w in ll dir tio n

. o e as e e s a ec s,

and bri ng th m b ck P t r th m in v ri e p t f a . as u e e a o us ar s o

th th nd th n bri ng th m b ck ( X
e ea r ,
a e e a .
”
,

Th r ll u io n in th p c di ng p g to
e e are a s s e re e assa es

robb r wh i nf t d o utlyi ng t t f th country

e s o es e rac s o e ,
 62 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

prob bly to c ttl li ft r nd thi v mong th bori

a th e a e-
e s a e es a ea

g in l ar c w h h
a es, u ng r un d t h
o A y n vill g n da o e r a a es a

cl r nc nd liv d by i nt rc pti ng p ful ind u try

ea a es, a e e e eac e s .

W h ll p k f th m f rth r n
e s a s ea o e u e o .

A ll u io n to tr d
s nd comm rc m u t b n c
s a e a ril y e e s e e essa

r r in coll ction f hym n to god but n v rth l

a e a e o s s , e e e es s ,

w e h r nd th r urpri d by p g whic h
are e e a e e s se a ssa es
‘

throw c uriou light n th m nn r f th tim

a s o e a e s o e es .

L n nd u ury w r w ll und r tood in tho

oa s a s e e d y e e s se a s,

a nd Ri hi ( wh
s ws h uld l wo,y r m mb er w s o a a s e e e , ere

w orldly m n in tho e d y nd n t h rmit or nch se a s, a o e s a o

r it ) occ ion lly l m nt th ir t t f i nd bt d n

es as a a e e s a e o e e es s

w ith th implicity f primitiv tim

e s In n r m k
o e es . o e e ar

a bl v r g i n w
e e se a r mi nd d f th fi n lity f
a ,
e are e e o e a o

a sa el tr n ctio n w h n o nc th l i compl t d
-
a sa ,
e e e sa e s e e

On ll l rg qu ntity f
e se s a a m ll pri nd th n
e a or a s a c e, a e

go to th purch r nd d ni th l nd k f
es e ase a e es e sa e, a as s or

a high r pric But h c nnot xc d th pric o nc

e e . e a e ee e e e

fix d n th pl th t h h giv n l rg qu nti ty
e o e ea a e as e a a e a .

W h th r th pric w
e e e d qu t or in d q uat th pric
e as a e a e a e e, e e

d tim l m t IV 4 9
”
fi x e t tah f e u h ldg d
e o sa e s o ,
oo .
,
2 , .

A p g li k th bov would indic t th xi t n

assa e e e a e a e ee s e ce

o f c urr nt m n y f
e th p urpo
o e f b uyi ng nd lli ng
or e ses o a se .

W h v num ou i n t n
e a e er f Ri hi sck now l dgi ng
s a c es o s s a e

th e gi ft f h u n
odr d pi
a c f gold (V 7 2 e nd e es o , 2 , , a

th r n b n do ubt pi c f gold f c rt in
e e ca e o ,
e es o o a e a

fix d v l u w r u d mon y nd i ndic t d in th
e a e e e
‘

se as e a a e ese

p g Pro f or Wil on in h i not n th bov

assa es . ess s s e o e a e
CH A P . II .
] AGRICULTURE, & 0 . 63

v r (V 7
e se thi nk th t p
2 f mo n y s a eces o e a re

e e
,

or
i ,

i nt nd d ; f if w m y tru t Ari n th Hi nd u h d e a s
i
‘
a e s a
,

coi n d m n y b for Al x nd r W m u t dmit

e o e e e e a e .
”
e s a

h w v r th t th r i n di ti nct ll u io n to in d m n y
o e e ,
a e e s o s a s co e o e

int h Rig V d
e Th w o rd Ni h h ( I 6
e a & ) i o ft n
. e s a , 12 , 2, c
. s e

u d in t h
se Rig V d in d ubiou n In m
e e a a s se se . so e

p g it m n mo n y in oth r it m n gold n
ass a es ea s e , e s ea s a e

a e —
orn m nt f t n ck th tw i nt rpr t tion n t
h or e e e o e e a s are o

nc
e essa rily contr dictory f in Indi pi c f gold a ,
or a e es o

u d
se mon y h v h bitu lly b nu d orn m nt
as e a e a a ee se as a e s

for t h n ck i nc tim
e e imm mo i l s e es e r a .

O n th oth r h nd th r e di ti nct r f r nc to
e a , e e are s e e e es

voy g bya es tho ugh f cour th word u d m y

sea, o se, e s se a

m n riv r o nly nd n t th
ea e s Th hip wr ck f , a o e sea. e S e o

B h uj y u nd h i d liv r nc by th
,
a god A vi n i s e e a e e s s s, s

con t ntly llud d to ( I 6 3

s a a nd in 5 7 th
e ,
11 , ,
a 1, 2 , , e

god V run i id to kn w th p th f th bird

a a s sa o e a s o e s

th ough th k y nd th p th f th hip ov r th
r e s , a e a s o e s s e e sea .

In IV5 5 6 th po t r f
, ,
to th p pl wh d iring
,
e e e ers e eo e o es

to cquir w lth pr y to th
a e b for und rt ki ng
ea a e sea e e e a

a voy g w hil in V
a e II 8 8 3 V i h th y e , , , as s a sa s

“
Wh n V run nd I w nt n bo t nd too k
e a a a e o a a a

h er out to I liv d in th bo t flo ti ng n th w t r
sea, e e a a o e a e

a nd w h ppy in it rocki ng gr fully ( n th w v )

as a , ac e o e a es .

Whil th r eth nd oth r di ti nct ll u io n t

e e are ese a e s a s s o

y g th r i b ol ut ly n prohibition g i n t it
vo a e, e e s a s e o a a s

in th Rig V d e e a.
 C H APT ER III .

FO O D , CLO TH ING, AND TH E ARTS O F PEACE .

BARLEY nd wh t m t h v b n th p i ncip la ea see o a e ee e r a

pr d uc f th fi ld nd th pri ncip l rticl

o e o e f e ,
a e a a es o

food Th n m
. f g i n f und in th
e a Rig V d es o ra o e e a are

so m wh t mi l di ng
e a th y h v com to b s ea ,
as e a e e ea r a

di ff r nt ignific tion in m d n d y from w h t th y

e e s a o er a s a e

h d in th
a nci nt tim Thu th word Y w w hich
ea e es . s e a ,

in m d r n S n crit impli
o e b rl y o nly w u d in th
a s es a e , as se e

V d f implyi ng food g i n g n r lly i n l udi ng

e a or -
ra s e e a ,
c

wh t nd b rl y A nd th word t u w hich in B n
ea a a e . e a , e

g la t l at m n p
easddy or ric ,
impli i
ea n t h R i
s
g a e, es e

V d fri d b rl y w hi h w u d food nd o ff r d
e a e a e ,
c as se as a e e

t th god
o eTh i n ll u ion to ih i ( ric ) in t h
s . ere s o a s or e e

Rig V d e a
.

W l o fi nd m nti n f v io u ki nd f c k p
e a s e o o ar s s o a es re

p r d from th gr i n nd u d fo d nd ff r d to
a e ese a s a se as o a O e e

th g d
e P h ti (fr m p h t cook or to p p r ) m n
o s . a o oo ,
o , re a e ea s

pr p r d c k
e a e nd v i oth r t rm lik P dd
a es, a ar o us e e s e uro sa

a nd Ap u p nd K m hh a a l o u d ( 1 11 5 a ra a , a re a s se .
, 2, 1 2

I V2 4, , 7,
It ily im gi n d th t
may be eas a e a anim l food w
a as

l g ly u d by th
ar e ly Hi nd u f
se e ea r s o th Punj b
e W a . e

h v fr qu nt ll u i n to th crific
a e e e a s o s e sa ea nd to th cooki ng e
66 VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K 1 .

Th e pi b ld go t bl t nd go tow rd
e a a ea s a es a s th ehr ; o se

may it b n cc pt bl o ff ri ng f e a a e a e e or Indr nd a a

PIIsh a n
‘
.

11 . 0 hor
gr vy which co m ut f yo ur se ! th e a es o o

body w h n y u ro t d c pi ng from th ro ti ng
e o are as e , es a e as

s pit hould n t f ll t th gr nd n g t mix d w ith

,
s o a o e ou or e e

th gre Th god ass g r f th food ; l t it b

. e s are ea e or e e e

o ff r d to th m !
e e e

Th w h t nd round nd w tch th co k
12 . o se o s a a a a e o

ing f th hor o tho w h y It m ll i d li io u

— e se, se o sa s s e s e c s,

t k it d wn n w nd tho w h b g p rtion f th
a e o o ,
a se o e a o o e

m t — l t th im f ll f th m b in furth r nc f
ea ,
e e a s o a o e e e a e o

o ur a im s .

3 T h Iti k w hi h
. i dipp d i nto t h boili
e s ng p t c ,
c s e e o ,

th v e l in w hi h th gr y i k p t th cov w hich
esse s c e av s e , e ers

k p it w rm th c n by w hich th b dy f th hor
ee a ,
e a e e o o e se

i fir t m k d nd t h k ni f by w hi h th b dy i
s s ar e , a e e c e o s

di t d ( lo ng th li n m rk d) ll th imp l
ssec e a e es a e , a ese e

m nt h lp in th cooki ng f th hor
e s e e o e se.

8 Th k ni f g
1 . fri nd f t h god toe p e o es as a e o e s se a

r t th thirty f ur rib f th h r Cut th m ut

a e e -
o s o e o se . e o ,

so th t th p t p t m y n t b ut m ngl d
a e se a ra e ar s a o e c or a e .

With lo ud voic nd w ith circ um p ctio n ut w y

a e, a s e ,
c a a

a long th joi nt e s .

0 G o to th god 0 hor ! l t n t thy d

2 . e s, se e o ea r

body p i n th ; l t n t th k ni f r t lo ng n th y
a ee e o e e es o

limb ; l t n t gr dy nd ignor nt immol tor ut

s e o a ee a a a c

thy b dy n dl ly di r g di ng th p r t limb
o ee ess , s e ar e se a a e s .
”
CH AP . III .
] ARTS O F PEACE . 67

Wh ocould h v b li v d th t thi mpl h or a e e e e a s Si e se sac

r ifi f th Rig V d
ce o th vi ng nd th ro ti ng nd
e e a, e ca r a e as a

th b ili ng f th hor
e o f w hip nd f th p rpo
o e se or o rs a or e u ses

o f fo d w uld h v d v lop d i nt th imp i l c r

o ,
o a e e e e o e er a e e

mo ny f A m dh f l t r tim P B t m ny pr ctic
o sv a e a o a e es u a a a e

which w in it impl nd n t ur l p t in th
e see s s e a a a as ec e

V d h d v lop d i nto mighty nd o ft n mon trou

e a as e e e a e s s

ce er m ni in l t d y ; nd m ny impl V di
o es a er a s a a a S e e c

a ll gory r l ti ng to th triki ng ph nom n f N t ur

e e a e s e e a o a e

h as l o d v lop d i nto q u lly m n trou P u nik

a s e e e e a o s s a ra

l g nd H r i n con titut th tr v l u f th V d
e e s . e e s es e ue a e o e e a

w e tr c in it Hi nd u rit nd i n t itution nd th
a e es a s s a e

Hi nd u r ligion it l f t th ir impl n t ur l b gi nni ng

e se o e s e a a e s .

Th f rm nt d j uic
e e f t h pl nt c ll d S m
e epp e o e a a e o a a ea rs

to h v b n th only i nt xic ti ng drink u d in th

a e ee e o a se e

V dic tim S m u h w r th n i nt Ary n ddi t

e es . O c e e e a c e a s a c

e d t thi dri nk th t Som w

o s n w hipp d a a as so o o rs e as a

d ity b th in Indi nd in Ir n ( und th n m

e o a a a er e a e

H m in th l tt r co unt y) nd w fi nd n ntir
ao a e a e r ,
a e o e e e

M nd l or Book f th Rig V d d dic t d to thi

a a a o e e a e a e s

d ity Th Ind Ary n pp r to h v b n m r

e . e o -
a s a ea a e ee o e

a ddict d to f rm nt d nd i nt xic ti ng Som th n th ir

e e e e a o a a a e

p c ful br thr n f Ir n nd m ny th ll i n
ea e e e o a a a a re e a us o s

in t h Z nd e t t th eh t ful c u tom f th ir Indi n

av es a o e a e s s o e a
'

br thr n So m ntiq u ri n thi nk th t thi w n

e e . e a a a s a s as o e

gr t r on f tho di n ion w hich br k

ea eas o t se sse s s o e ou

a m ng th
o outh n Ary n nd which l d to th fi n l
e s er a s, a e e a

se p r tion f th I ni n from th Hi nd
a a o e ra a s e us .
68 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

Th e p roc by whi h ess om j uic w pr p d c th e S a -

e as e a re

h asb n fully d crib d in IX 66 nd in th r hym n

ee es e , ,
a o e s.

W w ill tr n l t
e f w va f m thi hym n
s a e a e erses ro s

2 O Som ! yo ur tw l v
. a lt rn t d nd y u o ea es a e a e , a o

a t t i n d wo nd rful glory th r by
a e a e e e .

3 O S om. t h l v cov a d th — e crea p r es ere ee a ee e

Oh ll id
a nd y u flo ri h d in ll
s es, a o on u s e a seas s .

7 O S m. ! y u h vo b n acr u h od y u fl w a e ee s e o o as

a tr m to Indr c tt ri ng joy n ll id y u b
s ea a, s a e o a s es o e

s tow immo t l food r a .

8 S v n w om n tir th w ith th ir fi ng
. e e e s bl nd ee e ers, e

ing th ir o ic in
e ong to th y u r mi nd th cri
v es a s ee o e e sa

fi ce r of h i d ti t th
s crifi
u es a e sa ce .

9 Y u mix
. w itho w t r w ith pl i ng o u nd an d
a e a eas s

th e fi ng r t ir y u ov r w o ll n t i n r nd filt r
e s s o e a o e s ra e ,
a e

y u
o Yo. ur p rticl throa w n up th n
es nd are o un d e , a a s

a ri from th w o ll n tr i n r
ses e o e s a e .

Th w ooll n tr i n r i pl c d n v
1I . e e s l nd a e s a e o a esse , a

t h fi ng r r p
e t dly tir th Som whi h nd ut
e s e ea e s e a, c se s o

a s w t tr m i nto th v
ee s ea l e esse .

3 O 1 S m . ! y u o th n a mix d w ith
o mil k are e e .

W t r run tow rd th w ith pl i ng o und

a e s a s ee a eas s .

From thi d riptio n it would pp r th t th j ui

s esc a ea a e ce

o f Som u d to b t k n—m ucha se Siddh i i t k n in

e a e as s a e

o u tim
r — mix d w ith milk Th po t f th Rig
es e . e e s o e

V d go i nto c t y ov r th virtu nd th h i
e a e s as e e es a e ex

lara ting po w r f th Som e s o nd om f th ir d

e ip a a s e o e esc r

tion h v d v lop d i nto tr ng P u nik l g nd in

s a e e e e s a e a ra e e s
C H AP . III .
] ARTS O F PEACE . 69

su b qu nt tim O n or tw v r w ill ill u tr t

se e es . e o e ses s a e

thi s

O Som a ! th r i nothi ng bright tho u Wh n e e s so as . e

p u d ut thou w l m t ll th g d to b to w
o re o , e co es a e o s, es

on th m i mm rt lity
e
( IX 8 o a .
”
,
10 ,

Th p i worthy Som h
e from
ra senci nt tim a as a e es

b n th d i nk f t h god ; h
ee e w milk d fro m th
r o e s e as e e

hidd n r e f th ky ; h w
ecesses o cr t d f Indr e s e as ea e or a

and w xtoll d ( IX
as e e .
, 1 1 0,

In th t r lm w h r th i p r nni l light
a ea nd e e ere s e e a ,
a

w h r the eH v n i pl c d 0 Som l d m t th t
e ea e s a e ,
a, ea e o a

d thl nd immort l r l m! Flow tho u f Indr ”

ea ess a a ea or a .

IX
( , 1 1 3,

ch p g
Su th assato b found through ut th
es as ese are e o e

Ni nth Book f th Rig V d Wh co uld h v guo e d e a

. o a e esse

th t th tr ng P u nik l g nd f th ch u ni ng f
a e s a e a ra e e s o e r o

th oc n nd th di v ry f th Am it or im m rt l
e ea a e sc o e o e r a o a

d i nk co uld h v ri n fro m th
r impl V dic d
a e a se ese s e e es

C ip t iOn f Som
r Th
s o k y in t h V d i co n id red
a e s e e a s s e

w t ry
a e nd i ft n co nfu d w ith th
, a s nd th
o e se e sea, a e

milki ng f S m fr m th k y w o uld w ith th h lp f

o o a o e S , e e o a

s tr ng P u nik im gi n tion b tr n l t d i nto th

o a ra a a , e a s a e e

c h urning f th oc n f th Am it
o e ea or e r a

It w o uld pp r from m ny p a g in th Rig V d

ea a assa es e e a

th t m ny rt w r r i d t high t t f x l
a a a s e e ca r e o a s a e o e ce

l nc
e W vi ng w w ll k now n f ur
e. ea nd d ft as e -
o co se, a e

f m l fi ng r w ov th w rp nd th w o f in nci nt
e a e e s e e a a e o a e

t im in mod rn d y
es as ( II 3 6 II 8
3 4 & )e In a s .
, , , , ,
c.
70 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K L l

o ne curiou p g (VI 9 s th
assa Ri hi l m nt h i e , , 2 e s a e s s

ig n r nc f th my t ri f r ligio u rit by yi ng
o a e o e s e es o e s es sa

I k no w n t th w p ond I k now n t th w o f
e far a o e o
”
o

re ligiou rit ; nd in noth r pl c ( X 6

s es a th a e a e ,
2 , e

w eavi ng nd bl chi ng f h p wool i tt ibut d t

a ea o s ee
’
s s a r e o

t h god Pu h n w h
e sw h v lr dy n i t h
a , o, as e a e a ea see ,
s e

g d
o f oh ph s rd e e s .

Ev ry A ry n vill g h d prob bly it b rb r th n

e a a e a a s a e e

as n w; o nd th l r nc f f r t by fi
a e in
c ea a es o o es s re are

n p
o e g om wh t my t ri u ly d crib d
assa e s e th a s e o s es e as e

h ing Of th
s av rth ( I 64 e C rp ntry w ea .
,
1 ,
a e as

l o w ll k n wn nd w h v fr qu nt ll u io n t
a s e o , a e a e e e a s s o

th e co n tru tio n f c rt nd h riot ( III 5 3 9

s c o a s a c a s .
, , 1

IV , 2,
4 ; IV1 6 & ) Th,
u1 f iro n f,
g ld 20 , c . e se o , o o ,

a nd f th r m t l w
o o e w ll k n w n ; in V 9 5 w
e a s as e o , , ,
e

h ave a r f nc to th w ork f n iron mith nd in

e ere e e o a s , a

VI 3 4 w, , ,
told f gold mith m lti ng m t l
e are o s s e e a .

B ut w g t b tt r id f w o ki ng in m t l in
e e a e e ea o r e a s

th e V dic tim from th d cripti n f v iou gold

e es e es o o ar s

o rn m nt nd ir n ut n il nd impl m nt f w
a e s a o e s s a e e s o ar

w hi h ic t b s fo u n do thro gh u
e t th R ig V d Th u o e e a . e

a ll u i n n m ou nd w n th r f r o nly m k
s o s a re u er s, a e ca e e o e a e

a l cti n h r w hich w ill conv y f ir id f th

se e o e e e a a ea o e

m nuf tur
a ac f tho dy W
es o told f rmou se a s . e a re o a rs

u d in w
se in I 4 ar in II 39 4 in IV 5 3
,
1 nd 0, 1 0 , , , , , ,
2, a

in v rio u oth r pl c
a s In II 34 3 w h v r f r nc
e a es. , , ,
e a e e e e e

to gold n h lm t nd in IV34 9 th r i m ntion f

e e e s, a , , ,
e e s e o

armo ur f th h uld r or rm prob bly hi ld

or e s o e s a s, a a s e .
j
l
lz nAP . III .
] ARTS O F PEACE .
7 1

Th e lightning h b n comp r d w ith j v li n ( i h ti) as ee a e a a e r s

in V 5 6 nd in V 5 4
,
2, , nd l o to
a w ord , , 11 a a s a s or

b ttl
a ( bd h
e ax e )-
n d to bo w n d rro w s n dzq uiv
, r a s a a s a e s

in V 5 7 , Thr thou nd m il d w rrior

,
2 . pok n
ee sa a e a s are s e

o f in V I 7 6 ; f th r d h p poi nt d hi ni ng h ft
, 2 , ea e e , s ar -
e ,
s s a s

are d crib d in VI 4 6
es nd h rp dg d w ord
e , , 11 a s a -
e e s s are

s pok n f in VI 4 7 0 And in v
e o 6 nd 9 f , ,
1 . erses 2 a 2 o

th m hym n w
e sa e told f w ch riot nd w e are o ar -
a s a ar

d um And l tly in th 7 sth hym n f th ixth

r s . as ,
e o e s

M nd l w h v
a a a, pirit d cco unt f th m nd
e a e a s e a o e ar s a

a ccoutr m nt f w which w w ill tr n l t f u

e e s o ar e a s a e or o r

r d r furth r n
ea e s e o .

In IV 8 w h v , r f r nc to hor w ith gold n

2, , e a e a e e e e ses e

c p ri on nd in IV 37 4 V 9 3 nd m ny th r
a a s s, a , , , , 1 , , a a o e
4
.

pl c w h v ll u io n to th Ni hh gold n o n
a es, e a e a s s e s a, a e r a

m nt w orn in th n ck In V 5 3 4 th light ng
e e e .
, , , e i

o rn m nt f th M rut
a e s o comp r d w ith o n m nt e a s a re a e r a e s

A
( j ) i uw ith n ckl
,
c ( S h ) w ith gold n br
e tpl t a es ra , e eas a es

( R uh m ) n d w itha br c,
l t a nd nkl t ( K h d ) I n a e e s a a e s a z .

V 54,
w ,
g i n told f nkl t f th f t
1 1, e a re a a O a e s or e ee ,

a nd gold n br tpl t f th br t nd f gold n

e eas a es or e eas , a o e

crown ( S p dh h i um y ih ) f th h d
s z r ra a or e ea .

Thu it w ill b n th t v ry con id r bl dv n

s e see a a e s e a e a a ce

w as m d in th m nuf ctur f rm w p n nd
a e e a a e o a s, ea o s, a

v riou kind f orn m nt W h v r f r n l

a s s o a e s . e a e e e e ces a so

to ki n v l f curd (VI 4 8
s esse s nd iro n v or l s , , a esse s

( V 3 ,
nd
0, in v r l pl c to iro
a n t w n w hich se e a a es o s,

m u t b t k n in fig ur tiv n
s e a e ignifyi ng trong a a e se se as s s
7 2 VED IC PERIO D .

[ BO O K I .

fo rt ( VII 3
s , , 7; VII ,
1 5 , 14 VII , 95 ,
1, We h ave
a s lorfrn e e e h d d t built t wn in IV
ces to a un re s o ne -
o s ,

3 0, n d
2 0, a th r pl c o e a es .

Th n b n doubt th t in th v i u r c k y nd
ere c a e o a e ar o s o a

m unt i no tr ct w h r th
o a ly Hi nd u xt nd d
us a s e e e ea r s e e e

th ir l ni th y o n l rnt to tili t n
e co o es, d e s o ea u ze s o e as a u

ra bl nd ch p m t i l f
e a hit t nd th r
ea n a er a o r a rc ec ure a e e ca

b n di ffi ulty in b li vi ng th t in num
e o c u Hi nd e e a ero s u

t w n m ny tructur nd u ndi ng w ll w r f
o s a s es a s rro u a s e e o

t n Th t th t f buildi ng w c r i d t m
s o e . a e ar o as a r e o so e

dg e reef xc ll n o pp r f m m ny ll io n t
e e e ce a ea s ro a a us s o

m n io n w ith thou nd pill r ( II 4 5 V 6 6 & )

a s s sa a s ,
1, ,
2, ,
c .

b ut t th a m tim it m u t b dmitt d th t th r i
e sa e e s e a e a e e s

n di ti n t ll i n in th Rig V d t th
o s c a t f
us o ul p e e a o e ar o sc

t p op ly c ll d Th
ure r er ch f ntiqu i n
so -
a e . e resea r es o a ar a s

h v f il d t di c v r in ny p t f Indi t
a e a e o f s o e a ar o a rac es o

s c ulptur d t n f tim l ng p vio u t th B ddhi t

e s o e o a e o re s o e u s

era ; nd ain t h num ro u g t mu m f E p e e s rea seu s o uro e

w hi h c fill d w ith th n i nt t n m n m nt f
a re e e a c e s o e o u e s o

Egypt nd B bylo n f G a nd f R m — Ind i

a , o reec e, a o o e a

i
s pr nt d mo tly by h nci nt nd w nd f l
re ese e s er a e a o er u

m n ipt
a usc r s .

M o t f th s nim l d m ti t d t th p
o e ant d y a s o es ca e a e rese a

w ere d m ti t d in Indi in t h m t p i d f t h
o es ca e a e re o e er o o e

Rig V d W h v pi it d
e a . unt f th w h
e a e S r e acc o s o e ar -
o rse

in v l pl c (VI 46 3 nd 4 & )
se era a es .
, ,
1 ,
a 1 , c .

Ind d th ee w h , w highly p i d by th
ese ar -
o rses ere so r ze e

ea rly Ary n in th ir b ttl g i n t th borigi n

a s e a es a a s e a es,
 C H APT ER IV .

WARS AND D ISSENSIO NS .

A S h as b
t t d b f r th rly Hi nd u wr t d
een s a e e o e, e ea s es e

th e f rtil tr ct
e n th
e b nk f th Indu nd it
a s o e a s o e s a s

tri b t ri fr m th primitiv borigi n f th P nj b ;

u a es o e e a es o e u a

but t h b rigi n did n t giv

e a o p th ir birthright
es w ith o e u e

o ut t uggl R tr ti ng b f r th m r ivili d
a s r e. e ea e o e e o e c z e

or g ni ti n nd v lour f th Hi ndu in th op n fi ld
a za o a a o e s e e e ,

th y till h ung ro und in f tn

e s nd for t n as esses a es s ea r

ev e ry Hi nd u ttl m nt nd v ill g h r d th m in
se e e a a e, a asse e

th ir comm unic tion w yl id nd r bb d th m t

e a s, a a a o e e a

ev e ry pportunity tol th ir ttl nd ft n tt k d

o , s e e ca e, a o e a ac e

th m in n id bl f c W ll might th y x l im
e co s era e or e . e e e c a

w it h t h G l f Sc tl nd w h h d b n imil rly di
e ae s o o a ,
o a ee s a s

p d f th ir f rtil il by th conqu ri ng S xo n
o ssesse o e e e so e e a s,

and h d imil rly r tr t d to b rr n f t n

a s a e ea e a e as esses

Th ese fertile p lains, th at softened v ale,

Were once th e birth righ t of th e Gael

Th e stranger came w ith iron h and ,

And from our fath ers reft th e land .

Wh ere dwell we no w P See rudely swell

Crag ov er crag, and fell o er fell.
’

Pent in th is fortress of th e North ,

Th ink
’
st th ou we will not sa lly forth
 To sp oil th e sp oiler as we may ,
And from th e robber rend h is p rey P
Ay e, by my soul l w h ile on y ou p lain
Th e Sax on rears one sh ock of grain,

Wh ile , of ten th ousand h erds, th ere strays

But one along y on riv er s

’
maz e ,

Th e Gael, of p lain and riv er h eir,

Sh all, with strong h and, redee m his sh are

U nfortun t ly how r th y h d n po t to h nd
a e ev e , e a o e a

d wn to u th ir Vi w f th c
o s nd th o nly cc
e nt e o e ase, a e a ou

w h v
e f thi lo ng w
a e o f c nt ri i fr m t h
s n ar o e u es s o e co

q u i ng Hi nd u It i n dl t y th t th c nqu
er s . s ee ess o sa a e o er

ers vi w d th b rigi n w ith th nt mpt nd h t d

e e e a o es e co e a a re

w hich h v m k d th c nd uct f ll conq u ri ng trib

a e ar e e o o a e es,

w h th re n th b nk
e f th Ind u
o v nt n h nd d
e a s o e s se e ee u re

y r b for Chri t or n th b nk f th M i i ipi

ea s e e s ,
o e a s o e ss ss

v nt n h undr d y r ft r Ch i t ! Hi t ry r p t
se e ee e ea s a e r s s o e ea s

it l f nd th Punj b w cl r d f it n n A y n 9
se a e a as ea e o s o -
r a

a borigi n j u t th Unit d St t f A m ic h v
es s as e e a es o er a a e,

in mod r n tim b n cl r d f th m ny p w ful

e es, ee ea e o e a o er

a nd br v Indi n r c a w h liv d nd h unt d nd rul d

e a a es o e a e a e

w ithi n it prim v l f r t
s e a o es s .

O f th w r w ith th
ese b rigi n w h fr qu nt
a s e a o es e av e e e

a ll u ion in th Rig V d nd tr n l tion f om f

s s e e a a a a s a o s e o

th p g will giv b tt r id f th i nt
ese assa es e a e e ea o ese er

mi n bl h tiliti th n ny cc unt th t w n giv f

a e os es a a a o a e ca e o

th m Th ll u ion
e . num ro u th t
e a u o nly
s s are so e s a o r

di fficulty i in m ki ng l ctio ns a a se e .

Indr w h i i nvok d by m ny nd i ccomp ni d

a, o s e a ,
a sa a e

by h i fl t comp nio n h d t oy d by h i th und

s ee a s, as es r e s er
7 6 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K I.

b lt th D y
o nd Sime y w h d w lt
a s usn rth n d a us o e o ea ,
a

th n h di tribut d th fi ld t h i w hit compl xio n d

e e s e e e s o s e -
e e

fri nd ( Ary n )
e s Th th und r r m k th
a un hi n
s . e e e a es e s s e

nd th r i n to f ll dr ith ”
(
“
a eI a In w h i a .
, 1 00, a s

w p n (th th und rb lt) nd full f ig u d t oy d

ea o e e o ,
a o v o r, es r e

t h to w n
e f th D y snd w nd o d t h i w ill
e as us , a a e re a s

O hold r f th th und b lt ! b th u cog ni nt ( f

e o e er o e o z a o

o ur hym n ) nd c t thy w p n g i n t th D y u
s ,
a as ea o a a s e as ,

nd i nc th vigo ur nd t h f m f th A y
”
a rease e a e a e o e r a .

( .
I 1 0 3, 3
v ry n xt hym n w c m cr
In th e e c uri u e ,
e o e a o ss a o s

all u ion t b rigi n l r bb r w h d w lt n th b nk

s o a o a o e s o e o e a s

of f ur m ll t
o m ll d th Si fa th Anj i th
s a s rea s ca e e , e as ,

K uli i nd th Vi p tni w h cour c nn t n w b

s ,
a e ra a ,
ose ses a o o e

d t rmi n d Th
e e bb i u d f om th ir f t n
e . ese ro ers ss e r e as esse s

and h r d th ivili d Ary n vill g m uch in th

a asse e c z e a a es, e

sa m w y w upp
e a tru d c nd nt f tho
, e s ose, as a e es e a o se

aborigi n —th Bh il T nti in u w n tim —i h r

es e a a o r o es s a as

si ng th p ful vill g e f C ntr l Indi !

eace W a es o e a a e

t n l t th t w v
ra s a e bl w e o erses e o :

Kuy v g t c nt f th w lth f oth r nd

a a e s s e o e ea o e s a

a pprop i t th m H liv in w t r nd p ll ut it
r a es e . e es a e a o es .

H i t w w iv
s b th in th t m ; m y th y b
o es a e e s re a a e e

drow n d in th d pth f t h Si fa riv r

e e e s o e e

Ay u liv in w t r in cr t f tn
es H a e a se e as ess . e

flouri h mid t th ri f w t r Th riv r Anj i

s es a s e se o a e s . e e s as ,

K uli i nd Vi p tni prot ct him w ith th ir w t r

s ,
a ra a e e a e s .

( ,
I 1 04 . 3 4
 7 8 VED IC PERIO D .
[
BO O K I .

prow Thou h t d troy d m ny m r ud r to p ut

ess as es e a a a e s

an nd to w ;etho u h t t rm d t h to wn f n ar as s o e e s o e e

mi wh wor hip n god ; nd th u h t b nt t h

es o s o s a o as e e

w p n f fo w h w or hip n g d ( I 74
ea o s o es o s o o s
.
, 1 ,

7
vi n ! d troy tho w h
O As s
y lli ng hid u l
es
y se o a re e eo s

lik dog e nd comi ng to d t oy u ! Sl y th

s, a a re es r s a ose

wh w i h to fight w ith u ! Y u k n w th
o s w y t s o o e a o

d troy th m L t ch w rd f tho w h xt l y
es e . e ea o o se o e o ou

bri ng w lth in r turn 0 y u truth ful o n !

ea p t e . o es ac c e

o u pr y
r (
a I 8ers .
, 1 2,

Th f f m d e nd gr c ful Indr
ar -
ai g ci u t e a a e a s ra o s o

m n (Ary n ) ! Th d tr yi ng nd p w ful Ind

e a s e es o a o er ra

h c t d w n th h d f th m lign nt B d
as as o e ea o e a a sa

Indr wh l y d Vit nd torm d t w n h

a, o s a e r ra a s e o s as

d troy d th troop f t h bl ck D d nd h m d
es e e s o e a sas , a as a e

th e rth nd th w t r f M nu M y h fulfil t h
ea a e a e or a .
’
a e e

wi h
”
s f th
es o ifi ( II 6
e sacr cer .
, 20,

W k now h w th Sp ni rd th co nq u ro
e o f e a a s, e e rs o

A m ric o w d th ir ucc
e a, to v ry gr t xt nt t
e e s esses a e ea e e o

th ir ho
e — nim lrses,pr viou ly unk n wn t t h
a a s e s o o e

A m ri n borigi n
e ca nd th
a for r g rd d w ith es, a ere e e a e a

s tr ng t rror It wo uld m th t th w h r f
a e e . see a e ar -
o ses o

th ly Indo Ary n i n pi d th b igi n f Indi

e ea r -
a s s re e a or es o a

w ith imil r f r Th follow i ng p g t n l t d

a s a ea . e assa es, ra s a e

H ere, as elsewh ere, M anu is sp ok en of as th e ancestor of th e Aryan

ma n . In many p laces h e is sp ok en of as th e originator of cultiv ation and

of th e worsh ip of fi re wh ich distinguish ed th e Ary ans .

C H AP . V]
I . WARS .
79

fr mo hym n to D dh ih d or th d i fi d w hor w ill

a a r ,
e e e ar -
se ,

t h r for b r g rd d w ith i nt r t
e e e e e a e e es

“
A p opl s hout nd r i
e e s y ft r thia f w h h a se a c r a e a e o as

p u rloi n d g em nt a v n o th
ar n mi
e y ll
, nd h
e e ut s e e e es e a s o

a t th ight f D dh ik a A bi d m k n
e s o a oi t th
r s r s a e a se a e

S ight f th h ung y h wk n it d c nt v n th
o e r a o s es e ,
e e so e

e n mi e y ll nd h ut t th ight f D dh ik a c r r
es e a s o a e s o a r a ee

ing in q u t f pl und r f f d nd c ttl

es o e o oo a a e

En mi f r D dh ik a w h i r di nt nd d tr y
e es ea a r o s a a a es o

ing thund bolt W h n h b t b k tho u nd

as a er . e e ea s ac a sa

m n r nd him h b c m
e a ou xcit d nd uncont l
, e e o es e e a ro

l bl in h i
a e tr ngth ( IV38 5
s s e .
”
, ,

It w o ld m fr m num ro u p g in th Rig
u see o e s a ssa es e

V d th t Kut w
e a a pow rful w rrior nd mighty
sa as a e a a a

d t oy r f t h bl ck borigi n
es r e o e W a told in hym n
a es . e are

1 6 f th
o fo urth M nd l
e th t Indr l w t h a a a, a a s e e

wh i w ily nd impio u to b tow w l th ”

D y as u, o s a s, es ea

o n K ut ( v r sa t h t h
e se h lp d K t nd m a e e e u sa a ca e

to h i ho u with th commo n bj ct f l yi ng th
s se e o e o s a e

D y as u ( v r n
e sed th t h l w fi fty atho u a e s e

nd bl ck c mpl xion d n mi b ttl ”

sa a -
o in t he e e e es e a e

( v r
e se I n IV 8 4 w told th, t In
2dr h, , e are a a as

m d th D sy d void f ll virt u
a e e a us nd th obj ct f
e o a es, a e e o

h tr d f ll m n
a e o nd in IV3
a e 5 w l a n th t I n d , 0, 1 , e ea r a ra

d troy d fi
es hund d nd tho u nd D d
e ve re a a sa sas .

W h v imil r ll u i n t th ubj ug tio n nd

e a e s a a s o s o e s a a

d tructio n f D y u or D d
es o in V 7 3 ; V
as I 8 3;
s sas , 0, ,
1 ,

a nd V I 5 ,
whil th r i
2 , 2 curiou r f r nc t n
e e e s a s e e e e o a
 80 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

unk nown r gio n inh bit d by th D y u in VI 4 7

e a e e as s , , 2 0,

w hich d rv tr n l tion ese es a s a

O y god W h v tr v ll d nd lo t u w y
e s e a e a e e a s o r a ,

and c m to r gion w h r c ttl do n t p tur Th

o e a e e e a e o as e . e

ext n iv r gion giv h lt r to D v o nly 0 B i

e s e e es s e e a ies . r

h p ti ! l d u in u
as a arch f c ttl O Indr !
ea s o r se or a e . a

sh w th w y to yo ur wor hipp r wh h v lo t th ir
e e a s e s o a e s e
”
w ay .

We hv n th t t h A ry n po t
a e see ufli i nt ly a e a e s are s
‘
c e

uncomplim nt y in p ki ng f th hout nd y ll f
e ar s ea o e s s a e s o

th e borigi n l b rb ri n Th civili d nqu ror

a a a a a s. e ze co e s

co uld c rc ly im gi n th t th y ll o uld f m
s a e a e a ese e s c or a

l ngu g nd h v th r f r in om pl c d ib d
a a e, a a e e e o e s e a es esc r e

t h b rb ri n
e w itho t
a a l ngu g (V 9
a s as & ) u a a a e .
, 2 ,
1 0, c .

W h v pok n b fo e a e f K uy vs nd Ay e tw e re o a a a u, o

a b igi n l robb
or wh d w lt in f t n
a urro und d
ers o e as esses s e

by riv r nd h r d th A ry n vill g W h v
e s, a a asse e a a es . e a e

f qu nt ll u io n to noth r po w rful borigi n l l d

re e a s s a e e a a ea er

wh i c ll d K i h n
o s prob bly b c u f h i bl ck
a e r s a, a e a se o s a

co mpl xio n O n f th p ge . l ti ng to him d

e o e assa es re a e

v tr n l ti n
s er es a s a o

Th fl t Kri h n li d n th b nk
e ee f th A n u
s a ve o e a s o e s

m ti riv r w ith t n th u nd troop

a
‘
e Indr f hi
e wn o sa s. a o s o

w i dom b c m
s cogni nt f thi loud y lli ng hi f
e a e z a o s -
e c e ,

H d troy d th m r udi ng ho t f
e es e th b n fit f
e a a s or e e e o

men .

“
In dr a sa id ‘
hv I n th fl t K i h n
a e see He i e ee r s a . s

l urki ng in th e hidd n r gio n n r th Au um ti lik

e e ea e s a , e
32 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

limit f c ultiv ti n built n w vill g thr w ut n w

s o a o ,
e a es, e o e

c oloni in prim v l j ungl nd pr d th light f

es e a es, a s ea e o

c ivili tio n nd th f m f th ir p ow
z a a e a e o round e r ess a .

Th y dr d d nd h t d th d pi d b rb ri n w ith
e ea e a a e e es se a a a s a

g nui n h tr d kill d numb r f th m wh n th y

e e a e ,
e e s o e . e e

co u ld thi n
,
n d th ir e r n k w ithe th ir a c v s l ry c ll d e a a ,
a e

th m y lli ng h und nd m n w ith ut to ngu nd

e e o s a e o a e a

brut b low th r nk f m n nd lm t b li d th y
es e e a o e ,
a a os e ev e e

w r
e e bor n to b l i n it i
e s a f thi ,
f t th t ths y hor v s a e a e a e

b n born ! O n th oth r h nd th t ubborn b rb

ee
”
e e a e s a a .

ri n h d th ir r v ng too R tr ti ng b for th mo
a s a e e e e . e ea e e e re

c
ivili d v l r f th Hi nd th y h ung bo t in
z e a ou o e us, e a u

v yf n
e er
t as n d v
ess a y b n d f e er ri r th ey w yl oid a
‘

ve ,
e a a

a nd bb d
ro
t v ll
e h
ra r ed vill
e rs, g kill
a asse d tol a es, e or s e

c ttl nd
a e,
oma tim s f ll ne t h esHi n d u
e in gr
o t e s ea

numb r W
e s ith.
th t dogg d t en a ity w hich ei p c u li r ac s e a

to b rba
ri n a th y a di sp ut d e v ry i nh s f gr und
e e e c o o as

th y e
r tr t
e d th ea e y i n t ,
upt d the r ligi
err u rit e f e e o s es o

t h eco n q u r r d pi
e o s, d th ir god
es se n d pl u end r d s, a e e

th ir we
lth ea B u t in . pit f v ry r si t n c
e o t h e 1 e es s a e e 00 0

n i es f t h o m r e ci ili do e r xt
v n d
z e d n v
aces y e e e o e er

dir cti e n t h o ,
f civili
e a rea o ti n w id n d j n gl
z a no d e e ,
u es a

w t
as es w r br u ght
e e und r ultiv ti n nd d tt d w ith
o e c a o a o e

vill g a n des aroy l to w n n d at h ki n gd m

s, a f t h ely o s o e ear

Hi nd u xt sn d de ov e r t h w ehol f et h P u
e n j b Th e o e a . e

b rb ri
a na w a r ith
s r e e et rmi n t de or rex tre t d b f ora e ,
e ea e e e

th vr
e e e dv n ci
- na g li n a f A ry n civili e o ti n i n to tho a z a o se

h ill nd
s a f tn as w hich th
esses i r childr n till i n h
e bit e s a .
CH AP . Iv .
] WARS . 83

It im gi n d ho w v r th t om mong th
may be a e ,
e e , a s e a e

w k r b rb ri n pr f rr d
ea e a bj ct ubj ction to
a a s e e e a e s e ex

t rmi n tion or xil W fi nd tr c ccordi ngly in

e a e e . e a es a

th Rig V d
e f D y u wh e t l t o wn d th
a o d mi
as s o a as e e o

n ti n f th mor po w rful r c
a o o e nd w h dopt d
e e a e, a o a e

th ir r ligio n nd th ir rit nd v n th ir l ngu g

e e a e es a e e e a a e.

In n pl c th po t
o e ctu lly complim nt tw n n
a e, e e a a e s o o

A ry n chi f w h h d l rnt to p k
a e s nd w h
o w itha ea s ea , a o

m ny co w m d pr p r tio n f
a s af t f M nn
e e a a or a eas o a ,

( X 6,
Th r
2, fr q u n t r f r nc l o
e e a re to t h e e e e e es a s e

Dd w h h d b n ubj ug t d by th Ary n
s as o a ee Th s a e e a s . ese,

th n Wr th fir t H ind i d b igin f Indi

e , e e e s u -
se a or es o a .

O u xtr ct re n th ubj ct f w r w ith th

a s o b rigi n
es e o a s ea o es

h v b n m wh t num u but w cannot r fr in

a e ee so e a ero s, e e a

fro m q uoti ng n or t w p g mor bo ut th w r

o e o a ssa es e a e a s

O f th mighty c nq u ror Sud a

e o e s

8 Th w ily fo
. pl nn d d truction nd brok
e es a e es , a e

do wn th mb nkm nt f Adin iv r ( to u n
e e a e o a r e ca se a

inund ti n) B ut Sud a fill d t h

a o . rth w ith h i prow s e e ea s ess,

a nd K vi t h n f Ch y man f ll lik
a ,
e so victim
o a a a, e e a .

9 For t h. w t r f t h riv r flo
e w d thro ugh th
a e s o ir e e e e

ld ch nn l nd did n t t k n w co ur nd Sud a
’
o a e a o a e a e se a s

h r o se m r h d ov r th country Indr ubdu d th

a c e e e . a s e e

h o til s and t lk ti e m n nd th ir childr n und r

a a ve e a e e e

Sud a s.

1 ISud a .rn d glory by killi ng tw nty n m n

s ea e e -
o e e

o f b oth r gi n A th y ung pri t c ut th k u

e o s . s e o es s e sa

g r a inssth ho u f cri fi c e n Su d a
se o ut h i sa e, eve so s c s
 84 V ED IC PERIO D .
-
[ BO O K 1 .

ene mi es. Th e h roe In dr a sen t th e Ma rut s for h is

s uc o ur
c .

14 . Th e sixty -
six thou nd sa six -
hundr d
ixty e and s

six wa rrior s of A nn and D ruh y a, wh h d d ir d f

o a es e or

c ttl nd w r ho til to Sud a

a e, a e e s e s, w r l id l w
e e Th a o . ese

d d pro l im th glory f Indr

ee s c a e o a

7 1 It w . I ndr w h n bl d t has poor Sud a to a o e a e e s

a chi v th d d Indr n bl d th go t to ki ll th
e e ese ee s . a e a e e a e

s tro ng lio n Indr f ll d th crifici l p t w ith

. a e e e sa a os a

n dl H b to w d ll th w lth n Sud a V
”
ee e . e es II 8 e a e ea o s .
,
1 .

Th po t wh i ng th d d f Sud a glo y i ’
e e o s s ese ee s o s r s

n t unr w rd d f
o h i immort l v r
e a e For in v r
or s a e se . e se s

22 nd 3 h
a k n wl dg with g titud th t th
2 ,
e ac o e es
"

ra e a e

v li nt conq u ror nd b n fi nt ki ng h d w rd d
a a e a e e ce a re a e

him with tw h undr d cow nd tw ch riot nd fo ur

o e s a o a s a

hor w ith gold tr ppi ng !

ses a s

In ub q u nt hym n w
a s se t ld h w t n ki ng
e e are o o e s

c ombi n d g i n t Sud a nd Sud a w victo io u ov r

e a a s s, a s as r s e

th m ll A c urio u d riptio n f b ttl in thi

e a . s esc o a a e s

hym n d rv tr n l tio n ese es a s a

2Wh r m n r i th ir b nn r nd m t in b t
. e e e a se e a e s a ee a

tl wh
e, nothi ng
ere m to f vou u wh r th m n see s a r s, e e e e

look up to th ky nd tr mbl th n 0 Indr nd e s a e e, e , a a

Vrun ! h lp u nd p k to u (word f com

a a e s a s ea s s o

fort)

3 O
,
I ndr nd V r un ! th nd f th
a a rth m a a ee s o e ea see

t b lo t
o e nd th noi
s , c nd to th ki ! Th
a e s e as e s e s es e

troop f th n my
s o ppro ch i ng O Indr nd
e e e are a a . a a
t ho d y
se a s :

1 . Wh en th e battl e is nigh , and th e wa rri r m rch o a es

in h is rmour h pp a lik th,

e a ea rs e e cloud W rrior a ,

l t n t thy p r n b pi rc d
e o b
e so e e e e victorio u ; l t thy s e

a rmour prot ct y u e o

W will win c ttl w ith th b w w w ill w in

2 . e a e e o ,
e

w ith th b w w w ill co nqu r t h

e o fi rc nd pro ud
e e e e e a

n my w ith th b w ! M y th b w foil th
e e e o d ir a e o e es es

o f th n my ! W w ill pr d
e e e u co nqu t e n ll s ea o r es s o a

s id with th b w
es e o

3 T h . tri ng f t h e sb w w h n p u ll od ppro ch e o e e a a es

th f th
e ear o rch r m ki ng w y in b ttl It w hi p r
e a e ,
a a a e . s e s

word f co n ol tio n to him

s o s nd w ith
a und it l p ,
a so C as s

th rrow v n
e a lovi ng w if l p h hu b nd
, e e as a e C as s er s a .

5 T h q u
.iv r i li ke t h p r n te f m ny srr w ; e e a e o a a o s

th m ny rro w
e a lik it childr n It m k
a s are o unde s e . a es a s ,

nd h ng n th b k f th w rrior nd fur ni h
.

a a s o e ac o e a ,
a s es ar

w in b ttl
ro s nd co nq u r th
a e, a n my e s e e e .

6 Th xp rt ch riot r t nd
. ee e n h i ch ri t nd a ee s a s o s a o a

dri h i hor
ves wh r s v r h will Th r i n r tr in
ses e eso e e e . e e s es a

th hor e from b hi nd ses Si ng f th ir glory ! e . o e

7 T h hor. r i t h e d u t w ith
ses th ir hoo
a sef nd e s e s, a

careero r th fi ld w ith th ch riot w ith loud n igh

ve e e e a s, e

ing Th y do n t r tr t but tr mpl th m r ud

s . e o e ea ,
a e e a a

ing enemk und r th ir f t s e e ee .

C HAP . Iv .
] WARS . 87

11 rro w i f th r d ; th d r (h o n) i it
. Th e a s ea e e e ee r s s

t th
ee W ll p ull d nd nt by th
. e w l th r tri ng
e a se e co -
ea e -
s ,

it f ll a n th n my
s o Wh r v r m n t nd tog th r
e e e . e e e e s a e e

p t th r th h ft p dv nt g
o r a re s e ara e, e e e s a s rea a a a e .

4 1 T h l th r gu rd prot ct th m from th
. e ea e a e s e ar e

a br io n f th b w tri ng nd c il round th m lik

as o e o -
s , a o s e ar e

a s n k in it c nvol uti n
a e It k now it work
s o nd i o s . s s ,
a s

e ffi ci nte nd prot ct th w rri r in v ry w y

, a e s e a o e e a .

51 W xtol
. t h ro w w hich
e e i poi o n d w ho e ar s s e ,
se

fac e i f ir ns o wh t m i f P rj ny (VI
o o se s e s o a a a .
”
,

B fore co ncl udi ng u xtr ct w w ill m k n

e o r e a s, e a e o e

mor from hym n b ut t h coro n tion f k i ng

e a a It o e a o s.

b lo ng
e lik ll hym n r l ti ng to pom p o u c r
s, e a s e a s e e

m ni n t to th
o es, rli r but to th l t t p ri d f th
o e ea e ,
e a es e o o e

Vdic Ag
e e

I0 ki ng ! I pl c y u in th
. t tio n f ki ng a e o e s a o a .

B th l rd f thi co untry ! B
e e o oimmov bl nd fix d !
s e a e a e

L t ll t h
e a ubj t ch ri h th ! L t n t y I k ing
e s ec s e s e e o OI r

d m b d tr y d !
o e es o e

2 R m i n h r fix d
. e th mount i n do n t b
a e e e as e a o e

d thron d ! R m i n fix d lik Ind

e e e nd upport th
a e e ra, a s e

k i ngdom !

3 Ind
. h r c iv d th rac ifici l o
asf
f ri ng
e e nd e e sa r a e s, a

s upport t h n w ly c ron t d k i ng ! Som

s e e bl -
h im o a e a esses

This p assage sh ews th at th e arro w heads were -

of iron . Parj any a is
th e god o f ra ins Stem o f P a rj y p
an a rob
.a bly means m o f reed
ste

gro wing in th e rains. Verse 1 1 sh ews th at arrow -

heads were so metimes
of deer born -
.
88 VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K 1 .

4 ; Th e sk y is fix d t h rth i fix d t h
e mo
,
u n e ea s e , e

t in
a s are fi d thi uni r i fix d H l o i fix d
x e , s v e se s e . e a s s e
’

as k i ng mo ng h i ubj ct
a s s e s

5 . M y Ki na g V r un m k y u immov a bl ! Ma y a e o a e a

t h good Brih p ti m k y u imm v bl

e as a m y Indr
a e o o a e a a

a n A
d g ni u pport s y u n d m k y u immovo bl a a e o a e.

“
6 . S I mix
ee, th immort l o f
f ri n g w
ese ith t h a e s e

immort l Som j uic Indr h bro ught your ub

a a -
e
. a as s

jec st un d r yo u er r ul n d m d th m w illi
e, n g ato p y a e e a

y u
o r v n
e eu l ( X e
”
,

Th ese xtr ct e a no ugh W h v

s a re l wh re . e a e e se e e

s h ew n th t t h a w rrior u ed n t o nlya rmo u r b

s u t se o a s

h lm t nd l o pr t ti ng rmo ur f th ho uld r
e e s a a s o ec a s or
'

e s e ,

prob bly hi ld Th y u d j v li n nd b ttl x

a s e s . e se a e s a a e a -
es ,

a nd h rp dg d w ord b id bo w
s a -
e e s nd rro w s, A lles e s a a s .

th e w po nea f w r k no w n l wh r in nci nt tim

s o a s e se e e a e e

w re k now n in Indi
e n rly four tho u nd y r a ea g sa ea s a o .

Drum s assembl d m n in b ttl b nn r l d th m n in

e e a e, a e s e e o

comp ct m a nd th u
asses, a f w hor nd ch iot e se o ar -
ses a ar s

w as w ll k no w n T m
e -
l ph nt w r in u too nd
. a e e e a s e e se , a

w h v
e a e a ll u ion to ki ng ridi ng n ri hly c p ri on d
s s s o c a a s e
'

e el ph nt w ith th ir mi ni t r ( IV4 ) but it do n t

a s e s e s , ,
I es o

a pp r th t l ph nt w r gul ly u d in w in
ea a e e a s ere e ar se a rs

th e Vdic P riod th y w r in th third nd fo urth

e e , as e e e e a

c nturi b for Chri t wh n th Gr k c m to Indi

e es e e s e e ee s a e a .

For th r t it w e es t urbul nt tim w h n th V dic

,
as a e e e e e

w rrior li d nd fo ught
a s ve a Th y h d n t o nly to w g . e a o a e

a n i nt rmi n bl w
e a g i n t th borigi n but th
e ar a a s e a es, e
90 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K I.

p d in Europ w ithout dr d ful w th t p riod

asse e a ea a r, a e

i m rk d in hi to y
s a e p riod f xc ption l bli
s r as a e o e e a ss .

A nd v n in u
e e w n tim o w ith th
r ox ption f f w es, e e ce o a e

countri dv nt g ou ly itu t d ll th n tion f

es a a a e s s a e ,
a e a s o

Europ rm d to th t th ll th i ndivid u l by
e are a e e ee a e a s,

million f gr t ki ngdom nd mpir

s, o ea t rn lly s a e es, a re e e a

pr p r d f w r dy n w k notic to l v t h i
e a e or a r, ea o a ee
’
s e ea e e r

hom nd occ up ti n nd m rch to th fro nti !

es a a o s a a e er

Civili tio n h
z a don m u h f th c u f hum nity
as e c or e a se o a

b ut civili tio n h n t y t o nv t d th
za w ord i nt
as o e c er e e s o

th cyth or n bl d m n to r p th r ult f h i
e s e, e a e a ea e es s o s

p c ful ind u t y w itho ut truggl to th d th g i n t

ea e s r a s e e ea a a s

h i n ighbour
s e .
 C H APT ER V .

SO C IAL AND D O M ESTIC LIFE —TH E POSITIO N O F

WO M EN .

IT w as by
ch onti nuo u w r g i n t th bori
su c s a s a a s e a

gi n f th oil th t th Ary n t l t onqu r d th

es o e s a e a s a as c e e e

wh l o ef th Punj b from th Ind u to th S r v ti

o e a e s e a as a ,

a nd f om th m unt i n prob bly to th

r e o a s a e sea .

A might b
s xp ct d w h v fr qu nt ll u ion to
e e e e ,
e a e e e a s s

th e Ind u nd it fi stribut ri
a Hym n 7 5 f th
s ve a es . o e

t nt h M nd l i r m rk bl i n t n nd w w ill
e a a a s a e a a e s a c e, a e

giv u r d r tr n l tion f th ntir hym n

e o r ea e s a a s a o e e e

1O y .tr m ! Th b rd c l br t your
e s ea s e a e e a es ex

ce ll nt prow
e in th h u f th w or hipp r
ess Th y e o se o e s e . e

fl w in thr
o y t m v n tr m in h y t m
ee s s e s, se e s ea s eac s s e ,

Th prow e f th Ind u i
ess up rior to th t
o f ll
e s s s e a o a

o th r e s .

“
2O Ind u ! w h n y u
. n to w rd l nd rich in
s e o ra a s a s

food V run op n d ut th w y f
,
a a y u e Y eu fl w o e a or o . o o

ov r p iou p th n th l nd Y u hin bov

e a s ac s a o e a . o s e a e

a ll flow i ng riv r e s .

“
3 T h mighty
. o un d ef th Ind u c nd bov s o e s as e s a e

th e earth to th ky ! Sh flo w w ith mighty forc e s e s e

a nd in r di nt form a H mighty ound i h rd

a . if er s s ea as
9 2 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

r in
a d c ndi ng from th cloud with gr t noi
s are es e e s ea se .

Th Ind u com
e ro ri ng lik bull
s es a e a .

4 A .co w bri n g
s milk to th
s ir c lv v n th u e a es, e e s,

0 Ind u th oth r tr m com s, e oundi ng to y u w ith

e s ea s e s o

th ir w t r ! A king m r h with h i for t

e a e s s a a c es s c es o

b ttl v n th u y u m r h in fro nt w ith tw y t m

a e, e e s o a c o s s e s

o f ri r flow i ng by your id !
ve s s e

5
“
O G
. n g a ! O Y m
a u n a nd S r v t i n d a a a as a a

Sut d u ( Sutl j )
a r nd P h ni ( R vi ) !
e a h r thi a rus a s a e s

my pr i mo ng y u ! O riv r combin d w ith A ik ni

a se a o e e s

( C hi n b) ! O Vi
a t t é ( J h il m ) ! O A i
as k
j y (i a
‘

I B y ) a r e a ,

combi n d w ith Su ma ( Ind u ) h r my w ord

e so s ea s .

6 “
O Ind u ! fir t tho u fl w t unit d T i htama
. s s o es e r s

w ith Su t u nd R a nd th Sv ti
sar a Y u unit K u
as a e e . o e r

mu ( K urum riv r) nd Gom ti ( Gom l riv r) w ith e a a a e

K ubh é ( C bul riv r) nd M h t nu Y u proc d to

a e a e a . o ee

g th r w ith th riv r
e e ese e s .

7 T h irr
. i tibl I n
e d u proc
es s d tr ight w
e hit s ee s s a , e

nd d ling in pl ndo ur Sh i gr t nd h w t r ‘

a az z s e e s ea ,
a er a e s

fill ll id w ith mighty f rc O f ll th flo wi ng riv r

a s es o e
. a e e s,

no n i flo w i ng lik h
e s ! Sh i w ild lik e m r er e s e a a e,

b uti ful lik w ll d v l p d w om n

ea e a e e e o e a

8 “
Th Ind u i v r y ung nd b uti ful
. e s s e e Sh o a ea . e Is

rich in hor in ch ariot nd in g rm nt h i rich

ses, s, a a e s s e s

i
. e. , th e tributaries co ming fro m Cabul in th e w est, a nd th e tributaries

fl o wing th rough th e Punj ab in th e east , as named in th e two following

v erses.
 94 VED IC PERIO D .
[BOO K 1 .

c eased to fl w Antiqu ri n t t th t it h b n lo t
o . a a s s a e a as ee s

in t h d rt f R j put n
e ese s o a a a .

Th r i n om wh t c uriou p g in which th
e e s o e s e a s assa e e

Ri hi V s i amit n umb r d w ith th

sv ra,ch riot nd
e c e e e a s a

hor nd oth r r w rd b to w d
ses a n him by k i ng
e e a s es e o

Sud a fi nd s, difli ulty in cro i ng th co nflu nc

s a c f ss e e e o

th eB y nd th S tl j nd pour ut n ntir hym n

e a a e u e ,
a so a e e

( II I 3 3),to pp t h n g r
a f t h ro ri
ease ng flood W e a e o e a e

hv a e n th t thi Sud a w
see mighty conqu ror nd
a s s as a e a

s ubj ug t d t n urro undi ng ki ng

a e e nd w
s th victor f s, a as e o

num ro u b ttl e w hich form th th m

s a es f om pirit d e e e o s es e

hym n Thi mighty conqu ror m l o to h v

s . s e see s a s a e

b n p tron f l rni ng nd r ligi n nd lib r lly

ee a a o ea a e o ,
a e a re

w rd d th
a e g f th hou e sa f V i amit
es o nd f e ses o sv ra a o

V i th lik A co n q u nc th r w j lou y
as s a a e. s a se e e, e e as ea s

b tw n th tw pri tly hou to which w w ill

e ee ese o es ses e

a ll ud furth r e e 0 11 .

Whil r f r n to th riv r f th Punj b

e e e e c es th u e e s o e a are s

fr q u nt ll u io n to th
e e ,
a G ng nd th J um n
s s e a es a e a a re

r r W h v lr dy tr n l t d hym ninwhich b th
a e. e a e a ea a s a e a o

tho riv rse n m d e s a re a e .

Th o nly oth r p
e g in th Rig V d wh r th
e assa e e e a e e e

G ng i ll ud d to i VI 4 5 3 w h r th high
a es s a e ,
s , , 1, e e e

b nk f th G ng
a s o th e ubj ct a f imil Th
es a re e s e o a s e. e

f m d c ttl in t h p tur fi ld lo ng th b nk
a e a e e f th
as e
-
e s a e a so e

J um n ll ud d to in V 5 7
a are a e ,
2, 1 .

Thu th l nd f th fi riv r w th rli t hom

s e a o e ve e s as e ea es e

o f th Ary n ttl r in Indi

e a nd it would
se e s m th t a a see a
CHAP . V] . SO CIAL LIFE 95

th e ttl r long th fi riv r gr d u lly form d th m

se e s a e ve e s a a e e

se lv i nto fi trib or n tion Th fi l nd

es ve es a s . e ve a s

( P n
a h K hi t i)
c a ll u
-
d d to
s in I 7 9 ; I 6
7 3 V
are a I e , , ,
1 , ,

nd in oth r pl c
a Simil rly w r d f th e a es. a e ea o e

fi ve cultiv ti ng trib (P n h K ni h ”) in II 1
a es
”
a c o -
s , 2, 0

IV 3 8 , ; n d oth r pl c
,
10 nd w
a r d f fi e a es, a e ea o
“
ve

peo pl ( P n h esj m ) in V I a
4 ; V I
c o
5 ; V I
-
IIa , 1 1, ,
1, 1 1 ,

32, 22 IX 6 5 3 nd oth r pl
,
c , 2 , a e a es .

It w th fi
as trib f impl b ld
es e nd nt r ve es o s e, o , a e e

pri i ng Ary n livi ng by gricultur nd by p tur

s a s, a e a as e

o n th f rtil b nk e f th Ind u
e e nd it trib ut ri
a s o e s a s a es,

wh w r th
o prog nitor f th gr t Hi nd u n tion
e e e e s o e ea a ,

w hi h h pr d from th Him l y to C p C mo
c as s ea e a a as a e o

rin .

We no w turn to th i nt r ti ng nd pl i ng ubj ct e e es a eas s e

o f th oci l nd dom tic rul nd th hom li f f

e s a a es es a e e -
e o

th fi trib f th Punj b Th fir t thi ng th t

ese ve es o e a . e s a

s trik u h r i th b n f tho unh lthy rul

es s e e s e a se ce o se ea es

a nd r trictio n tho
es m rk d di ti nctio
s, n b t w
se n m na e s s e ee a

a nd m n n d b t w n
a cl a n d cl e w hich f
eeorm t h ass a ass, e

m un o t spl nt f t u r f
easa l t r Hi n d u o i ty W
ea e o a e s c e . e

h v
a lr dy
e a n th t t h
ea t u rdy Hi
see n d u f t ha V dic e s s o e e

tim ogni d n r trictio n g i n t th u f b f

es rec z e o es s a a s e se o ee ,

a nd th t th y r f r w ith prid to th ir m rch nt g i ng

a e e e e e e a s o

t oth W h v
e sea. n too t h Re i hi did n
a e see t form ,
e s s o

p r t nd xcl u iv cl
a se a a e a nd did n t p
e s th ir
e ass, a o ass e

il ves a w y f m ro th w rld
a in p n n c nd co
e n t m pl
o e a e a e a

it n O n th ontr ry th Ri hi w r p cti l m n
o . e c a ,
e s s e e ra ca e
 9 6 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

of orld wh own d l rg h rd f c ttl cul t i

th e w , o e a e e s o a e,

t d fi ld
va e fo ught g i n t th
e s, bo igin l n mi in a a s e a r a e e es

tim f w nd pr y d to th ir god f w lth nd

es o ar, a a e e s or ea a

c ttl f victory in w r nd f bl i ng n th i
a e, or a s, a or ess s o e r

w iv nd hildr n Ev ry f th r f
es a c f mily w
e . in e a e o a a as

f ct
a Ri hi n
a m ll c l nd w r hipp d h i god
s o a s a s a e, a o s e s s

in h i w n hou
s o in h i w n h umbl f hio n nd t h
se s o e as , a e

w om n f t h f mily joi n d in th wor hip

e o e a nd h l p d e e s , a e e

in th p rform nc e e f th c r mo ni Som m ng
a e o e e e es . e a o

th omm unity w r f cour promi n nt in th m

e c e e o se e e co

po ition f hym n nd th p rform nc f gr t c i

s o s a e e a e o ea sa r

fi ces; n d ki ng a nd rich m n nt f th m
s a n g t e se or e o re a

occ ion nd r w rd d th m h nd m ly B ut n
as s, a e a e e a so e . ev e

ese ea —
th gr t compo r th gr t Ri hi f th Rig se s ese ea s s o e

e a—
V d did n t form n x l u iv c t f th ir wn Th y
o a e c s e as e o e o . e

w r worldly m n mix d
e e nd m rri d with th p opl
e ,
e a a e e e e,

s h r d prop rty with th p opl fought th w r f th

a e e e e e, e a s o e

p opl nd w r f th p opl
e e, a e e o e e e .

O n m rti l Ri hi f
e a i n t nc (in V 3 ) pr y f
a s or s a e , 2 , 2 a s or

a n w h will co nqu r n mi
so o in w A noth r ( in e e e es ar . e

VI , ) pr y
2 0, I f w lth n
ad m fi ld
s ndor n ea a co -
e s a a so

w h w ill d troy h i fo
o es Anoth r ( in IX 69 8 ) pr y s es . e , , a s

for w lth a eand gold f hor nd co w f profu,

or ses a s, or se

h rv t nd xc ll nt prog ny Anoth r Ri hi with

a es s, a e e e e . e s ,

naiv implicity y th t h i c ttl

e s h i w lth nd
,
sa s a s a e are s ea a

h i Indr ! (V
s I 8 a Thr ugho ut th Rig V d
, 2 ,
o e e a

th Ri hi
e sth p opl Th r i n t th h dow f
s are e e e . e e s o e s a o

any vid nc th t th Ri h i or pri t w r

e e e . a c t e s s es s e e a
“
as e
9 8 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

Is it po ibl to fi nd ingl r ligiou w ork f l t

ss e a s e e s o a er

tim es, f n t nth th dim n io n

o o e -
f th
e Rig V d e e s s o e e a,

whi h i c il nt n th t y t m P
s s e o a s s e

S f O th n w h v prov d n g tiv in th nly

ar, e ,
e a e e a e a e e o

w y in w hi h
a n g tiv c n b prov d
a B ut c urio ly
e a e ca e e . us

e nough th r i po itiv proo f nd v riou p

e e s
g i n
s e ,
a a s assa es

th e Rig V d h w th t th c t y t m did n t
e a s e a e as e s -
s e o

e xi t Th v ry w ord m w hich in l t r S n k it
s . e e oa a a e a s r

i ndi t c t i u d in th Rig V d t di ti ngui h th

c a es as e, s se e e a o s s e

A y n nd n n A y n
r a s a nd n w h r i ndic t
o -
prtr a s, a o e e a es se a a e

sec tion in th A y n c mm unity ( III 34 9 & )

s e r a o , , c .

Th v ry w ord K h t iy w hich in l t r S n krit m n

e e s a r a a e a s ea s

th milit y
e t i u d in th V d imply
ar c as e, n d s se e e a S as a a

jec t i w
ve hi h m n tro
c n g nd i ppli
ea d to god s s ,
a s a e s

( V I I 64 , V
, II 829 & ) Th v ry w ord, Vi
p ,
I, c . e e ra

wh i h in l t r S n k it m
c a e n th pri tly c t i u d
a s r ea s e es as e, s se

in t h Rig V d m r ly
e n dj tiv w hi h m n
e a e e as a a ec e c ea s

wi se, a nd w hich i ppli d to god (VIII 6 & ) s a e s ,

1 1, , c .

And th v ry w ord B h m n w hi h in l t r S n k it
e e ra a a c a e a s r

m n l o th pri tly c t i u d in h ndr d pl c

ea s a s e es as e, s se a u e a es

in th Rig V d t imply th
e e mp r f hym n nd
a o e co o se s o s, a

n thi ng l
o ( V II
e se 3 8.
& ) ,
10 , , c .

W w uld gl dly m ultiply vid n li

.

e o b t
a u e e c es, u O r

mit forbid B t w c nn t h lp p d u i ng n
s . u e a o e ro c o e

pi ec e f ovid nc W ith th t ch rmi ng impli ity

e e e .
a a S c

w hich i th ch r t ri tic b uty f th Rig V d

s e a ac e n s ea o e e a, o e

Ri hi
s y p th tic lly f him l f
sa s a e a o se
“
B hold I m compo r f hym n my f th r i
e , a a se o s, a e s
CH AP . V] . SO CIAL LIFE .
99

a y ici n my moth r gri nd or n n tone W

p h s a ,
e s c o s . e are

a ll ng g d in di ff r nt occup tio n
e a e A co w w nd
e e a s. s s a er

( in rio
vau dir ctio n ) in t h
s p t ur efi l d ( f food ) s e as e -
e s or , so

w e ( in v rio u occ up tio

a n ) w or hip
s th O Som ! a s ,
s ee, a

for w lth Flow thou f Indr ! ( IX

ea .
'
Tho or a
”
, se

wh uppo
o s th t th h r dit y t y t m xi t d in
se a e e e ar c as e s -
s e e s e

th V dic tim w ill h v

e e h rd nut to cr ck in
es a e a a a

e xpl i ni ng p g lik th bov w h r f th r moth r

a assa es e ea e, e e a e , e ,

a nd n so d crib d phy ici n corn gri nd r nd

a re es e as s a ,
-
e , a

c mpo r f hym n !
o se o s

L t r a e rt r f th c t y t m h v om tim
a sse e s o e as e s -
s e a e s e es

t i d to r ck th nut nd w ith th mo t w nd rful

r e c a ese s, a e s o e

r ult L ik mo t oth r Ri hi f th Rig V d ( wh

es s e s e s s o e e a o,

w h
e v a e n b f or co n
seet ntly pr y d f w rlik
e e, s a a e or a e

so n) V s i ,
mit w sv aw r ior nd ra compo f
as a a r a a ser o

hym n L t r Hi nd u w r ho k d t thi nd i nv nt
s . a e s e e s c e a s, a e

e d b a ti ful P u nik myth t xpl i nh w Vi mit

ea u a ra o e a o sv a ra

w as fir t K h triy nd th n b m
s a
’

s a Br hm n a a e ec a e a a a

N dlee nd vour f
ess Vi mit w n ith r
e ea , or sv a ra as e e a

K h t iy n Br hm n! H w V dic Ri hi i
s a r a or a a a e as a e s , . e .
,

a w r i r nd pri t lo ng b fo
a r o a th Br hm n nd th
es , e re e a a s a e

K h triy
s a uch w r k no w n
as, as s , e e

It giv es us much p leasure t o be able to cite h ere th e auth o rit

y
of two sch ola rs w h o h av e dev o ted th eir lifetime to th e study of th e

Vd e a

If th en, w ith all th e documents before us, w e ask th e q uest io n, does

caste, as w e fi nd it in M ann, and at th e p resent day , for m p art of th e

most ancient religious teach ing of th e Vdas ? We

e can answer with a
19 9 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

A s h vwe n th n
a e see v ry f th r f f mily w
,
e ,
e e a e o a a
;

as

h i s o w n pri t n d h i hom
es w ,
a h i t mpl s Th r ie as s e e . e e s

n o m en tio n f idol in t h o R ig V d s n o n f t mple e a, e o e es

or pl c f wor hip w h r th p opl w r to ongr

a es o s e e e e e e e c e

g
t
a e T. h cr d fi
e sa w light d
e i t h reho u f vas ry e h e se o e e

hou hold r nd h ch nt d th b utiful nd impl

se e ,
‘

a e a e e ea a s e

h ym n w hich
s w r t h n tio n l prop
e e rty We h v a a e . e a e a

pl i ng
eas pict u r f w om n w h e o i t d t th e ifi o ass s e a ese sac r

c es, w h ord r
o d th n c e ery thi n g pr p r d th m w ith
e e essa s, e a e e

p tl nd mort r xtr ct d th Som j uic tirr d it

es e a a ,
e a e e a-
e, s e

w ith th ir gr ec fu l fig u r n d
a e tr i n d it thro u ghes, a w ool s a e a

l n
e tr si n r a In ne u m ro.
u pl c w fi nd m en tion f s a es e e o

w iv joi
es ni n g th ir h u b nd n d e p r formi n g tsh a crific s, a e e sa e

t o g th
e r Th e y .
o ff r t h obl e tio n tog th r nd hop
e e a s e e , a e

th r by to go to h v n tog th r ( I 3 3 ;V4 3 5 & )

e e ea e e e , 1 1, , , I , c .

A f w e r from
v e ses pio u hym n n thi a u bj ct w ill
s o
‘

s s e

n odo u bt i n t r t u r dr e es o r ea e s .

5 O .
y god T h e m rri d co
s u pl w h pr p
e r a e e o e a e

bl tio n tog th r wh puri fy th Som j uic nd mix

.

o a s e e ,
o e a -
e a

it w ith milk ,

6“
M .
y th y obt a i n food f e th ir ti ng a n d com or e ea , a e

u n it d toe t h crific M ye sa th y n v r h v
e . to go a e e e a e

in qu t f food es o .

decided No .
-
M ax M uller, Ch ip s f rom a German Worksh op , Vl
o . 11

P 3 7
0

Th ere are no castes as t

y ,
e th e p eop le are still one united wh ole, and

b ear but one name, th at of V

i as s . Weber
-
, Indian L iterature ( t rans

latio n) , p .
38 .
 E
VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

re al tion f li f w r d t rmi n d by th n d nd r quir

so e e e e e e e ee s a e e

m nt f i ndivid u l r th r th n by c t ir n rul
e s o a s a e a as -
o es

as in l t r d y a e nd ther w a n r ligio u oblig t i n

s a e as o e s a o

t h r for th t v ry girl m u t b m rri d O n th n

e e e, a e e s e a e . e co

trar y w fi nd
,
ll u ioen to u nm rria d w om n
s w h s a e e o re

m i n d in th hom
a e f th ir f th r
e nd n t ur ll yes o e a e s, a a a

C al im d nd bt i n d h r f th p t rn l prop rty
e a O a e a s a e o e a e a e .

( I I 7
, 1 O n t h
,
oth r h n d w h v f r q u nt r f r
e e a ,
e a e e e e e

e n to c r ful n
c es d i nd u trio u w iv wh
a e a up ri nt nd d s s es o s e e e

th e rr ng m nt f th hou
a a e e nd liks th o d wn e se, a e e a

r u d nd nt v ry n in th hou to h i w rk in
o se a se e e o e e se s o

th e mo ni ng ( I 4 r nd w h po ,
d tho do
12 ,
a o ssesse se

m ti virt u f w hi h Hi ndu w iv h v l w y b n
es c es or c es a e a a s ee

not d from th
e rli t to th p nt ti m O cce ea es e rese es . a

s oi n lly w a h v ll u io n t wom n wh w nt tr y
e a e a s s o e o e as a

( I I 9 ) ;
, 2 f m id ,
n I w h h d
o n brot h
a r to we tch s o a o e s a

o v r th ir mor l nd wiv wh w r f ithl to

e e a s a es o e e a ess

th ir h u b nd ( IV 5 5 ; X 34
e s a s . A nd w , , , ,
e a re

t ld f th w i f f rui n d g mbl r w h b co m th
o o e e o a e a e o e es e

obj t f th r m n l u t ( X 34
ec o o e e
’
s s .
, ,

It w o uld m th t girl h d om voic in th l c

see a s a s e e e se e

tion f th ir h u b nd Th ir l tion w n t l w y
o e s a . e se ec as o a a s

h ppy f
a m ny wom n i ttr ct d by th w lth
, or a a e s a a e e ea

o f him w h k h B ut th w om n wh i
o see s f g ntl
er . e a o s o e e

n t ur
a nd f gr c ful form
e a o l ct mo ng m ny a e se e s, a a ,

w n lov d n h u b nd (X 7 W ”
h er o h e o e as er s a .
,
2 , e

ca n lmo t im gi n w
a s th S y ma e ytm e see e va a v a ra s s e

o f l t r tim
a e for h do w d in th es b v v r Th r
es a e e a o e e se . e e
CH AP . V] . SOCIAL LIFE . 1 03

can b e doubt how v r th t f th r l w y x rci d

no e e , a a e s a a s e e se

a wi control in th l ction f hu b nd f th ir
se e se e o s a s or e

d ught r nd
a t th
e s, pr nt d y f th r g v
a as a e ese a , a e s a e

aw y th ir girl g r c fully
a e dorn d nd d ck d w ith
s a e a e a e e

gold n orn m nt ( IX 46
e a X 39 e s .
, ,
2 , ,

Th c r mo ny f m rri g w
e e e n ppropri t n
o a a e as a a a e o e,

and th promi w hich th brid groom nd brid m d

e ses e e a e a e

to ch oth r w r uit bl to th occ ion W wil l

ea e e e s a e e as . e

tr n l t om v r from hym n in th l t r portion

a s a e s e e ses a e a e

of th Rig V d in w hich w fi nd pl
e e ing pictur f
a, e a eas e o

th e c r mo ny Th fir t tw mong th follow ing

e e . e s o a e

v r w ill h w th t th unn tur l cu tom f rly

e ses s e a . e a a s o ea

m rri g w unk nown nd th t girl w r m rri d

a a e as , a a s e e a e

aft r th y h d tt i n d th ir yo uth
e e a a a e e .

O V
21 i . u ( god f m rri g ) ri
sv av as from thi o a a e , a se s

pl f th m rri g f thi girl i ov r W xtol

ace, or e a a e o s s e . e e

Vi u w ith hym n
sv av as nd pro tr tio n G o to om s a s a s . s e

oth r m id n wh i till in h f th r hou nd h

e a e o s s er a e
’
s se a as

att i n d th ign f th g f m rri g Sh will b

a e e s s o e a e o a a e . e e

yo ur h r k now f h
s a e, o er .

O V
22 i . u! ri from thi pl c W w
sv av as a se s a e . e or

ship th b ndi ng i dor tion Go to n unm rri d

ee, e h a a . a a e

m id n w ho p r o n i w ll d v lop d m k h
a e se e s s e e e e a e er a

w if nd unit h
e a to h u b nd e er a s a .

3 L 2t t h p. th by w hich
e u fri nd goe in q u t a s o r e s es

of m id n f
a m rri g b
a e y nd fr f thorn
or a a e e eas a ee o s .

M y Ary m n nd Bh g l d u w l l 0 god ! m y
a a a a a a ea s e . s a

th h u b nd nd w i f b w ll unit d
e s a a e e e e .
1 04 VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K 1 .

24m id n th gr c ful un h d f t n d th
. O a e e a e s a as e e ee

w ith ti ( f m id n
esho d ) wo r l th n
a w f thoe o , e e ease ee o o se

ti W pl c th w ith thy h u b nd in pl c w hich

es . e a e ee s a a a e

i th hom
s e f truth nd th bod f right ou ctio n
e o a e a e o e s a s .

25 W r l . thi m id n from thi pl c (h

e e ease s a e s a e er

f th r h u ) but n t f m t h oth r pl c ( h
’
a e s o se , hu o ro e e a e er s

b nd hou ) W unit h w ll w ith th oth r pl c

a
’
s se . e e er e e e a e .

0 Ind m y h b f t n t nd th moth r f
ra a s e e or u a e a e e o

w orthy o n s s .

“
6 M y Pu h n l d y u by th h nd from thi
2 . a s a ea o e a s

pl c M y th tw A vi n l d y u in ch riot Go
a e . a e o s s ea o a a .

to yo ur (h u b nd ) ho u nd b th mi tr s a
’
f th
s se a e e s ess o e

h u B th mi tr f ll nd x rci your u
o se. e e s ess o a ,
a e e se a

th ority ov r ll in th t ho u e a a se .

7 L2 t childr
. n b bo ne u nto th nd bl i ng e e r ee, a ess s

a tt nd th h r P rfo m th d uti f thy hou hold

e ee e e . e r e es o se

w ith c r Unit th y p r o n w ith th p r o n f thi

a e. e e s e e s o s

thy h u b nd x rci thy uthority in th i thy ho u

s a e e se a s se

until old g a e .

4
“
0 Fir t .S om cc pt s th ; th n G n dh v a a e s ee e a ar a

c pt th Agni i th y third lord th n f m n i

a ce s ee s e so o a s

t h fo urth to c pt th ‘
e ac e ee .

4 S om 1 b. to w d thi m id na to G n dh v
es e s a e a ar a ,

G ndh rv g v h to Agni Agni h giv n h to m

a a a a e er ,
as e er e

w ith w lth nd prog ny ea a e .

This and th e following v erse w ould sh ew th at th e bride was offered

to th e th ree gods before sh e was united to th e bridegroo m .

1 06 VED IC PERIO D .
[BOO K 1 .

a ppropri t n tur f th c mony th t w p r form d

a e a e o e ere a as e e ,

a nd th po itio n w hich th yo ung brid occ upi d in t h

e s e e e e

hom nd th ff ctio n f h lord

e a ea e s o er .

Polyg my w llow d mong ki ng nd th rich

a as a e a s a e

p opl in V dic tim

e e it w llow d in old n tim
e es, as as a e e es

in ll co untri
a nd mo ng ll n ti n Dom tic di
es a a a a o s . es s

se n io n w r th n t ur l r ult in uch i n t nc
s s e e end a a es s s a es, a

w h v
e hym n in th l tt r p rt f th Rig V d in
a e s e a e a o e e a,

w hich w iv c ur th ir f llow w iv ( X 4 5 X
es se e e -
es .
,
1 ,

Th vil m ho w v r to h v gro wn in th l tt
e e see s, e e , a e e a er

p rt f th V dic g f th r
a o e c r ly ny ll u
e a e, or e e are s a ce a a

s io n to it in th rli r hym n
s e ea e s
.

W n d e rc ly ll ud to hym n uit d to th occ

ee sc a e a e s s e e a

s ion f onc ption nd childbirth (X 8 3 X 84 ; X

s o c e a .
,
1 ,
1 ,

1 6 ; V 7 8 7 to
2 ,
Th hym n l b lo ng t
, ese s a so e o

th l t porti n f th V dic g wh n up r titio n

e as o o e e a e e s e s

a nd pri tly i nfl u nc w es g i ni ng n th p opl nd e e ere a o e e e, a

ce er moni m ultipli d W m u t ll ud how v r to

es e . e s a e, e e ,

t w c u io u v r
o w hi h
r m to l y do wn th l w f in
s e ses c See a e a o

h rit n
e nd i th r for
a c e, f p c uli r i nt r t
a W
s e e e o e a e es . e

giv tr n l tion b low

e a a s a e :

Th f th r w h h
1 . n en ho no ur h i
a en in o as o so s s so -

l w c p bl
a , f b g tti ng o n
a a nd go
e o ( i l ve h is e s s, a es . e,
. ea es

prop rty) to th n f h i d ught r Th ( o nl )

e e so o s a e . e s ess

f th r tru t in h i d ught r o ff pri ng nd liv

'

n
’
a e s s s a e s s ,
a es co

t nt
e .

A n do n t giv ny f h i f th r prop rty

“ ’
2 . so es o e a o s a e s e

t o i t H giv h w y to b th wi f f
a s s er . e es er a a e e e o a
CH AP . V] . SO CIAL LIFE . 1 07

hu b nd If f th r nd moth r b g t both n nd
s a . a a e a e e e so a

d ught r th n n ( i
a e n) ng g
,
him l f inth ct
e o e . e , so
. e a es se e a s

a nd d uti f h i f th r w hil th oth r (d ught r)

es o s a e , e e e a e re

i
ce v es ho nour ( III .
,

Thi i th fir t g rm f th Hi nd u l w f i nh rit nc
s s e s e o e a o e a e,

w hich m k th n nd n t th d ught r th inh i

a es e so , a o e a e ,
e er

tor f h i f th r prop rty nd r ligiou d uti nd

o s a e
’
s e a e s es, a

w hich llo w th prop rty to go to th d ught r

’
a s n e e e a e s so

o nly in th b nc f m l i u W think w di
e a se e o a e ss e . e e s

cov r th fir t germ f th Hi nd u l w f doption t

e e s s o e a o a oo

in u h ps g s th f llo w i ng
c assa e as e o

A m n wh i n t i nd bt d g t m uch w lth
s a a o s o e e e s ea ,
so

w e too h ll g t th tr ur th t nd ur (i
s a n)
e e eas e a e es . e , a so
. .

0 A g ni l t u n t h v n b gott n f noth r Do
e s o a e so e e o a e .

n t follo w th w y
o f t h ig nor nt e a s o e a .

A n b gott n f noth r m y yi ld u h ppi n

so e e o a e a e s a ess,

but n n v r b r g rd d or cc pt d on wn ’
ca e e e e a e a e e as es o .

A nd v rily h ultim t ly go
e b ck t h i wn pl c
e a e es a o s o a e .

Th r for m y
e e n b n wly born unto u w h
e, a w illa so e e s o

bri ng u food nd d troy u fo (VII 4 7

s a es o r es .
”
, , ,

A w h v pok n in thi ch pt r f m rri g

s e a e s nd e s a e o a a e a

i nh rit nc it i n c
e a y to compl t u cco unt f
e, s e essa r e e o r a o

s oci l nd dom tic c u tom to p k f th fun r l

a a es s s s ea o e e a

c r mo ny l o Y m in th Rig V d i n t th god
e e a s . a a e e a s o e

o f h ll but th god f t h h v n f t h right o u

e , e th o e ea e o e e s, e

god wh r w rd th virtuou m n ft r h i d th in
o e a s e s a a e s ea ,

a h ppy l nd H i tw dog how v r obj ct to b

a a . s o s e e are e s e

a void d or propiti t d Th follo wi ng v

e tkn a e . e ers es are a e
1 08 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

from hym n compo d it i n dl to y n t in th

a se , s ee ess sa ,
o e

ea rli r but in th l t t p riod f th V dic g w h n

e e a es e o e e a e e

c r moni m ultipli d
e e es e

7 O tho
. u d c d ! proc d to th m pl e ease ee e sa e ac e

wh r u
e e o for f th r h v go n
r by th m p th
e a e s a e e, e sa e a

w hich thy follo w d Th t w ki ng Y m nd V run

e . e o s, a a a a a,

are pl d with th o ff ri ng go nd th m
ease e e s a see e .

8 G o to th t h ppy h v n nd mix w ith th

. a rl y a ea e a e ea

for f th r
e a M i w ith Y m
e s . nd w ith th fruit xf th y a a a e s o

v irt uou d d L v in b hi nd nt r thy hom

s ee s
. ea e s e , e e e .

9
“
O y. gh t ! l v thi
e pl c go w y mov
os s ea e s a e, a a , e

a w y a For th for f th r h v pr p r d pl c f
. e e a e s a e e a e a a e or

th d c d Th t pl c i b utifi d w ith d y w ith

e e ease . a a e s ea e a ,

sp rkli ng w t r nd with light ; Y m ign thi pl c

a a e s a a a ass s s a e

to th d d e ea .

0 1O tho u d c
. d ! th tw dog h v four e ease ese o s a e

y
e es ea ch nd tr ng colour Go p t th m q uickly
, a a s a e . as e .

Th n proc d by th b utiful p th to tho wi for

e ee e ea a se se e

f th r w h
a e s, p nd th ir tim in joy nd h ppi n w ith
o s e e e a a ess

Ym a ( X
a .
”
,

Th bov p g giv u n id f th b li f in
e a e assa es e s a ea o e e e

fut ur h ppi n e it w d v lop d in th l t t p

a ess as as e e e e a es e

i d f th V dic
r o o e e era .

Th r om p g which h w th t buri l
e e are s e assa es s e a a ,

w itho ut cr m tio n w pr cti d in tho tim

e a , as a se se es .

0 1O thou d c
. d ! go to th xt nd d th e ease e e e e e ar

wh i
o moth r ; h i xt n iv nd b uti ful
s as a e s e s e e s e a ea .

H touch b o ft th t f wool or f f m l
er e s as a o o a e a e .
 1 19 VED IC PERIOD .
[ BOO K 1 .

We q uot h r with pl ur th follo wi ng r m rk w ith

e e e eas e e e a s

w hich Dr R j ndr L l M itr w i nd up

. pp n
a e a a a a s a a er o

Fun r l C r mony in Anci nt Indi

e a e e Th t th e a . a e re

m rri g f w idow in V dic tim w

a a e o n tio n l u s e es as a a a c s

tom n b t bli h d by v ri ty f proof nd g u

,
ca e es a s e a a e o s a ar

m nt ; th v ry f ct f th S n krit l ngu g h vi ng
‘

e s e e a o e a s a a e a ,

from nci nt tim a uch w orde D idh i h u m n th t es, s s as s , a a a

h asm rri d w idow P p u a wom n th t h

a e a ,
’
ara rv ,
‘
a a a as

t k n cond hu b nd P un bh
a e a se n f w s a ,
’
a ar av a, a so o a o

m n by ha co nd h u b nd er se no ugh to t bli h s a ,
’
a re e es a s

it .
”

It i w ith p i n nd r gr t th t w w ill in co ncl u io n

s a a e e a e s

f to noth r p
re er g l o b lo ngi ng to thi r m k
a e as sa e a s e s e ar

a bl hym n nd w hi h i p rf ctly h rml in th Rig

e ,
a c s e e a ess e

V d it l f but which w lt r d nd mi t n l t d in
e a se , as a e e a s ra s a e

l t r tim
a e to nctio n th b rb ro u u t m f S tt
es sa e a a s c s o o u ee,

or th b urni ng f th w ido w n th pyr

e fh h u b nd
o e o e e o er s a .

Th t mo t cru l f ll h um n i n tituti n fi nd n
a s e o a a s o s s o

sa nctio n in th Rig V d Th r i p rf tly h ml e e a . e e s a e ec ar e ss

p g (X 8
assa e w hich r f r to pro io n f
,
1 ,
e e s a c ess o

w m n t
o efun r l c r mo ny
a Th p a g my b e a e e . e a ssa e a e

thu tr n l t d
s a s a e

M y th w om n n t uff r th p ng
a ese f w ido w e o s e e a s o

hood M y th y wh h v good nd d ir bl h u
. a e o a e a es a e s

b nd nt r th ir ho u w ith collyri um nd butt r

a s, e e e ses a e .

L t th
e wom n w itho ut h ddi ng t r
ese nd w itho ut
e ,
s e ea s, a

a ny orro w fir t proc d to t h ho u
s ,
w ri ng v l u bl
s ee e se, ea a a e

o n m nt
r a e s.
”
CH A P . V] . SOCIAL LIF E . I I1

Th r e e ord in th bov r l ti ng to th burn

is not a w e a e e a e

ing f w ido w
o B ut wo d in it Ags
. w lt r d i nto
a r re as a e e

Alg nd th
ae, a t xt w th n mi t n l t d nd mi
e e as e s ra s a e a s

a ppli d in B ng l to j u ti fy th d t t bl
e e a tom f s e e es a e c us o

w ido w bur ni ng In t h w o d f Pro f r M M ill ’

-
. e r so esso ax I er,

“
Thi i p rh p th mo t fl gr nt i n t nc f w h t
s s, e a s, e s a a s a e o a

ca n b do n by n un cr up ulo
e ep i thood H r h v
a s us r es . e e a e

tho u nd f liv b n crific d nd f n tic l b l

sa s o es ee sa e a a a a a re e

lio n b n thr t n d u th
ee thority f p g
ea e e o e au o a ass a e

w hi h w m ngl d mi t n l t d nd mi ppli d ”
c as a e ,
s ra s a e a sa e .

Th c n ur i
e e tro ng but i d r d it do n t
s e s s ,
s ese v e es o

m tt r w h th t h lt r tio n in t h t xt nd th mi
a e e er e a e a e e a e s

t n l tio n w r m d in r c nt tim or f w h und d

ra s a e e a e e e es a e re

y r g
ea s a o .
 C H APT ER VI .

VED IC RELIG IO N .

AN ccount f th oci l li f nd th civili tio n f

a o e s a e a e za o

th e ea rly Hi nd u will n t b compl t w ithout o m

s o e e e s e

a ccount f th ir r ligion Th r ligion f th R ig

o e e . e e o e

V d i w ll kno wn It i p mi n ntly th w r hip f

e a s e . s re e-
e e o s o

N t ur in it mo t impo i ng nd ublim
a e s s p t Th s a s e as ec s . e

s k y w hich b nd ov r ll th eb uti ful nd bl u hi ng

s e a , e ea a s

d wn w hich lik
a bu y hou wif w k m n fr m
e a s se e a es e o

s l umb r nd nd th m to th ir work th gorg o u

e a se s e e , e e s

tr pic l un which i ifi th rth th i w hich p

o a s v v es e ea , e a r er

v d th world th fi w hich ch r nd nlight n u

a es e , e re ee s a e e s s,

a nd th viol nt torm w hich in Indi

e e trik t ror i nto
s s a s e er

t h bold t but u h r i nto th o

e es , copio u r i n w hich
s e se s a s

fill th l nd with pl nty th w r th god whom th

e a e ,
-
ese e e e s e

ea rly Hi nd u lov d to xtol nd to wor hip A nd o ft n

s e e a s . e

w h n n nci nt Ri hi
e a a ng th e pr i f ny f t hs sa e a ses o a o e

g od w ith
s d votio n nd f rvo
e ur h for g ot th t th r
a e , e a e e

w as a ny o th r god b id end h i ublim hym n h es es, a s s e as

th e ch r ct r nd th ublimity f pr y r to th
a a e a e s o a a e e

o n G od
e f th univ ro Thi i w h t m k m ny
e e se . s s a a es a

sc hol r oft n p u nd h it t b for th y giv th

a s e a se a es a e e e e e e

V dic r ligion ny oth r n m th n M onoth i m In

e e a e a e a e s .

d d th Rishi th m lv oft n ro high r th n th

ee e s e se es e se e a e
I I4 VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K I .

( lit r lly
e a th hi ni ng ) t h Z
e s u f t h G r k t,
h fi t e e s o e ee s, e rs

s yll bl f J upit r mong th Rom n th Tiu f th

a e o e a e a s, e o e

S xo n
a nd th
s, a Zio f th G rm n Thi com mo n
e o e e a s . s

n m a mong m ny Ary n r c i ndic t th t th d ity

e a a a a es a es a e e

w as w r hipp d by t h
o s nc toe f ll th n tio n in
e a es rs o a ese a s

th ir fir t prim l bod in A i
e s eva a e s a.

B ut w hil Z u nd J pit r m i nt i n d th ir upr

e e s a u e a a e e s e

m cy mo ng th god f Gr c nd Rom in Indi h

a a e s o ee e a e, a e

so o nlo t h i pl c nd th ky in n f it p uli f un
s s a e, a es o eo s ec ar c

ti no s soon u urp d h i pl c For in Indi th nnu l

s e s a e . a e a a

i f riv r th f rtility f l nd nd th l uxuri nc f

r se o e s, e e o a ,
a e a e o

crop d p nd n t n th k y w hich hi n bov u

s e e ,
o o e s s es a e s,

but n th o hy th t in
e s nd Ind which m n t h
a ra s, a ra , ea s e

r i n giv r o n b c m th fi t mong th V dic god

a -
e ,
s o e a e e rs a e e s .

A noth r nci nt n m e a f th ky w
e V r un th
a e o e s as a a, e

Ur nu a f ths Gr k Th w ord ignifi to cov r

o e ee s . e s es e ,

a nd V r un w a th k y w hi h cov
a as d th rth pro
e s c ere e ea ,

b bly th k y witho ut light th nightly k y For w

a e s , e s . e

fi nd noth r n m f
a th bright ky
e a fd y
e i
or M it e s o a , v z .
, ra ,

th M ithr
e f th Z nd a o t S n krit c mm nt t r
e e av es a . a s o e a o s

n tur lly xpl i n V r un

a a e nigh t
a nd M itr a d y a as a a as a ,

a nd th Ir ni n w or hipp d th
e a a un und r t h
s n m
s e e s e e a e

o f M ithr nd g v th a, n m
a f V run toa e h ppy e a e o a a a a

r gio n if n t th ky
e , o e s .

Th f ct how th t th id nd n m f V run
ese a s s a e ea a a e o a a

as a god f ky w k no wn to th nc tor f A y n
o s as e a es s o r a

n tio n b for tho

a s n tio n
e ep t d nd migr t d t
se a s se ara e a a e o

G r c to Per i
ee e, nd to Indi Ind d th
s a, a mi n nt a . ee e e e
C H AP . v1 .
] VED IC RELIGIO N . I1 5

G erm an schol ar Dr Roth nd m ny oth r .f p in a a e s are o o

i n th t b for
o a th Indo A ry n e nd th
e Ir ni n
e -
a s a e a a s

se p r t d V run w th high t nd h li t f th
a a e ,
a a as e es a o es o e

god f th i commo n nc tor nd r p nt d th

s o e r a es s, a e rese e e

s piritu l id f th ir r ligion Aft r th p r tion

a s e o e e . e e se a a

h d t k n pl c
a a thi d ity f right u n w it i
e a e, s e o eo s ess as, s

a ll g d t n l t d in Ir n i nto Ah ur M d th Supr m
e e ,
ra s a e a a az , e e e

D ity A nd lth ugh in Indi V un yi ld d th for

e . a o a ar a e e e e

mo t pl s mong g d t th young nd vigorou r i n

ac e a o s o e a s a

g iv re In d ti ll h n v rra, b c m s div t d f th
e t e e e a e es e o a

sa n tity nd h li n
c w hi h
a nt r d i nt h i fi t
o ess n c e e e o s rs Co

ce p t i n nd
o t h holi
,
t ah ym n f t h R
e ig V d es s o e e a a re

h i n t Ind W h t v r b th v l u f th opi n
’
s, o ra s . a e e e e a e o ese

i n th f t f V run p mi n nt n tity in th
o s, e ac o a a s
’
ro e -
e sa c e

Rig V d c nnot b d ni d e a a nd w w ill giv e f w e e , a e e a e

S h rt t n l ti n from t h hym n to V run to ill u

o ra s a o s e s a a s

t t thi
ra e s

6 O V r un ! th bird th t fly h v n t tt in d
. a a e s a a e o a a e

thy pow r or thy vigour th w t r w hich flo w c

e ,
e a e s ease

l ly nd th m vi ng w i nd do n t urp thy p d
e ss a e o o s ass S ee .

7 Ki ng
. V r un f u n u lli d po w r r
a m i n in th
a o s e e e a s e

fi m m nt nd h ld
r a e n high th r y
, a f light
o Tho
s o e a s o . se

ra y d c nd downw rd but p oc d from bov

s es e a s, r ee a e.

M y th y u t i n u xi t n
a e s s a o r e s e ce .

8 Ki ng V run h pr d ut th p th f th
. a a as s ea o e a or e

c our f th un H h m d th p th f th un
se o e s . e as a e e a or e s

t o tr v r in p thl
a e se p M y h r buk u
a ess s ac e . a e e e o r

e n mi e wh pi rc es u h t o e e o r ear s .
1 16 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

9 Ki.n g V r0
u n ! h un dr d n d tho u nd a a a e a a sa

m di
e in l dru
c g thi
a n m y thy b n f c n c
s are b v t e a e e i e e e as

a nd d p K p un ight ou n w y f m u d liv
ee . ee r e s ess a a ro s, e er

u f om th
s r i n w h v c mmitt d e s s e a e o e .

Yo nd r t r whi h
10 . pl d n high nd
e s a s c are ac e o ,
a

a re see n by night w h r do th y g by d y ? Th , ct -
e e e o a e a s

o f V run a irr i ti bl th m o n hi n brightly by

a a re es s e e o s es

h i m nd t
”
s (aI a e .
,

3 O V .
u n ! w ith n nxio u h ar t I k th
a a a s ear as ee

a bout my i n I h v g n to l n d m n t m k
s s
. a e o e ea r e e o a e

i nq uiry ; th g h v ll id to m
e sa — V run i
es a e a sa e z
‘
a a s

di pl d w ith th
s ease ee .
’

4
“
O V . r un ! w h t h v I d n th
a t tho u wai h t a a e o e a s es

to d troy thy fri nd thy wo hipp r ? O tho u f irr

es e ,
rs e o e

i tibl p w r d l r it to m th t I m y q uickly ‘

s s e o e , ec a e e, so a a

b nd in dor tion nd com unto th

e a a ,
a e ee .

5 O V . r u n ! d liv r u f om t
a h i n f a e e s r e s s o o ur

f th r
a D liv r u f om th i n committ d in
e s . e e s r e s s e o ur

Th e w ord used w ith tex t is Rik sh a, wh ich may eith er mean stars
generally , or th e stars o f th e constellation Great B ear . Th e roo t ri ch

means to sh ine wh ence in course o f time th e word Rik sh a came to h av e

,

t wo mea n ings —th e sh ining st ars o f a p articular con stella tion a nd an ,

animal w ith brigh t ey es a nd sh ining glossy h air By a natural confusion of .

ideas th erefore th e constella tion itself ultimately came to be called th e

, ,

B ear Th e question is discussed with remark able eloquence and learn

.

ing by M ax M uller in his Science o f Language, andh e ex

p ains th at
l “
th e

surp rise w ith w h ich many a th ough tful observer h as look ed at th ese sev en

b righ t st ars, w ondering w h y th ey were ev er called th e Bear, is re moved by

reference to th e early annals of h u man sp eech .
"
 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

Th nd m ny oth r hym n ho w th t V r un w
ese a a e s S a a a as

n v r div t d in Indi
e e f th t id
es e f h li n w hich i a o a ea o o es s s

sa id t h v nt r d i nto h i o igi n l c nc ptio n B t

o a e e e e s r a o e . u

n v rth l
e e V run lik D y n w
e ess, uppl nt d in
a a e as s a e

pow r by th y ung r Indr

e egod w h i p c uli l y
o e a, a o s e ar

Indi n nd i a nk no w n to oth r A y n n ti n
, a s u e r a a o s .

On f th mo t f mo u l g nd
e o e bo t Ind th
s a s e e s a u ra , e

mo t f mou l g nd pr b bly in th A y n w o l d i
s a s e e o a e r a r ,
s

a bout th p od u ti n f r i n Th d k h vy clo ud
e r c o o a . e ar ea s

t w hi h m n lo k
o c up w ith w i t ful
a y but w hi h
o s s e es, c

O ft n di p p oi nt him in
e sa n f dr ught c ll d seaso s o o , a re a e

by th nci nt n m
e a f Vit e a e o r ra .

Vit i upp d t onfi n th w t r nd w ill n t

r ra s s o se o c e e a e s, a o

l t th m d
e e nd until t h ky g d
esce r i n god Ind e s -
o or a -
ra

s trik th mon t r w ith h i thund b lt Th

es e s e pti s er o . e ca ve

w t r th n d
a e s nd in cop io u
e how esc e iv i ! s s ers , r ers r se a

mo t i n t nt n u ly nd god nd m n j ic ov
s s a a eo s ,
a s a e re o e er

th e ch ng d f c f n t u M ny
a e a e th poi it d a re . a are e s r e

h ym n in th Rig V d in w hich thi com b t i n

s e e a s a s ar

r t d w ith much gl nd r joici ng Th torm g d

a e ee a e . e s -
o s,

M rut h lp Ind in th comb t th

a s, e ky ra nd th e a , e s a ea r

t r mbl
e t th enoi Vit long w g n un q l
a e se, r ra a es a e ua

comb t nd th n f ll nd di th d ught i v
a ,
a — e a s a es, e ro s o e r,

a nd r i n b gi n
a s e .

W h v e id th t Indr i p culi ly Indi n n m

a e sa a a s a e ar a a e

a nd i unk no wn to oth r A ry n n tio n

s B ut t h l g nd e a a s. e e e

g iv n e bov n d
a t h n m f V
e a it pp in v rio
e u a e o r ra a ear a s

h p mong v riou Ary n n tion Vit gh n or th

s a es a a s a a s
. r ra a, e
 C H AP . VI ] . VED IC REL IGIO N . I I9

s a l y r f Vit
e o or hipp d inth Z nd t V r
r ra, is w s e e e aves a as e e

th g h
ran n d w l o fi
a, a n d in t h m w ork n
ea s cco unt f e sa e a a o

th d e tru tio n f Ah i w hich in th V d i noth

es c o , e e a s a er

n m f
a Vit
e orTh y t n i t hr ra l y r f Ah i nd
. re e a a s e s a e o ,
a

th g ni u f th g t F n h ch l r Bu n uf h é
e e s o e rea re c s o a r o as r

c ogni d thi id ntic l Th y t n in th F udin f

z e s e a re e a a e er o

F du i Sh h N m —t n l t d f om mythology to
’
er s s a a a, ra s a e r

hi to y ft r thou nd f y r ! It w ill prob bly u

s r a e sa s o ea s a s r

pri mod n r d r mor t know th t chol r h v

se er ea e s e o a s a s a e

t c d thi Ah i f th V d nd th Z nd t in th
ra e s o e e a a e e av es a e

dr go n E hi
a nd E hid n
c fG
s a k mythology th t in c a o ree a

th dog O thro th ff pri ng f Echid n th y h v

e r s, e O s o a, e a e

re cogni d u old fri nd Vit or th r i n cloud

z e o r e r ra e a -
,

a nd H r ul th r for th l y r f O rthro i th
e c es e e e, e s a e o s, s e

co unt p t f Th y t n f Z nd t nd f Indr
er a r o re e a a o e av es a, a o a

o f t h Rig V d !
e e a

It w o uld b y to m ultiply uch l g nd but u

e eas s e e s, o r

limit forbid u h cour W w ill th r for only

s s c a se . e e e e

mk a p i ng m ntion f n mor l g nd i th t
e a ass e o o e e e e ,
v z .
,
a

a bo ut th r ov y f light by Indr ft r th d rk
e ec er o a a e e a

n es s f nighto Th r y f light
. comp r d t e a s o are a e o

c ttl whi h h v b n tol n w y by th pow r f

a e c a e ee s e a a e e s o

d rk n
a nd Indr
ess, ( t h
a k y) k f th m in v i n a e s see s or e a .

H nd S
e se md s t h d w n ft r th m
a ra nd S r m a
,
e a , a e e , a a a

fi nd fortr wh th P m or po w r
'

ut t h B lu
’

s o e z ,
or ess, e re e a s, e s

O f d rk n a h v conc l d th c ttl Th P ni
ess, a e ea e e a e . e a s

t y to t mpt S r m a b ut in v i n S r m a co m b ck
r e a a ,
a . a a es a

t oIndr nd Indr m rch

a, a w ith h i for d troy a a es s ces, es s

l
1 20 VED IC PERIOD .
[ BO O K I .

th e f ort nd r cov r th c ttl ; d rk n i g n

a e e s e a e a ess s o e,

and it i d y ! Thi i sw ll k no wn V dic l g nd

a nd s s a e -
e e e ,
a

th r e e con t nt ll u ion t it in th hy mn to
are s a a s s o e s

Indr a .

Pro f or M M ll r m i nt i n th t th tory f t h
ess ax u e a a s a es o e

i g f Troy i d v lopm nt f thi impl V di

s e e o s a e e e o s s e e c

myth nd i but r p titio n f th d ily i g f t h

,
a s a e e o e a s e e o e

E t by th S l r po w r th t
as y v ni ng
e o a b e s a ev er e e a re ro

b d f th ir bright t tr ur in th w t Ili u m
”
e o e es eas es e es .

a ccordi ng to th Pr f or i E lu th c v or t h f e o ess s z
'

,
e a e e or

tr f th Rig V d P i i th P m f th V d
ess o e e a . ar s s e a
'

s o e e a

w h t mpto nd H l n i t h V dic S mmd w h

e , a e e a s e e a o re

i t th t mpt tion in th V d but ucc umb to it in

s s s e e a e e a, s s

Gr k mythology
ee .

Hi toric l vid nc f n ctu l i g f Troy n d

s a e e e O a a a s e e o ee

n t nc
o rily di p ov thi th ory f nothing i
e essa s r e s e ,
or s

mor commo n in nci nt hi tory th n th bl nding f

e a e s a e e o

mythic l n m nd i ncid nt w ith hi toric l v nt

a a es a e s s a e e s .

A rj un th h ro f hi tori l Kuru P nchal w i

a e e o a s ca a a ar s

a myth nd i n m f th r i n god Ind ; nd it

, a s a a e o e a -
ra a

i n t impo ibl th t t h po t wh
s o ng fss hi t i l e a e e o sa o a s or ca

i g f Troy bl nd d w ith it ol r myth with it

s e e o e e a s a s

n m a nd i n id nt
es a W w ill n w m k hort t tc e s . e o a e s ex rac s

from th Rig V d ill tr ti ng th e tw l g nd e a us a ese o e e s

W i ng th h roic d d w hich w r p rf md
I . e s e e ee s e e e or e

by Indr th thund r r H d troy d Ah i ( cloud) nd

a e e e . e es e a

c u d r i n to d c nd nd op n d ut th p th f
a se a s es e , a e e o e a s or

th mo unt i n tr
e m to roll a s ea s .
Iz z VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K I .

Th e a bov e is o ne of th ehym n r l ti ng to th l g nd s e a e e e

of Vit r ra . We now turn to hym n r l ti ng to tha e a e

l g nd
e e of Sa r ma
a .

I . Th e P a ms
'

h t tho u say O Sa r m a!
a wh y as

com h r ? It i long di t nc H wh l ok b k
e e e s a s a e. e o o s ac

c nnot com thi w y Wh t h v w with u f w hi h

a e s a . a a e e s or c

thou h t com ? H w long h t thou tr v ll d ? H w

as e o as a e e o

did t thou cro th R a?

s ss e as

S mmd r pli
2 . a I com th e m ng r f es e as e esse e o

Indr O P ni ! it i my obj ct to r cov r th

a . a s bund nt s e e e e a a

c ttl w hich y u h v hidd n Th w t r h h lp d

a e o a e e . e a e as e e

m th w t r f lt f r t my cro i ng nd th u I
e, e a e e a ea a ss , a s

cro d th R a
sse e as .

3 T h. P m W h et i th t Indr lik w ho m
a
'

s . a s a a e, se es

se ng r tho u e t nd h t com from ar long di t n ?

,
a as e a s a ce

H w do
o h look ? (To n
es noth r
e L t h com o e a e e er e,

w w ill wn h
e o fri nd L t h er ast k nd w n a e . e er a e a o

o u co wr s.

4 S. m d — I do
ara n t ny .n wh
“
n n o see a o e o ca co

qu r th Indr who m ng r I m nd h v com

e e a se esse e a ,
a a e e

from lo ng di t nc
a It i h w h co nq u r
s a v ybody e . s e o e s e er .

Th d p riv r c nnot
e ee tr i n h i co ur 0 P ni !
e s a res a s se . a s

y uow ill u r ly b l i n
s by I ndre n d w ill li do w n
e s a a a e .

5 F n
. i — 0 b uti f l S r m a ! thou h t com
a a J ea u a a as e

from th f rth t nd e f th a k y w w ill giv th

es w ith
e s O e s , e e ee

o ut ny di p ut th
a ow s thou d ir t W h
e ese c s as es es . o

l would h v giv n th c ttl witho ut di p ut W

e se a e e e a e a s e . e

h v m ny h rp w pon w ith u
a e a s a ea s s .
C H AP . VI ]. VED IC RELIGIO N . 1 23

9 . r m
P a ms a ! tho
'

u
. h t com h r
O Sa b a as e e e e

ca u set h g d thr t n d th e nd
o nt th h W
ea e e ee a se ee ere . e

w ill pt th
ac c e i t d n t r turn 0 b uti ful
ee as a s s er, o o e . ea

S a ram a! w w ill giv th h e f thi c ttl e ee a s are o s a e.

IO S mmd . I d n t omp h nd yo ur w o d
a .
-
“
o o c re e r s

a b ut broth
o nd i t Indr ers nd th pow ful
a s s ers . a a e er

s o n f th Angi k no w ll Th y nt m h
s o e ras a . e se e ere

to g u rd th ttl until r ov ry I h v com h r

a e ca e ec e . a e e e e

und th i h lt r O P ni ! un w y f f from
er e r s e e . a s r a a ar ar

h ere ( X.
”
,

It w ill b n f m th f w xt e t w hv md
see ro e e e rac s e a e a e

th t th hym n t Ind
a e h r t i d by f r nd
s o ra a re c a ac er z e o ce a

v igou tho t V n r, as m k d w ith f li ng f

se o a ru a a re ar e a ee o

r ight n Ind
eo us i in f t th
ess mo t vigo ou
. f l ra s ac e s r s o

V di god f nd f S m w i n d lighti ng in w l d
e c s, o o o a e, e a r, ea

ing h i m d th M t t fight g i n t drought

s co ra es e aru s o a a s ,

l di ng ho t f A y n g i n t th bl k b igi n
ea s s o r a s a a s e ac a or es,

a nd h lpi ng th m t e ut f th m lv w ith
e o c a rv e o or e se es

th i t ng ight m th m t f til pot lo ng th

e r s ro r ar e os er e s s a e

fi ve riv f th P nj b Th k y nd rth g v him

ers o e u a . e s a ea a e

bi th r udg l f as th n mi
a c ( III 49 )
e T h or e e e es .
, ,
I . e

yo ng nd vig ou i nf nt w nt t h i m th r Aditi f
u a or s a e o s o e or

f od
o nd w Som
, win
a n h sa b t ; h dr nk a e o er reas e a

S m b for h d nk f om h i moth br t ( III ’

o a e e e ra r s er s eas .
,

4 8 ,
2 A nd t h gr t d i nk r n d fight r ft n e ea r e a e o e

h it t b tw n th t mpt tion f Som lib tion t

es a es e ee e e a o a a s a

sa crifi nd th t mpt tio n f h i hom w h r

c es, a e e a o s e e e a

b uti ful wif w it him ( III 5 3 4 to

ea e a a s .
, ,
1 24 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K I .

We hv
long pok n f B y u nd V run nd
a e so s e o a a a a

M itr nd Indr
a a th pri ncip l k y god f th Rig
a as e a s -
s o e

V d All th god m y how v r l o b con id r d

e a . ese s a e e a s e s e e

as god f light th id f th bright light f k y

s o , as e ea o e o s

ent r i nto th co nc ptio n f ll th

e s d iti
e n f e o a ese e es, e v e o

V run in om p g W w ill n w how v r p k

a a s e assa es . e o e e s ea

of om d iti w h h v mor di ti n tly

s e e es ol o a e e s c a s ar

ch r ct r nd om f w hom
a a e , a group d tog th
s e o are e e er

und r t h commo n n m
e e f A dity or on f A diti a e o as s s o ,

a nd thi bri ng u to th mo t r m rk bl n m
s s th t
s e s e a a e a e a

o cc ur in th Rig V d mythology Unlik Indr

s e e a . e a,

w hi h com
c from [ml t r i n nd D y u w hich com
es o a ,
a es

f om Dy u to hi n th w o d Aditi i nvolv
r s mo e, e r es a re

co mplic t d id A diti m n th undivid d th un

a e ea . ea s e e ,
e

limit d th t rn l It i in r lity h b n t t d
e , e e e a . s ea ,
as as ee s a e ,

th rli t n m i n nt d by m n to xpr th In
e ea es a e ve e a e ess e

fi nit —the, vi ibl i nfi nit th ndl xp n b yo nd

e s e e, e e ess e a se, e

th e rth b yond th cloud b yond th ky Th

ea , e e s, e e s . e

f t th t uch n id
ac a hould nt r i nto th conc ptio n
s a ea s e e e e

o f d ity rgu
a e r m k bl dv nc in th c ultur
a es a e ar a e a a e e e

a nd tho ught f th ly Hi nd u Th word h n

o e ear s . e as o

co unt rp rt emong th n m f th d iti f oth

a a e a es o e e es o er

a n i nt A ry n n ti n
c e nd m u t h v a b n coi n d in
a o s, a s a e ee e

Indi ft r th
a a Indo A ry ne tio n h d ttl d inthi
e -
a sec a se e s

country It m n ccordi ng to th min nt G m n

. ea s a e e e er a

s chol r Dr Roth th t rn l nd i nviol bl pri ncipl

a .
,
e e e a a a e e,

t h c l ti l light
e e es a .

Th r i m uch co nf io n in th Rig Vd to wh
e e s us e e a as o
 1 26 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K I .

the blim hym n w

su e as t h e na tional prop ty er of t h e ea rly
Hi nd u wh d w lt s o e on th eb nk f th a s o e In du W s . e

giv t h eorigi n l
e v r a e se a nd Dr Wil o n tr . s
’
s a n l tio n
s a

Ta t m b/za rgo dev asy a

'

sa v z tur v a ren
'

y a

D /u
fy y
a a na lz p ra c/
z oday dt .

m dit t n th d ir bl light f th divin

We e a e o e es a e o e e

S vitri wh i nfl u n u pio u rit

”
a o ( III 6 )e ces o r s es .
, 2 , Io .

Pfi h n i th s a un vi w d by h ph d in th i
s e s as e e s e er s e r

V w nd ing in que t f fr h p tur l nd H tr v l

a er s s o es as e a s . e a e s

in ch riot yok d w ith go t guid

a a m n nd c ttl in
e a s, es e a a e

th i tr v l nd migr ti n nd k now nd prot ct

e r a e s a a o s, a s a e s

th eflo k Th hym n to Pu h n th r f r oft n

c s . e s s a e e o e e

br th ea implicity w hi h i truly p tor l A f w

e a s c s as a . e

extr t from uch hym n h v b n giv n b for

ac s s s a e ee e e e .

Vi hnu h obt i n d u h promi n nt pl

s as th
a e s c a e ace as e

Supr m D ity in l t r Hi nd ui m th t th r i
e e e a e s a e e s a

n tur l r l uct nc
a a mong orthodox mod rn Hi nd u t
e a e a e s o

cc pt him in h i V dic ch r ct r
a e m r un g d
s e a a e as a e e s -
o ,

Y t uch h i in th Rig V d
e s e nd h i quit
s n e e a, a e s e a

i nf rior d ity in th V di p nth o n f b low Indr

e e e e c a e , ar e a

or V run S vitri or Agni It w n t till th d y

a a, a . as o e a s

of t h S t p th Brahm n th t Vi h nu obt i n d om
e a a a a a a a s a e s e

promi n nc mong god nd it w n t till th P ura

e e a s a as o e a

nik tim long ft r th Chri ti n E th t Vi h nu

es, a e e s a ra, a s

w con id r d
as s Supr m D ity In th V d
e e as a e e e . e e a

Vi hnu is id to tr v r p c in thr t p i th
s sa a e se s a e ee s e s, v z .
, e

un t ri i ng t
s a nith nd t
s tti ng In th Puran
, a ze a a se . e as

th i imp l m t phor h l d to long to y

s s e e a as e a s r .
C HAP . VI ] VED Ic RELIGIO N . 1 27

Fir eobj t f w r hip mong ll n i nt

was an ec O o s a a a c e

n tio n
a nd in Indi s, acrifici l fi r c iv d th high t a sa a re e e e e es

r g rd
e a A n crific could b p rform d wi tho ut
. s o sa e e e e

fire, A g ni or fi w c ll d th i nvok r f th god re as a e e e o e s .

H w e c ll d Y i h th or th yo ung t mong th
as a e av s a, e es a e

g d b c u h w ki ndl d n w t ch tim f cri

o s, e a se e as e a e a ea e o sa

fice by th frictio n f m or th crifici l w ood

e o a ra
'

, e sa a .

F orthi r on h l o r c iv d th n m f P m nth
s eas ,
e a s e e e e a eo ra a a,

l
z e prod uc d by fri tion
.
,
e c .
”

S high w O th t m in which fi w h ld mong

as e es ee re as e a

th e god f th Rig V d th t w h n th nci nt

s o e e a, a e e a e

co mm nt t r Ya k e d to r d uc t h numb r f th
a o s e e e e e o e

V dic god into th

e h n m d Ag ni or fi
s th e a e re as e

god f th rth Indr or v ayu th god f th

o e ea ,
a as e o e

fi m m nt nd th Sun
r a e th god f th
, a ky e as e o e s .

B ut Agni i n t o nly t rr tri l fi in th Rig V d ;

s o e es a re e e a

h i e l o th fi f th lightni ng nd th un nd h i
s a s e re o e a e s , a s

a bod w th i nvi ibl h v n Th B h igu di

e as e s e ea e . e r s s

c ov r d him th r M at i n brought him down nd

e e e e, a r sv a , a

may believ e M r Cox many of th e

If w e .
, Greek and Latin deities
o w e th eir name to th e Sanscrit names of Fire . Inth is name, Yavish th a,
w hich is nev er giv en to any o th er Vdi e c od
g , we may recogniz e th e

H ellenic H ep haistos . Nata —Th us with th e ex cep tion of Agni, all th e

names of th e Fire and th e Fire gods w ere carried

-
away by th e Western
Ary ans and we h av e Pro meth eus answering to Pra manth a, Ph oronus
t o B h aranyu, and th e Latin Vulcanus to th e Sanscrit, Ulk a .
”
—C ox
’
:

” fi lmin
g o f Ary a n Na tions .

Agni is th e god of fi re ; th e Ignis of th e Latins, th e O gni of th e

Sclavonians . Sanscr it Tex ts .

 1 28 VED IC PERIO D .
[
BO O K I .

A th rv n nd Angi th fi t
a a a ifi fir t i n t ll
ra s, e rs sac r cers, s s a

e d him in thi world th p o t ctor f m n

s as e r e o e .

V yu or th i h r c iv d l con id r tion fro m

a e a r, as e e e ess s e a

ig nd
,

th V dic b d
e e nd th r ar s, a but f w hym n e e are e s ass e

to him But th M rut or th torm god

. e a oft n s e s -
s a re e er

i nvok d w h v n b for prob bly b c u th y

e ,
as e a e see e e, a e a se e

i n pir d mor t rror nd th y

s e e con id r d th
e , a e are s e e as e

comp nion f Indr inobt ining r i n from th r l uct nt

a so a a a e e a

clo du ! T
s h rth tr mbl e thea y mov i n th i
e es as e e e r

d r yok d ch riot nd m n
ee -
e a th fl hi ng f th i
s, a e see e as o e r

a rm or th p rkl f th ir orn m nt th lightni ng

s e s a e o e a e s, e .

Bu t th y eb n ol n t
a re ll t h m
e n
evd th y emil k a e sa e, a e

f
r om t h udd r f eth ir moth e r P ri moi ( lo ud ) copio
e u e s c s

s h w r f th b n fit f m n Rudr
o e s or e e fi c d ity
e o a . a, a er e e ,

i
s t h fe th r f tah M r u
e t lo
o u d o u n di ng
e h i n m
a s, -
s as s a e

s ignifi nd fo m f fies, a a th comm nt tor Y a k

r o re as e e a s s a

a nd S i y n xpl i n
a a eTh r n b n a do ubt th r fo
. e e ca e o e e re

as to th corr ctn f Dr Roth co ncl u ion th t th

e e ess o .
’
s s , a e

origi n l m ni ng f thi l ud oundi ng fi thi f th

a ea o s o -
s re, s a er

o f torm i th und r N v th l Rud tho ugh

s s, s
’

e . e er e ess ra,

a wful i n t ,
m l vol nt d ity h i b n fi nt nd
s o a a e e e ,
e s e e ce a

h lpf l nd k no w m ny r m di
e u a s a e e es .

L ik Vi h nu Rudr i
e s third r t d ity in th Rig
, a s a a e e e

V d nd only f w hym n
e a, a ig n d to him B t
a e s a re a ss e . u

lik Vi hnu Rudr h tt in d p omi n n in l t r

e s , a as a a e r e ce a e

tim nd i n f th Hi nd u T i nity f th P u anik

es, a s o e o e r o e a r

r ligion portio n f th Supr m D ity In om f

e ,
a o e e e e . s e o

th e Up ni h d w fi nd th n m
a s a s K ali K rali &
e e a es , a , c, .
1 30 VEDIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

in w hich th morou i t r Y mi d ir to mb c
e a s s s e a es es e ra e

h er broth r h hu b nd but th broth r d clin

e as er s a , e e e es

s uch unio n unholy ( X It i n t di ffi c ult to

as , s o

a t
f h mt o h import f thi co
e nv r tio n — D y nd o s e sa a a

Night though t rn lly p ur ui ng ch oth r n n v

,
e e a s ea e ,
ca e er

b unit d
e e .

But wh t v r th origi n l conc ptio n f Y m m y

a e e e a e o a a a

b the, i n do ubt th t v n in th
ere s o Rig Vd it l f a e e e e a se ,

t h t d ity h
a tt i n d di tinct i ndivid u lity nd h
e as a a e a s a , a e

i th ki ng f th d p rt d
s e S f h i V dic ch r ct r
o e e a e . O ar s e a a e

a gr with h i P u nik ch r ct r but h r th p r ll l

ees s a ra a a e , e e e a a e

e nd s In th V d
. h i th b n fi nt ki ng f th
e e a, e s e e e ce o e

h ppy world wh r th irtuou liv nd njoy th m

a e e e v s e a e e

se lv i ft r li f Cloth d in gloriou body th y it

es h a e -
e . e a s , e s

by th id f Y m in th r lm f light nd p rk
e s e o a a e ea s o a s a

li ng w t r th y njoy ndl f licity th r nd

a e s, e e e ess e e e, a are

a dor d h r b low und r th n m f Pitri or f th r

e e e e e e a e o s a e s .

H w di ff r nt i th ch r ct r which Y m b r in
o e e s e a a e a a ea s

th e Pur n th cru l nd dr d Puni h r f th

a as as e e a ea s e o e

guilty !
Th following xtr c t mbodi
e th Vdic id f e a . e es e e ea o

futur h ppi ne W will only r m rk h r th t ll u

a ess. e e a e e, a a

s io n to th futur w orld
s bri f nd r r in th
e e are e a a e e

ea rli r portion f th Vd nd th t th r i n
e s o e e a, a a e e s o

d cription f futur li f lik th n w quot b low

es o e e, e e o e e e e

exc pt in th v y l t
e t hymn e er a es s.

1 Wor hip Y m th
. n f V s i t w ith o ff r
a a e so o vasv a e

ing s
. All m n go to h im H tak m n f irtuou
e . e es e o v s
C H AP . VI ] VED IC RELIGIO N . 131

dee d to th r lm f h ppi n
s H cl r th w y f
e ea o a ess . e ea s e a or

m ny a .

2Y m fir t di cov r d th p th f u Th t
. a a s s e e e a or s . a

p th w ill n t b d troy d g i n All livi ng b i ng

a o e es e a a . e s

w ill ccordi ng to th ir ct follow by th p th by

,
a e a s, e a

w hich u f r f th h v gon ( X ”
o r o e a ers a e e .
,

W m y l o quot h r
e a noth r p a s g from e e e a e assa e a

hym n to Som which cont i n full r ll u ion to th a, a s a e a s e

fut u r w orld e Som it i w ll k no wn w . th j uic f a s e as e e o

a pl nt m d i nto w i n nd u d lib tio n in cri

a a e e, a se as a sa

fi c es S m . oon tt i n d th r nk f d ity nd ll
o a s a a e e a o a e a a

th e hym n f th ninth m nd l s o d dic t d toe a a a are e a e

him .

7 O flo w.i ng Som ! t k m to th t immort l n d a a e e a a a

imp ri h bl bod w h r light d w ll t rn l nd

e s a e a e e e e s e e a , a

w h ich i in h v n Flo w Som ! f

s Indr
ea e .
,
a or a.

8 T k m wh r Y m i ki ng w h r th r
. a e e e e a a s , e e e e are

th e g t f h v n nd wh r mighty riv r fl w
a es o ea e ,
a e e e s o .

T k m th r nd m k m immort l Flow Som !

a e e e e a a e e a .
, a

for Indr a .

“
9 T k m
. wh r th r i
a t h third
e h v n
e w h r e e e e s e ea e , e e

th r i th third r lm f light bov th ky nd

e e s e ea o a e e s , a

wh r n
e e o n w nd r t h i w ille ca T k m th r nd a e a s . a e e e e a

m k m immort l Flo w Som f Indr

a e e a .
,
a or a.

10 T k m wh r v ry d ir i ti t d wh re
. a e e e e e e es e s sa a e , e

P dh m h
ra h i bod w h r th r i food nd
a as s a n e, e e e e s a co

t ntm nt
e T k m th r nd mak m immort l
e . a e e e e a e e a .

Flow Som ! f Indr, a or a .

 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

It . Ta k e me w h ere th r pl ur nd joy
e e are eas es a s

and d light wh r e s, e e ev er y d ir f th nxiou h rt

es e o e a s ea

i
s ti t d T k m
sa a e . a e e th r nd m k m immort l
e e, a a e e a .

Flow Som ! f Indr

, ( IXa or a .
,

W h v pok n bov f Y m
e a e snd Y mI e th a e o a a a a as e

t wi n childr n f Vi t th ek y by S o ny u th v asv a e s , ara e

d wn It i r m rk bl th t th m p r nt b got
a . s e a a e a e sa e a e s e

a noth r tw i n ff pri ng th t w A vi n
e O Th r n b
s ,
e o s s
. e e ca e

littl do ubt th t th y too lik Y m nd Y mi w r

‘

e a e ,
e a a a a , e e

inZ th i rigi n l conc ption th d y nd th night or

e r o a e e a a e ,

th d w n nd th
e a v ni ng a e e e .

B ut w h t v r th origi n l conc ptio n f th A vi n

a e e e a e o e s s

m y b th y pp r in th Rig V d
a e, e gr t phy i
a ea e e a as ea s

i n h l r
c a s, f th ick nd th wo und d nd t nd
ea e s o e s a e e , a e

ing m ny p r o n w ith ki nd n
a Lo ng li t
e s f th ki nd
s ess . s s o e

a ct f th tw A vi n
s o giv n in v r l hym n nd
e o s s are e se e a s, a

th e sa m c ur pok n f ov r nd v r O n th i
e es are s e o e a o e . e r

thr wh l d ch riot th y m k th circ uit f th

ee -
ee e a ,
e a e e o e

world d y by d y nd uc o ur m n in th ir di
a a , a s c e e s

tr ess .

Brih p ti or Br hm n p ti i th lord f hym n

as a a a as a s e O s,

B r hm n in th Rig Vd
a a m ni ng hym n Th n
e e a ea . e co

ce p t i n f thi
o d ity ro i
On m uch t h s m w e
y t h a se e sa e a as e

conc ption f th d iti Fir nd Som A th r i

e o e e es ea a. s e e s

pow r in th fl m nd th lib tion f th crific

e e a e a e a o e sa e, so

th r i pow r in th pr y r utt r d ; nd thi po w r

e e s e e a e e e a s e

o f pr y r i p nifi d in th Vdic god Br h m n

a e s erso e e e a a as

p ti
a .
1 34 VED IC PERIO D .
[BO O K 1 .

ik
l e e xp anse of th e G anges w here it mi ngl es w ith th e

B ay of Bengal .

Th i mport nt god f th Rig V d

ese are th e a s O e e a .

O f th godd th r
e only tw wh h v ny
esses e e are o o a e a

m rk d i ndivid u lity i U h th d wn nd S r
a e a ,
v z .
,
s as, e a , a a as

v ti th godd f th riv r f th t n m nd ft
a , e ess o e e o a a e, a a er

w rd th godd
a s f p e h ess o s eec .

Th r i n lov li con ption in th Rig V d th n

e e s o e er ce e e a a

th t f th d wn Th r
a o e n hym n in th
a . Vd e e are o s e e a

mor truly po tic l th n tho d dic t d to h

e e a nd a se e a e er, a

nothi ng mor ch rmi ng i to b fo und in th lyric l

e a s e e a

p o t y f
e r ny nci n t n
o tio na W n m
a k rooem h r a . e ca a e e e

for o nly f w xt t a e e ra c s

Wh t mo t l k no w th th O immort l U h
20 . a r a e ee, a s as

fo nd f u pr i o! Whom O mighty n do t tho u

o r a se , o e, s

f vo ur ?
a

1
“
F 2xt ndi ng m ny ti nt d b illi nt U h !
. ar e-
e ,
a -
e ,
r a s as

w k now n t thy bod w h th r it b nigh or r mot

e o a e, e e e e e .

D ught r f th k y ! cc pt th o ff ri ng
22 . a e o e s a e ese e s,

nd p rp tu t u w lf r
”
a e e ( I a e o r e a e .
,

7 A u picio u
. U h h sh r n d h ch
s riot s as as a esse er a s

from f r b for th ri i ng f th
a a , e un ! Sh com
e ine s o e s e es

ra di nc nd glo y n u in h hund d ch riot

a e a r o s er re a s .
”

7 . Sh e, th e young ,
th e w hit rob d d ught r f th e -
e a e o e

sk y , mi tr f ll
th e s ess o a ea rthly tr ur d wn upon u eas e, a s s,

di ip ti ng d rk n
ss ! a a ess A u pic o u U h ! hi n upo n
s i s s as s e

u to d y in thi
s pot
-
a s s .
CHAP . v1 .
] VEDIC RELIGIO N . 1 35

8 . Follow i ng
p th f morni ng th t h v th e a o s a a e

p d to b follo w d by ndl morni ng to co m

as se , e e e ess s e,

b ight U h di p l d rk n
r s as nd w k n to li f ll s e s a ess, a a a e s e a

b i ng uncon ciou lik th d d in l p

e s, s s e e ea s ee .

0 H w lo ng h v th D w n ri n? H w lo ng
1 . o a e e a s se o

w ill th D wn i ? Th pr nt morni ng p ur u
e a s a r se e ese s es

tho th t g n futur morni ng will p ur u thi

se a a re o e, e s s e s

r pl nd nt U h
es e e s as .

M ort l w h b hold th pri ti n U h h v

11 . a s o e e s e s as a e

p d w y ; w b hold h n w ; nd m n w ill com

a sse a a e e er o a e e

ft r u w h w ill b hold U h in th futur

”
a e s o ( I e s as e e .
,

4 A h n. g n tly p oc d to vary ho ua ; h e r ee s e e se s e

com v r di ffu i ng light nd bl

es e e u nd cc pt s ,
a esses s a a e s

o u o ff ri ng
r e s .

R di nt
11 . b id d cor t d by h moth r
a a as a r e e a e er e ,

thou di p l y t thy p on to th vi w Au piciou

s a es ers e e . s s

U h ! r mov
s as th i nv ti ng d k n ; n oth r
e e e es ar ess o e

d w n but th w ill di p r it ( I ”
a s ee s e se .
,

Th D w n w e k nown by v iou n m
a nd mo t as ar s a es, a s

o f th n m ese nd th l g nd conn ct d with th m

a es a e e e s e e e

w r bro ught by th Hi nd u from th ir origi n l

e e bod e s e a a e,

si nc w fi nd ph on tic l quiv l nt f th n m
e e e a e a e s o ese a es,

and r p tition f om f th l g nd too in G r k

a e e o s e O e e e s , ee

mythology U h i th E f th G r k
. nd th s as s e os o e ee s a e

A uror f th L ti n
a Arj uni (th w hit
o n ) i th
e a s
. e e o e s e

G r k A gy n i B i y i Bri i D h n i D phn
ee r or s, r sa a s se s, a a a s a e,

S m i phon ti lly quiv l nt to th Gr k H l n

ara a s e ca e a e e ee e e a,

a nd S ny u th moth r f Y m
ara nd f th A vi n
, e e o a a a o e s s,
1 36 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

is th e G reek Eri nys , and A h ana is th e r now n d

e e god
d ess th n A e a .

W h v lr dy ll ud d to th l g nd f S ny u
e a e a ea a e e e e o ara

runni ng w y fro m h a hu b nd Vi
a t nd th n er s a v asv a ,
a e

giving birth to th t win A vin W fi nd th m e s s . e e sa e

l g nd mong th G r k wh b li v d in Eriny
e e a e ee s o e e e s

D m t r running w y in th m m nn r nd givi ng
e e e a a e sa e a e , a

birth to A i n nd D poin Th id in both c

re o a es a. e ea a s es

i th
s m it i th d wn di pp i ng th d y
e sa e, s e a sa ea r as e a

a dv nc Th m id h giv n ri to noth
a es . e sa e ea as e se a er

b uti ful G r k l g nd w ho
ea origin too w tr c in
ee e e se , , e a e

th Rig Vd
e In m ny p e a. g (I 5 f in a assa es , 11 , 2, or

t nc ) w fi nd llu ion f th un p u ui ng th d w n
s a e, e a s s o e s rs e a

as a m n pur u a w om n Th G k Apollo in th
s es a a . e ree e

sa m w y pur u th G k D phn until h i m t

e a s es e ree a e, s e s e a

m ph d
or th d wn di pp r !
ose ,
e a sa ea s

S r v ti
a as a h nm ignifi i th godd
, as er f th a e s es, s e ess o e

riv r f th t n m which w con id r d holy b c u

e o a a e, as s e e e a se

o f t h r ligiou rit
e e p form d n it b nk nd th
s es er e o s a s a e

sa cr d hym n utt r d th r By n tur l d v lopm nt

e s e e e e . a a a e e e

o f id h w
eas, con id r d th godd
s e f th
as s e e e ess o o se

h ym n or in oth r w ord th godd

s, f p ch in e s e ess o s ee ,

w hich ch r ct r h i w or hipp d n w
a a e Sh i t hs e s s e o . e s e

only Vdic godd who wor hip co nti nu in Indi

e ess se s es a

t th mod rn d y ; ll h
o e mod rn comp nion D urgfi
e a a er e a s, ,

K li L k hm i nd oth r
a ,
a s cr tion f l t r d y
, a e s, are ea s o a a e a .

Such i th n tur w or hip f th Rig V d ; uch

s e a e -
s o e e a s

w r th
e e god nde godd w hom u
s fora f th r esses o r e a e s
1 38 VEDIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

Th r n i ndic tion in th
e e are o Rig V d f ny a s e e a o a

“
t mpl r d by mo t l h nd
e es eare nd o n rtd r a a s a c sec a e as

pl c f wo hip O n th cont ry v ry hou hold r

a es o rs . e ra , e e se e ,

v ry p tri rch f h i f mily light d th

e e a a o crifici l s a e e sa a

fi rein h i wn hom s o nd po u d lib tio n f th e, a re a s o e

Som j uic a-
nd pr y d to th
e, a god in th hy mn a e e s e s

w hi h W r
c th n th comm n prop ty f th n tion
e e e e o er o e a ,

for h ppi n to h i f mily f

a ess bund nt crop s a ,
or a a s

a nd w lth f c ttl
ea f imm unity from ick n nd
o a e, or s ess a

victo y ov r th bl k bo igi n Th r w n
r e e ac a r es . e e as o

p r t p i tly t nd m n did n t r tir i nto

se a a e r es c as e, a e o e e

for t nd ubj ct th m lv
es s, a s to p n nc in ord
e e se es e a es er

to m dit t n ligi n nd h nt th hym n O n

e a e o re o , a c a
‘

ese s .

t h contr y th old Ri hi
e ar th
,
l Ri hi
e w fi nd s s, e rea s s as e

th m in th Rig V d nd n t th f bl d on f w hom
e e e a, a o e a e es o

w e h u h l g nd ry
ear s c t i in th Pu n w
e e a s o r es e ra as, ere

w orldly m n m n w ith e n id
, bl p op rty in
e co s era e r e

crop nd in c ttl nd urro und d by l g f mili

s a a e a s e ar e a es,

m n wh in tim
e o f d ng r x h ng d th es plo ugh
o a e e c a e e

f th
or p e snd t h wo d
ea r a nd d f nd d g i n t th
e s r , a e e e a a s e

bl ck b b i n th bl i ng f civili tio n w hich

a ar ar a s ose ess s o za

th y oli it d from th ir god nd cur d w ith

e s c e e s, a se e so

m uch c r a e .

B ut though h hou hold r w him l f th p i t

eac se e as se e r es ,

th ew rrior an d t h c ultiv ator y t w fi nd vid en c f a ,

e e e e e o

king nd rich m np rf rmi ng rit n l rg c l by

s a e e o es o a a e s a e

m n
e p is lly pr fici
ec a n t in t h ch nti ng o f hym n e nd e a o s a

o th r r ligiou rit nd ng g d nd p id f th p u
e e s es, a e a e a a or e r
C H AP . VL] VED IC RELIGIO N . 1 39

p o se . go to
And as w e
w rd t h l t r hym n f th R ig a s e a e s o e

Vd w fi nd thi cl
e a, ef prof ion l pri t g ining in
s ass o ess a es s a

r p ut tion nd in w lth honour d by chi f nd ki ng

e a a ea ,
e e s a s,

a nd r w rd d by gi ft
e f c t tl
a e nd c r W fi nd m n s o a e a a s . e e

ti n f p ticul r f mili p i lly profici nt in th

o o ar a a es s ec a e e

p f
erorm nc f r ligio u a rit nd
e oin th compo itio
e n f s es, a e s o

hy mn nd m ny f th xi ti ng hym n f th Rig
s a a o e e s s o e

V d w r comp d by m mb r f th f mili
e a e e o se e e s o ese a es,

a nd w r t diti n lly l rnt by rot nd pr rv d

e e ra o a ea e a ese e

in tho f mili se a es .

Th hym n f th Rig V d
e s divid d i nto t n
o e e a are e e

m nd l
a rr ng d cco di ng to th Ri hi by w hom
a as, so a a e a r e s s

th y w comp d Th fi t nd th l t m nd l
e ere o se . e rs a e as a a as

c nt i n hym n c mp d by num ro u Ri hi but th

o a s o o se e s s s, e

re m i ni ng ight m nd l b lo ng
a e h f th m to a a as e ,
eac o e ,
a

p ti ul r Ri h i
ar c th to p ti ul hou
a s ,
o r ra ho l er a ar c ar se o r sc o

o f Ri hi Th u th co nd m nd l i
s s . ll tion f
s e se a a a s a co ec o

hy m n comp d by G it m d f th h u f B h igu
s o se r sa a a O e o se o r

a nd h i d c nd nt th third m nd l b l ng t V
s es e a i a
s, e a a a e o s o sv

mit th f urth m nd l b l ng to Vfim d

ra , e o th fi fth
a a a e o s a ev a, e

t A t i th
o ixth to B h d fij th v nth to V i h
r , e s
'
ara v a, e se e as s

th th
a, ighth to K nv nd th ni nth to Augir
e e a a, a e as .

A ll th n m ese f mili r to m d n Hi nd u
a es are a a o er s

th ough th numb l l g nd w hich h v u ro und d

r e er ess e e s a e s r e

th m in P u anik tim nd mod rn Hind u till lov

e a r es, a e s s e

to tr c th ir d c nt from th
a e e nci nt nd r v r d
es e ese a e a e e e

h ou W h ll h v om thi ng to y bo ut th
ses . e s a a e s e sa a ese

Ri hi s nd th ir l g nd in u n xt ch pt
s a e e e s o r e a er .
1 40 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

to th
It is nd oth r v n r bl ho u eseth t th a e e e a e ses a e

Ary n w orld o w th pr
a rv ti n f th mo t nci nt
es e ese a o o e s a e

co mpo iti n f th Ary n r

s o F om c ntu y t
s o e a ac e . r e r o

c ntury th hym n w r h nd d down w ithout b k

e e s e e a e rea

or i nt mi ion nd th youth f th p i tly ho u

er ss , a e s o e r es ses

sp nt th prim f th ir li f in l ni ng by r t th
e e e o e e ear o e e

sa cr d o ng fr m th lip f th ir g y h d d i
e s s o e s o e re -
ea e s res .

It w thu th t th i n tim bl t u th Rig V d

as s a e es a e reas re, e e a,

w aspr rv d f hundr d f y by m m ry l n
ese e or e s o ears e o a o e.

With th pr gr f ivili ti n nd
e ligiou it
o ess o c z a o , a as re s r es

w r e e mo nd m r m nop li d by p o f io n l
re a o e o o ze r ess a

pri t th impl r ligi n f th

es s, e s li tim nd e e o o e ear er es u er

w nte ch ng P i t boldly gr ppl d w ith th

a a e . r es s a e e

d p r my t i f n tu th y p ul t d b ut
ee e s er es o a re, e s ec a e a o c rea

tion nd b ut th fut u w ld nd w hil c nti nui ng

a a o e re or ,
a e o

th e w o hip f th n tu
rs god th y tt i n d t th
o e a re -
s, e a a e o e

conc ption f th Sup m D ity W fi nd vid n

e o e re e e . e e e ce

of ll thi in th l t p rtio n
a s f th Vd W h v e as o s o e e a . e a e

a lr dy qu t d m v
ea b ut th futu w ld w
o e so e erses a o e re or ,
e

w ill dd h a om bout ti n nd b ut th g t
ere s e a c rea o a a o e rea

C t
rea o r

Th t ll w i F th r w cl ly nd ft r du
1 . a a se a e sa ear ,
a a e e

r fl ti n t d th k y nd th
e ec o , th in th i w t ry
c rea e e s a e ea r e r a e

fo m nd t u hi ng
r ,
a h th Wh n th ir b und i
o c eac o er . e e o a r es

w r tr t h d f r th n th k y nd th
e e s e c e th b c m
a a , e e s a e ear e a e

se p td ara e .

2 H w h i th ll
. tor (Vi k m n) i gr t
e o s ea -
c rea sv a ar a s ea

h cr t
e nd upp rt
ea es a ll h i bov ll nd s ll o s a ,
e s a e a a sees a .
 VED IC PERIO D .
[ B OO K 1 .

4 . D ir roes n t h
e a mi n d t
se oh c u f e cr t i n ,
e a se o ea o

w as thu prod uc d Wi m n r fl ct nd in t h ir
s e . se e e e , a e

w i dom
s c rt i n th birth f wh t i from wh t i n t
as e a e o a s a s o .

“
5 M. l w ith
a esg n r ti n g d w e r prod
e a uc d n d
see e e e , a

pow w r l o prod uc d Th ir r y xt nd d n
ers e e a s e . e a s e e e o

b oth id s n d b
es lo w a nd bove l f au pp t ing a e, a se -
s or

p ri n cipl b n e th ne ean rgy lo

,
ft
a e e a .

“
6 W. h k no w o tr u ly ? W h s w ill d crib ? W h n o es e e

w as a ll born Wh nc w r ll th e e cr t d T fie e a ese ea e e

g d
o s h b n
a ve m d f
ee t th a t
ei na W h
er k n w e crea o . o o s

wh n th y w r m d ?
e ce e e e a e

7 W.
h nc ll the w r
e a cr t d from
ese w hom e et h y ea e , e

c m w h th r ny n cr t d th m or did n t cr t
a e, e e a o e ea e e o ea e ,

i k nown o nly to Him w h liv

s L ord in th high o t
es a s e es

pl c If H k no w n t (n n l do ) (X
a e . e s o o o e e se es . .

Such i t h fir t r cord d tt mpt mo ng th A ry n

s e s e e a e a e a

n tion
a f th
s o rth to pi rc i nto th my t ri
e ea e ef e s e es o

r tion; u h
c ea s th c bold nd ublim if om wh t
are e a s e s e a

v gu id w hich d wn d in th mi nd f u for
a e eas a e e s o o r e

f th r
a e s Ov r thr thou nd y r g r g rding th
e ee sa ea s a o, e a e

co mm nc m nt f thi gr t univ r O n mor

e e e o s ea e se . e e

hym n w w ill quot h re r m rk bl hym n h w

e e e, a e a a e , s e

ing h w th l t r Ri hi
o e o r d b yo nd th co nc ption
a e s s s a e e e e

o f th n tur god to th
e a e-
ublim s id f O n D ity
e s e ea o e e .

1 In th
. b gi nni ng h f th gold n w omb
e e e o e e

( H i n
ray g bh )
a ar xi t d H a ew t hs e L ord. f l l fr
eom as e o a

h i birth
s H pl c d thi
. e rth nd ky in th ir p ect
a e s ea a s e res

ive pl a e Whom h all w wor hip with off ri ng

c s. s e s e s
CH AP . VL] VED IC RELIGIO N . 143

Him w h h giv n lif nd tr ngth who

2 . o as e e a s e se

w ill i ob y d by ll th god
s e e w ho h dow i imm
a e s se s a s or

t li ty nd w h l v i d th Whom h ll w w
a ,
a o se s a e s ea . s a e or

s hip w ith o ff ri ng ? e s

3 Him .w h by h i po w r i t h ool ki ng f llst h e s e s e O a e

livi ng b i ng th t e nd m s ; him w
a h i t h
see a L ord o ve o s e

o f ll bip d
a nd q u dr up d
e s Whom h ll w w
a a e s . s a e or

s h ip w ith o ff ri ng ? e s

4
“
Him . by w ho po w r th no w y mo u ntsei n e ese s a s

h v b n m d nd who cr ti n
a e ee a e, a thi th nd se ea o s are s ear a

it oc n
s Him w ho rm
ea s . th qu rt r f se a s are ese a e s o

s p c Whom h ll w w r hip with ff ri ng

a e. s a e o s O e s

5 Him w .h h fix d in th ir pl c o thi ky nd
as e e a es s s a

th i th ; him wh h
s ear t bli h d th h v n nd th o as es a s e e ea e s a e
it
h igh t h v n him wh h
es ea m ur d th fi m m nt
e o as eas e e r a e .

W hom h ll w wor hip w ith ff ri ng ?

s a e s O e s

6 Him by w hom th oundi ng ky nd rth h v

. e s s a ea a e

b n fix d nd xp nd d
ee e him whom th r pl nd nt
a e a e e es e e

s k y nd rth w n
a A lmighty ; him by w ho
ea o as upport se s

th un ri
e s nd g i n it l u tr Whom h ll w
s es a a s s s e . s a e

w or hip w ith o ff ri ng ?
”
s ( X e s ,

W nw e th forc o f th r m rk th t th r ligio n
see e e o e e a a e e

f t h Rig V d i
o e progr iv r ligion th t it tr v l
e a s a ess e e , a a e s

fro m n tur up to n t ur God W ntir

’
a e th a es . e see e e e

jo urn y f th h um n mind in thi wond rful bo k

e o e a s e o ,

from th impl childlik dmir tion f th ruddy

e s e e a a o e

d wn to th d p nd ublim tt mpt to gr p th
a ,
e ee a s e a e as e

my t ri f cr tio n nd it gr t Cr tor
s e es o ea a s ea ea .
1 44 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

ortun t ly thi pr gr w n t un tt nd d
B ut unf a e s o ess as o a e e

w ith vil A th pri tly cl

e s . ro in po w r nd in
s e es ass se e a

k now l dg in w dly influ nc nd in tru w i dom t h

e e, or e e a e s , e

w or hip f th
s nc tr l g d f ll
o lmo t ntir ly int
e a es a o s e a s e e o

th ir h nd nd th p opl lo t th ir m nly l f r li n
e a s, a e e e s e a se -
e a ce

a nd nk und r pri tly i nfl u nc

sa In th co ncl udi ng
e es e e . e

portion f th Rig V d th r for w fi nd vid nc

s o e e a e e e, e e e es

o n th n h nd f high thought nd c ultu

e o e a nd b ld
O a re a o

s p cul tion f th pri t nd n th oth r h nd f

e a s o e es s, a ,
o e e a ,
o

th gro wi ng up r titio n f th p opl

e s Th num ro u
e s o e e e . e e s

m ntr pr crib d f n k bit f di

a as es nd vil
e or s a e-
e, or seases a e

o m n ll b long to th l t p riod f th V di
e s, a e e as e o e e c

Ag nd b tok n g o w i ng up r tition nd gr t
e, a e e a r s e s ,
a a ea e r

d p nd nc
e e n th p i tly cl
e e o At th lo f th e r es ass . e c se o e

Rig V d th r fo e w a di c rn th fir t g rm f ll
e e re, e s e e s e s o a

th t w th glory nd ll th t w th h m f H i nd u
a as e ,
a a a as e s a e o

c ivili tio n Th fir t p cul tion f philo ophy nd

z a . e s s e a s o s a

sc e ce —
i n h v comm n d nd th ubj ction f th
a e e ce ,
a e s e o e

n tio n to
a pri tly cl h l o comm nc d
a es ass as a s e e
1 46 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

Th e V i h th nd thas s Vi amit as w r b th
a e sv ras e e o

h o nor d by th po w rful co nq u ror Sud a

e e Th hym n
e e ,
s . e s

o f th third m nd l
e crib d to th Vi amit
a a a a re as e e sv ra s
,

a nd in th 53 d h ym n w efi nd t h rfollo w i n g p g e e a ss a e

“
Th gr t god born god commi io n d Ri hi th b
e ea ,
ss e s , e e

hold r f m n h t y d th w t ry curr nt W h n
e o e , as s a e e a e e . e

Vi amit sv crific d f Sud a th n Indr w p p i

ra sa e or s, e a as ro

ti t d thro ugh th Ag i n th hym n

”
a e K u ik e f a s as . a , e s o

th e v nth m nd l
se e crib d to th V i h th
a a a a re as e e as s as ,

a nd in th 3 3 d hy m n w fi nd the follo w i ng p
r g e e assa e
“
Th V i h th
e in w hit rob
as s w ith th ir h ir k not
as e es, e a s

o n th right d vot d to
e cr d rit h v gl dd n d
,
e e sa e es, a e a e e

m Ri i ng up I c ll th p opl ro und th
e . s , c ifici l
a e e e e sa r a

gr a ss L t n t t h V i h th
. e d p rt from my d r
o e as s as e a oo .
”

And in th c l br t d 8 3 d hym n w fi nd th w ll
e e e a e r e e e

k no wn p g Y O Indr
assa e nd V run h v u e, a a a a, a e s c

cour d Sud a wh n h mm d in n v ry id in th
e s, e e e o e e . s e e

comb t f th t n ki ng w h r th w hit rob d T it u

a o e e s, e e e e e r s s

w ith br id d h ir a dored y u r v rently with p r y

e a a o e e a

ers .

Th w n tur lly om j lo u y b t w n th
ere as a a s e ea s e ee ese

tw pri tly ho u
o esnd h rd word w r xch ng d ses, a a s e e e a e .

Th follo w i ng v
e in III 5 3 id to co nt i n n
erses , , are sa a a

impr c tion g i n t th V i h th
e a a a s e as s as

Indr
21 .ppro ch u tod y with m ny c ll nt
a, a a s a a ex e e

succo ur b propitiou to u
: M y h wh h t u
e s s . a e o a es s

f ll l w ; nd l t th br th f li f for k h im w h m
a o a e e ea o e sa e o

w h t
e a e .
C H AP . v 11 .
] VED IC R ISH IS . 147

22 . A s th e m th tr ee suffe s
th Sim r fro e ax e as e

b l flow r i
a a n; e th s brok
c uldro n boili ng ov r
e as e a e

c as st forth fo m m y th n my O Ind a so a e e e , ra .

3 T2 h might
. f t h d troy r i n t p rc iv d
e o e es e s o e e e .

M n l d w y th Ri hi
e ea a if h a w r b t Th
e s as e e e a eas . e

wi sedo n t cond c nd to ridicul th fool Th y d

o es e e e . e o

n t l d th
o ea b for th h r e ass e e e o se .

4 Th
2 . o n f Bh a r t
ese h v s l r nt sto ot u r n a a a e ea

a w y from n t to
a oci t w ith (th V i h th ) Th y
,
o ass a e e as s as . e

u rg the h r g i n t th m e o se g in t f
a a Th y
s e as a a s a o e. e

h ea r a bout th b w in b ttl e o a e .
”

T w oth r v r o in th e m hym n e ses l o up e sa e are a s s

p o dse to r f r to th m hoe e tility b t w n t h

e sa t w e s e ee e o

f mili
a tho u gh
es, n impr c tio n i pp r nt in th m
o e a s a a e e .

5 T1 h d u.ght r f th u
e n giv
a n by J m e d g n
o i e s ,
e a a a ,

e v yw h r di ffu ing h r l f nd r moving d rk n

er e e s e se a e a ess,

h as prod uc d gr t o und nd h co nv y d imp e a ea s ,

a as e e er

i h bl food f
s a e th god or e s .

6 1M y h . v ry wh r di ffu i ng h r l f p dily
a s e, e e e e s e se , s ee

s up ply b und nt food to th a m n f th fi trib

a ese e o e ve es,

s h th
e, d ught r f th un po i ng n w li f nd
e a e o e s ,
ssess e e, a

g iv n bye J m d g ni to m a a a e.
”

V i h th i uppo d to h v h url d b ck th im
as s a s s se a e e a e

p recat i n in t h f
oollo w i nsg r f eV II 04 v e ses o , 1

3 S1 m . d n t bl o t h w ick d n
a o es th orul ess e e or e er

wh o b u h i pow r H l y th d mo n h l y
a ses s e . e s a s e e e s a s

th untr uth ful m n ; b th

e bound by th f tt r f
a o are e e e s o

Indr a .
 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 1 .

14 . If I h ad w or hipp d f l god , or if I h d
s e a se s a

ll d upon th
ca e e —
god in v i n but wh y t thou ng y
s a , ar a r

w ith m O J at e av e asd ? M y v i n t lk r f ll i nto th y

a a a e s a

d truction
es .

15 . M ay I die at onc e if I be a Yatudh ana , or if

I hurt th li f e e o f a ny man . B ut may I be c ut o ff fro m
h i t n f i nd
s e l ly c ll d
r e s w h o fa se a e me a Yatudh ana .

6 1 H w h c ll d m
. eYatudh n w h n I m
o a e e a a a, e a

n to or wh id I m bright d vil m y Indr

so, —
o sa a a e ,
a a

s trik him do wn w ith h i gr t w p on m y h f ll

e s ea ea , a e a

th lo w t f ll b i ng
e es o a e s .

S f t h j lo u y f th t w
O ar e ngry pri t i i nt l
ea s o e o a es s s e

ligibl nd v n n t ur l ho w v r unb comi ng f th i

e a e e a a ,
e e e o e r

gr t l r ni ng nd n tity But w h n w proc d

ea ea a sa c . e e ee

f om th Rig V d to l t r S n crit lit r t ur

r e i nci
e a a e a s e a e,

d nt which r h um n nd n t ur l b com lo t in
e s a e a a a a e e s a

c lo ud f mir culou nd mon t u l g nd

o a s a s ro s e e s.

It i um d from t h
s ass omm nc m nt in th l t
e e c e e e ese a er

l g nd th t V i h th w
e e s B ahm n nd Vi amit
a as s a as a r a a sv ra

w as K h triy lthough th Rig V d j u tifi n

a s a a, a e e a s es o

s u ch umpti
ass on nd k n w n B r ahm n nd K a h o s o a s a s a

t iy
r as c t O n th co ntr ry Vi amit i th
as as es . e a ,
sv ra s e

compo r f o m f th fi n t hym n ch ri h d by
se o s e o e es s e s e

l t r Brahm n i ncl udi ng th cr d Gay tri or th

a e a s, e sa e a e

c d mo ni ng pr y r f mod rn Brahm n
sa re r a e o e a s .

H vi ng um d th t Vi amit w born K h
a ass e a sv ra as a s a

t iy
r th M h abh a t
a, e th H i n a th Vi h nu Pu ra a, _
e ar v a sa, e s

ran nd o th r l t r w o k r p t n m u i ng tory to
a, a e a e r s e ea a a s s
Iso VED IC PERIO D .
[BOO K 1 .

Vi sva th n b g n h i u t riti w hich co nti nu d

mitra e e a s a s e es e

f
or tho u nd f y r ( l) until h b c m Brahm n
sa s o ea s e e a e a a .

In th c l br t d l g nd f H ri ch nd Vi a
e e e a e e e o a s a ra sv

mitr pp r a a r p ciou Brahm n H n t nly

ea s as a a a s a . e o o

m d th ki ng giv up h i w hol mpir but comp ll d

a e e e s e e e, e e

h im to ll h i q n h i boy nd him l f
se s uee l v t
, s a se as s a es o

p y a t h i n xor
e bl Br ahme n f ! a If uch
e tori a
’
s ee s s es a re

i nv nt d to t ch r p ct nd d ty d to B ahm n
e e ea es e a u ue r a s,

th y f il in th ir obj ct nd i n pir oth r ntim nt

e a e e a s e e se e s .

Th b r v d H ri h ndr w
e e ea e how v r r w rd d in
a sc a a as e e e a e

th e e nd nd V i amit
, a noi nt d h isv n ki ng nd ra a e s so as , a

H ri ch ndr w nt to h v n V i h th b c m
a s a a e ea e . as s a e a e

a ng y nd c r d V
r a i amit to b V k or c n
u se sv ra e a a a ra e,

a nd V i amit t
sv t n form d V i h th i nto n A i
ra, oo, ra s e as s a a r

bird Th tw bird b g n furio c nt t w hich

e o s e a a us o es

s hook th w hol w rld ntil Br hm a h d to i nt po

e e o , u a a er s e,

a nd r tor d thes i nt to th ir w n form nd co n

e e sa s e o s, a re

c il d th m
e e

In th l g nd f T i nk u w
e e e told th t th t pri nc
o r sa , e a re a a e

w i h d to go bodily to h
s e v n V i h th d cl d ea e . as s a e a re

t h thi ng impo ibl nd in r tur n f th ki ng ng y

’
e ss e, a e or e s a r

w ord h ng d him to Ch nd l Th fi y Vi a
s c a e a a a a . e er sv

mitr n w pp r d nth c n H d cl r d th thi ng

a o a ea e o e s e e . e e a e e

quit po ibl nd b g n gr t crific nd proc d d

e ss e, a e a a ea sa e a ee e

w ith it in pit f V i h th b n T i nk u c nd ’
s eo as s as a se ce . r sa as e

e d t h v n but Ind r f d to r c iv him nd

o ea e ,
ra e use e e e , a

thr w th i ntr d h d do wnw rd tow rd th rth

e e u er ea a s, a s e ea .

Th e i r pr ibl Vi amit how v r thr t n d t

r e ess e sv ra e e ea e e o
C H AP . VIL] VED IC RISH IS . 15 1

r t
c ea e a n oth r h v n w ith Indr nd god nd t r
e ea e a a s a s a s !

Th god h d to giv in nd T i nk u
e s a c nd d to e , a r sa as e e

h eav n nd hon lik

e , a t r b yond th un cour
s e e a s a e e s
’
s se,

b ut in om wh t uncom fort bl po itio n w ith h i h d

a s e a a e s , s ea

s till dow nw rd a s

Th l g nd f S n h p h h
e e e ri n ut f om
o u a se a as a se o o s e

h ym n in th fir t m nd l w hich
s e crib d to him
s a a a a re as e .

Th l t r l g nd
e a ey th t h w th n f Ri h ik
e e sa s a e as e so o c a

( nad th f r n ph w f Vi
ere o e am it ) n d w e old by e o sv ra ,
a as s

h i f th r to b th
s a vi tim f
e crific H w
e e c o a sa e . e as

b und to th t k nd w bo ut to b crific d w h n
o e s a e a as a e sa e e

h e p t d th hym n ll d d t bov which h i

re ea e e s a u e o a e, s

m t rn l uncl Vi amit h d t ught him nd w

a e a e sv ra a a , a as

l d W h ll h v to llud t Sun h p h
re ease . e s a a e a e o a se a s
’

t y in l t r h pt r nd x mi n om th i
s or a a e c a e ,
a e a e s e eo r es

a b t th pr v l nc f h um n crific w hich h v
ou e e a e e o a sa e a e

b n b uilt n it
ee o .

In th l g nd f K lmfi h p fi d w
e e e told th t o a s a a, e a re a

Vi amit c u d th t ki ng to kill h undr d o n f

sv ra a se a a e s s o

V i h th In v rio oth r l g nd w hich h v lmo t

as s a . a us e e e s a e a s

b com ho u hold tori f Hi nd boy nd girl th

e e se s es or u s a s, ese

tw g co nti nu lly pp r in d fi nc f ch ronology

o sa es a a ea , e a e o

a nd d t nd l w y t nmity w ith ch oth r

a e, a are a a s a e ea e .

Th riv l pri t pp r in o u t f ki ng t w nty thi ty

e a es s a ea c r s o s, e ,
r ,

orfi fty g n r tion r mov d from ch oth nd th r

e e a s e e ea er, a e e

i h rdly
s acl ic l compo itio n f not bo t r y l
a a ss a s O e a u a o a

h u oro se, mi divi n h ro in w hich w do n t fi nd

a se e e e o

m ntio n f V i h th nd V
-
,

e o i amit t rn lly th
as s a a sv ra, e e a e
152 VED IC PERIO D .
[
B O O K 1

riv l f e ch oth r Th u th Vi h nu P ran m k

a s o . a e . s e s u a a es

V i h th th pri t f Ik h ak u n Nimi w ll
as s a e es o s v
’
s so , as e as

th p i t f S g r wh w 37th in d c nt fro m
e r es o a a a o as es e

Ik h ak u ;
s v nd th Ram ay n m k a V i h th th e a a a es as s a e

pri t f Ram w h w 6 t in d c nt from Ik h

es o a o as Is es e s

vak u ! Such i th u w hich l t r rom nc r h v s e se a e a e s a e

m d f th impl m t ri l f rni h d by th Rig

a e o e s e a e a s u s e e

V d nd ch i th m nn r in w hich th y h v pil d
e a, a su s e a e e a e e

sto y upon tory nd myth po n myth in conn ction

r s ,
a u e

w ith i ncid nt w hich in t h e n i nt V d

s i mpl e a c e e a are s e,

n t r l nd h um n N t nly t h Ri hi
a u a a f th V d a . o o e s s o e e a

but v ry d ity e e nd w m y lmo t s y v ry imil

e ,
a e a a s a e e s e

or ll go y in th Rig V d bo t n t l ph no
a e r ,
e e a a u a a ura e

m no n he c iv d ch tr tm nt in th h nd f
as re e e su ea e e a s o

l t r im gi n tiv Hi nd u
a e a a e s.

B ut w hil h undr d w ild tori w r i nv nt d in l t r

e a e s es e e e e a e

d y to ccount f Vi amit
a s a tt i ni ng B ahm nhoo d
or sv
’
ra s a a r a ,

th r w n tho ght f d nyi ng th t c pt d f ct

e e as o u O e a ac e e a .

Ev ry l g nd v ry l r n d di q i itio n v ry hildi h
e e e ,
e e ea e s u s ,
e e c s

t l v ry gr t w o k f om th M habh ar t t M nn
a e, e e ea r ,
r e a a a o a

a nd th Pu an e — dmit th t Vi amit w
r as, K h a a sv ra as a s a

t iyr nd a Brahm n Y dh i th i in th Anu a n

a a a . u s ra e s sa a

P rv ( ctio n 3) f th M h abh a t
a a se nq ui f Bh i h m
o e a ra a e res o s a

h w V
o i amit h d n t o nly b com
sv raB ahm n buta o e e a r a

h ad t b li h d th gr t nd w i f mily f th
es a s e e ea a se a o e

K usik as w /z io/z included B ra/mea ns a nd lz nndreds of 3 rd]:

ma n Ris/z zlr .
”
Th e q u tion wo ld b es u e a difli cult o ne to

answ e r in th e P u anik Age in w hich

a r th e Ma a h bha t ra a
1 54 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

th e c t y t m w f rmi ng it l f A n in tit ution

as e s -
s e as o se . s

lik thi i n t form d in d y nd om nturi

e s s o e a a ,
a s e ce es

m t h v l p d v n ft r th omm nc m nt f t h
us a e e a se , e e a e e c e e e o e

Epic P riod b for pro f io n b c m

e ,
b ol ut ly h
e e ess s e a e a s e e re

dit y arEv n in t h
. M habh ar t
e w hi h ho w v e a a a c ,
e er

a lt r d in l t r g i b d n th tr dition f t h
e e a e a es , s ase o e a s o e

Epic Ag w fi nd t h mo t holy nd r ligio u ch r t

e, e e s a e s a a c er

i Yudh i th i
s K h triy nd t h mo t r no w n d
s ra, a s a a, a e s e e

s tr t gi t nd w r io i Dron Brahm n
a e s a a r r s a, a a .

From th l g nd f th Vi amit nd th V i h
e e e s o e sv ras a e as s

th asl t u n w t n to th
e s c rc ly l r no wn d
o ur e s a e ess e e

hu o f th
ses B h ig o th K n th
e Bh a d aj r us, e a v as, e ra v as

a nd th A ngi e All th f mili rasesf V dic . ese a re a es o e

Ri hi s compo
s, f V di hym n ; nd l t r w rit r
se rs o e c s a a e e s

th r fo f l om wh t n t i n bo t th ir c t
e e re ee s e a u cer a a u e as e .

Th y e om tim
a re s ll d B ahm n with th ch r ct r
e es c a e r a s e a a e

o f K h triys m t im K h t iy w ith th ch r ct r
a as, so e es s a r as e a a e

o f Brahm n nd cc io n lly t h bold tr th i

a s a nj o as a e u s co ec

t u d th t th
re Ri hi liv d b for t h i n tit ti n f
a ese s s e e e e s u o o

c t w fo m d
as e as r e .

Th A ngi e t h r p t d uthorrases f th ni nth a re e e u e a s o e

m nd l f th Rig V d Abo ut th Angi

a a a o e th e a. e rases, e

Vi hnu P ran ( IV ) h th e f llo wi ng Th n

s u a , 2, 2 as o : e so

of Nabh aga w as Nabh aga ; h is so n w as A mbarish a ;

h is so n w as Vi fi p r a fr m him pr ng P i h d
o nds a rs a asv a, a

om him R th in
fr a ara .
O n thi bj ct th r i thi v r
s su e e e s s e se :

Th p r o n d
ese e s s escended f m ro a K s/za triy a stock a nd

af terw a rds k now n as A ngirases were th e chi ef of th e

C H AP . VIL] VED IC RISH IS .
I5 5

Ra th inaras B ra/enza ns p ossessing a lso the n

e araeter o f

Vi h nu Puran in noth r pl c ( IV 3 5 ) tr c
Th e s a a e a e , ,
a es

th ed nt f th Angi H a it f m ti K l
esc e o e ras r as ro re s za

t iy
r k ing [k / dk n Th
a v ay u Pu ran
s zo y f t h . e a sa s o e

H a it th t th y w r o n f Angi
r as a nd B d/ m n
e e es s o ras a r z a s

W it] M p p ti
:
f eK h t iy
ro er T h L ing Pu
es or a n s a r as .
”
e a a

l o m i nt i n th t th y w r th follow r f Angi
a s a a s a e e e e e s o ras ,

a nd B ra/i ma m w it]: th e p rop erties f

o He
will b i r d r wh w ill unr v l from th
e a w se ea tte o a e ese s a e

m nt e th c t s f th Angie as e o e ra ses

Vam d nd B h a d aj
a ev a r put d to b th
a ra v a a re e e e e

au thor f th fo urth nd ixth M nd l

s o e f th Rig a s a a as o e

V d Th M t y Pu an incl d th m ( ction 3 )
e a . e a s a r a u es e se 1 2

a mong th Angi f w hom w h v

e pok n b for
rases o e a e s e e e .

To th G it m d e ttrib ut d th hym n f th
r sa a as a re a e e s o e

se cond m nd l f th Rig V d Th comm nt t r

a a a o e e a . e e a o

say n ay f him th t h w form rly t h n f

a sa s o a e as e e so o

Sun h t a f th A ngi
o ra o r c but h ft r w rd b
e ras a e, e a e a s e

c m G it m d n f S n k f th Bh igu r
a e r sa a a, so o u a a, o e r ace .

Thi om wh t my tic l g nd i l bor t d in th

s s e a s e e s e a a e e

M h abhar t A nu a n P v ( ctio n
a a a in w hic h
s sa a ar a se

w told th t Vit h y K h triy ki ng h d t k n

e are a a av a, a s a a , a a e

s h lt r w ith Bh igu nd Bh igu in ord r to v th

e e r ,
a r , e sa e e

fugitiv from h i p ur u r t t d th r i n K h triy

e s s e , s a e e e s o s a a

h r ll th
e e, a Brahm n Th word f Bh igu
ese are a s .
”
e o r

co uld n t prov untru nd th fugitiv K h triy

o e e, a e e s a a

Vit h y forth with bloom d i nto Brahm nho d nd

a av a e a o a
1 56 VED IC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

bec am e m t b llo w d th t thi w

Gritsa mada ! It us e a e a s as

a n i r pr c th n th p n nc f thou nd f
eas e o ess a e e a e O sa s o

y r w
ea s hich V i amit h d to go thro ugh —n t t sv ra a ,
o o

m ntio n th t h i moth r h d xch ng d di h w it h

e a s e a e a e s es a

B ahm n w i f
r a
’
s e

B ut th tory f G it m d ch ng f c t i n t
e s o r sa a a s
’
a e o as e s o

univ r lly cc pt d Th Vi h nu Pu an nd t h
e sa a e e . e s r a a e

v ay u P ran co nj ctur t h bold tr uth th t G it m d

u a e e e a r sa a a

liv d b for th c t i n tit tio n w form d F m

e e e e as e s u as e . ro

G it m d w
r sa d c nd d S un k w h igin t d th
a a as es e e a a a o or a e e

f our castes .
”
V
ih s . P un, I V , Th e so n o f Grit sa ma da
w as Sunak a f rom wh m pr ng o s a Sauna k a . In th is ra ce

rn B rah ma ns, K sh a tr i
w ere bo y a s , Vi y nd S h d
a s a s, a ra s .
”

V
( y a u P a n ) T h H
ar i n a . e ar v a sa ( ctio n
se 9) r p t 2 e ea s

t hi t t m nt
s s a e e .

B ut th Vi h nu nd th V
e ay u Puran
s nd th H i
a e as a e ar

va n sa c rc ly con i t nt f w fi nd l w h in
are s a e s s e , or e e se e re

th w ork th t th fo ur
ese s t origi n t d w ith Bha
a e c a s es a e r

g b
a h fi m i w h w t h t w n ti th i
on d nt fro m
as th e e e esce e

b oth r f G it m d Both th
r e o r cc unt ho w v
sa a a . ese a o s e er

point to th nci nt t diti n th t G it m d liv d

e a e ra o a r sa a a e

b for th c t
e e y t m w i n titut d
e as e s -
s e as s e .

If w t ur n from t h
e G it m d to th K uv e r sa a as e a as ,

uthor
a f th s ighth m nd l f th Rig V d w
o e e a a a O e e a, e

fi nd th m unc rt i nty bout th i c t Th Vi hnu

e sa e e a a e r as e . e s

Pu an ( IV
r a n d t h Bh ag
,
v t Pu an ( IX 0
a e a a a r a , 2 ,

6 ,
m int i n th t K nv w th n f Ap ti th
a a a a a as e so o ra ra a

or f A j midh
o both b i ng d c nd nt f Pur u
a a, e es e a s o a
 153 VEDIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 .

t r ct
a bl u to compr h nd th t tu nd p iti n
s ena e s e e e s a s a os o

f th
o Vdic r ligi u l d r nd w rrior nd
e e e o s ea e s a a s, a a re

t h r for n t ut f pl c in n cco unt f t h V d i

e e e o o o a e a a o e e c

P riod e Writi ng t uch

. long di t nc f ti m a s a s a e O e

from th V dic Ag th mod r n uthor o ft n mi pp

e e e, e e a s e sa re

h nd d nci nt f ct
c e and t ditio ne B ut n v th l a s a ra s . e er e es s ,

th un w rvi ng loy lty to t h p t w hich h

e s e v h a e as as e er c ar

t i d Hi nd u w rit r
a c er se pr nt d th m f om t m p e s ev e e e r a er

ing w ith uch tr ditio n Tho tr ditio n poi nt d to

s a s. se a s e a

t t f oci ty which h d long p t w y nd w hich

s a e o s e a as a a a

h d b com utmo t uni nt lligibl

a e e P u anik w rit r s e e . a r e s

c o uld c rc ly compr h nd th t pri t nd w io

s a e e e a es s a a rr rs

c ould pri ng from th m r c th t Ri hi co uld b

s e sa e a e, a a s e

a w rrior or th t
a w rrior co uld b
,
pri t Th ya a a e a es . e

tri d to xpl i n uch t diti n by h undr d di ff r nt

e e a s ra o s a e e e

th ori nd l g nd but n v rth l th y h v f ith

e es a e e s, e e e ess e a e a

fully nd pio u ly h nd d do wn th tr ditio n un h ng d

a s a e e a s c a e

a nd un lt r d Th u to m k only n mor xtr ct

a e e . s a e o e e e a ,

th M t y Puran
e a s num r t a 9 1 V dic R i hi nd a e e a es e s s, a

c oncl ud w ith th follow i ng ugg stiv p g (

es e s e e assa e, sec

tion Thu 9 p r o n h v b n d cl r d by
“
s 1 e s s a e ee e a e ,

;wh om th hym n h v b n giv n forth They w

e s a e ee e . ere

B ah m n K h t iy
r a nd Vsy
s, ll o n f Ri hi
s a r a s, a ai as, a s s o s s .

Th y w r th ff pri ng f th Ri h ik on f Ri h i
e e e e O s O e s as, s s o s s,

V dic Ri hi
e s s .
”

Thu th Puran f ith fully p e v th nci nt

s e a a res r es e a e

t r ditio n th t th V dic hym n w r th

a a ommon p e e s e e e c ro

p rty ef th e entir
o A ry n pop ul tio n A n d w h n
e th a a . e e
CH AP . v 11 .
] VED IC RISH IS . 1 59

w rit r t ll u th t th compo r f tho hym n w r

e e s s a e se s o se s e e

Brahm n K h triy nd V i y w h v littl di th

a s, s a as, a a s a s, e a e e

c ulty in di cov ri ng in th t t t m nt dim

s ll e a s a e e a rec o ec

t io n f t h truth th t th hym n w r compo d by th

o e a e s e e se e

u ndiv ided a ncestors of th ose castes .

M od ern w riterscl d Ri hi und r thr cl asse s s e ee asses,

i
v z D.
,
hi i ntly god lik Nar d ; B h m
ev ars s, o r sa s e a a ra ar

s hi or i ntly Brahm n lik K nv f th S k unt l a

s, sa a s e a a o e a a

dr m ; nd Raj h i or i ntly K h triy lik

a a a ars s, sa s a as e

J n
a k ki
a n g f t
a,h V id h T h nci n t V
o dic e e as . e a e e

Ri hi did n t n w r to ny f th
s s cl
o did n t
a s e a o ese asses, o

b lo ng xcl u iv ly to ny f th c t gori nd w r
e e s e a o ese a e es, a e e

th r for
e e t ndi ng pu l to mod rn w rit r H nc
e a s a zz e e e s . e e

th num ro u l g nd to
e e cco unt f wh t w un c
s e e s a or a as a

co unt bl ; nd o ft n in th mid t f th w ild n

a e a e e s o ese co

j t
ecu t h mod
res, r n w rit r m d e bold g u ft e e a e a ess a er

th truthe nd m int i n d th t t h
, a V dic Ri hi m u t a a e a e e s s s

h v liv d b for c t w origi n t d W do n t

a e e e e as e as a e . e o

w o nd r t th th ori e and l g nd w hich w r m ultipli d

e e es a e e s e e e

in uch pro fu io n w
s dmir th bold n with which
s e a e e ess

th truth w om tim conj ctur d

e as s e es e e .

F or t r t th
h eu es —
i v l bl tr dition th t pri t
n , ese a a e a s a es s

a nd w rior w r d c nd d from th e m r
ar s e e nd es e e sa e aces, a

th t tha m Ri hi w r ft n both pri t nd w

e sa e s s e e O e es s a ar

r —
ior n bl u to compr h nd th tru po ition f
s, e a e s e e e e s o

V dic Ri hi For div t d f th ir mir culou nd

e s s .
, es e O e a s a

l g nd y h r ct r wh t do th tr dition i ndic t ?
e e ar c a a e ,
a ese a s a e

Th y i ndic t th t th t th v n r bl f mili
e a e f th a a e e e a e a es o e
 1 60 VED IC PERIO D .
[
BO O K 1 .

Old tim en es, -

lik tho e se o f th e V i h th
as s as, th e Vi sv a

mitr th as, e Angirases K uv —fu ni h d and th e a as, r s e re

n w n d w rrior
o e nd mi n nt pri t
a s a t th m tim e e es s a e sa e e .

A P rcy or e Do ugl might b n mbitiou p i t

a as e a a s r es or

a fi y w rrior nd might K nv or n A gi
er a , a so a a a a u ras .

To b ur th Hi nd u ho u w r p mi n ntly
e s e, e ses e e re e -
e

pri tlyes th Europ n ho u

as e w r milit ry but ea ses e e a ,

cas e t w unk no w n to t h
as as n to th oth r M ny e o e as e e . a

a b ron f m di v l Europ w ho n m
a o e e a til l p e se a es are s re

se rv d in th hi tory f t h cru d h d th i f th r
e e s o e sa es, a e r a e s

or uncl on or n ph w imm ur d in th olitud f

es, s s e e s, e e s e o

holy mo n t ri ; nd m ny V i h th or Vi a
as e es a a
'

a as s a sy

mitr w ho r ligiou hym n w till ch ri h nd v

a, se e s s e s e s a re e re,

h d th ir o n or n ph w
a e s ng g d in th w
s e f th
e s, e a e e a rs O e

V dic P riod in th un ndi ng cont t g i n t t h

e e ,
e e es s a a s e

a bo igi n f th oil Th f ct
r es o e p ov d by th
s . ese a s are r e e

t xt f th Rig V d it l f w hich w h v q ot d in
e s o e e a se e a e u e a

pr viou ch pt r nd th y co nfi m d by th l g nd
e s a e a e are r e e e e s

a nd t ditio n w hi h w
ra sh v q uot d in thi ch pt
c e a e e s a er

f rom l t r S n crit lit ra t ur T

s h Vdic Ri hi com e a e e e s s
3 a e .

po d th ir hym n fo ght th ir w r nd pl gh d
se e s, u e a s, a ou e

th ir fi ld ; but w r n ith r Brahm n n K h

e e s e e e e a s, or s a

lt i
r y n
as, V i y
or T h gr
a s t R i hi
as ho u. f t h e ea s ses o e

V dic A g furni h d p i t nd soldi r but w r n

e e s e r es s a e s, e e o

mor B ahm n or K h triy th nth P i or Doug

e r a s s a as a e erc es

l
a ses o f midi l Europ w ev a Brahm n or K h triy
'

e ere a s s a as .
1 62 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B OO K 11 .

Th e Brahm n th A ny k nd th Up ni h d
a as, e ra a as, a e a s a s

w hich co n t ntly r f r to t hs a ction f th Kuru t h e e e a s o e s, e

P n h al
a c th K l as, nd th V e id h li ing in th
o sa as, a e e as v e

va ll y f th G ng
e o form t h e lit r tur f th Ep i
a es, e e a e o e c

Ag eTh SOt
. w hich pr uppo
e th ri
ras f r tio n es se e se o a

li m in Indi nd w hich w r compo d wh n th

'

a s a, a e e se e e

A ry n h d p nd d ll
a s a E t n nd So
ex a uth
e n a ov er as er a er

Indi form th lit r tur

a, f th R tio n li tic Ag
e e a e o e a a s e .

Abo ut thirty y r g P ro f or M M i
ea sil l p ub a o ess ax er

li h d h i gr t w ork
s e s n S n k it lit r t ur
ea nd g o a s r e a e a av e

r on which h v inc g n r lly b n cc pt d f

eas s, a e s e e e a ee a e e , or

co n id ri ng th m
s e f Sfi t lit r tur
e ub q u nt
ass o ra e a e as s se e

t t h Br ahm n lit r t ur
o e H h w d th t th Sfi t
a a e a e . e s e e a e ra

lit r tur pr uppo d nd quot d th Brahm n lit r

e a e es se a e e a a e a

t r nd th conv w n v r th c
u e, a e H erse hwd as e e e ase . e s e e

th t th Brahm n lit r tur r fl ct d n g f p i t

a e a a e a e e e e a a e o r es

ly upr m cy
s nd nq u tio ni ng
e a b di nc n th
a u es O e e e o e

p rt f th p opl w hi h w nt rior to th pr ctic l

a o e e e, c as a e e a a

a nd philo ophic l nd c ptic l g

s f th SOt
a a H s e a a e o e ras . e

sh w d th t th B ahm n lit r tur down to t h

e e a e r a a e a e e

U p ni h d wa sn id r d
a s l d in Indi w hil
as c o s ll e e revea e a, e a

Sfi t w ork w r
ra crib d to h um n uthor A nd h
s e e as e a a s .
e

e nforc d th and imil r rg um nt by

e ese w lth s a a e s a ea

o f ill u tr tion nd s d gr f ruditio n which l ft

a s a a e ee o e e

nothi ng to b d i d e es re .
’

Later research es h av e confi r med th e v iew th at not only are th e Sfl tras

of a p articular sch ool subseq uent to th e Brah manas of th e sa me sch ool ,

but t h at th e body of th e Sfi tra literature as a wh ole is subseq uent to the

C HAP . L ITERATURE O F THE PERIO D . 1 63

dl to y th t w c nnot nt r i nto th
It is nee ess sa a e a e e e

d t il
e a f th l rn d di cu io n Tru to th pl n
s o ese ea e s ss s . e e a

o f t h pr e nt w ork w w ill m k o nly

ese f w r m rk, e a e a e e a s

n t n th lit
o o y b ut n et h h i t i
era r l b ti
,
ng f t h o e s or ca ea s o e

f t
ac s t t d bov Wh t i th h i t i l import f
s a e a e . a s e s or ca o

th i qu nc in th di ff r nt cl
s se e e f Anci nt S n krit
e e e asses o e a s

lit tur ? Wh t i th h i t i l r o n f thi qu nc ?

era e a s e s or ca eas o s se e e

W h y did th Anci nt Hi nd u compo th ir w ork in n

e e s se e s o e

p rtic
a ul r form th V
a d ic hym n f ,
numb r f
e n e s, or a e o ce

tu i ? Wh y did th y gr d u lly
r es b ndo n th t tyl f e a a a a a s e o

co mpo ition nd w rit th prolix nd dogm tic pro

s ,
a e e a a se

b ody of th e Brah mana literature . Th us to quote one instance only ,

D r B ulh er, wh o does not

. altogeth er agree with M ax Miiller on this p oint,

nev erth eless p oints out in h is introductions of th e D har ma Sfi tras th at

t h ose Sfi tras rep eatedly q uote fro m B rah manas of different sch ools. He
sh ew s th at th e O ldest D h arma Sfi tra ex tant p resup p oses an Arany ak a of

th e B lack Y aj ur Vd e a, a B rah mana of th e 8 ama Vd nd

e a, a ev en a n

U p anish ad of th e Ath arva Veda H e p oints out th a t V i h th

as s
’
as D h arma

Sfi tra q uotes from a B rah mana of th e Rig eda, an Aran ak a of th e

y V
B lack Yaj ur eda and a B ra V
h mana of th e White Yaj ur eda, and also V
mentions an Up anish ad of th e Atharv a Vde a. So also Baudhay ana s ’

D h arma Sfi tra quotes from th e B rah manas both of th e B lack and th e

W h ite Yaj ur Ved a. O n th e oth er h and, no B rah mana ev er q tes

uo from
any Sfi tra work .

No sch olar maintains th at th e last Brah mana work was co mp osed

b efore th e fi rst Sfi tra work was written . B ut th ere can be little doubt

on th e ev idence now before us, th at th ere was a p eriod wh en th e p rev a il

ing sty le of w riting was th e p rose sty le of th e B rah manas, and th at th is

p eriod was followed by a p eriod w h en th e p rev a ilin t

g y
s le was ap h oris ms
or 5 11111 3 8 .
1 64 EPIC PERIOD .
[
BO O K 11 .

B ar hm n f om ucc di ng c nturi ? And why

a as, or s e s ee e es

a g i n did th y gr d u lly ch ng thi f th co nci

a e a a a e s or e se

a phori m f th Sfi t d uri ng th n xt f w c nturi ?

s s o e ras e e e e es

Wh t i th r in th n tur f thi ng th t w o uld i nd u

a s e e e a e o s a ce

t h Anci nt Hi nd u to t k up di ff r n
e e t tyl s f com a e e e s es o

p o itio
s n t di ff r n t p a riod f th ir
e e hi to y — if t e s o e s r , as o

a fford th futur hi tori n e l u to th d t f th ir

e s a a c e e a es o e

w riti ng ? s

Th q u tio n i mor
e es ily k d th n n w r d
s e eas as e a a s e e .

It m y b n a w r d ho we a sr by co unt r q u tio n
e e eve a e es .

W h t i th r in th n t ur f thi ng which pr v nt d
a s e e e a e o s e e e

th C hro
e nicl nd R om n c f
es aM di v l Europ b i ng a es o e a
e a e e

co mpo d ft r th 4 th nd sth c nturi

se a e e 1 Wh y did a 1 e es

n t H um
o nd F ro ud compo e a Chro nicl W h y did
e se es

n t Fi ldi ng nd Scott compo

o e a M di l Rom nc se e aava a es

Th ubj ct
e s w r till
e t h s —
m wh y w th com
e e s e sa e as e

p ition di ff r nt th t it w ould b po ibl to d m

os so e e a e ss e e ar

ca et th f ud l g from th mod rn p riod n th

e e a a es e e e o e

t timony f Europ n lit r tur v n if v ry v tig

es o ea e a e, e e e e es e

o f Europ n hi tory w ea d t oy d s as es r e

A n E ngli hm n w o uld n ws r It w
a impo ibl t h t a s e : as ss e a

Chro nicl nd f ud l Rom nc

es a hould b co nti nu d
e a a es s e e

a ft r Eli b th h d r ign d nd Sh k p r
e z a e a nd B co n
e e a a es ea e a a

h d w ritt n A n w light h d d w n d
a e . n Eu op
e a a e o r e.

Th h um n mi nd h d xp nd d
e a R ligio n w a pu i e a e . e as r

fi d A n w w orld h d b n di cov r d
e . e M od rn a ee s e e . e

philo ophy h d t k n it ri Comm rc nd m ri

s a a e s se . e e a a .

tim nt rpri h d r c iv d wond rful d v lop m nt

e e e se a e e e a e e e e .
1 66 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

f orm d th bulk f th Brahm n lit r tur It w

e e o e a a e a e . as as

impo ibl f th cultur d w rit r nd thi nk r f th

ss e or e e e s a e s o e

d y to go b ack to th
a b uri d p t nd di i nt r th e e as a s e e

s impl f ith f th V dic Hym n it w impo ibl

e a o e e s, as as ss e

for th rudit choolm n f M di v l Europ to pro

e e e s e o e a
e a e

d uc th wild nd impl Norw gi n S g

e e a f s e e a a as o a

bygo n g e a e .

A g i n th
a l bor t nd dogm tic trifli ng f th
, e e a a e a a o e

schol tic philo ophy f Europ w impo ibl ft r

as s o e as ss e a e

D c rt h d liv d nd B con h d w ritt n In th

es a es a e a a a e . e

sa m w y nd f th m r o n th l bor t trifli ng
e a ,
a or e sa e eas ,
e e a a e

a nd pri tly p d ntry f t h

es Brahm n w imp i
e a o e a as as o ss

bl in th Hi nd u w orld ft r K pil h d t ught nd

e e a e a a a a a

G ut m B uddh h d pr ch d Th h um n mi nd in
a a a a a ea e . e a

Indi h d r c iv d
a a n w imp tu
e e A n w w orld h d
e a e e s . e a

b n di cov r d b yo nd th Vi ndhy r ng though

ee s e e e e a a e,

th n m
e a f th Indi n Col umb u w h fir t pl nt d t h
e o e a s, o s a e e

Hi nd u fl g in o uth rn ki ngdom i forgott n Th

a a s e , s e . e

ea rn t nd f rv nt Up ni h d h d b n w ritt n nd
es a e e a s a s a ee e a

m rk d
a e trong r ction g i n t pri tly p d ntry
a s ea a a s es e a .

K pil —th D c rt f Indi —h d t rtl d th Hi nd u

a a e es a es o a a s a e e

w orld by h i sankhy philo ophy ; nd G ut m

s — th a s a a a a e

L uth r f I di
e n o — h d procl i m d r form d f ith f th
a a a e a e e a or e

p oor n d t
a h lo w ly n d prot
e t d g i n t t h privil
, ag es e a a s e e es

o f pri t es s N w ci nc h d t rt d i nto xi t nc A
. e s e es a s a e e s e e
.

n w light h d d wn d in th Hi nd u worl d
e a a e e .

Th Brahm n lit r t ur di d
e an t ur l d th
a Th
e a e e a a a ea . e

l bor t nd unm ni ng dogm w r l ft in th h d

e a a ea ea as e e e es a e
GIIAP . L ] L ITERATURE O F TH E PERIO D . 1 67

th e r ul f th p rfo m nc f th nci nt crific

es or e e r a e o e a e sa es

w r co nd n d f
e e pr ctic l p urpo It w
e se pr or a a ses . as a ae

tic l g wh n v rythi ng w co nd n d nd codifi d

a a e e e e as e se a e .

Th rul e f li f w r odifi d Philo ophy w

es o ne e e c e . s as c o

d n d i nto phori m
e se ci nc nd l ni ng in v ry
a s s, s e e a ear e e

d p rtm nt w r co nd n d
e a e Tr ti w r compo d
e e e se . ea ses e e se

in v ry br n h f h um n k no w l dg in co nci
e e a c tyl o a e e a se s e,

in w hich t ch r co uld t ch nd l rn r
ea ould l n
e s ea a ea e s c ear

b y rot A nd th u it i th t w h v th
e . ntir lit r s s a e a e e e e e

a t r
u f R tio li tic Ag int h p f phori m
eo n h a —
a f s e e s a eo a s s, o

S fi t ras .

Thi shi tori l import f th thr di ff r nt

is th e s ca o e ee e e

l
c asses o f A nci nt S n krit lit r t ur w hich r pr
e nt a s e a e, e ese

t hr di ti n t poch f Hi nd u hi tory Th Hym n

ee s c e s o s . e s

re fl ct th m nly implicity f th V dic Ag Th

e e a s o e e e . e

B rah m n r fl ct th pompou c r mo ni l
a as e ef th Epic e s e e a s o e

Ag Th St t
e . r fl ct th ci nc nd l rni ng nd
e
‘

I ras e e e s e e a ea , a

e v n the ptici m f th R tio n li tic Ag

e sc e s O e a a s e .

W h v e id b fo th t th tid f Hind u coloni

a e sa e re a e e o za

t io n roll d tw rd nd o uthw rd in ch ucc iv

e eas a a s a ea s ess e

p rio
e d n d t h di
,
ff r n
at cl f S n krite lit r t ur e e asses o a s e a e

s pok n bov tt t to thi o nw rd mov m nt In

e a e a es s a e e .

Europ f ud l lit r tur e nd mod rn lit r tur w r

e a e a e a e e a e e e

d v lop d
e e n th e m r n in It ly nd G
o e sa e a e a, a a er

m ny in Fr nc nd Engl nd In Indi th c
a ,
a e a w a . a, e ase as

di ff r nt For th A y n f Indi w nt nconqu ri ng

e e . e r a s o a e o e

through ucc iv p riod nd th lit r tur f ch

s ess e e s, a e e a e o ea

p riod p k f th po tion f Indi und r th A y n

e s ea s o e r o a e e r a
 1 68 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 1 1 .

fl c nd domi n tion in th t p rtic ul r p rio d

in uen e a a a a a e .

Thi in it l f i n inv l u bl i nd x to th d t f th
s se s a a a e e e a es o e

di ff r nt cl
e e f lit r t ur
asses o Th Hym n f t h Rig e a e . e s o e

—
,
a
V d p k f th Punj b nd C bul lon Indi
e a s ea o e a a a a e, a

b yo nd th Punj b unk no wn to t h Ri Vd Th
\

e e a 18 e e a . e

b nka f t h di t nt G ng
s o e nd th J um n
s a r r ly a es a e a a re a e

all ud d to ; th c n f ll th w r nd oci l c r
e es e e o a e a s a s a e e

mo ni nd r ligio u
es a crific f th Rig V d
e s thsa es o e e a a re e

b nk f th Ind u nd it tribut ri nd th S r v ti
a s o e s a s a es a e a as a .

Thi s w th Hi nd u world wh n th hym n w r

as e e e s e e

compo d se .

B ut th Hi nd u oo n thr w ut coloni ll ov
e s s e o es a er

North rn Indi e In o u f
a. nt uri th colo ni
c rse o ce es ese es

o i nto impo t nc nd form d pow rful ki ngdom

r se r a e a e e s,

a nd by th ir progr e nd l r ni ng thr w thess moth r a ea e e e

country th Punj b i nto h d In th Brahm n w

, e a , s a e . e a as e

h r f th mighty K u u n th tr ct f th
ea o e ount y r s I e a o e c r

ro und mod rn D lhi ; w h e f th po w rful P nc h

e e ear o e e a

al as in th o unt y round mod rn K n uj w r d f

e c r e a o e ea o

th Ve id h in th
e asountry n w k no wn N th B h r
e c o as or e a

w e r d f th K l in O ud nd w r d f th
ea O e osa as e, a e ea o e

K a i in th co untry ro und mod rn B n r

s s e Th e e a es . ese

coloni t d v lop d pompou crifici l rit h d ill u

s s e e e s sa a es, a s

trion nd l rn d o urt lik tho f J n k nd

s a ea e c s e se o a a a a

Aj at tru nd J n m j y Pa ik h it th y fo und d
asa a a a e a a r s a, e e

s
chool or p
s ri h d in vill
a g s nd toawn nd th y
s a es a s, a e

d v lop d n w oci l y t m b d n c t di tin

’

e e e a e s a s s e ase o as e s c

tio n It i
s. f th coloni t nd th ir civili tionth at
s o ese s s a e za
1 7o EPIC PERIO D .
[BO O K 11 .

wa t r nd immol t d nim l Th Udgat i n t h

e ,
a a e a a s . e r s o e

oth r h nd w ntru t d with th d uty f i ngi ng

e a ere e s e e o s , as

accordi ng to nci nt c u tom om e p rt f th c i fi

a e s s a s o e sa r ce

h d to be ccomp ni d by o ng
a a Th H t i h d to a e s s
. e o r s a

r cit hym n And l tly th Br hm n pr id d t

e e s . as ,
e a a s es e a

c ific ov r ll th r t
sa r es e a e es .

O f th fo ur cl esef pri t n ith r th Br h m n asses o es s, e e e a a

n t h Hotri r q uir d
or e ny p ci l m nu l For t h e e a s e a a a . e

Br hm n w r quir d to k now th ntir c r mo ni l t

a a as e e e e e e e a o

b bl to up ri nt nd th p rform nc f th crifi
e a e s e e e e a e o e sa c e,

to dvi th oth r pri t n do ubtful poi nt nd t

a se e e es s o s, a o

corr ct th ir mi t k Th Hotri too h d imply t

e e s a es . e a s o

r cit nd if h k n w th hy mn f th Rig V d h
e e, a e e e s o e e a, e

did n t r quir ny p r t co mpil tion B ut th

o e e a se a a e a . e

d uti f th Adhv ryu nd th Udgat i r quir d p ci l

es o e a a e r e e s e a

tr i ning Sp ci l crifici l form ul m u t h v xi t d

a . e a sa a as s a e e s e

f th form r nd
or e to k f th Rig V d Hym n t
e , a a s c o e e a s, se

to m u ic m u t h v l o xi t d f th l tt r in th
s , s a e a s e s e or e a e e

V dic P riod f w fi nd th n m Y j u nd
e e ,
or e e a es a s a

8 am n in tha Rig V d Hym n Th form ul nd

e e a s . ese as a

ch nt w r ho w v r p r t ly coll ct d nd compil d
a s e e e e se a a e e e a e

at l t r g in th Epic P riod ; nd th
a a e a epr e e a es e se a

t
a e compil tio n ln th h p w hich th y l t to k
a s, e s a e e as o ,

are th Y j ur Vd nd th 5 am V d
e a w hv e a a e a e a as e a e

th m n w
e o .

N n m h b n h nd d down to u
o a e th m as ee a e s as e co

pil r f th 5 am V d Pr f or B nf y h point d
e o e a e a . o ess e e as e

out w h t Dr
, St v n o n pr vio u ly u p ct d th t ll
a . e e s e s s s e e , a a
C HAP . L ITERATURE O F TH E PERIO D .

t he vr e ses o f ith th xc ption f

th e 8 ama Vd e a, w e e e o a

f w
e , to b found inth Rig V d ; nd it i uppo d
a re e e e a a ss se

t h t th
a f w v r too mu t h v b n cont i n d in
ese e e ses s a e ee a e

s o m oth r r c n io n f th Rig Vd n w lo t to u
e e e e s o e e a o s s .

It i q uit cl r th r for th t th 5 am Vd i o nly

s e ea e e e a e a e a s a

se el ctio n from th Rig Vd t to mu ic f p ci l V e e a se s or a s e a

p u po
r se .

O f t h compil r f Y j ur V d
e w h v om i e s o a e a, e a e s e h

f r m tio n Th mor Anci nt or Bl ck Y j ur V d i

o a . e e e a a e a s

ca ll d th T itti iy S nhita from Titti i wh prob bly

e e a r a a r , o a

co mpil d or prom ulg t d it in it pr nt h p

e In a e s ese s a e .

th e A nuk m ni f th At y r c n io n f thi V d
ra a o e re a e e s o s e a,

h w v r w
o e e told th t th V d w h nd d down
, e are a e e a as a e

b y V i mp ay n to Y a k P ingi by Y a k to Tit ti i
a sa a a s a a , s a r

b y Titti i to Ukh nd by Ukh to At y

r Thi a, a a re a . s

w uld h w th t th
o s xi ti ng old t r c n io n f th
e a e e s es e e s o e

Y j ur V d w n t th fir t r c n io n
a e a as o e s e e s .

W h v full r i nform tio n w ith r g rd to th mor

e a e e a e a e e

r c nt Whit Yaj ur V d It i c ll d th v aj n y i
e e e e a. s a e e asa e

S nhit a from Y aj n v lky v aj

a , ny th compil r or a a a asa e a, e e

pr m ulg tor f th t Vd Yaj n v lky h ld th i

'

o a o a e a . a a a e e h

fl u nti l po itio n f chi f pri t in th co urt f J n k

e a s o e es e o a a a

ki ng f th Vid h o nd th prom ulg tio n f thi n w

e e as, a e a o s e

V d proc d d prob bly fr m th court f th t l rn d

e a ee e a o e o a ea e

ki ng .

Th r i triki ng di ff nc in rr ng m nt b tw n
e e s a s ere e a a e e e ee

th Whit Y j ur V d
e nd th Bl ck Y j ur Vd
e a In e a a e a a e a .

th l tt r th
e a crifici l form ul
e ,
follo w d by dog
e sa a as a re e
1 72 EPIC PERIO D .
[
BO O K 11 .

matic xpl n tion nd by ccount f c r mo ni l

e a a , a a s o e e a s

b lo ngi ng to th m In th form th form ul only

e e . e er, e as

find pl c in th S nhit a th
a e xpl n tio n nd th ritu l
e a , ee a a a e a

b i ng ign d to th Brahm n It i n t improb bl

e ass e e a a
. s o a e,

as h b n uppo d th t it w to improv th ld
as ee s se , a as e e o

a rr ng m nt nd to p r t th x g tic m tt r fr m
a e e ,
a se a a e e e e e a e o

t h form ul
e th t Yaj n v lky f th court f J n k
as, a a a a, O e o a a a,

fo und d th n w chool k now n

e e th v aj
e n y ins as e a sa e s,

a nd th t th ir l bor r ult d in n w (V
a e aya n y i) s es e a e as a e

S nhit a nd n ntir ly p r t ( S t p th ) Brah m n

a a a e e se a a e a a a a a a .

B ut lth o ugh th prom ulg tio n f th Whit Y j u r

a e a o e e a

V d i crib d to Yaj n v lky gl nc t it n

e a s as e a a a, a a e a s co

t nt will ho w th t it i n t th ompil tio n Of ny

e s s a s o e c a a

o n m n or
e v n f n g O f it 4 ch pt r nl y
a e e o o e a e . s 0 a e s o

t h fir t 8
e cit d in full nd xpl i n d in du rd
s 1 a re e a e a e e o er

in th fir t ni n book
e sf th S t p th Brahm n
e nd so e a a a a a a a

it i th form ul f th
s e 8 ch pt r o nly w hi h
as o ese 1 a e s c a re

fo und in th old r Bl ck Y j ur Vd e Th e 8 ch p a a e a . ese 1 a

t r th n
e s th
e old t portio n f th Whit Y j u
a re e es O e e a r

V d nd m y h v b n compil d or prom ulg t d by

e a, a a a e ee e a e

Yaj n v lky v aj n y Th n xt 7 ch pt
a a a asa e a . e e a ers a re

v er y lik ly l t ddition Th m i ni ng 5 ch p t r
e a a er a . e re a 1 a e s

a re undo u bt dly till l t r ddition nd

e xp ly
a s a e a ,
a a re e ress

c ll d P i i h t or Khil i uppl m nt
a e ar s s a a, . e, s. e e .

O f th Ath Vd w n d o nly t t th t it w
e arv a e a, e ee s a e a as

n t
o g n r
,
lly r cog
e e a ni d a V d till lo
e ng ft r t h se as e a a e e

p riod f w hich w
e o p king th ough cl e f a re s ea ,
a a ss o

lit r tur k nown a th Ath angi w growi ng up

e a e s e arv ras as
 EPIC PERIO D .
[
BO O K II .

t rv n nd Augir
A ha a Pro f
a or Whit n y as are, as ess e

r m rk h l f mythic l n m f nci nt nd v n r t d
e a s, a a a es o a e a e e a e

Indi n f mili
a nd it w
a o ught to bri ng th r nt
es, a as s e ec e

compo ition i nto conn ctio n w ith th

s nci nt n m e ese a e a es

Th V d i divid d i nto t w nty book

e e a s nd co nt i n
e e s, a a s

n rly i tho u nd v r
ea s x nd 6th f thi i in p ro
sa e ses, a a o s s se .

O f th r m i ni ng n ixth i f und mo ng th hym n

e e a , o e s -
s o a e s

o f th Rig V d mo tly in th t nth book

e e a, Th g t h s e e . e l

book i ki nd f uppl m nt to th pr viou 8 w hil

s a o s e e e e s 1 , e

th 0th book i m d up of xtr ct from th Rig V d

e 2 s a e e a s e e a .

Th ntir
e V d pri ncip lly co n i t f formul
e e e a a s s s o as

i nt nd d to prot ct m n g i n t th b n ful i nfl u nc
e e e e a a s e a e e es

o f divi n p o w r eg i n t di noxio u
e s, ni m la a s seases, s a a s,

a nd u c f n mi
rses O It k no w ho t f imp nd
e e es . s a s o s a

hobgobli n nd o ff r h m g to th m to pr v nt
s,
”
a e s o a e e e e

th m f m d ing h rm Th M ntr bri ng from th

e ro ’

o a . e a a. s e

unw illi ng h nd f god th f vo ur th t

a s o w nt d s e a s a a re a e .

Th book i full f i nc nt ti n c lc ul t d to proc ur

e s o a a o s a a e e

l ng lif or w lth or r cov y from ill n

o e ea It l e er ess . a so

co nt i n i nvoc tion f good l uck in jo urn y in

a s a s or e s,

g mi ng & Th hym n r mbl imil r hym n

a , c . ese s ese e s a s

in th l t book f th Rig V d ; o nly Pr f o

e as o e e a as o ess r

W b r h poi nt d ut in th Rig V d th y
e e as e pp o ,
e e a e a re a a

re nt ly dditio n m d
a t th tim f th compil tion
s a e a e e o e a ,

w hil in th A th
e V d th y
e th n t ur l utt r
arva e a e a re e a a e

a nc f th pr
e o nt e ese .

W m u t n w h t n to n cco unt f tho co mpo

e s o as e a a o se

s iti n c ll d th B ah m n
o s a e fter whi h th lit r t ure
e r a as, a c e e a
C H AP . LITERATURE O F TH E PERIO D . 175

o fthi Ag h b n n m d th Brahm n lit r tur

s e as ee a e e a a e a e .

W h v e n th t in th Bl ck Y j ur V d t h t xt
a e see a e a a e a e e s

a re as a rul follow d by th ir dogm tic xpl n ti n

e e e a e a a o s .

Th xpl n tio n w r uppo d to l u id t th

ese e a a s e e s se e c a e e

tex t nd to xpl in th ir hidd n m ni ng nd th y

s a e a e e ea s, a e

co nt i n d th a p c ul tio n f g n r tion f p i t
e e s e a s o e e a s o r es s .

A i ngl di cour f thi kind w c ll d B ah

s e s se o s as a e a r

m n a nd in l t r tim
a a coll ction or dig t f uch
a e es e s es s o s

d i co ur
s w c ll d Brahm n
ses ere a e a as .

Th Rig V d h e t w Brahm n e i th Ait

a as
y o a as, v z .
, e are a

a nd th K u h it k i Th
e . compo itio n f th form
a s a . e s o e er

is a ttribut d to M h ida Ait y n f It ra n f

e a sa are a, so o a , o e o

th m ny w iv f Ri hi Th to y i giv n by
e a es o a s . e s r s e

Say n in h i i ntrod uctio n to th

a a sA it y Br ahm n e are a a a .

In t h K u h it k i Brahm n
e a n t h oth r h nd p ci l
s a a a, o e e a , s e a

r g rd i p id to th g K u h it k who uthority
e a s a e sa e a s a a, se a

i c n id r d to b fi n l
s o s e eFor th r t th t w Brahe a . e es , ese o

mn a m to b o nly tw r c n ion f th m
as see e o e e s s o e sa e

w ork u d by th
,
Ait y in
se nd th K u h it k in
e ar s a e a s a s

r p ctiv ly nd th y gr w ith ch oth r in m ny

es e e , a e a ee ea e a

r p ct xc pt th t th l t t n ch pt r f th
es e s, e e a e as e a e s o e

A it y n
are a aret fo un d in th K u ho it k i nd b lo n g e a s a , a e

p rob bly toa l t r g a a e a e .

Th Sam V d e h th Tandy or P n h in
a e a as e a a c av sa

B r ahm n th S d in
a a, Brahm n nd th b tt
e a v sa a a, a e e er

k no w n Ch h and gy Brahm n O th r Brahm n

o a f a a . e a as o

th 5 am V d h v b n di o r d by B urn ll in
e a e a a e ee sc v e e e

So uth n Indi er a.
 1 76 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 11 .

Th eBl ck Y j ur V d or T itti iy S nhita h it

a a e a a r a a as s

T itt i iy Brahm n
a r a nd th Whit Y j ur V d a a, a e e a e a or

Vaj n y i S nhita h it vol umi nou S t p t h

asa e a as s s a a a a

B ahm n W h v lr dy t t d th t th S t p t h
r a a. e a e a ea s a e a e a a a a

Brahm n i ttribut d to Yaj n v lky tho ugh it i

a a s a e a a a, s

mor lik ly th h ndi wo k f th chool h found d

e e e a r o e s e e , as

h i o ft n q uot d in th w ork N do th w r k
’
e s e e e . or es e o

b lo ng ntir ly to n chool or to n g O n t h
e e e o e s o e a e . e

co ntr ry a in th ,
f th Whit Y j ur V d S n
as e c ase o e e a e a a

hita in th c so f it Brahm n th r
e r n t
ase o s a a, e e are easo s o

thi nk th t th w ork b lo ng to di ff r nt p riod Th

a e e s e e e s . e

fir t 8 ch pt r f th S nhita
s 1 a t h old t p rt
e s o f e a are e es a o

th e w ork nd t h fi t ni n book f th Brah m n

, a e rs e s o e a a,

w hi h comm nt
c n th 8 ch pt re th ld t o ese 1 a e s, a re e O es

p rt f th Brahm n Th ni n book c nt i n 6
a o e a a . ese e s o a 0

ch pt r nd w r c ll d Sh h tip th in th ti m f
a e s, a e e a e as a a e e o

P t nj li
a a Pro f
a or W b r h poi nted ut Th
, as ess e e as o . e

r m i ni ng fi book w ith th ir 4 h pt r
e a ve f s e 0 C a e s a re o

l t r d t th n th fir t ni n book
a e a e a e s e s .

Ev n in th fir t ni n b ok Yaj n v lky i n t l w y s
e e s e o s a a a s o a a

quot d th fi n l uth it H i opi nion

e as e uth a i a or v . s s are a or

t ti
a in th fir t fi
ve book whil th r m i ni ng fo ur
e s ve s, e e e a

quot sandily Th tw li n f t ch r m t in th i
e a . e o es o ea e s ee e r

co mmon ucc or S nj i ip ut (n m d ft r h i mo th r
s ess a v ra a e a e s e

a ccordi ng to th c u tom f th tim ): hd it i up p Ed

e s o e es a s s os

th t S nj i ip ut r co ncil d th tw chool nd fi n lly

a a v ra e e e o s s, a a

a dj u t d th fir t ni n bo k Thu thi f mou Brah

s e e s e o s . s s a s

m n a m to h v b n fir t t rt d by th ch ol f
a see s a e ee s s a e e s o o
 1 78 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

A itarey a and o d in th A ny k
th e K aush itak i, f un e ra a as

f tho n m nd b lo ngi ng to th Rig V d ; th

'

O se a es, a e e e a e

Ch h and gy nd th T l
o a a ka ( or K ne
) b lo ngi na ava
g ra e a e

to th 5 ama Vd ; th Vaj n y i (or I ) nd th

e e a e asa e sa a e

B ih da ny k b lo ngi ng to t h Whit Y j ur V d
r a ra a a e e e a e a,

a nd th T itti iy e b lo ngi ng to th Bl ck Y j u
a r a e e a a r

V d Th K th too i id to b long to th Bl k
e a . e a a s sa e e ac

Y j ur V d but mor prob bly b lo ng to th A th

a e a, e a e s e a rva

V d tog th r w ith th M und k nd th P n

e a, e e e a a a e ra s a .

Th t n th nci nt Up ni h d to which S nk ra
ese e a re e a e a s a s a a

ch y ar a pri ncip lly pp l h i gr t comm nt y na a ea s as s ea e ar o

th eV dant Sh t e B ut o nc
a ft r t h Up ni h d
ras . e a e e a s a s

h d c m
a to b on id r d cr d nd uthorit tiv
o e e c s e e sa e a a a e

w o k n w co mpo itio n
r s, e f th cl b g n to b d d d
s s o e ass e a e a e

until th tot l numb r r e ch 0 or mo Th l t r

a e ea es 2 0 re . e a e

U p n ia h d w hich
s a g n
s, r lly k n o w n t h At h
are e e a as e a rv a

U p n ia h d coms d a w ns, f th
e P u a n
oik ti m as ar as e a r es ,

and P ro
as f or W b r poi nt ut nt r th li t in
ess e e s o ,
e e e s s

b h l f f ct ri n vi w i n t d f b ing d vot d
e a o se a a e s, s ea o e e e

to n i nquiry i nto th n t ur f Brahm n or th Sup r m

a e a e o a e e e

S p i it li
r k t h,
ld U pe n i h d Ind d th l t r Up
e O a s a s . ee , e a e a

ni h d
s a m down to p riod long ub qu nt t t h
s co e a e s se e o e

M homm
a d n C o nq ue t a f Indi nd th id
es f o a, a e ea O

a u ni r l
v e sar ligio n w hich w ch ri h d by th gr t
e as e s e e ea

emp ror Akb r fi nd xpr io n in n Up ni h d

e a s e ess a a s a

ca ll d th All h Up ni h d W n d h rdly y th t
e e a a s a e ee a sa a

w w ll r f r in thi w ork o nly to th t n nci nt Up ni

e e e e s e e a e a

sh d nd n t t th l t r Up ni h d
a s, a o o e a e a s a s .
CH AP . 1 ] L ITERATURE O F TH E PERIOD . 1 79

W i th p ni h d th Epic P riod nd nd
th e U a s a s e e e s, a

th e soc ll d r v l d lit r t ur
-
a e f
e ea e Indi nd lo
e a / e o a e s a s .

O th r l e f w ork b id t h
c asses o n m d h r i n un
s, es es ose a e e e ,

d u bt dly
o xi t d in th Epic P riod but h v n w
e e s e e e , a e o

b n lo t to u or mor fr qu ntly r pl c d by n w r
ee s s, e e e e a e e e

w or k As fr. gm n t o nly f tah v e t lit r t ur f t

o h e as e a e o e

Ep ic P riod h e om do w n to asu c nd t h pri ncip l

e s, a e a

w o r k w hich
s r m i n h v b n e d t il
a d bov
a e ee e a e a e
.

O f th Epi th m lv th M h abhar t nd th
e cs e se es, e a a a a e

R am ay n w w ill
a p k
a in t h
e n xt tw ch pt r
s ea e e o a e s .
 C H APT ER II .

K uRUs AND PANCH ALAs, B C . . 1 400 To 1 200 .

tid f Ary n co nq u t roll d onw rd If th

TH E e o a es s e a . e

rea d r w ill r f r to m p f Indi h w ill fi nd th t

e e e a a o a, e a

f m th b nk
ro f th Sutl j to th b nk
e a s o f th J um n
e e e a s o e a

th r i n t v ry wid trip f o untry t cro Th

e e s o a e e s o c o ss . e

A y n w h h d colo ni d th wh l f th Punj b
‘

r a s o a z e e o e o e a

w ere n t lik ly to r m i n i n ctiv

o e n th b nk e f th a a e o e a s o e

S tl j or f th S r v t i
u e o Al dy in th V dic P ri d
e a as a . rea e e e o

b nd f nt rpri i ng colo ni t h d cro d tho

a s o e e s s s a sse se

r iv r and xplor d th di t nt hor f th J um n

e s e e e s a s es o e a

a nd th G ng e nd tho a nobl tr m tho ugh

es, a se e s ea s,

a ll ud d to in th hym n
e n th v ry ho i o n f t h
e s as o e e r z o e

Hi nd u world w r n t unk now n In cour f ti m th

,
e e o . se o e e

e migr nt t th f rtil b nk f th tw riv r m u t

a s o e e e a s o e o e s s

h v w ll d in numb until th colo ni t f und d

a e s e e er, e s s o e a

p w rful ki ngdom f th ir wn in th count y n r

o e o e o e r ea

o e —
m d rn D lhi th ki ngdom f th K uru
e , e o e s
.

F om wh t p rt f th Punj b th K u u colo ni t
r a a o e a e r s s

c m i aq u tion till i nvolv d in ob c u ity In th

a e, s es s e s r . e

A it y Br
a re a ahm n ( V III 4 ) it i t t
a d th
a t t h , I , s s a e a e

U tt r K ur u nd th Utt r M ad
a a s a liv d b yo nd th e a a ras e e e

Him l y In l t r wo k th M habhar t (I 4 7 1 9
a a a . a e r s, e a a a , , ,
1 82 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 11 .

it h b n uppo d th t th lli d trib k no wn in th

as
-
ee s se a e a e es e

Rig V d t h K u u K i i w r th
e a as nc to ef th r -
rv s e e e a es rs o e

a lli d t ib f th Do b k nown th K uru P ncha

e r es o e a ,
as e a

l
as Th P nch al ki ngdom prob bly ro t di t in
. e a a a se o s c

tio n bo ut th m tim th ki ngdom f th K uru

a e sa e e as e o e s,

a nd th Brahm n lit r t ur f qu ntly r f to th

e a a e a e re e e ers ese

a lli d tribe formi ng t h v ry c nt

es f t h Hi ndu
as e e e re o e

w orld nd r no w n d by th ir v lo ur th i l r ni ng
, a e nd e e a ,
e r ea ,
a

th ir civili tio n M ny f th Brahm n ll ud t

e z a . a o e a as a e o

th ec ultur f th ir chool ( P i h d ) th ncti ty f

e o e s s ar s a s ,
e sa o

th i p i t th o t nt tiou r ligiou rific f th ir

e r r es s, e s e a s e s sac es o e

ki ng nd th x mpl ry liv f th p opl

s, a e e e a es o e e e.

For c nt u i h d l p d i n th A y n h d
e r es a e a se s ce e r a s a

fir t ttl d n th b nk f th Ind u nd th
s se e o e a s o e s, a e

ce nturi h d do n th ir w ork in prog

es a nd civi e e ress a

li ti n Th K uru
za o . nd th P n h al w r n lo ng
e s a e a c as e e o er

li k th w rrior ultiv to wh b ttl d g i n t t h

“

e e a -
c a rs o a e a a s e

bl ck borigi n nd w n th b nk f th Ind u nd
a a es a o e a s o e s a

it trib ut ri
s M nn r h d ch ng d oci ty h d b
a es . a e s a a e ,
s e a e

co m mor r fi n d nd poli h d l rni ng nd rt h d

e e e e a s e ,
ea a a s a

m d o n id r bl progr
a e c Ki ng i nvit d w i m n
s e a e ess . s e se e

in th i poli h d co urt h ld l r n d co ntr v

e r s e i w ith s, e ea e o ers es

th ir pri t p rform d l bo t crifi

e es s, ccordi ng to
e e e a ra e sa ces a

th e dict t f r ligion l d r p ct bl nd tr i n d
a es o e ,
e es e a e a a e

a rmi to th fi ld ppoi nt d d uly qu li fi d m n t

es e e , a e a e e o

coll t t x nd to dmi ni t r j u tic nd p form d

ec a es a a s e s e, a er e

all th d uti e f civili d dmi ni t tores o Th l tio n ze a s ra s . e re a s

a nd f i nd f th ki ng nd ll th w rior
r e s o f t h n tio n
e a a e ar s o e a
C H A P 1L .
] K URUS AND PANCHALAs . 1 83

le a r n t
h ry nd ridi ng nd drivi ng th w ch riot
arc e a a e ar a

f ro m th ir ly youth nd l l rn d th V d nd
e ea r ,
a a so ea e e e as a

a ll t h h l y l e ni ng th t w
o h nd d dow n f om g n r
ear a as a e r e e

a t i nto g n r tio n Th p i t m ultipli d r ligi u

o e e a . it e r es s e e o s r es

a nd b rv nc O p rv d th tr diti n l l rni ng f th
se a es, rese e e a o a ea o e

l nd
a nd i n t uct d
, a nd h lp d ths r p opl in th ir
e a e e e e e e

re l igio u d uti A nd th p opl liv d in th i to wn

s es . e e e e e r s

a n d vill g h i h d th
a es, C r d rifici l fi in th ir
er s e e sac e sac a re e

h u o ultiv t d th
ses, c rt f p a e tr i n d th ir boy e a s o eac e, a e e s

f ro m ly yo uth in th V d
ear nd in th i i l nd e e as a e r so c a a

re ligi u d ti o nd g d u lly d v lop d th

s u es, a il ra a e e e ose soc a

c u t ms o w hi h in Indi
s h v for f l w W m n
c a a e ce o a s
. o e

h d th ir l gitim t i nfl u nc in oci ty
a e e nd mov d
a e e e s e ,
a e

w itho ut t i ti n or tr i nt S ci ty in Indi
res r c o res a . o e a,

f u t n h und d y r b f r Ch i t w
o r ee re m r poli h d
ea s e o e r s ,
as o e s e

a nd fi n d th n th t f th pr
re e di ng V dic Ag nd
a a o e ec e e e, a

h d mo
a f h lthy li f
re o nd vigo r th n Hi nd u
ea i ty e a u a soc e

h as h d in a ding g succ ee a es .

Civili tio n ho w v r d
za n t n c
,
ily p ut t p
e e ,
o es o e essar a s o

t o w r nd di
a s a n io n ; nd f t h sse p liti l hi t y
s s a o e o ca s or

o f th K u u e nd th P n h al r s at h o nly r mi ni c nc e a c as, e e s e es

w po
e th
ssess a re f ng ui n y w in w hi h
ose o a sa ar ar c

m ny n ighb uri ng trib took p rt nd w hi h f rm

a e o es a ,
a c o

th eubj ct s f n f th t w gr t
e o opi f Indi
e o e o ea e cs o a .

Th i p g in th 3th bo k f th S t p th
ere s a assa e e 1 o o e a a a a

B ahm n in w hich Bh ar t th
r a a n f D uh h nt nd a a e so o s a a a

S k unt l a Dh it ra htr th
a a ,
ki ng f th K a i nd
r a s a e o e s s, a

J an m j y
a Pa ike ah it n d h
a i thr r broth r
s Bh im a a s ee e s a
1 84 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 11 .

sena, Ugrascna and Srautasena are na md e , a nd these last

a re a bsolved by a h orse -
sa cr ifi ce f ro m a ll guilt , a ll

g i n in th 4th Book w fi nd n
B ra h maha ty d . A a , e 1 e a

account f di c u i n b t w n Yaj n v lky nd h i

o a s ss o e ee a a a a s

iv l in J n k c u t nd n f th q u ti n p ut to
r a s a a as
’
o r , a o e o e es o s

Yaj n v lky by n f h i riv l i Wh ith h th

a a a o e o s a s s, er a ve e

P ar ih sh itas gone a nd Ya
j na v a lky a a nsw ers , Th ith er
w h ere a ll Asva medh a Sacr ifi cers go .
”

o or W b r r m rk n th p g
Pr fess e e
’
s e a s o ese assa es a re

w orthy f r fl ctio no H y Th Pa ik h it mu t
e e . e sa s e r s as s

a t th t tima h v b n ltog th r xti nct Y t th ir

e a e ee a e e e . e e

li f nd nd m u t h v b n till fr h in th m mory f
e a e s a e ee s es e e o

th e p opl nd ubj ct f g n r l c u i ity It

e e, a a s e o e e a r os .

a lmo t m th gh th ir guilt th ir B h m / ty d
s see s as ou e , e ra a e
a

h d b n too gr t f
a ee th p op l to b li v th t it
ea or e e e e e e a

could h v b n ton d f by rific w r th y v r

a e ee a e or sac es, e e e e e

so holy .
”

O n th w hol Prof or W b r dopt L n vi w ’

e e, ess e e a s a ss e s e

th t th r w
a e ed tructiv conflict b tw n th K ur u
as a es e e ee e s

a nd th P n h ale nd th t thi f ud i th l di ng nd
a c as, a a s e s e ea a

c ntr l f t ro und which th tori f th g t pic

e a ac e s es o e rea e

M h abh ar t
a h v i n gro wn Pr f r W b r
a a a e s ce . o ess o e e

furth r m i nt i n th t thi w
e a m u t h v t k n pl c
a s a s ar s a e a e a e

a ft r th
e S t p th eB ahm n h d b n omm nc d
a a a a r a a a ee c e e

a nd b for t h e fi n l book f th t w ork w w ritt n

e e a s o a ere e .

F or in th rli r book f th Brah m n w fi nd th

e ea e s o e a a, e e

Indian L iterature ( translation) , p . 1 26 .

 1 86 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

Pe riod w h v lo t in th t origi n l Epic f Indi

e a e s a a o a .

Wh r i th Indi n hi tori n w h wo uld n t w illi ngly

e e s e a s a o o

sa crific n h l f f th vol umi nou l t r lit r tur f

e o e -
a o e s a e e a e o

t h P u anik P iod to g t thi

e a r i ngl w ork b ck g i n
er e s s e a a a

in it i nt grity ? B ut thi m y n t b
s e Ev ry l t r po t s a o e
. e a e e

a nd ditor h e co ntribut d h i mit tow rd nl rgi ng

as e s e a s e a

a lt ri ng nd di to ti ng th nci nt pic v y n w
e a s r e a e e e er e

se ct h b n c r ful to i ncorpor t it n w f ngl d

as ee a e a e s e -
a e

t n t in thi n tio n l w ork nd Kri hn w or hip

e e s s a a , a s a -
s

w hich i f l t r origi n h
s o b n bodily tr n pl nt d
a e ,
as ee a s a e

i nto th nci nt n rr tiv f th K uru P nch al w

e a e a a e o e -
a a ar

A hi toric l n rr tiv f th pri n ip l i ncid nt f

s a s a a a e o e c a e s o

th w e th p ar, nt pic i utt rly v l u l

e rese For t h
e s e a e ess . e

e v nt nd i n id nt h v b n ch ng d nd th n m
e s a c e s a e ee a e , a e a es

o f th h ro e el t i nt rpol tio n Th v y g
es are a er e a s . e er eo

gr phy f th nci nt w ork h b n ch ng d S h

a o e a e as ee a e . a a

1 d v in th xi ti ng pic tr v l
e a e e fs o uth M y o e a e s as ar s as s re

a nd C yl n w hich o untri
e o ,
it i n dl to t t w r c es s ee ess s a e e e

unk no w n to th Hi nd u t th tim wh n th w w
e s a e e e e ar as

w g d
a e .

Th h o e f th xi ti ng pic
er es o th fie e on f s e a re e ve s s o

Pand u c ll d t h Pand v
,
a e nd th h o
e myth a as, a ese er es are s

a nd l t r i nt pol tio n
a e Th lit r t u
er f th
a tim s . e e a re o e e

w hich m k fr q nt m n
a tio n f J n m j y Pa ik h it
es e ue e o a a e a a r s a

a nd num ro u oth r ki nge f t h tim h

s n t w ord t
e s o e e, as o a o

sa y b uta t h o P an d v w h e nti ly u nk no w n t
a as o are e re o

A nci nt S n k it lit r t u ! In th B uddhi t work L lit

e a s r e a re e s , a a

Vi ta th Pand v
s ra, e d crib d w ild mo unt i n
a as are es e as a a
C H AP . IL ] K URUS AND PANCH ALAS . I8 7

trib ; but if
e h w do th y com to b nroll d
so, o e e e e e as

h ro in w mo ng A ry n n tio n ? W w ill n t
e es a ar a a a s e o

t y to co nj ct ur
r n nw r e e a a s e .

Th fi h o f th xi ti ng pic myth pur

e ve er es o e e s e are s e

a nd impl Yudh i th i t h ld t
s e . p nt virtu s ra, e e es ,
re rese s e

B h im t h co nd p ht unt i n d lour ; A j un
a, e se ,
re rese s ra e va r a,

t h thi d r p
e nt
r kill in w ; nd th oth r tw
, e rese s s ar a e e o

b roth imil ly r pr nt di tinct q u liti

ers s arIt i e ese s a es . s

re m k bl th t in th Epic P riod wh n th w
ar a e a e e e e ar

t k pl c A rj un w till n m f Indr nd
oo a e, a as s a a e o a, a

Indr V dic comb t w ith th i n cloud h v th u

’
as e a s e ra a e s

b n mix d up w ith th f t
ee e f hi toric l w ! To e ac s O a s a ar

t k n mor i n n J n m j y Pa ik h it w
a e o e e st a ce, a a e a a r s a as, ac

c ordi ng t ont mpor n o u t tim ny h m l f t i n d

o c e a e s es o , i se s a e

w ith t h guilt f th we In th mod r n pic J n m

o e ar . e e e ,
a a e

j y i th gr t gr nd on f A rj un w h w ng g d
a a s e ea a s o a o as e a e

in th e w ar .

h ro f th mod rn pic
A nd if th e mythic l
e es o e e e are a ,

th h e i n i till m r
ero D up di th d ught r f
e s s o e so ra a e a e o
.
L
t h ki ng f th P n h al
e o m ri th Pand v in th
e a c as, ar es e a as e

m d rn pi — y m rri ll fi f th m! And y t
'

o e e c, es, a es a ve o e e

poly nd y w n t only Unk nown t th Hi nd u t th

a r as o o e s a e

ti m f th K uru nd th P n h al but th t b rb ro u
e o e s a e a c as, a a a s

c u tom w
s n t k no wn to t h Indo A y n in ny g
as o e -
r a s a a e or

p riod w ithi n th four thou nd y r f th ir hi tory

e e sa ea s o e s .

W k n w no ugh f th m nn r f th p li h d c u t
e o e o e a e s o e o s e o r

o f th P n h al to b
e a bl to boldly rt th t th ki ng
c as e a e asse a e

o f th t r c wo uld n t h v giv n h i d ught r to fi

a a e o a e e s a e ve
1 88 EPIC PERIO D [
‘

. BO O K 11 .

h usba nds, to v h i mpir or v n h i h d ! Dr u

sa e s e e e e s ea a

p di i
a s only myth or p rh p n ll gory r pr nt
a , e a s a a e e ese

ing th e lli nc f th P nch al ki ng w ith p ty

a a e o e a a a ar

to th e w ar .

Thu xi ti ng pic i utt rly v l u l

s th e e s r cord e s e a e ess as a e

of th i ncid nt
e nd ch t r f th
e slw aN arac e s o e rea ar . e

v erth l thi w ork

e ess h ng d nd lt r d h
s , so c a e a a e e , as a

uniqu v lue r cord f th m nn r nd civili

a e as a e o e a e s a z a

tio n f th nci nt tim Th g n ati n f utho

o e a e e . e e er o s o a rs

wh h v t mp r d w ith thi nci nt pi wh h v

o a e a e e s a e e c, o a e

b n id u u in lt ri ng ch r t r nd i n id nt in
ee ass o s a e a ac e s a c e s,

p chi ng n w cult nd m i ng nci nt nd mod rn

rea e s a a ass a e a e

l g nd h v n t h d th ti m th motiv to w ip
e e s, a e o a e e or e e e

o ut m ny li f lik pictur f th m nn r f th
a a e e e o e a e s o e

K uru nd th P n h al which h b n pr rv d t
s a e a c as as ee ese e o

u s. W till e in thi v n r bl vol um h w th e

s see s e e a e e o

Hi nd u liv d nd fought ct d nd f lt thr thou nd

s e a ,
a e a e ,
ee sa

y r g W find h w young p i n w r
ea s a o . e ly o r ces e e ear

tr in d to rm nd h w K uru m th r nd i t
a e a s, a o o e s a s s ers

a nd w iv m ut in p ublic nd w itn d w ith p id

es c a e o a esse r e

th et urn m nt in which th ir on nd br th r nd
o a e s e s s a o e s a

hu b nd di ti ngui h d th m lv ! W fi nd h w gi l
s a s s s e e se es e o rs

m rri d t n dv nc d g nd pri nc
a e a a f m d f
a a e a e, a esses a e or

th ir b uty ft n l t d th ir h u b nd mong th
e ea O e se ec e e s a s a e

pri nc wh c m to k th ir h nd W fi nd h w
es o a e see e a s. e o

j lou i mo ng ki ng brok ut i nto nguin y w

ea s es a s e o sa ar ars,

a nd h w th bitt r n
o f uch f ud W
e r tr i n d by
e ess o s e s as es a e

th l w e f chiv lry
a s O Victor in u h w r p rformd
a . s s c a s e e
1 90 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

l ight n th m nn r f roy l hou

o e Dron w a e s o a ses . a as a

B ahm n nd r no wn d w rrior f c t h d n t
r a , a a e e a , or as e a o

y t
e compl t ly form d it l f K
e eh triy h d n t y t e se , s a as a o e

O bt in d th mo nop ly f th u f rm n
a e e o o e se o a s, or

B ah m n f r ligio u l r ni ng
r a s o H h d b n i n ult d
e s ea . e a ee s e

by h i form r fri nd th ki ng f th P n h al nd h d
s e e e o e a c as, a a

r ti d in di gu t to th co urt f th K uru nd und

e re s s e o e s a er

t ok to tr i n th pri nc in rm
o a e es a s .

Yudh i th i th ld t f th Pand v
s ra, nv rb c m
e e es o e a as, e e e a e

m uch f w rrior but b c m v r d in th r ligi u

o a a , e a e e se e e o s

l rni ng f th g nd i th mo t right ou ch r ct r
ea o e a e, a s e s e s a a e

in th pic Bhim th cond l rnt to u th l ub

e e . a, e se , ea se e c ,

a nd w r nown d f h i gig ntic i

as e nd gi nt
e or s a s ze a a

t ngth nd i i nd d th H rcul f th po m Th
s re , a s ee e e es O e e . e

third Pand v Arj un xc ll d ll oth r p i nc in th

a a a e e e a e r es e

s kill f rm nd rou d th j lou y nd h tr d f

o a s, a a se e ea s a a e o

th o n f Dhrit ra htr v n in th ir boyhood

e s s o a s a, e e e .

N k ul th fourth l rn d to t m hor
a a, e nd S h , ea e a e ses, a a a

d v b c m profici nt in tronomy D uryodh n th

e a e a e e as . a a, e

e ld t n f Dhrit a ht w profici nt in th u f
es so o ar s ra, as e e se o

t h cl ub
e nd w riv l to Bhim
, a as a a a .

A t l t th d y c m fas p ublic xhibitio n f th

e a a e or a e o e

profi i ncy which th pri nc h d cqu r d in th u f

c e e es a a i e e se o

a rm A p ciou r w nclo d S t w r
s . s a s a ea as e se . ea s e e

a rr ng d ll round f th ccommod tion f nci nt

a e a or e a a o a e

w rrior
a nd hi ft i n s a f l di nd co urti r
C e Th a s, o a es a e s . e

w hol p p ul tio n f th
e oK u ul nd flock d to
a o th e r a e see e

s kill f th ir young pri nc Th e bli nd king D h it

o e es . r a
C H AP . IL ] K URUS AND PANCH ALAS . 19 1

rash to h i
t ra was led t ; nd for mo t mong th s sea a e s a e

l di w Gandhari th q u n f Dhrit ra htr nd

a es as , e ee o a s a, a

K unt i th moth r f th fir t thr Pand v Th

, e e O e s ee a as . e

l t t w w r Pandu o n by noth r w i f
as o e e
’
s s s a e e.

Th r w hooti ng f rrow t butt nd th r

e e as s o a s a a , a e e

w asfight w ith word nd b uckl r nd cl ub D u y

s s a e s a s
. r o

dh n a nd Bhim
a a oo n b g n t fight in right rn t
a s e a o ea es ,

a nd ru h d tow rd s ch oth r lik m d l ph nt

e a s ea e e a e e a s .

Sh ut o c nd d to ky nd oo n th fight th t n d
s as e e s , a s e rea e e

to h v tr gic nd At l t th i nfuri t d yo ung

a e a a e . as e a e

m n w r p rt d nd p c w r tor d
e e e a e ,
a ea e as es e .

Th n th yo ung Arj un nt r d th li t in gol

e e a e e e e s s

d n m il w ith h i
e a w o ndro u
, b w Hi pl ndid s s o . s s e

a rch y urpri d h i mo t p io n t dmir r nd

er s se s s ass a e a e s a

thrill d th h t f h i moth r w ith joy whil ho ut

e e ear O s e , e s s

o f dmir tio n ro
a from th m ultit ud lik th ro r
a se e e e e a

o f th oc n H pl y d w ith h i word which

e ea . e a e s s

fl h d lik light ni ng nd l o w ith h i h rp dg d

as e e , a a s s s a -
e e

quoit or ch kr nd n v r mi d h i m rk L tly h
a a a e e sse s a . as , e

bro ught do wn hor nd d r to th gro und by h i ses a ee e s

noo nd concl ud d by doi ng b i nc to h i worth y

se, a e O e sa e s

pr c ptor Dron mid t th ri ngi ng ch r f th

e e a, a s e ee s o e

asse mbl d m ultitud e e

.

Th d rk clo ud f j lo u y lo w r d n th bro w f
e a O ea s e e o e o

Dhrit ra htr on nd oon th y brought to t h fi ld

a s as s
’
s, a s e e e

a n unk no wn w rrior K r n wh w m tch f

a a a o as a a or

Arj un in rch ry Ki ng on could o nly fight w ith ’

a a e . s s s

th ir p r like th e k night f old nd Dhrit ra htr

e ee s s o , a a s a
 I9 2 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K It .

th r fo k night d th unk no wn w rrior or r th r m d

e e re e e a , a e a e

h im ki ng n th a pot th t A rj un might h
, o e sn ,
so a a av e o

e xcu f d cli ni ng th fight To wk w rd q u tio n

se or e e . a a es s

w hich w r p ut to h im t h h ughty K m r pli d th t

e e , e a a a e e a

riv r nd w rrior k n w n t f th ir origi n nd

e s a a s e o o e a

bi th th ir pro w w th i g n logy B ut th Pan

r ,
-
e ess as e r e ea . e

d v a d cli n d th fight nd th h ugh ty K r n r ti d

as e e e ,
a e a a a e re

in il ncs nd in r g
e e a a e .

Dr n n w d m nd d t h r w rd f h i t uitio n
o a o e a e e e a o s .

L ik do ughty w rrior
e f ld h h ld r v ng to b
a s o O e e e e e e

th d e r t joy f w rrio nd f h i r w rd h
ea es O a a r, a or s e a e

as k d th h lp f th K uru to b r v ng d n
e e e o e s e e e e o

D up d ki ng f th P n h al
ra a a, wh h d i n ult d h im
o e a c as, o a s e .

Th d m nd co uld n t b r fu d
e e a Dron m r h d o e e se . a a c e

a g i n t D Qup d o nqu d him nd w r t d h l f h i

a s a a, c ere a es e a s

ki ngdom D hup d wor to b v ng d

. r a a s e e a e e .

D k cloud n w o n th hori o n f K uru l nd

ar s o a r se o e z O a .

Th tim h d com f Dhrit ra htr to n m

e e a e or a s a a e
'

Yu aj —
v ar p i nc wh would r ign d uri ng h i old
a, or a r e o e s

a g e T.h cl im f Y udh i th i
e toath th o n f oh i s ra e r e o s

f th r co uld n t b g i n id
a e nd h w o ppoi nt d e a sa , a e as a e

Yu aj v ar B ut th p o ud D u yodh n r b ll d g i n t
a. e r r a a e e e a a s

th rr ng m nt nd th old mon rch h d to yi ld

e a a e e , a e a a e ,

a nd nt th fi se Pand v in xil to V
e Q na t
ve id a as e e ra v a a, sa

to b th mod rn A ll h ab d nd th n th v ry fronti r
e e e a a ,
a e e e e

o f Hi nd u ttl m nt Th v ng nc
se ef D uryodh n
e s . e e ea e o a a

pur u d th m th r nd th hou wh r th Pand

s e e e e, a e se e e e av as

liv d w burnt to h Th Pand v nd th ir

e as as es . e a as a e
1 94 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

t pp d forth t d th f t but w pr v nt d f r m
s e e o o e ea , as e e e o

doi ng it .

A Brahm n udd nly r a nd dr w th

s b w e nd o se a e e o , a

s hot t h rro w through th w hirli ng ch kr i nt th y

e a e a a o e e e

o f th gold n fi h A h ut f ccl m tio n r

e e s . ! A nd s o o a a a a ose

D up di t h
ra aK h t iy princ
,
e thr w th g l nd
s a r a ess, e e ar a

r o und th n ck f th b v Brahm n w h l d h
e e o e ra e a o e er

a w y a brid B ut m u m ur f di cont nt r lik

as e . r s o s e a o se e

th e ound f tr ubl d w t r from th K h t iy

s O o e a e s e s a r a

r nk t thi victo y f Brahm n nd th h umili ti n

a s a s r o a a , a e a o

f th w rrior ; nd th y g th r d ro und t h b id
’
o e a s a e a e e e r e s

f th r
a i
ed thrart n d vi l n T h
ea e Pan d v ne w o e ce . e a as o

t h w ff th ir di g ui
re O nd th victor f th d y p
e s se, a e O e a ro

l im d him l f t b A rj un tru born K h t iy

c a e se o e a, a e s a r a

Th n follow th t ng myth th t th Pand v

e s e s ra e a e a as

w nt b ck t th i m th
e a nd o id g t p i h d
e r o er a sa , a rea r z e a

b n w n Th ir m th r n t k no w i ng w h t th p i
ee o . e o e , o a e rz e

w as,told h o n t h r it mo ng th m A nd
er s s o s a e a e . as a

moth r m nd t
e
’
s nn t b a di r g rd d th fi
a e ca o e s e a e , e ve

br th r w dd d D up di th ir w i f It i n dl t
o e s e e ra a
‘
as e e
. s ee ess o

sa y th t t h t ay nd D u p d
e s ori h r l f nd f t
a h fi ra a e se a o e ve

Pand v ia n ll g y
as Th Pand v n w f m d n
s a a e or . e a as o or e a

a lli nc w ith th p w ful ki ng f th P n h al nd

a e e o er o e a c as, a

fo d th bli nd ki ng Dh it ra htr to divid th K uru

rc e e r a s a e e

l nd b tw n h i o n nd th Pand v
a e ee s Th s divi s a e a as . e

s ion ho w v r w un qu l ; th f rtil t t betw n

,
e e ,
as e a e e e rac ee

th e G ng nd th J um n w r t i n d by th son
a es a e a as e a e e s

o f Dhrit ra htr w hil

a th suncl r d j ungl in th
a, e e ea e e e
C H AP . II .
] K URUS AND PANCH ALA S . 19 5

w es t w gi n t th Pand v
as Th j ngl Kh and
ve o e a as . e u e a

va P th w oon l d by fi nd n w pit l
ras a as s c ea re re, a a e ca a

ca ll d Ind p th w b ilt —th pp d i n f

e ra ras a as u , e su ose ru s o

w hi h c h w n t v y m d n i it to D lhi
a re s e o e er o er v s or e .

M ilit y xp di ti n w
ar n w e nd t k n by t h
e o s ere o u er a e e

Pand n ll id
a vas o b t th n d n t d t in u
a s es, u ese ee o e a s,

s p i lly th
ec a nt f th
as di t nt xp diti n
e a cc o u s o ese s a e e o s

a re v y m d n i nt pol ti n Th c n f ction f
er o er er a o s . e s e e o a o

th e K u nd th P n h al w th D b nd th
ur s a e a c as as e oa ,
a e

c o nt y b y nd th b i n f th G ng nd th J um n
u r e o e as o e a es a e a

w as y t lm et un k na w n t Hi n d u os o o s .

W d nt v n h
e o th t th K l nd th
o e e ea r a e o sa a s a e

Vid h t k ny tiv p t in th K u P n hal

e as oo a ac e ar e ur -
a c a

w nd thi
a r, a h w th t O ud nd N th B h if
s s e s a e a or e ar,

a lr dy c l ni d by A y n h d n t ri n t p w
ea o o z e r a s, a o se o o er

a nd f m a W h n th fo w fi nd in th M habh a t
e . e ere re e e a ra a

a c nt f xp diti n t C yl n t B ng l to !
co u s o e e o s o e o ,
o e a ,

D a ik a in G
v r t w m y unh it ti ngly p ut th m "
uz era ,
e a es a e

do w n l t i nt rpol ti n
as a er e a o s .

A nd n w Yudh i h th i w to
o l b t th Raj fiy s ra as ce e ra e e as a

o r c ro n tio n c
o mo ny nd ll th p i n
a ere f th ,
a a e r ces o e

l nd i ncl di ng h i ki n m n f H tinap u w in it
a ,
u s s e O as ra, ere v

e d . Th pl f h n
e w giv n to K i h n k ing
ace O o or as e r s a,

o f D a ik a in G u
v r t but Si p al f Ch di viol nt z era SU a O e e

ly p ot t d nd K i h n kill d him n t h
r es e ,
a pot Th r s a e o e s . e

w hol tory f K i h
e s n — d ity nd king — pp
O r s a, a e a a ,
a ea rs

t u to b
o s v ry m d n i nt pol tion
e a e o er er a .

Th t um ult h vi ng ub id d t h co n cr t d w t r
e a s s e ,
e se a e a e
1 96 EPIC PERIO D .
[BO O K II .

w as pri nkl d
s ly cr t d mo n h nd B rah
e on th e new -
ea e a rc , a

m n w nt w y l d d w ith pr nt
a s e a a oa e ese s .

B ut th n w ly c t d ki ng w n t l ng to nj y
e e -
rea e as o o e o

h i ki ngdom
s W ith ll h i igh t un
. Yudh i h t h i a s r eo ess, s ra

h da w kn a f eag mbli ng lik th oth r hi f f

ess or a , e e e c e s o

th tim
e nd th unf givi ng nd j lo u D y dh n
e, a e or a ea s ur o a a

ch ll ng d him to g m Ki ngd m w lth hi m l f

a e e a a e . o , ea , se ,

a nd h i broth r s nd n h i w if w r
e s, a t k d nd ev e s e e e s a e a

lo t nd b hold n w t h fi broth
s — ,
a e nd D p dio ,
e ve ers a ra u a

th l v f D ury dh n Th proud D up di r fu
e s a es o o a a e ra a e s

e d to ubmit to h
s po itio n but D uh a n d gg d h
er s ,
s sa a ra e er

to th mbly r m by h h ir nd Dury dh n
e a sse -
oo er a ,
a o a a

fo c d h
r e do wn n h i k n in th ight f th tup ifi d
er o s ee e s o e s e

asse mbly Th blood f th Pand v nd th th r

. e o e a as a e o e

C hi ft i n w ri i ng w h n th old D h it a ht w
e a s as s , e e r ar s ra as

l dt
e th o mbly oom nd topp d t um ult It
e asse -
r a s e a .

w as d cid d th t th Pand v h d lo t th i ki ngdom

e e a e a as a s e r
,

b ut hould n t b l v Th y gr d to g in xil
“

s o e s a es . e a ee o e e

f
or tw lv ye r ft r w hich th y hould r m i n n
e e a s, a e e s e a co

cea el df y r If th o n f Dhrit ra htr f il d t

or a ea . e s s o a s a a e o

di v r th m d u i ng th y th y w uld g t b k th i
sc o e e r e ea r, e o e ac e r

ki ngdom .

Thu th Pand v g i n w nt in xil ; nd ft

s e a as a a e e e a , a er

tw lv y e r f w nd ri ng in rio u pl c di g ui d
e e a s o a e s va s a es, s se

th m lv in th thi t nth y r nd took vic

e se es e r ee ea a s er e

und r th e ki ng f Virat Yudh i h th i w to t h

e o a
. s ra as eac

t h ki ng g mbli ng
e Bh im w th h d c ok A j un
a a as e ea o r a

w as to t ch d nci ng nd m u ic to th king d ught r

ea a a s e
’
s a e ,
19 8 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

th e g mbli ng room ut ff h i h d nd in fi r indi

a , c o s ea , a e ce v c

ti nve dr nk h i bl od L tly th r w th cro w ni ng

ess a s o as , e e as e

co nt t b tw n K rn nd A j un w h h d h t d h
es e ee a a a r a o a a e ea c

oth r through li f ; nd Arj un kill d K n unf i ly

e e a a e ar a a r

w h n h i ch riot w h l
e s nk i nto t h
a th nd h u ld
ee s sa e ear ,
a e co

n t mov
o fight O n th l t ight nth d y D u
e or . e as or e ee a ,
r

y dh
o n fl
a d froma Bh im e b ut w c mp ll d by t nt a, as o e e au s

a nd r b uk to turn ro und nd fight nd Bhim by

e es a , a a a

fo ul blo w ( b c u t uck b lo w th w i t) m h d t h
e a se s r e e a s s as e e

k n n which D uryodh n h d o n dr gg d D p di
ee o a a a ce a e rau a .

A nd t h w o und d w r ior w
e l ft th to di Th
e a r as e ere e . e

bl od h d w n t y t ov f D o n
o s e as o n m d e er, or r as
’
so a e

a mid night id i nto th n my ra mp nd kill d e e e

’
s ca a e

D up d n nd th u n n i nt f ud w qu nch d
’
r a a s so , a s a a c e e as e e

in blood .

Th r m i nd e f th
e t ry i o n told Th Pand v
a er o e s o s so . e a as

w nt to H t inap u
e nd Yudh i h t h i b
as m ki ng H
ra , a s ra ec a e . e

is sa id t h v ubd u d v y ki ng in A y n Indi nd
o a e s e e er r a a, a

a t l t as l b t d th A m dh r m ny t h Im
ce e ra e e sv a e a ce e o or e

p ri l h r
e a ifi A hor w l t l
o s e sac r -
ndw nd
ce . d se as e oos e a a e re

a t it w ill f
s y nd n ki ng d
or a d t t p it Thi
ea r, a o a re o s o . s

w as a sign f bmi ion f ll th u undi ng ki ng

O su ss o a e s rro s,

a nd th y w r th n i nvit d to th g
e e e t ho
e ifi e e rea rse s ac r
-
ce .

W h v e n th t in th V dic tim
a e see th a hor w e e es e se as

sa crifi d imply f ce ti ng in th Epi P riod th

s or ea e c e e

hor ifi
se sac r-
bcm m n f xpi tio n f in
ce e a e a ea s o e a o s ,

a nd f th O umptio n f t h e ass Imp ri l titl O e e a e .

S h i thuc tory f th g t Epic di t d f it

s e s o e rea v es e o s
C H AP . II .
] K URUS AND PANCH ALAS . 1 99

n u mero us l g nd nd pi od it up n t ur l i nci
e e s a e s es , s s er a a

d nt e nd digr s ion Kri hn th I l nd born com

a ess s
. s a, e s a -

p il r ef t h Vo d ( n t Kri hen t h ki n
eg f D a i
ask a) o s a, e o v r ,

is id to h v b n th
sa n f th aunm rri d girl
e ee e so o e a e

w h oft r w d a m rri d sant nu H w th r for

e ar s a e a . e as e e e

h l f br th r
a f Bh i h m
o H e ft n pp r
o n th s a . e O e a ea s o e

s ce n bruptly nd in up n t ur l m nn r nd im
e a a a s er a a a e ,
a

p t
ar s i n tr u ti n n d s dvic Th cto y ho h i t ai a e . e s r as a s or

c al i nt t nd h w th t th thr n i nt V d
eres , a s e s a e ee a c e e as

w e recompil d b f r th tim f th Ku u P nchal e e o e e e o e r -

a a

w ar .

r t it w ill pp r f om th bov bri f

F o r th e es , a ea r e a e e

acc o unt th t th fir t Hi nd u coloni t f th G ng ti

a e s s s o e a e c

va ll y h d n t y t lo t th turdy v lo ur nd th t ub
e a o e s e s a a e
‘
‘
’

b n w rlik
or d t rmi n tion f th pr di ng V di
a e e e a o e ec e e c

Ag Ki ng n w rul d ov r l rg r count i nd p
e . s o e e a e r es a eo

p l m
e s, n n r w r ma poli h d t h
e s r ul f oci l li f
e e o re s e , e es o s a e

nd Of hiv lry w r m fe h i gh l y d v l p d nd th
- '

c a e e o e a
'

a e e O ,
e

s ci nc f w it lf w b tt r o g ni d B ut n v r
e e o ar se as e e r a z e . e e

th l e essth t rn nd r l ntl d t rmi n tio n f th

e s e a e e ess e e a O e

V dic w r ior to q u ll th f br k through th

e a r s e e oe ea s e

p li h d m nn r f th K u u nd th P n h al
o s e a e s o e r s a e a c as,

a nd th n tio n if th y h d g i n d in ivili tio n

o se a s, e a a e C za ,

h d c r ly y t lo t m uch in th
a s a ce vigo u f n tion l
e s e r o a a

li f H w imp rf ctly th
e . o t y t m flouri h d e e e Cas e s -
s e s e

a mo ng th turdy i h w n by m ny f ct w hich
ese s races s s e a a s

still loom ut inbold o utli n mid t th i nt rpol tion

o e a s e e a s

a nd dditio n f l t r w rit r
a sant n th s nci nt
o a e e s . a a, e a e
z oo EPIC PERIO D [B O O K II
‘

. .

ing of b th D ap i w h w
H ast inap ura h ad ,
a ro er ev ,
o as

a p i t Th mo t l rn d h r t in th pi
r es . e s ea e C a ac er e e c,

Y dh i h th i
u i K h triy nd th m t kil f l
s ra, s a s a a, a e os s u

w ior D n i B ahm n A nd th v n bl m
a rr ro a s a r a . e e era e co

pil r f th V d Kri h n D ip ay n him l f—w

e O e e as, s a va a a se as

h e B ahm n
a K h triy ?
r a or a s a a
20 2 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

m ny y
a ea rs ago by Prof o ess r W eb er to o ne s uc h p as

g in th
sa e e Sata p tah B ahma r ana .

IO . M adh av a th e Vid gh c r i d Agni Vi

e a a r e a sv ana ra

in h is mo uth i hi Got m Rah fi g n w h i

. Th e R s a a a a as s

fa mily p i t Wh n dd
r es . d (by t h l tt ) h m d e a resse e a er e a e

n o a nw f s i ng l t Agni might f ll f m h i m t h
er ea r es a ro s ou .

3 IS till h. did n t n w ( T h p i
e t nti n do ) a s er . e r es co ue

Th O butt pri nkl d n w i nvok

ee er s R
( gi V d e o e, e e e a

V 6 , 2 S m h h utt
,
d w h n t th v y m n
O uc e ere e , a e er e

t i ning f b utt
o Ag ni Vi an
O fl h d f th f m t h
er, a sv a ra as e or ro e

ki ng mo uth ; h w un bl t h ld him b ck h
’
s e as a e o o a e

i u d from h i m uth nd f ll dow n n thi

ss e s o th a e o s ea r .

4 IM a d h. t h V id g h w t th
av a t tim ne t h e a as a a e o e

( i
r v er ) S v t i H (
a rasA g ni ) th n
a w , n t b nien g e ce e ur

a lo ng thi th to w d th s ea r t ; nd G t m R ah a ar s e eas a o a a

g n nd th Vid gh M adh f ll w d ft h im
a a a e e a av a o o e a er as

h w e b ni ng long H b rnt v r (d i d up ) ll
as ur a . e u o e r e a

th iv r N w th t ( riv r) w hich i ll d S dani

ese r e s . o a e s ca e a ra

( G und u k iv r ) fl ew f om
r t h e n orth r n (oHim a l
s y ) r e e a a

mo nt i n th t n h did n t b rn ov r Th t n
u a : a o e e o u e . a o e

t h B ahm n did n t
e r ao in fo m r tim thi nki ng
s o c r ss r e es,

it h n t b n bu nt ov r by Agni Vi an
as o ee r e a sv ara .

5 1N w .d y ho wo v r th-
ra -
m a ny Br
s, a h e e ,
e e a re a

m n to th
a s t f it At th t tim it (th l nd t
e eas o . a e e a ea s

O f th S dani ) w
e a v ry un ultiv t d v y m r hy
ra as e c a e ,
er a s ,

b u it h d n t b n t t d by Agni Vi an
eca se a o ee as e a sv a ra .

6 IN w d y h o w v it i v y ultiv t d f
. o -
a -
a s, e er, s er c a e , or

th B ahm n h v u d (Ag ni) to t t it through

e r a s a e ca se as e
C H AP . III .
] VID EH AS ,
K O SAL AS AND K ASIS . 20 3

s a c rific es . v
E en in l t umm r th t ( iv r) it w r
a e s e a r e , as e e,

ra
g es lo ng a so c old it i n t h vi ng b n b urnt ov r
s, o a ee e

by A g ni Vi a sv a ara h .

I7 . M adh av a id (to Agni)

th e Vid gh th e a en sa ,

W h r m I to bid ?
e e a T th t f thi (riv r)
a e
’ ‘
O e ea s o s e

b e thy b d ! id h Ev n n w thi riv r form

a o e
’
sa e . e o s e s

th bo und ry f th K l nd Vid h ; f th
e a O e osa as a e as or ese

a re t h M adh e ( d c n d n t f M a
av asd h ) or( S t es e a s o av a . a a

p at h B a ahm n I 4r
) a a, , , I.

H r th n w h v
e e n ccount in
e e l g nd ry form
a e a a ,
a e e a ,

o f t h g d u l m rch f th c l ni t from th b nk
e ra a a o e o o s s e a s

o f th S r v ti
e t w rd until th y c m to th
a as a eas a s e a e e

G u nd u k Th t iv r form d th bo und y b tw n th
e . a r e e e ar e ee e

tw ki ngdom ; th K l liv d t th w t f it
o s e o sa as e o e es o ,

a nd th V id he to th t f ite as e eas o .

In co ur f y r pr b bly f c nturi
se o t h ki ngdo m
ea s, o a O e es, e

o f th V id h
e ro in po w r nd in ivili tio n until
e as se e a c za ,

it b c m th mo t promi n nt ki ngdom in North rn

e a e e s e e

Indi a .

J n k ki ng f th Vid h i prob bly th mo t

a a a, o e e as, s a e s

p r mi
o n n t fig ur ein t h hi tory f t h e E pic P riod e s o e e

in Indi ! Th t mo n rch h d n t o nly

a a t bli h d h i
a a o es a s e s

po w r in th f rth t co nfi n f th Hi nd u domi nio n

e e a es es o e s

in Indi but h g th r d ro und him t h

a, e mo t l rn d
a e e e s ea e

m n f h i tim ; h nt r d i nt di c u ion w ith th m

e o s e e e e e o s ss e ,

a nd i n t uct d th m in holy tr uth

s r e bout th Univ r l
e s a e e sa

B i ng It i thi th t h surro und d th n m f

e . s s a as e e a e o

J n k w ith undyi ng glory Ki ng Aj at tru f th

a a a . asa o e
2 04 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

K a i him l f l n d m n nd m t n w n d
s s,
‘

se a ear e a a a os re o e

p t n f l ni ng x l im d in d p ir V rily ll
a ro o ear ,
e c a e es a ,
e ,
a

p pl n w y yi ng J n k i u p tron ( B ih
eo e ru a a ,
sa , a a a s o r a r a

da ny k U p ni h d II
ra a a ) a s a , ,
I, I .

Th gr t f me f J n k
ea i p tly
a e w i ng t
o th a a a s ar O o e

c ult u nd l
re ni ng
a f th hi f pri t f h i
ear O t e c e es o s c o ur

Yaj n ly k V
av a éj n y in U nd r t h roy l u pi
a asa e f . e e a a s ces o

J an k t hi
a p i
a t pr b bly
s nr esiv d t h boldo n a p Co ce e e co ce

ti n f r vi i ng th Y j r V d
o o e s it th n xi t d f
e a u e a as e e s e ,
o

se p ti ng th form ul f m th x g ti m tt
a ra e as f ro e e e e c a e r, o

c ond n i ng th form r in th h p f n w Y j r V d
e s e e e s a e O a e a u e a

( t h Wehit Y j u V d e k n w n a t h V
r a j n e
y iaV d ) o as e asa e e a ,

a nd f mpli fyi ng th
o a l tt i nt o v t b dy f B ah e a er a as o O r

m n k no w n th S t p th Brahm n G n ti n
a a as e a a a a a a . e era o s

O f p i t l b ur d
r es s t thi a t p ndo u w k b t t h
o e a s s u e s or , u e

g l ory f t ti n
o g t h
s ar w k b lo ng to t h fe n d r f
or e s e ou e O

th ehool Yaj n v lky Vaj n y in nd h i l rn d

sc ,
a a a asa e a s ea e

p tron Ki ng J n k f th Vid h
a ,
a a a O e e as .

B t J n k h
u a till hi gh r cl im t u p t nd
a a as a s e a o o r res ec a

a dmir t i on Whil t h p i tly c t w

a etill m ltiply
e r es as e as s u
;

ing it u l r nd upplyi ng d gm tic nd ridi

a s a S lo o a a cu us ex

pl n tion f
a a h it th roy l t
s o r eac m t hv
r e, e a c a s e s ee s o a e

f lt
e m i mp ti n t pri t ly up m cy ndp d nt y
so e a e ce a es s re a a e a r ,

a nd l o t th ridi l u d gm
a s a e w hi h w cu o ut h i
s o as c ere s o a or

t t i ly pr
a ve ch d Thi nki ng nd rn t K h t iy
ea e . a ea es s a r as

mu t h v s k d th m lv if th rit nd d gm
a e as e e se es ese es a o as

w r ll th t r ligi n c uld t
e e a a h L rn d K h triy
e o o eac . ea e s a as,

w hil till o nfo mi ng t th it l id d wn by p i t

e s c r o e r es a o r es s
,
 z oo EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

Th e pri t
id Thi f llow f Raj ny h
es s sa : s e o a a a as

in ult d u Yaj n v lky mo unt d h i foll w d

”
s e s . a a a e s c ar, o e

th ki ng nd h d th difli ulty xpl i n d ( S t p t h

e ,
a a e
'
c e a e . a a a a

Brahm n X I 4 a a, , ,

W fi nd in Ch h and gy Up ni h d V 3 th t n f
e o a a s a , , , a o e o

th thr Brahm n n m d bov S t k tu A un y

e ee a s a e a e, ve a e r e a

c m t n mbly f th P n h al nd P ah n
a e o a a ss e o e a c as, a rav a a

J i
a val i K h triy a k d him om
s qa tio n w h icha as e s e ues s

pu l d him H c m b k o ro wful to h i f t h
z z e . e a e ac s r s a er

a nd id Th t f llo w f Kaj ny k d m fi
sa :
“
a e O a a a as e e ve

q u tio
es n nd I o uld
s, n t naw r n f th m Tch o a s e o e o e .
”
e

f th r G ut m w
a e ,
ahim l f p u l d nd w nt to t h
a a, as se zz e a e e

K h t iy to h v h i di ffic ulty r mov d P ah n

s a r a a e s e e . rav a a

J i
a vali pli d G
re u t m thi k no
e w l dg: did n t goa to a a, s e e o

a ny Brahm n b for y u nd th r for thi t ch ing

a e e o ,
a e e e s ea

b long d in ll th w o ld to th K h t cl
e e a lone r s e s a ra ass a e .

A nd th n h imp rt d th k now l dg to G ut m
e e a e e e e a a a .

In noth a pl c in thi Up ni h d ( I thi Pr va

er a e s a s a , s a

h na il nc d t w bo t ful B ahm n nd th n imp rt

a s e e o as r a s a e a

e d tr u k no w l dg
e f th High t B rah m n to th m
e e o e es a e .

A t y i told in t h S t p th B ahm n X 6
s or s e a a a a r a a, , , I, I,

a nd i r p t d in th
s e Ch h and gy
ea e Up ni h d ( V II) e o a a s a ,

th t fi
a Brahm n h u h ld r nd th ologi n b m
ve a o se o e s a e a s eca

a nxio u to k no w s Wh t i u S lf nd w h t i E dlf ,
a s o r e a a s r

m n? Th y c m to Uddal k A uni to obt i n th

a
’
e a e a a r a e

k no wl dg but A uni h d h i mi givi ng

e e, nd th r for
r a s s s, a e e e

too k them to th K h triy ki ng A p ti K ik y e s a a sv a a a e a,

wh co urt ou ly i nvit d th m to t y t crific h

o e s e e s a a a sa e e
C H AP . III .
] VID EH AS ,
K O SAL AS AND K ASIS . 2 07

w as goi ng to perfo m H id Inmy ki ngdom th r r . e sa e e

i n thi f n mi
s o e n dr nk d n m n w ith ut
,
o ser, n o u ar ,
o a o a

a lt in h i hou n ig n nt p r n n d ult r r
ar s se, o o ra e so , o a e e ,

m hl uc n d ultr
ess a I m goi ng t p rform
a ess cri . a o e a sa

fi c e, Sir nd m u h w lth I giv to ch Rit ik

s, a as c ea as e ea v

p i
r est I h,
ll givs to y u S
a i P l to et y h r o ,
rs . ease s a e e .
”

Th y t y d nd told him w h t th y h d c m f
e s a e a a e a o e or,

a nd n th n xt mo ni ng th y ppr
o e e h d him c rry r e a o ac e , a

i ng fu l in th ir h nd ( lik
e t d nt ) nd h w itho ut
e a s e s u e s ,
a e,

ny pr p r tory it imp rt d to th m th k n w l dg ”
a e a a r es, a e e e o e e

th y h d
e m f
a co e or .

It i u io u
s ch w w m t thr sm n m v r nd
o e ee e sa e a es o e a

ove r in th di ff r nt Up ni h d nd ft n th m
e e e a s a s, a o e e sa e

s tory t in di ff r nt form ho w i ng th t th ld
oo e e s, s a e O re

co g ni d Up ni h d w r c mp d t m uch th m
se a s a s e e o o se a e sa e

t im e.W fi nd Uddal k A uni l

e ll d G ut m a a r , a so ca e a a a

a nd h i n S t k tu
s so g i n in th K h it k i Up
ve a e ,
a a e a us a a

ni h d ;
s a nd th f th r
a nd t h n w nt to Chitr
e a e a e so e a

G angy ay ni fu l in h nd to l r n th
a ,
e truth Chitr a ea e . a,

a K h triy ki ng id Y u w orthy f B ahm n

s a a ,
sa o a re o r a

O G ut m b c u
a a y u wa, r n t l d
e a w y by
se prid o e e o e a a e.

C om hith r I h ll m k y k now cl ly ( I ) ”
e e ,
s a a e ou ea r . I
, .

A c l b t d to y i t ld in th K h it k i Up
‘
e e ra e s r s o e a us a a

ni h d ( IV
s a ) f n v ti n
, b t wO n G a
a co
gy B alaki ersa o e ee r a , a

c l br t d m n f l ni ng nd Aj at t u th l rn d
e e a e a o ea r , a a sa r , e ea e f
"

k i ng f th K a i
O Th bo t f l Brahm n h ll ng d
e s s . e as u a C a e e

t h ki ng but in co ur
e ,
f th l rn d di p ut w hich se O e ea e s e

foll w d h coll p d nd b
o e ,
e m il nt Aj at tru a se a ec a e s e . asa
2 08 EPIC PERIO D .

[ B OO K II .

sa id t him Th u f d y u k n w 0 Bal aki P Th u

o s ar o o o s

f
ar o nly r pli d Balaki Th n Aj at tru id t
,
’
e e . e asa sa o

him V i nly did y u ch ll ng m yi ng h ll I t ll

: a o a e e e, sa , s a e

y u
o Br ah m n ! O B alak i H w h i t
a h m k “
f
‘
, e o s e a er O

tho p r on ( w hom y u m ntio n d ) H f w h m ll

se e s s o e e ,
e o o a

thi i th w k H l n i to b k nown
s s e or ,
e a o e s e .
’

“
Th n B alaki c m c rryi ng f l in h i h nd y
e a e, a ue s a ,
sa

ing M y I c m to y u
: ap upil ? Aj at tr i d o e o as a as a u sa

to him I d m it imp p r th t K h triy h uld

‘
ee ro e a a s a a s o

i niti t Brahm n Com I w ill m k y u k now

a e a a . e, a e o

cl rly
ea .
v ”

Thi t y w ll th t ry f S t k tu A u n y
s s or as e as e s o o ve a e r e a

a nd t h K h triy Ki ng P
e ah n J i li
s a rp td a rav a a a va a re e ea e

in th B ih da ny k U p ni h d
e r a ra a a s a .

Th n m re re a re h p g in th Up ni h d u e o us s uc ass a es e a s a s

in w hi h t h K h t iyc r pr nt d e th wis t a r a s a re e ese e as e ses

t h
e ac nd t h bold t p c l t r B ut it i n d
e rs a e es s e u a o s . s ee

l t m ltiply i n t n h r Wh t w h v
ess o u id s a c es e e .
~

a e a e sa

is n gh t
e i ndic t th pl w hich b l ng t t h
ou o a e e ace e o s o e

r oy l t t th cl
a cas e f th Epic P i d in t h
a e o se O e er o e

hi t y f H ind r lig i n nd phil phy Th Up

s or o u e o a o so . e a

ni h d m k
s a n w s in t h hi t y f h um n k n w
ar a e era e s or O a o n
-

l dg nd th i k n w l d g w h ich d t b ut 00 B C
e e, a s o e e a es a o 1 0 . .

did n t b l ng t ny B ahm n b f
o e o it b long d o a r a e o re
“
e e

in ll th w ld t th K h t l lon ”
a e or s o e s a ra c a ss a e .

Th l l im f J n k ki ng f th Vid h
es e a re rea C a s O a a a, O e e as

t th
o d mi ti n nd g titud f po t rity Curi u ly
e a ra o a ra e o s e . o s

e n ugh p t i ty
o m mb, him nd th Vid h
o s er re e ers a e e as
 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

m
Ra ay ana w hich m k n ll u ion to Vij y
, n a es o a s a a s
’
co

q u t
es m y w
,
ith gr t
a r p ob bili ty b r f rr d t nea e
g r a e e e e o a a e

a nt rior to Vij y wh n th d rk n
e a f ig n r na, nd e e a ess o o a ce a

myth till ob c ur d th i l nd from th Hi nd u

s s s e e s a e s .

Th t thi vi w i mor prob bl pp r f m th

a s e s e a e a ea s ro e

f ct th t th
a w hol
a f Indi eouth f th Vi ndhy e o a, s o e a

ch i n i d crib d in th Ram ay n
a ,
s es n int min
e e a a as o e er

a bl for t i nh bit d by b rb rou borigi n w h

e es ,
a e a a s a es, o a re

d crib d monk y nd b r f di ff r nt ki nd
es e as e s a ea s o e e s .

N w w k now th t th b nk f th G od v i nd v n
o e a e a s o e a ar a e e

of th Kri h n riv r w r coloni d by th A y n rly

e s a e e e z e e r a s ea

in th R tio n li tic P riod nd gr t mpir

e a a s lik th t e ,
a ea e es e a

o f th Andhr e ro to p w r nd t t d n w ch ol
as se o e a s ar e e s o s

O f ci nc
s nd l r ni ng
e e a v r l c nturi b for C h ri t
ea se e a e es e e s .

Th fir t co nc ptio n f th Ram ay n m u t b
e s e f r d o e a a s e re er e

y to a p riod nt rior to th mov m nt inth So u th f

e a e ese e e s e , or

th e Ram ay n p k f n Ary n civili tio n o uth

a a s ea s o o a za s

of th e Vindh y as .

m y n in it origi n l h p m u t th r f r
Th e Ra a a a s a s a e s e e o e

b e r f rr d to p riod nt rior to th A ry n ub
e e e a e a e e a s

j ug tio n f So uth rn Indi nd m u t th r for b l ng

a o e a, a s e e e e o

to th cl e f th p riod f w hich w
o se o n w e e o e a re o

s p ki ng
ea th Epic P riod Wh t w
,
z
'

. e,
. th i e e . a as e or

g in lah p f th
s Rama ay n n
e o d w h t i ncid nt h e a a a a e s av e

b n bodily dd d t l t r p riod
ee a qu tio n w hich
e a a a e e a re es s

w e areun bl t di c u hra e o s ss e e .

Th Ram ay n th n lik th M habhar t i utt rly

e a a e , e e a a a, s e

va lu l e ess n rr tiv f hi t ric l vents and inci

as a a a e o s o a e
C H AP . III .
] VID EHAS ,
K O SAL AS AND K ASIS . 21 I

d e t A in th M habha t
n s . s in t h Ram ay n
e a ra a, so e a a,

t h h r
e myth p ur nd impl
e oes a re s, e a s e .

S it a t h e fi ld furro w h d r c iv d di i n h nor f om
,
e ,
a e e e v e o s r

t h etim f th Rig V d nd h d b n w o hipp d

e o e e a, a a ee rs e

a s go dd
a Wh n ulti tio n g d u lly p d t
ess . e c va ra a s rea o

w d S uth rn Indi it w n t diflfi ult to i nv nt

ar s o e a, as o c e a

p o eti l myt hcat h t Sit a w c r i d to t h So utha A nd as a r e e .

w h n thi g e dd n d om
sw n— th nobl t c
o tio n f
ess a a e es rea o

h u m n im g n tio n h d
a i — quir d di ti n t nd lov ly
a a ,
a ac e a s c a e

i n d i id v lity h w n t u lly d i b d t h d ugh

ua ,
s e as a ra esc r e as e a

t er f th o h li t nd m t l rn d ki ng n r ord
e o es a os ea e o ec ,
.

J a na k a of th e Vid h e as

B ut w h o m d crib d in th pic Sita h u

is Ra a, es e e e as
’
s s

b n d nd th ki ng f t h K
a a e l ? Th l t r Puran
o e o sa a s e a e as

t ll u th t h w n i n rn tio n f Vi h nu —but Vi hnu

e s a e as a ca a o s , s

h i m l f h d n t ri n t prom in n
se a o t t h tim
se f w hich
o e ce a e eO

w e p ki ng Indr w till t h hi f f th g d f
a re s ea a as s e c e O e o s o

t h eE pi P iod c A nd in ther Sfi t . lit r t e ra e a ure

Pa k
ra s G ih y Satr II 7
a ra r w a l n th t Sita a ,
1 , e ea r a .

t h fu
e rr w g dd o i t h w i f
o f Ind ess , I it th n n
s e e o ra . s e a

u n t n bl
e co anj ct u e th t R a m t he h ro f th Ram a
re a a, e e O e

y n
a i i
a, n h i origi
s n l c n c ptio
s n lik A rj un a t h ho ro e , e a, e e

o f t h M h ab h a t o nly
e a n w diti n f Indr
ra a,
f th a e e o o a o e

R ig V d b ttli ng w ith th d mo n f dro ught ? Th

e a a e e s O
e

myth f Ind h th u b n mix d up w ith t h pi

o ra as s ee e e e c

w h ich d crib hi toric w in North rn Indi nd

es es a s ar e a, a

th pic which d crib th hi toric co nqu t f South

e e es es e s es O .

er n Indi ! a
 EPIC PERIO D .
[
B OO K 11 .

B ut though th Ram ay n i utt rly v l u l e a a s e a e es s as

a n rr tiv
a a f v nt till lik th M habh ar t it
e o e e s, s e e a a a

thro w id light f th t t f nci nt o i ty in

s s e -
s o e s a e O a e s c e

Indi nd th
a, a tory f th pic th r for n d b
e s o e e e e e ee s e

bri fly told O nly w m u t pr mi th t v n

e . e s e se a e e as a

pictur f li f th Ram ay n i lo ng p t ior t

e o e, e a a s os er o

t h e M h a bh
a a r t n d b l ng ( in i
a a, at fir t o nc p tio n
e o
) s s s c e

Ito t h v ry
e clo
e f th E pic P riod
se W om i in e e . e ss

th e Ram ay n t h fi y v lo u nd th p d lf
a a e er a r a e ro u se

a sse rtion f th K h triy f th M h abha t ; nd

O e s a as o e a ra a a

th e subordi n tio n f th ap opl to th pri tly t i

o e e e e es cas e s

mor compl t J n k him l f i n t d crib d th

e e e . a a a se s o es e as e

pr ud o rt r f K h triy l rni ng nd di gni ty

a sse e o s a a ea a

th t h w but
a e as , h umbl rv nt f th pri t as a e se a o e es s .

A nd Ram him l f t h h ro a f th se pic th gh h

, e e o e e , ou e

ncount r
e nd d f t
e s a Brahm n w rrior P u Ram
e ea s a a a a ra s a

do es so w ith m ny apol gi nd du ubmi i n

a Th o es a es ss o e

story f P u am p ob bly c n l g t h i
o aras r a r a o cea s a rea s

toric truth H i id to h v fought g i n t th

. e s sa a e a a s e

K h triy nd xt rmin t d th c t tw nty v n

s a as a e e a e e as e e se e

tim nd th n h w co nqu r d by th K h triy

es, a e e as e e e s a a

R a m t
a, h h ro fet h pic It w ould m th t thi
e O e e . see a s

to y
s ri ndic t t h r l iv lry nd ho tiliti b t w nth
a es e ea r a a s es e ee e

p ri tly
es nd w rrior c t
a i ndic ti n
a f w hi h w as es, -
a o s o c e

h v found in lit r y form inth U p ni h d

a e a e ar e a s a s .

For th r t n f l n re di ng t h Ramay n th t
e es ,
o e ee s o a e a a a

th e r l h roic g Of Indi h d p d nd th t n
ea e a e a a a sse , a a ce

t u i
t es O f r id n c in
es t h G ng tic v ll y h d p roduc d
e e e a e a e a e
2 14 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B O O K 11 .

fr om th e comm nc m nt to e e e th e clo se of th e E pi c

A ge .

proc d n w w ith th tory f th Ram ay n

We ee o e s o e a a .

Th p pl w h li d in th w id t
e eo e t f unt y b
o ve e e rac O co r e

t w n th G ng nd th G und k w k n w n b y th
ee e a es a e ue ere o e

g ne r l n
e am f t h K l
a w eh v o n b f e o sa as as e a e s ee e o re .

D th
asara di ti ngui h d ki ng f t h i n ti n h d
a, a s s e o s a o ,
a

h i c pit l in Ay d h y a (or O ud ) t h
s a a rui n Of w hi h o e ,
e s c

a nci nt to w n
e e ti ll h wn t tr v ll in o m ar s s o o a e ers s e

s h p l m und D
a e ess th h d thr
o qu n h n d
s . asara a a ee ee s o o re

a bov th t f w h m K u ly a b h im h i ld t
e e res ,
o o a sa o re s e es

b n Ram K ik y i w th m th f B h t nd
or a, a e as e o er o a ra a , a

Sumit ra o f L ak sh ma na a nd Sa t rugh na . D a sa ra t h a in
h is d cid d n m ki ng Ram t h Y aj
O ld a ge e e o a a e uv a r a or

re ig ni ng pri n b t t h p ud nd b ut ce, K ik y i
u e ro a ea eo us a e

in i t d th t h
s s e n h a ld b Y aj nd th f bl
er s o s ou e uv a r a, a e ee e

O ld ki ng yi ld d t th d t mi n d w ill f h i w i f
e e o e e er e o s e .

B f th i Ram h d w n Sita th d ght f

e o re s a a o ,
e au er o

j an ka ki ng f
a, t h Vid h t S
o y m Ki
e ng e as, a a va a v ara . s

a nd p i nc h d
r mbl d th b t Ram l n uld
es a a sse e ere, u a a o e co

l ift th h vy b w nd b nt it till it b ok in t w in
e ea o , a e r e a .

B ut n w w h n Ay d h y a w
o ,
till i ngi ng w ith cl m
e o as s r ac a a

t io n t th p p t f Ram b i ng i n t ll d Y v ’
a e ro s ec o a s e s a e as u a

aj it w d c id d in q n K ik y i h mb r th t ’
r a, as e e uee a e s C a e s a

Bh r t mu t b th Y aj nd f rth th t Ram
a a a s e e uv a r a, a u er a a

m t g in il f f u t n y
us o ex e or o r ee ears .

Ram w t a b di nt nd d ti f l t
as oo it o e e a u u o res s or

ev e n nt thi
res e d i io n H i f i th f l h lf br th
s ec s . s a u a o er
C H AP . III .
] VID EH AS , K O SALAs AND K ASIS . 2 15

L a cc mp ni d h im nd th g ntl Sita
k s h mana a o a e , a e e e

w u ld n t h
o f p rti ng w ith h
o lord Among th
ea r o a er . e

t nd l m nt tio n f th p opl
e a rs a a f Ayodhy a Ram
e a o e e e o ,
a.

a n d Sita nd L k h m n w lk d a t f th city
a s a a a e ou o e .

Th xil fir t w nt to th h mit g f Bh a d i
e e es s e e er a e O ra -

v aj in P y g ( All h b d ) nd th n t th t f V
a ra a a al a a a ,
a e o a O

m ik i in Ch it k fi t om wh r in mod rn B nd lk und
ra a, s e e e e a e .

v al miki i r p ut d to b t h s uthor
e f th pic Ram a
e e e a o e e

y an j u t
a Kri h n Ds i a
p y n
as V y a t hs compil ra va a a sa , e e

o f th V d i id to b th uthor f th M h a
e e as s sa e e a O e a

b h ar t Th r i littl truth in th n tr ditio n

a a . e e s as e e o e a as

in t h oth r e D th di d f brok n h rt n th
e . asara a e o e ea o e

d p rt ue a f Ram re o a .

Bh r t follo w d Ram to Ch it k at nd i nform d

a a a e a ra a a e

h im f th ir f th d th nd implor d h i r t urn B ut ’
o e a er s ea a e s e .

R am f lt him l f b und by th p omi

a e seh h d m d o e r se e a a e,

nd it w
a gr d th t Ram w ould r t n ft r f
as a ee a a e ur a e o ur

t n y r nd c nd th thr n Bh r t r t urn d
ee ea s a as e e o e . a a a e e !

t oAyodhy a .

L vi ng Ch it k at Ram w nd r d in th D nd k
ea ra a, a a e e e a a a ,

f t nd to w rd th o urc f th God av ri mo ng
o res a a s e s es o e a a .

j u ngl nd n
es n A ry na trib For S
oo uth -
r n Indi a es . e a

h d n t y t b n colo ni d by A ry n
a o e eeThirt n y r z e a s . ee ea s

thu p s d wy ass e a a .

Ra n t h mo n t r ki ng f L nk a or C ylo n nd
va a, e s e o a e a

f S uth n Indi
O o h rd f th b uty f Sita n w
er a, ea o e ea O o .

dw lli ng in j ungl
e nd in t h b nc f Ram t ok es, a e a se e o a o

h w y from th i h ut
er a a nd c rri d h ff to C ylo n
e r ,
a a e er o e ;
2 16 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K 11 .

Ra m ft r lo ng rch bt i n d cl u f h
a, a e a h sea ,
O a e e o er e

m d lli nc w ith th n n Ary n trib f Sout h n

a e a a es e o -
a es o er

Indi w h a d crib d monk y nd b r nd

o a re es e as e s a ea s, a

m d pr p r tio n f cro i ng ov r to C y lo n t
a e e a a s or ss e e o

r cov r h i w i f
e e s e .

Bali w g t ki ng mong th n n A y n b ut
as a rea a e o -
r a s,

h i broth r Sug i
s thir t d ft r h i ki ngdom nd h i
e r va s e a e s a s

w if nd Ram f ught nd kill d B al i

e, a a h lp d Sug i
a a e e e r va

to win th ki ngdom nd Bali w ido w nd Sug i

e a
’
s a r va

th n m rch d w ith h i rmy to L nk

e a e s a a a .

H num t t h com m nd r in chi f f t h n n A y n

a a , e a e - -
e o e o -
r a

or mo nk y rmy l d t h w y H l p d o r t h
‘

e a ,
e e a . e ea e ve e

str it f ixty mil which p r t Indi fr m C ylo n

a o s es se a a es a o e ,

fo und Sita nd g v h th ri ng nt by Ram c u d

a a e er e se a, a se

a co nfl g t i n in th c pit l f Rav n
a ra o nd th n e a a o a a, a e te

turn d to Ram
e a .

A c u w y w a th n built cro th tr it by b l
se a as e a ss e s a ou

d r nd to n
e s a Th r d r i
s w r
es th t n tur l
. e ea e s a a e a a a a

c u w y n n ly c
a se a ru th tr it nd th r i n
s ea r a ross e s a ,
a e e s o

doubt th t th phy ic l g ogr phy f thi loc lity ug

a e s a e a o s a s

g t d to th po t th id th t th c u w y w b uilt
es e e e e ea a e a se a as

by th up hum n l bo ur f Ram mo nk y rmy

e s er a a s O a s
’
e a .

Th w hole my th n c d ov r nd l id i g to th
e ar e ro ss e e a a s e e e

ca pit l f Rav n
a o a a .

Th cc unt f th w w hich follow though full f

e a o O e ar s, o

po tic l i ncid nt nd tirri ng d c iption i unn t ur l

e a e s a s es r ,
s a a

a nd t dio u e Chi f ft r chi f w

s . nt ut by Rav n e a e e as se o a a

t b t b ck th i nv d r but th y
o ea a ll f ll in t h w
e a e s, e a e e ar,
 EPIC PERIO D .

v i n to r cov r th nim l A t l t Ram him l f w

a e e e a a . as a se sa

th pri nc ly b y but did n t k no w w h

e e o s th y w r h o o e e e e

h rd th po m Ramay n ch nt d by th m nd it
ea e e a a a e e , a

w as in p io n f g i f nd r gr t th t h t l t
a ass o r e a e e a e a as

k n w th m nd mb c d th m h i wn d r boy
e e a e ra e e as s o ea s .

B ut th n j y in tor f Sita Th p pl
’
w ere as o o s e or . e eo es

s us pi i n could n t b ll y d nd Ram w t
c o s o e a a e ,
a a as oo

w eak t t g i n t h i p pl Th
o ac a a s th w hi h h d
s eo e . e ea r c a

g iv ne poor Sit a birth y w n d nd r c iv d it l n g

a e a e e e s o

su ff i ng ch ild
er T thi d y Hi nd . h it t t c ll
o s a us es a e o a

th ir f m l child n by th n m f Sita ; f if h
e e a e re e a e o or er

g n
e tl n e h vi t
ess, h p ti
er n t u nc mpl
r ue, i ni n g f ith
er a e o a a

f ln
u nd h
ess n o nq u r bl
a l v f h lo d w
er u c e a e o e or er r as

m r th n h m n h
o e a uff ri ng
u and w , t w
er s e s a o es oo e re

mo th n u lly f ll t th l t f w m n Th
re a us a a s o e o O o a . ere

i n t
s o Hi nd u w m n in th l ngth nd br dth f
a o a e e a ea o

Indi t w h m th
a o t y f uff i ng Sita i n t k now n
o e s or o s er s o ,

nd to w h m h h t r i n t mod l to t iv
'

a o er C a ra c e s o a e s r e

a ft r nd to imit t
e a And Ram t th ugh c rc ly
a e . a oo , o s a e

e q l t Sita in th w o th f ch r ct h b n
ua .
o e r O a a er, as ee a

m d l to m n f h i f ith ful n
o e e hi
or b di nc nd h i
s a ess, s O e e e a s

p i ety A n
. d th t h pic h b n
usf t h milli
e e n f as ee or e o s o

Indi m n f m r l d uc tio n th v l u f w hich

a a ea s o o a e a ,
e a e O

ca n h rdly b ov r
a tim t d e e -
es a e .
 C H APT ER IV .

B EL T O F NO N ARYAN -
TRIB ES .

THEgr t riv r y t m f N rth rn Indi d t rmi n d

ea e s s e o o e a e e e

th e c u o f A ry n co nq u t ; w h n w
rse o u v y th
a es s e e s r e e

c o ur f th
se O riv r w compr h nd th hi to y f
ese e s, e e e e s r o

A y n c nq
r a t d u i ng t n c nt ri
o ues s A nd w h n r e e u es . e

w eh v t c d th cou f th Ind u nd it t ibut r

a e ra e e rse o e s a s r a ies

a nd f th G ng
o nd th J um n
e a f
es a Bn nd e a as a r as e a res a

North B h w h v -
e n th
a r, Whol e xt nt f Indo
a e see e e e e O

A ry n w ld a it xi t d t th clo f th Epic
or as e s e a e se o e

P i d
er o bout ,
B C B yo nd thi w id tr ct f
or a 1 000 . . e s e a O

H i nd u ki ngdom l y th w hol xt nt f Indi y t

s a e e e e O a e

u n xpl r d or r th
e o e unc nq u r d by t h A y n
a er nd o e e e r a s a

p opl
e d by v
e rio b rigi n l atrib A
us aw id b lt f
o a es . e e o

t h i N n A ry n tr ct urr ndi ng t h Hi nd u world to

s o -
a a ,
s ou e

th t uth nd w t w b comi ng k nown to th

e eas ,
so a es as e e

H i nd bout th v y cl
us a f th Epic P riod
e er ose o e e .

S o th B h r M l w
u e nda ,portion f th D cc n
a a a a o e e a

a nd t h r gio n n r G
e e t nd to th
s ea th f th uz era a e so u O e

R jp t n d
a u a a t f rm d w id mi circ ul r b lt f
eser ,
o e a e se -
a e o

c ou nt y yr t n ,t Hi n
as d i d eb ut b omi n g g d u lly u ze ,
eco ra a

k n w n to t h Hi nd
o nd th e f fi nd ing
us, a io n l ere o re o cc as a

m nti n in l t t w o k f th B ahm n lit r tur

e o a es r s O e r a a e a e, as

re gio n p pl d by S m i l ivi ng
s eo e t h d ly
a a r, . a
.
,
c rea ures, ar
2 20 EPIC PERIO D .
[
BO O K 11 .

h um n b i ng W n im gi n h rdy c l ni t p n
a e s . e ca a e a o o s s e e

t t ing i nto thi

ra ncircli ng b lt f unk no w n nd un
s e e O a

c ivili d r gio n bt i ni ng m t ry ov r th borigi n

z e e s, O a a as e e e a es

wh r v r th y w nt
e e e t bli hi ng om i n ol t d ttl
e e ,
es a s s e s a e se e

m nt n th b nk f f rtil riv r nd pr nting to

e s o e a s o e e e s, a ese

th e toni h d b rb ri n m f th r ult f ivi

as s e a a a s so e O e es s o c

li d dmi ni tr tio n nd ivili d li f

z e a s W n i m gi n
a a c z e e .
e ca a e

l o i ntly nchorit r ti i ng i nto th w ild j ngl

a s sa a es e r ese u es,

a nd f i ngi ng th top
r f hill or f rtil v ll y w ith th ir
e s o s e e a e s e

holy h rmit g w hich w r th

e a t f l mmg nd
es, e e e sea s o ea a

o f nctity
sa A nd l tly dv nt uro u roy l h unt m n
. as a e s a s e

n t uno ft n p n tr t d i nto th
o e j ungl nd nu
e e a e ese es, a

h ppy pri nc
a xil d by th ir mor pow ful ri l
es e e e e er va s

O ft n ho
e to r tir f m th world nd to k p th ir
‘

C se e e ro e a o u e

a b d in th olitud
o es In uch m nn r w
ese s t h b lt es . s a e as e e

O f N n Ary n co untry d crib d bov gr d u lly k no w n

o -
a es e a e, a a

to th Hi nd u nd w w ill cit
e p g or tw
s, a e e a assa e o

w hich w ill h w h w f thi k no wl dg xt nd d nd

s e o ar s e e e e e , a

h w th
o ivili d Hi nd u n m d th di ff r nt borigi n l
e c z e s a e e e e a a

t ri b d w lli ng in thi tr ct prob bly in t h t nth

es e s a , a e e

ce nt y B Cur , . .

Th r i p g in th l t book f th Aita y
e e s a assa e e as O e re a

Brahm n which long w ith n cco unt f th pri ncip l

a a , a a a o e a

Hi nd ki ngdom f th tim m k om m ntion f

u s o e e, a es s e e o

a bo igi n l r c in th outh nd outh w t ; nd th

r a a es e s a s -
es a e

p g d rv to b quot d
assa e ese es e e .

Th V a eth n i n gur t d him ( Indr ) in th

sav a s e au a e a e

t n di
e as e r tio n d uri ng thi ty n d y by th thr
rec r -
o e a s ese ee
2 22 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

as th e Utta ra K urus Utta ra M da ms ,

’
, a re i n ugu t d
a ra e

fo r livi ng w i tho ut ki ng nd a a ca ll d V ije

'

z rr .

i . w itho ut ki ng
a,
. .

Th n th divi n sadh y nd A p ty i n ugu t d

“
e e e as a as a ra e

Indr d u i ng thi ty n d y in t h
a r mi ddlr
g i-
n o e a s e e re o ,

w hich i firmly t bli h d f oti ng (th imm v b l

s a es a s e o e o ea e

ce ntr ) to t h ki ng hip (Réj y )

e e H nc th ki ng f s a . e e e s o

K m P n / tl w ith t h V nd U fn m
o

th e u a ea as e a sa s a s a s a re

i n ug ur t d t ki ng h ip nd c ll d ki ng
a a e o s a a e s

Thi p g h w u t n gl nc th whol f t h
s assa e s o s s a o e a e e e o e

Hi nd u w o ld it xi t d in t h cl
r as f th Epie s e e o se o e c

P riod e T t h f th t
. o t liv d th Vid h nd t h
e ar es e as e e e as a e

K a i nd th K l
s s a w hv
e n b fo
o sa a s nd as e a e s ee e re, a

t ho n w t
se nd y ung t
e es f th a Hi nd u col ni t o es o e o s s

e xc ll d in l ni ng nd r put tion th ir ld r br th n
e e ea r a e a e e e e re

in th w t e Th ir ki ng J n k nd Aj at tru nd
es . e s, a a a a a sa a

o th r took t h pro ud titl f S m dj nd w rthi ly

e s, e e o a r , a o

m nt i n d th ir dig nity by t h i l r ni ng nd th ir
ai a e e e r ea a e

prow ess .

In t h outh m b nd f t h A ry n ttl m t
e s ,
so e a s o e a se ers us

h v w k d th ir w y up th
a e or e ll y f th Ch mb l
e a e va e o e u a .

a nd b om ec cqu i nt d w ith th bo igi n l trib

e a a e e a r a es

i nh biti ng t h co nt y n w k n wn M l w Th
a e u r o o as a a . ese

trib w r ll d S m i li i ng r tur c rc ly
es e e ca e a a r, . e,
. v c ea es, s a e

hum n b i ng ! W not h w v th t th ki ngd m

a e s e e o e er a e o s

in thi dir ctio n lr dy w nt by th n m

s e a f Bl ea e e a e o a

( ho w v r f n ci
e e fu l th d riv
a tio n w hich t h uthor giv e e a e a es

to th word ) nd B/ f w in l t r tim th n m f
e ,
a zo a as a e e e a e o
C H AP . 1v .
] NO N ARYAN -
TRIB ES .
223

th e sa me r gi n imm di t ly to th
e o , e a e e n orth of th e
Vi ndh y a c h i n nd lo ng t h v ll y
a ,
a a e a e of th e C h um
b al .

W e s t w ard s from
thi pl c u g d th w v f A ry n s a e s r e e a es o a

se ttl dv nt r r until th i n d r m to th
e rs or a e u e s, e va e s ca e e

sh f th
o re s A r bi n o nd o ld p o e d n fu a a se a, a c u r c ee o r

th er Th. borigi n l r c in th di t nt tr t w r
e a a a es es e s a ac s e e

l k d upo n w ith m d g
oo e f nt mpt by th sa e e ree o co e e

i ili d colo ni t or i nv d
c v z e nd w r ig nific ntly
s s a ers a e e s a

ca ll d Ni /y nd Ap i /y
e
‘
cznd th i r l r h d th
as a rc z a s, a e r u e s a e

s ignifi c nt n m f S nit O i nd p nd nt ul r
a a e o va r e e e r e s .

T h r c dimly k no wn t t h v y l
ese a es f th a e er c o se o e

Epi P i d w r th
c nc to
er o f t h pro ud t nd
e e e a es rs o e es a

mo t w lik Hi nd u trib
s ar f l t r time i th M h es o a e es, v z .
, e a a

ra tt Sur t nd G u r t w
as . n m d ft r th
a a m z e a ere a e a e e sa e

r ca n m e -
a e .

T th north th Utt r K uru

o e nd th U tt r Mad e a a s a e a a

ras a nd oth —
trib li d b yo nd th Him l y w
er es ve e e a a a e

a re —
told but w hich pr b bly m n b yo nd th low o a ea s e e er

ra ng nd mo ng th v ll y
es a f t h Him l y
a e a e s o e a a as .

To th pr nt d y th m n liv in comm un nd
e es e a es e e e es, a

h v ry littl conc r n w ith hi f or ki ng nd it i n

av e e e e C e a s o

w o nd r th t in nci nt tim
e th y h uld b k nown
a a e es e s o e as

p ople w itho u t ki
esng s.

A nd th n in t h v ry c ntr e f th
,
Hi nd u world e e e e o e ,

long th v ll y f th G ng liv d th pow ful trib

a e a e o e a es, e e er es

f th K uru
o nd th
e P n h al nd th
s a l k nown e a c as, a e ess

t ib
r th V
es, nd th U in e asas a e s aras .
2 24 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K II .

In th e w est th d rt f R jput n w r wholly

,
e ese s O a a a e e

un xplor d by th
e A y n
e Th Bhil borigi n f
e r a s . e a es o

tho d rt nd mo unt i n w r l ft undi t urb d n

se ese s a a s e e e s e u

til n w nd h rdy trib f i nv d

e a nt r d Indi
a ft es o a e rs e e e a a er

th e Chri ti n nd s ttl d do wn in th p rt
a era a se e ese a s .

In th f t outh B h r w n t y t Hi nd ui d
e a r ea s , s e a as o e ze .

In p g in th Ath
a ass a V d poi nt d ut by P
e e arv a e a e o ro

f
esso r W b r p ci l nd ho til n tic i t k n f th
e e ,
s e a a s e o e s a e o e

A ng nd t h M g dh
as a Th p eg h w th t th
a a as . e as sa e s e s a e

p opl f outh B h r did n t y t b long to t h Hi nd u

e e o s e a o e e e

c nf d r ti n f n tion but w r n v th l b
o e e a o o a s e e e er e ess e

co mi ng k n w n to th Ary n B ng l P op r w
o e a s . e a r e as

as y t imply
e u nk n
so wn .

A nd t h w hol f uth rn Indi

e i Indie o outh f so e a, . a,
. a s o

th Vi ndhy r ng
e w y t u n
ao upi ad by t h Hi
e, nd u as e cc e e s .

Th A it e y Br ahm n
a regiv ( V
aII t h n m f a a es , e a es o

c t i n d gr d d b rb ou trib
er a e a nd m ng oth r
e a ar s es, a a o e s

th t f th A ndhr W w ill th t in th R tio n l

a o e as . e see a e a a

i ti P riod t h
s c e A ndh ro t b gr t civili d
e ras se o e a ea ze

Hi nd u pow in South n Indi er er a .

W h v n w pok n f ll t h pri n ip l A ry n
e a e o s e o a e c a a

races nd ki ngdom w hi h fl u i h d in t h
a s c o r s e e

P riod nd f t h N n A ry n ki ngdom w hi h
e , a o e o -
a s c

a micir ul b lt in th o uth f th Hi nd u world

se c ar e e s o e .

It w ill b pl nt t k in th follo wi ng h pt r
e o ur easa er as e C a e s

to giv om ccount f th o i l c u tom nd th

e s e a o e s c a s s a e

dom tic li f f th p opl But b for w t k l v f

es e o e e e . e e e a e ea e o

king w m u t m k om m ntio n f th gr t r
s, e s a es e e o e ea co o
 2 26 EPIC PERIO D .
[BO O K II

w ith th m pri nkl I th ! Beth rul r o

e sa e s e ee e e v er k ngsi
in t hi w orld sTh ill u trio u moth r b r th
. e s s e o e ee as th e

grea t univ r l rul r ov r m n th bl

e sa d m e e e e esse o th e r h as
b n th &
’
or e ee, c .

O 0

Now giv i nto h i h nd gobl t f p i it u u

,
he es s a a e o s r o s

li quor und r th
, r cit l f th v r S di h t h y a
e e e a o e e se va s a

M di h th y a & (9
a s ) ai P uri f
,y O S o m ! cw i.
th , I, I , . a, .
a

thy w t t mo t xhil r ti ng drop (th

s ee es , ifi s
) e a a s e sac r c er ,

t ho u w h t qu d f Indr to b d unk b y h im
o ar s eez e or a e r .

Aft r h vi ng p ut t h
e a pirituou liquor into h i h nd th e s s s a , e

pri t r p t propiti tory m ntr &

es e ea s a a a a, c .

H n w d c nd ( fr m th thro n
e o t) f ci ng th
es e s o e e sea a e

b r n h f th ud mb tr
a c o — Ait e y Br ah mn a ara ee . a re a a a .

V III 6 to 9 ,
.

W th n told th t w ith thi c r mony pri t in

e a re e a s e e es s

v es e t d numb r f ki ng who n m
a e lr dy o s se a es a re a ea

k now n to u T u th n f K h thu in ugu ts

. ra , e so o av as a, s a ra

e d J n mj ya th
a n f P ik h it
e a a,Th nc J n . e so o ar s . e e a

a m j y w nt v ry wh r conqu ri ng th
e a a e rth up t
e e e e, e e ea o

it nd nd crific d th c rifici l hor ”

s e s, a sa P t e e sa a se . arv a a

a nd Nar d th u i nv t d Yudh m n h ti th
a a s n f es e a sra s , e so o

Ug n
rase a V i h th i nv ted Sud th gr t n
. as s a es as, e ea co

q u in
ero r t h R ig V d hy mn ; ne d D i g h t m e a s a r a a as

i nv t d Bh r t th
es e n f D uh h nt
a a a, w ith th i e so o s a a,
'

ce e r mony .

W h v l o n xc ll nt ccount f th c r n ti n
e a ea s a e e e a o e o o a o

it in t h v aj n y i S nhit a fro m which w o

r e e asa
q e
u t e a e
-

, a
C H AP . 1v .
] NO N ARYAN -
TRIB ES .
227

re ma r k a bl e p g
hich th pri t bl assa th e in w e es esses e

n w ly
e cr ow n d ki ng
M y God w h r ul e th wo l d a o es e r

b t w n y u th p w t ul y u ubj t M y
es o o o e o er o r e o r s ec s . a

fi re ,w hipp d by hou h ld r b t w n y u up
o rs e se -
o e s, es o o o s re

m y ac th h u h ld r M y Som t h lo d f
o v er e o se -
o e s . a a, e r o

tre e s , b t w n y u up r m
es o y v r for t M y o o s e ac o e es s . a

V ih p t i t h g d f p h b t w n y u up m y
r as a , e o o s eec , es o o o s re ac

in p s h M y Indr th high t m ng god b t w

ee c . a a, e es a o s, es o

o n y u th high t pr m y M y Rud th
o e es su e ac . a ra , e

c h i h r f nim l b t w n y u upr m y ov
er s e o a a s, es o o o s e ac er

a ni m l M y M itr w h i t uth m k y
a s . a up m a, o s r , a e ou s re e

in tr u t h M y V un w h . h i h h ly w k m k
a ar a, o c er s es o or s, a e

y ou su p r m in h ly t e— IX 39 e o ac s .
, .

In t h ddr to th p pl w hi h f ll w th p i t
e a es s e eo e c o o s, e r es

t ll t h m Thi i y ki ng 0 y u h nd u h “
e s e : s s o ur , e s c a s c

t ib Th K anv t xt d th Thi i yo “
r es . e a e rea s us s s ur

k i ng 0 y K uru O y P n h al
,
e s, e a c as .

W w ill o n l ud thi h pt w ith n

e c ll nt pi
c e s c a er a ex ce e ec e

o f dvic w hi h i giv n to ki ng f th r n w hi h
a e c s e s ur e o , c

m d rn ul
o e w ill d w ll t r m mb r
r [f t/
ers lu /l o e o e e e z ou s t

be a r uler , Men f rom th is day j udge t/ze s tron

g a nd the
wea k w ill: eq ual j ustice, resolv e on doing good inoes
sa nil
y to tile p uolio,
a nd p rotect t/z e country f ro m all
cala mities —X ,
27 .
 C H APT ER V .

CASTE .

A s wed i f t do w rn t h hi t y f Hi
e nd u ivili
s or ti no C z a o ,

w e n oti l n
ce , a og w ith m k bl pra re g in ar i n a e o ress sc e c es

a nd l n i
ea r n g n d t h a rt f p e a n u nh
s p o
py i g n
ea c e, a a s

o fs o i l
c a i n tit u ti n
s b i ng om s n de m r y t l i
o re da o e cr s a se

i nto h rd nd f t rul whi h g d u lly ontr t d

a -
a -
as es, c ra a c ac e

th lib
e rtie n d
es a t h f r n rgi e f t h
ee e e p pl F es o e eo e . o ur

or fi ve nt uri
ce f p es f l o id nc in g ni l
eac e u res e e a e a

c lim t in th f rtil b i n f t h G ng nd th J u mn
a e e e e as o e a es a e
’
a

e n bl
a d e t h Hi n d
e u to f u n d civili
s d ki n
o gd m t z e o s, o

c u ltiv t a ephilo ophy s i n n d ,

rt
sc e nd to
ce a d l p a s, a ev e o e

th ir r ligio u nd o i l i n tituti n but it w und

e e s a s c a s o s as er

th e sa m g n
e tl b u
e t n ev ti n g i nfl u
e n
er a th t th y l e c es a e a so

u n oc n i u
sc o ly u rrs n d s d ll e o i l f
e re d m a n d w s c a ree o ,
a ere

gr d u lly b nd d wn by unh lthy p i t im p d

a a
‘

ou o ea r es -
o se

l w nd r t i tion w hi h m d fu th p og
a s a es r c s c a n e r er r res s o

t h ep rt a f t h o p p l eimp eoibl e Thi i t h o ss d k e . s s e ar

s id f Hi nd u ci ili ti n Pri tly p m y th w

e o v z a o . es su re ac re

it s oil
c r su n d o n d u n d a t h n ti
ro n fr m it e ly a o o s ear

youth nd th n ti n n v tt i n d th t p liti l nd
,
a e a o e er a a e a o ca a

o i l f r dom nd t ngth w hi h m rk d th n nt
s c a ee a s re c a e e a cIe

n tio n f Europ
a s o e .
 2 30 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B O O K 11 .

w ith th ir moth r country nd ul d in Indi t h ugh

e e ,
a r e a ro

th e w kn ea f th essHi nd u And in th fi
o e i s . e ve or s x

ce nt uri th t follow d th co nqu t th r w n t p oli

es a e e es ,
e e as o

t ic l li f
a no ugh in th million f m rti l m n w h i nh
e e e s o a a e o a

bit d North rn Indi fr m th Punj b to B h r t m k

e e a, o e a e a o a e

o n e riou ff rt t nd ut th h ndful f li n
se s e o o se o e a o a e s

w h h ld th m in ch i n A nci nt Gr f ll t h r ugh
‘
o e e a s . e eece e o

di sse n io ns mo ng h p tty t t
s a Rom f ller n e s a es e e o

a ccount f h l ux u y nd vic ; Indi f ll n

o er r unt a e a e o acc o

o f h up r titi n nd c n q u nt li f l
er s e s o n a o se e e ess ess .

W h v e n th t bo ut t h clo
a e see f th V di P iod
a a e se o e e c er .

th e pri t h d l dy f rm d th m l i nt
es s a a rea p o e e se ves o a se a

ra e t pro f ion nd n t pp d fo w rd t t k u p th
ess , a so s s e e r a o a e e

duti f th ir f t h r
es o e W h n ligi u it b a e s m. e re o s r es ec a e

v as tly mor l bo t nd p mpo u in th Epi P riod

e e a ra e a o s e c e ,

w h n w ith th
e f undi ng f n w ki ngd m
e o lo ng th o e o s a e

f rtil Do b poli h d nd g
e e a ,
t ki ng prid d th m lv
s e a rea s e e se es

o n th p rform n
e e f v t crific w ith ndl
a ce o it as sa es e es s r es

a nd b rv nc it i
O se a y to und t nd th t th
es, s eas ers a a e

p i t
r es s, w h lo n co uld
0 a n d rt k uch o
e m pli t d it u e a es c ca e r es,

ro se in th tim tio n f th p pl until th y w

e es a o e eo e, e ere

n t r lly r g rd d
a u a e l f f om th ordi n y p pl
a e as a oo r e ar eo e,

as di ti nct nd
a s p i r c — a t su Th y er o ra e, as a c as e . e

d v t d th i li f tim t l rn th
e o e e r it nd th y
e e o ea ese r es, a e

a lon w r bl t p rform th m in ll th ir d t il ;
e e e a e o e e a e e a s

a nd th n t ur l i nf
e a nc in t h pop ul r mi nd w
a ere th t e e a as a

th y lo n w r w thy f th holy t k A nd w h n
e a e e e or o e as . e

h ere dit y pri t w r th u compl t ly p t d f m

ar es s e e s e e se a ra e ro
C H AP . V] . CASTE . 231

t h p e pl eo by th ir f en ci d nctity ned r l k noaw l dg e sa a ea e e

o f l b r t rit it w c rc ly c n id r d good
e a o a e es, as s a e o s e e
“

m n th ir p rt to form mi lli nc w ith th ”

f o r o e a sa a es e

p eo
p l o u te id th ir h ly
s r nk e Th y might
e till o n a . e s co

d esc end to ho nor p rtic ul r f mili by choo i ng a a a es s

b id r f om
es mong th m but y ung l di f pri tly
r a e , o a es o es

h o u se s mu t n v r giv th ir h nd to m n o ut id
s e e e e a s e s e

th i r nk Wh t i f li ng nd c u tom mo ng
e r a s
. a s a ee a a s a

m d n n ti n o n b c m n i nvi l bl nd r ligi u
o er a o s so e a e a o a e a e o s

ul
r em ng p iv nd c u t m bidi ng p opl lik
a o a ass e a s o -
a e e e

th G ng ti Hi nd u
e a e c s .

Th v y e m c u l d to th ri f roy l c t
er sa e a ses e e se o a a as e .

R y lty h d not
o a um d v ry gr
a t dignity m ng
a ss e e ea a o

th Punj b Hi nd u
e a W rlik chi f l d cl n fr m s
. a e e s e a s o

conq u t t conqu t nd th gr t t f th m lik

es s o es s a e ea es o e e

S ud a th p tr n f th V i h th
s, e a o nd th o Vi a e as s as a e sv

mitr w r look d upo n m r

a s, e e l d e f m n nd o e as ea ers o e a

p rot torec f cl n th
s o n mighty ki
a sng F diaff nt as s . ar ere

w th
as t t f thi ng with th G ng tic Hi nd
e s a e o s e a e us .

P b bly in th
ro a rly d y f th m rti l K uru nd
e ea a s o e a a s a

th P n h al
e a c t di ti n tion h d n t y t b n fully
c as , as e s c s a o e ee

m t d B ut l t r in th d y th ki ng f th p c
a ure . a e e a , e s o e ea e

ful K l nd V id h
osa as urr und d
a w ith ll th
e as, s o e a e

p r ph a a r n li e f u g
a u t n
ad l r
o n d an d pompo u s a ea e a s

court w look d upo n by th h umbl nd l w ly

s, ere e e e a o

nd xt m ly l w bidi ng
a e re e nd loy l p opl
a -
a mr a a e e as o e

th n hum n A ki ng b c m m r i h and mor

a a . s s e a e o e r c e

ugu t nd mor
a s a ddict d to th form which i ndic t
e a e e s a e
2 32 EPIC PERIO D .
[
BO O K II .

roy lty s th p opl b c m mor n rv t d nd

a , a e e e e a e e e e a e a

s ubmi iv nd loy l it w
ss e c rc ly po ibl t h t
a a , as s a e ss e a

m id n f th roy l or w rlik cl
a e s o houl d n
e a a e asses s co

d c nd to m rry m n from th
es e r nk Th tigm
a e e a s . e s a

w hich tt ch to uch mi lli nc ll ov r th w ld

a a es s sa a es a e e or

g va eri to n i n
seviol bl r ul in Indi A n
ad w h n a e e a . e

pri t nd w rrior w r th u p r t d by uc h b
es s a a s e e s se a a e s a so

l ut nd i nviol bl ul fr m th p opl th h umb l t

e a a e r es o e e e, e es

gi l f th form r cl
r s o w r d b rr d from m rri g
e e asses e e e a e a a e

w ith th gr t t nd rich t mo ng th V i y
e ea es a es a e a s as
?

We h ave in a p revious ch ap ter ( see p 99 a nte) quoted th e au t h ority .

,

of Weber and M ax M uller to sh ew th at caste did not ex ist in th e V edic

Age We h ave much p leasure in adducing h ere th e testimony of a no th er

.

eminent sch olar wh o with Weber and M ax M iiller may be said t o fo rm

,

th e Triumv irate of Vedic sch olarsh ip in Europ e .

D r Roth maintains th at in t h e fi rst or V

. edic Age Bra h mans w e re t h e
domestic p riests of th e k ings, and th at gradually th e dignity became h ere
ditary in certain families H o w th ese isolated p riestly families w ere
.

imp elled by similarity o f interests to form a common east: in th e Ep ic

may be described best in D r Roth s o wn w ords
’
Age, . .

Wh en at a p eriod mo re recent th an th e maj ority of th e h y m

, ns

o f th e Rig V eda th e Vedic p eo p le driv en by so me p o litical sh oc k

,

adv anced from th eir abodes in th e Pun j a b furth er and furth er to th e so uth
,

drov e th e abo rigines into th e h ills and took p o ssession o f th e broa d t ract

of country ly ing betw een th e G anges, th e J umma and th e Vindh y a ra nge,

me had arriv ed wh en th e distribution of p ower th e relation of k ing

th e ti ,

and p riest could become tra nsformed in th e most rap id and c omp reh en
,

sive manner . Th is era is p erh ap s p o urt ra ed to u

y s in th e p rincip al

j
sub ect of th e M ah abh arata , th e co ntest betw een th e descendants of

Pandu and K uru . It is no t diffi cult to co mp reh end h ow in such

a p eriod of transition p ow erful co mmunities sh ould arise a mong the

2 34 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

a mong th p opl Th k night t w r gl d t

e e e . e s oo e e a o

w lc m
e o i nto th ir r nk d ughty quir nd b
e e a s o s es a ra v e

w rri r
a mo ng th p opl Th p opl too in t h
o s a e e e . e e e e

d rk t d y f f ud l oppr ion h d mor f t o ugh

a es a s o e a ess a e o

li f nd rud vigour th n th p iv nd ub mi i
e a e a e ass e a s ss v e

C iti n f th G ng tic pl i n Th p opl in Eu r p

z e s o e a e a . e e e o e

s oo n form d l g t pr t ct th ir comm rc fo tifi d

e ea ues (
o o e e e e, r e

t h ir to w n to m
e t th m r udi ng b ron f r m d
s ee e a a a s, o e

municip l corp r tion a nd tr i n d th m lv

o a t s, a a e e se es o

a rm t d f nd th ir i nt r t in th in c ur t im
s o e e e e es s o se se e es .

A mbiti u cion f b ni l h u
o s s o ft n mi d
s o a ro a o ses e x e

w ith t h p pl nd f ught th ir b tt l in th fi l d
e eo e, a a e a es e e

a nd in t h c uncil b e d nd thi h lthy dmi t ur

o o ar a s ea a x e,

w hi h t h
c t y t m pr v nt d in Indi r iv d
e c as e s -
s e e e e a, ev e

a nd tr ngth n d t h
s e p pl in Eur p F ud li m
e e e eo e o e . e a s

a nd th b ol ut p w f th cl rgy d c y d
e a s e o er o e e e a e as

t d nd comm
ra e a nd politic l li f r m ng
erce a a e o se a o

th e p opl ; nd th d ng r f th p pl b i ng
e e a e a e o e eo e e

divid d i nto thr c t if it v r xi t d in Eur p

e ee as es,
”
e e e s e o e,

p d
a sse w y o
a n c n d f
a v r e a or e e .

F m w h t h b n t t d b f r it w ill p p r th t
ro a as ee s a e e o e, a ea a

th t y t m ro in Indi from th p m n nt
e cas e s -
s e a se a e er a e

se
p t i
ara n f toh pri tly'

ond w rri r cl e from t h es a a o asses e

p opl in n ge w h n th p pl h d b c m n t
e e, a a e e eo e a e o e e erv a

e d nd f bl
a nd th
ee t w cl u
e, a rp d ll p w r ose o asses su e a o e

a nd dignity Sup fi i l nd imp l iv w rit

. o ft n
er c a a u s e ers e

h ld t h B ahm n
o e f Indi t bl m f
r m n p li i ng
a s o a o a e or o o o z

re ligi u k n w l dg nd b v nc
o s ,
o nd r ti ng
e e a O ser a es , a c ea a
CH A P . V] . CASTE . 2 35

h a r mf u l a nd p rm
t di union in th n tion Th e a nen s e a . e

c h arg h w v
e, i u nphil o phi l n d
e er, u n j u t P
sri t o so ca a s . es

ly '

up s m y nd r y l d poti m
re ac ai n vit bl w h n o a es s a re e a e e

th e p pl b eom n r t
e d nd f bl
ec o n d i
en e e va e a ee e, a a re

ca
p b l a f t ki nge c f
O th i co na ci n c th i a re o e r s e e or e r

p o l it i l right
ca P i t nd ki ng sn . m r p n
r es s a s a re o o e res o

s ib l f e th or ult th n th p opl th m lv ; in
ese res s a e e e e se es

d ee d t h f rm r
, l r p n ibl f
e o e umi ng un
a re du ess es o s e o r ass e

a ut h ity th n th l tt r f ubm tti ng t uch uthor

or a e a e or s i o s a

it y S h h in
. uc iv d ungrudgi ngly by f bl
C a s a re rece e a ee e

a nd l i f l p pl ; w h n t h p pl w k t li f nd
e ess eo e e e eo e a a e o e a

v ig u th h i n f ll nd r
o r, e C a s a a su e .

Th impl igi n f th
e s t i n tit uti n n rr t d
e or o e cas e s o as a a e

a b ove i ob u d in l t r Hi nd u lit
s sc re tur in cloud a e era e a

o f t ng myths ra nd l g nde B t in pit s f u h

a e e s . u S e .
o s c

w nd rf l l g nd
o e l t r Hi nd u w it r n v r c mpl t
u e e s, a e r e s e e o e e

ly l t ight f th f ct th t c t w
os s o igi n lly nly
e a a as e as or a o

a di ti n ti n b
s d n pro f i n A nd thi impl
c o ase o ess o s . s s e

and n t u l co unt f th o igi n f c t ft n cc u

a ra ac o e r o as e o e o r

in t h m P anik w k w hi h l w h r d l ight
e sa e a ur or s c e se e e e

in tr ng s nd m n t o
a e myt h bo t t h
a igin f
o s r us s a u e or o

th i n tituti n W h
e s m nly f n or t w
o . e av e roo o or o e o

e xtr ct a s .

In t h Vay u P an w e t ld th t in th fir t ur a e a re o a e s or

K it Ag t/
r a w n t
e, nd th t ub q u ntly
cere ere o cas es , a a s se e

Br hm a t bli h d di i i n m ng m n
a es a s e ding t v s o s a o e a ccor o

th i w k
e r Th or s f th m w h . w r
“
it d f
o se o e o e e su e or

c omm nd nd pro n to d d f i l nc b app i nt d

a a e ee s o v o e e, e o e
2 36 EPIC PERIO D .
[
B OO K II .

to b K h triy from th ir prot cti ng oth r Th

e s a as, e e e s . o se

di int r t d m n wh tt nd d upo n th m p k t h
s e es e e o a e e e ,
s o e e

t uth nd d cl r d th V d right w r Br hm n
r a e a e e e a a e e a a s .

Tho f th m wh form rly w r f bl ng g d in

se o e o e e e ee e, e a e

t h w ork f h u b ndm n ti ll r
e o f th rth nd i ndu
s a e , e so e ea , a s

trion w r V i y c ultiv tor nd provid r f ub

s, e e a s as, a s a e s o s

i t n Tho wh w r cl n r nd n bo t
s s e ce . se o e e ea se s a ra a u

o n vi nd h d littl vig ur or tr ngth w c ll d

ser ce, a a e o s e , ere a e

Sudr A co unt m r or l imil r to thi

”
as . c s o e ess s a s o cc u r

in th oth r Puran
e lo e as a s .

Th Ram ay n in it pr
e nt h p i a w ha s ese s a e s, a s e av e

s ee n b for th ework f l t r g
e, In th
e U tt o a e a es . e a ra

K and Ch pt r 74 w
a, t ld th t in th K it A g
a e ,
e a re o a e r a e

Br hm n lon pr cti d u t iti th t in t h T r t a

a a s a e a se a s er es a e e

A g K h triy w r bor n nd tim w t bli /

'
e, s a as th
e e ,
a e a s es a s zea e

mdm y t m f f
o e t
s s e R d uc d f om mythic l
o our ca s es . e e r a

to hi toric l l ngu g t h b v ccount m y b r d

s a a a e, e a o e a a e ea

th —In th V di Ag th Hi nd u A y n w r
us e e c e, e r a s e e a

unit d body e nd pr ti d Hi nd u rit a In th Epi ac se es . e c

A g ho w v r pri t
e, nd ki ng
e e p t d th m lv
,
es s a s se ara e e se es

as di ti nct c t
s nd th p opl l o f rm d th m
as es, a e e e a s o e e

se lv i nto th l w r rd th V i y nd Sfi d
es e o e o ers, e a s as a ra s .

Th M h abh ar t
e lo w hv
a nb f i in
a a a s ,
as e a e s ee e o re, s

it pr
s nt h p
ese w ork f l t r g
s but h r
a e a l ow o a e a es, e e a s e

o cc ion lly m t with n ibl nd hon t tt mp t

as a ee a se s e a es a e

t c ount f c t In th Sfinti P rv
o a c or tion 8 8
as e . e a a, sec 1 .

w e told th t d limb d t wic born m n wh

a re a re -
e e -
e o

w ere fo nd f n u l pl ur o fi ry ir cibl d ri ng
se s a eas e, e , as e, a
w r e e titl d to
s till
r ligio u k n o w
en l dg n d l ne e s e e a ea r

ing nd t,
p raform r ligi u rit o f th m l
e e o s es or e se v e s

j u t lik B ahm n nd K h triy

s e And v n i nt
r a s a s a as . e e er

m rri g b tw n Brahm n K h triy nd V y w

a a e e ee a s, s a as a as as as

a
llo w d und c rt i n r tr i tio n Ho w v m u h t h
e er e a es c s . e er c , e re

f or w m
e, y d plor e t h c mm n am nt f t
e h t e e o e ce e o e c as e

s
y t m w h uld n v r forg t th t th wor t r u lt f
s e ,
e s o e e e a e s es s o

th t y t m t/ p i tly m n p ly f l ning t/ di
a
— s s e ,
ie r es o o o o ea r , ce s

union in t/ce body o f wep p

eo le , a nd t/ce a bsolute socia l ye

p ara tion a mong ca stes — w ere ,

un k no wn in Indi a un t il th e

Pa uranik tim es .

In th ixt th n h
e s pt r f t h
ee W hit Yc j u r V
a d e w o e e a e a, e

m t with t h n m f v riou pro f ion w hi h t h w

ee e a es o a s ess s c ro

so
m light n th t t f th ci ty t th tim t h
e o e s a e o e so e a e e e

c
h pt r w com p il d It i pp r nt how v r th li t
a e as e . s a a e ,
e e , e s

i n
s o f di eff n topr f i n eren t f di ff r n t c
o ess o t s, o o e e a s es .

Thu v ri s,u k in d a f thi o v s nu m rs ot d in K n

e d i
es a re e e a e a

ka n
s, 20 a d n d hor m n
2 1, ach riot r n d i nf
se n t y e ,
a ee s a a r

a re s
p k n f in 6 Simil rly th c rp nt r th c h r
o e o 2 . a e a e e ,
e a

i t
o
m -
k r t ha pott e r n,
d t h e bl ck mith e m n
a tio n d in
e a s ,
e e

2 7 ,
l f orm
a so
d di ff r nt pro f
e io n n d ne e t c t ess s a o as es .

Th N i e
h a d n d sth r l
a a o m n tio n do i n t h
e s, m a s e e e sa e

K ndika w
a
r bvio u
,
ly boe e o igi n l trib w h s th na r a es, o, e as

n w f
o
orm ,
d t h lo w te t t f eHi n d u oci es ty s ra a o s e .

Th li t i e v y m u s h n ls rg d
er in t h 3 t h cch pt
e r f
a e e o a e o

th e sam w o k w hi eh w r h v n bc f or ,
as i f e a e see e e, s o a

c on id bl l t d t nd i nd d b lo ng to t h [G z
s era e a er a e, a ee e s e aa
C H AP . V] . CASTE . 2 39

o r th ppl m nt B ut h r t w m t with m ny
e su e e . e e oo, e ee a

n me w hi h i ndic t prof
a s c i n nly nd m ny oth r
a e ess o s o , a a e s

w h i h undo ubt dly r f r to th

c e b rigi n ; nd w fi nd n
e e ea o es a e o

ev id nb th t th m
e e f t h A ry n pop ul tion ( l vi ng
a e ass o e a a ea

as i d th p i t nd w rrior ) h d b n divid d i nt
e e r es s a a s a ee e o

c as t esW fi nd n m
. e f di ff nt ki nd a f thi v
es o f ere s o e es, o

d n ra p k
c e s, nd fr q u nt
s ea ers, in a mbli ef e ers asse es o

l w d m n nd o n f unm ri d w m n ; f ch riot
e e ,
a s s o ar e o e o a

m k a rp nt r pott r j w ll c ultiv tor rr w

e rs, c a e e s, e s, e e ers, a s, a o

m k r a nd b w m k r
e s, a f d w rf
o -
nd crook dly
a e s o a s a e

f m d m n bli nd
or e nd d f p r o n
e ,
f phy ici n
a ea e s s o s a s

a nd tr nom r f k p
as o e sf l ph nt hor
o ee nders o e e a s, ses a

ca ttl f r nt cook g t k p r nd w ood ut

e o se v a s, s, a e -
ee e s, a -
c

t r ;
e s f p i nt r o nd ngr v a ;
e s a f w h rm n dy e a ers o as e e , ers

and b rb r a f l rn d m n nd pro ud m n
e s o ea e f w om n e a e o e

of i u d
v ar o criptio n s fest n n r fi h rm n nd h unts o a e s, s e e , a

e rs nd fo w l r
a f gold mith e s nd m rch nt
o f mn
s s a e a s o e

w it h v rio u di a ; f sw i g m k
seases nd im gi
o n tiv -
a ers a a a e

m n ( po t ) f m u ici n f v rio u ki nd nd m n f
e e s o s a s o a s s, a e o

o th d criptio n It i pl i n th t thi i n t li t f
er es s . s a a s s o a s o

t O n th oth r h nd th M g dh nd Sfi t nd
c a s es . e e a ,
e a a a a aa

Bh i m l n d
a a a M ig y u n d S nirn n da N i h a da n d va , a s a a

Du m d r nda oth r a, a m n ti n d i n th li t e s l ly
e o e e s a re c ear

aborigi n livi ng und r th h dow f th Ary n o i ty

es, e e s a o e a s c e .

W h ev o naly to d ed th t t h m a li t w ith light modi

a e sa e s , s

fi ti n
ca i o giv n in
s, t h sT it t i iye Br a hm n e a r a a a .

Th bove li t a thro w e om s sli g h t n t h t t s e o e s a e

o f th oci ty e nd s t h pro
e f ioa n w hich w re ess s e e te
 EPIC PERIO D .
[
B OO K n .

c og ni d in th p riod f which w p k ; b ut th y
ze e e o e s ea e

h v nothi ng to do w ith t Thro ughout th Ep i

a e c as e . e c

P riod
e nd thro ugho ut t h
a R tio n li ti A g w hi h e a a s c e c

follo w d t h gr at body f t h A y n p opl

e ,
e e w r th o e r a e e e e e

u ndivid d V i y e lthough th y follow d num rou

a s as, a e e e s

pro f io n Alo ng w ith th Brahm n nd th K b t

ess s . e a s a e s a

r iy th y form d th Ary n n tion nd w r ntitl d

as e e e a a a e e e e

to a ll t h right nd privil g
e nd th lit
s a y nd r li e es, a e era r a e

gion h it g f th n tio n Th co nqu r d bo i

s er a es o e a . e e e a r

gi n w h form d th Sfi d
es , o t w r lo n d b rr d
e e ra c as e, e e a e e a e

fr m t h h it g
o e f th A y n
er a e o e r a s
.

Thi i th c rdi n l di tinction b t w n th nci nt

s s e a a s e ee e a e

t y t m nd th
c as e s s e t y t m f th m d n
,
a e c as e s s e o e o er

a g eC
. t r ras ed m privil g f
ese v e pri t n d
so e e es or es s , a

s om p i il g f w rio in nci nt tim ; b ut

e r v e es or ar rs , a e es

n ever di id d nd d s nit d th A y np p l
v e a P i t
i u e e r a eo e
. r es s

a nd w rrior a nd iti n though follow i ng th i

s a c z e s, e r

h dit y pr f ion from g n r tion t g n r tio n

ere ar o ess s e e a o e e a ,

f lt th t th y w r
e a n n tio n nd n r c
e e e c iv d
o e a a o e a e, re e e

th e m ligi
sa e i n tructio n po
re o usd th me s s, ssesse e sa

lit r t r nd t diti n t nd dr nk tog th r

e a u e a ra o s, a e a a e e ,

i nt r m r i d nd h ld o i l mm unio n in ll
e a re a e s c a co a res

p t
ee s, nd w r a pr ud t ll
e eth m lv th oA y n o ca e se es e r a

rac e as a g i n t t h c nqu d borigi n C t in m

a s e o ere a es . as e o

d rn ti m h ut up t h A ry n p pl i nt or f
e es as c e a eo e o sc es o

comm uniti h p n d th w id gul f f c di

es , as o e e e e o ra e s

t in ti n
c mo ng th di ff r nt comm uniti
o s a he i nt r e e es, as e

di t d m r i g nd o i l comm union mong them

c e a r a e a s c a a ,
 24 2 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

e xp ll d
e e and b t
ccordi ng to th pl u ( f th ir
ea en a e eas re o e

A nd in th cond or third d gr h i
“
e se e ee, e s

ca p bl f nt ri ng th conditio n f th Sfi d
a e O e e e o e ras .
”

In pr vio u ch pt r w h v
a e n th t J n k
s a k i nge e a e see a a a a,

o f th V id h
e i mp rt d to Yaj n v lky l rni ng un
e as, a e a a a ea

k no wn to th pri t b for O n thi

e Yaj n l k y
es e e . s av a a

O ff r d t h ki ng th choic f boo n H pli d l t ‘

e e e e e o a . e re e e

m nquir f th w h t v r I d ir O Yaj n v lky !

e e e o ee a e e es e a a a

H nc forth J n k b c m
e e Brahm n ( S t p t h
a a a e a e a a . a a a a

B rahm n X I 6 a )
a, , , 2, I .

W h v oth r vid nc to how th t m n n t

e a e e e e es s a e o

born Brahm n b c m Brahm n by th ir r p ut ti n

a s e a e a s e e a o

a nd th ir l r ni ng
e In A it
ea y Br ahm n .
( II w are a a a , e

a re told f K h th n f Ilu h a whom th th

O av as a, e so O s , e o er

Ri hi xp ll d f om
s s e e crifici l sion yi ng h w
e r a sa a ses ,
sa , o

s hould th n f l v girl g m t r w h i n
e so o a s a e , a a es e , o s o

B rahm n r m i n mo ng u
a ,
e nd b com
a i niti t d
a s a e e a e

B ut K h k n w t h god
av as a nd ll th god k n w h im
e e s a a e s e
,

a nd h w e dmitt d
as a Ri hi Simil rly in th b u
e as a s . a , e ea

t i ful l g nd f S ty k fi m J bal
e e o in th a Ch h and gy
a a a a e o a

Up ni h d (IV
a s a i x mplifi d th f ct th t t uth
,
s e e e e a a r

a nd l rni ng op n d ut in tho
ea d y p th to th
e e o se a s a a e

h igh t ho nor nd to th high t c t

es a Th l g nd i e es as e . e e e s

so b utiful in it implicity nd it po t y th t w f el
ea s s a s e r . a e e

n h it tio n in quoti ng
o es a portion f it a O

I S ty k fi m t h
. a n f J bal a ddr
a a, d hi e so o a , a esse s

moth r nd id e a I w i h to b com
sa B h m h fi in
: s e e a ra ac r

(
re ligio u t ud nt) moth
s s r O f wh at f mi ly m I P
e , e . a a
C HAP . V] . CASTE . 24 3

2 .id to him I do n t k no w my hild f

Sh e sa o ,
c , o

w h t f mily tho u
a a t In my yo uth w h n I h d to mov ar . e a e

a b ut m uch
o r nt I conc iv d th as aI do n t
se v a , e e ee . o

k n w f w h t f mily tho u t I mJ balfi by n m tho u

o O a a ar . a a a e,

a r t S ty k fi m a y th t
a tho u t S t y k fi m
a, s a J b al a ar a a a a a .
’

3 H .g i n g to G u t em H idou m t id to a a a ar r a a, sa

h im I w i h to b com ‘
B h m h fi in w ith y u Si
s e e a ra ac r o , r

M y I c m to y u Si ?
’
a o e o ,
r

4 H . id to him O w
e sah t f mily y u my a a are o ,

f i nd
r e H r pli d I d n t k no w Sie e f wh t
e o o ,
r, o a

f mily I m I k d my moth r
a a . nd h nw r d
as e e ,
a s e a s e e

In my yo uth w h n I h d to mov bout m uch e a e a as a

se r nt I c nc iv d th
va ,
I d n t k no w f w h t
o e e ee . o o o a

f mily tho u
a t I m J bal a by n m tho u ar . t S ty a a a e, ar a a

k m I m th r for S ty k fi m J bal
”
Si
’
a a . a e e e a a a a a, r .

5 H . id to him N
e sa n b u t tr u B a hm n 0 o e a e r a

w u l d th u
o p k ut G nd f t h fu l fri nd I h ll
s s ea o . O a e c e ,
e , s a

ini t i t y u Y u h v n t w rv d from th t ruth ’

a e o . o a e o s e e e .

A nd thi tr th lovi ng yo ung m n w s u i niti t d nd

-
a as a e , a

a c rdi ng to th c u tom f h tim w nt ut to t nd

co e s O t e es, e o e

h i t e ch c ttl In tim h l rnt th gr t truth

’
s a er s a e
. e e ea e ea s

w h ich n tu nd v n t h brut
a re, a cr tion t ch th e e e e ea , ea ose

wh mi nd
o se op n to i n truction Y h l rned
s are e s . es, e ea

truth from th bull f th h rd th t h w t nding

s e o e e a e as e ,

fr m th fi
o th t h h d light d nd from fl ming
e re a e a e , a a a o

a nd di a bi d w hich fl w n r him wh n in th
ver r vn e ea , e e e e

ing h h d p nn d h i co w
e a nd l id wood n th
e e vn s s a a o e e e

ing fi nd re, t b ehi nd ita Th yo ung tud nt th n

sa . e s e e
244 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B OO K II .

c m b ck to h i t ch r nd h i t ch r t onc id
a e a s ea e , a s ea e a e sa

F ri nd y u hi n lik
e o n wh s k no w Br h m n
e e o e o s a a

wh th n h t ught y u
o e as Nt mn wa th o o e , as e

young tud nt r ply And th truth w hi h th y u ng

s e
’
s e . e c e o

stud nt h d l nt (though cloth d in th f n i ful nd

e a ea r e e a c a

som wh t grot qu tyl f th p riod ) w th t t h

e a es e s e O e e as a e

fo ur q u rt r and th rth th ky th h v n nd
e s, a e ea , e s , e ea e a

th e oc n nd th un th moon th lightni ng nd
ea ,
a e s , e ,
e , a

th fie nd th org n nd mi nd f livi ng b i ng
re, a e a
y s a o e s, ea

th w hol univ r
e w
e Br hm n or G d e se as a a o .

Such i th t chi ng f t h U p ni h d
s e ea nd uc h o e a s a s, a s a re

th po tic al l g nd in w hich th t
e e e e chi ng i loth d
s e ea s c e as

w h ll furth r n A l g nd lik th t f S t y
e s a see e o . e e e a O a a

k am J bal in th U p ni h d wh ich i full f h um n

a a a e a s a s, s o a

f li ng nd p tho
ee a nd th high t mor l l
a o n ch r
s a e es a ess s, ee s

a nd r fr h e th tud nt ft r h h w d d thr ugh

es es e s e a e e as a e o

p g
a f
es ot h d y nd m nei ngl dogm
r a nd rit u l ea ess as a a s

o f th Brahm n
e B ut u p urpo a in q uoti ng t h l
as . o r se e e

g n
e d h r i to ho
e e w th t th r ul
s f th c t h d n t
s a e es o e as e a o

b com y t rigid w h n uch l g nd w r compo d W

e e e e s e e s e e se . e

fi nd in th l g nd th t th e n f
e e rv nt girl wh a e so O a se a , o

did n t k now h i
o wn f th r b c m sr ligio u t ud
o a e , e a e a e s s

e nt imply through h i l v
s f t uth l rnt th l on s o e o r , ea e ess s

which n tur nd th
a l rn d m n f th tim o uld
e a e ea e e o e e c

t ch him
ea nd ub q u ntly b c m cl
, a s d mong thse e e a e asse a e

wis t r ligio u t ch r f th tim Sur ly th c t

es e s ea e s O e e. e e as e

y t m f th t nci nt tim m u t h v b n fr d m
s s e o a a e e s a e ee ee o

it l f o mp r d to th
se c n l vi ng y t m f l t
a e ti m e e s a s s e o a er es,
2 46 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

a dmitt d to th crific O n th oth r h nd th B ah

e e sa e
. e e a ,
e r

m n K h triy
a s, s nd V i y
a w r ll bl to
as a crifi a s as e e a a e sa ce

( S t
a ap t h a Br ahm n a II I nd th r for at h d i
a, , I, a e e e e s

t in ti n b t w n th
c o s c t w m ll nd th u
e ee ese as es as s a , a e s

p m
re yac f th Br aohm n w lmoe t nomi n l y t a as a s a e .

In n p o e g i nd d w h v it boldly t t d th t
assa e, ee , e a e s a e a a

B rahm n m y b a f unc rt i n birth but th t h onl y i

a e o e a , a e s

a tru Brahm n wh i born f th B h m n f th

e a o s o e ra a o e sa

cri f c wh r for n Kaj ny

i e e e Vi y l nld b
e eve a a a or a a s a s zo e

a dd d
resse B hm n as i nc wh i born f th
ra a i s e o s o e sa c r

i b rn f th B / m n nd h nc Brah m n "
fi ce s o O e ra z a a e e a a a .

( S t
a ap t h a Br ahm n a II I a a, ,
2 , I,

It w in t h
as Epic P riod th t th e crifici l d e a e sa a co r

Y j nop vit c m to u W
a a
‘
a a told in th S t
e se . e a re . e a a

p th Brahm n II 4 th t wh n ll b i ng c m t
a a a a, , ,
2, a e a e s a e o

Pr j ap ti th god
a a , nd t h f th r c m w
e s i ng t h
a e a e s a e, ea r e

sa crifici l cord And w

a told in K u h it k i Up n
. e a re a s a a

i h d II 7 th t th ll co nq u ri ng K u h it ki do
‘
s a , , , a e a -
e a s a a res

th un w h n ri i ng
e s h vi ng p ut n th crifici l co d
e s , a o e sa a r .

Th Y j n p it w
e a w orn in thi
a av nci nt p riod by
a as s a e e

Brahm n K h triy nd V i y lik but nly t

a s, s a as a a s as a e, o a

t h tim
e f p formi ng Y j n or V dic wor hip
e O er nd a a e s a

sa cri fi c es .

Thi ng h v ch ng d i nc tho nci nt tim Th

s a e a e s e se a e es . e

Y j n p it i n w h bit u lly nd o t nt tio u ly w orn

a a av a s o a a a s e a s

m mb r f n c t o nly—th
,

a t ll tim —by th
a es e e e s O o e as e e

Brahm n nd th t c t h forgott n to p form

a s, a a as e as e er

Vdic Y j n !
e a a
 C H APT ER VI .

S O CIAL AND D O M ESTIC L IFE . TH E PO SITIO N O F

WO M EN .

THEgr t di ti nctio n th n b tw n th oci ty f th

ea s e e ee e s e o e

V d ic tim nd th oci ty f th Epic P riod i th t

e es a e s e o e e s a

th e c t y t m w unk now n in th form r nd

as e s -
s e as e e , a

h d b n d v lop d in th l tt r
a ee e e B ut thi w
e n t e a e . s as o

th e o nly di ti nctiv f turs f th tim C nturi

e eaf e o e es . e es O

cu lt u r nd progr
e a h d th ir i nfl u nc n oci ty
ess nd a e e e o s e , a

th e c ultur d Hi nd u f th Epic P i d w r
e s o e er o e e as

w i d l y di ff r nt in th ir oci l m nn r from t h
e e e w e s a a e s e ar

ri r cultiv tor f th V dic P riod

o -
a s o th Gr k e e e as e ee s

O f t h tim e f P ricl w r di ff r nt f m th
e O e Gr k es e e e e ro e ee s

o f t h tim e f A g m m no n nd Uly
e o a e a ses .

Th Hi nd u f th p riod f w hi h w
e s o p ki ng
e e ,
O c e are s ea ,

h d tt i n d
a a a high d gr f r fi n m nt nd ivili
e a e ee o e e e a C z a

tion nd h d d v lop d mi nut rul to r gul t th ir

a a e e e e es e a e '
e

dom ti nd oci l d uti

es c a Roy l co urt w r th
s a es . a s e e e

t f l rni ng nd th l rn d nd w i f ll n tio n
sea s o ea ,
a e ea e a se o a a s

w r i nvit d ho nor d
e e e nd r w rd d
,
J u tic w d
e a e a e . s e as a

mi ni t r d by l rn d ffi
s e e nd l w r gul t d v y
ea e o cers, a a s e a e e er

d uty f lif To w n w ith th ir trong w ll nd

o e . s e s a s a

b uti ful dific

ea m ultipli d mo ng ll n tion nd h d
e es e a a a s, a a
24 8 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K H .

h ir j udg th ir x cutiv offic r nd th ir poli

t e es, e e e e e s a e ce .

A gric ult ur w fo t r d nd th ki ng
e asffi c r ttl d
s e e , a e
’
s o e s se e

a ll di p ut nd look d to th coll ctio n f t x

s es a nd e e e O a es a

t h com fort
e f c ultiv tor s o a s .

W h v e id th t th ourt f nlight n d nd
a e sa a e c s o e e e a

l rn d ki ng
ea e lik tho f th Vd h th K a i
s, e se o e e e as , e s s,

a nd th Kuru P n h fil w r th princip l t f
e -
a c as, e e e a sea s o

l rni ng in tho tim

ea L rn d pri t w r r t i n d
se es . ea e es s e e e a e

in uch co urt f
s th p rform nc f c ific
s or nd e e a e O sa r e s, a

l o f th purpo f th c ultiv tion f l ni ng nd

a s or e se o e a o ea r a

m ny f th Brahm n nd Up ni h d w hi h h v
a o e a as a a s a s, c a e

b n h nd d do wn to u w r pr b bly comp d in
ee a e s, e e o a o se

th e chool w hich th pri t found d O n g t

s s ese es s e . rea

oc ion m n f l rni ng m from di t nt to w n nd

c as s e o ea ca e s a s a

vill g nd di c u ion w r h ld n t o nly n itu l

a es, a s ss s e e e o o r a

i ti m tt r but n uch ubj ct

s c a e s, th h um n mi nd
o s s e s as e a ,

th d ti n tio n f th
e es o ul ft r d th th futur w ld
a o e s a e ea , e e or ,

th en tur f th god th
a f th r
e O nd th di ff nt
e s, e a e s, a e e re

ord f b ing nd l tly n th n tur f th t Univ r

ers o e ,
a as o e a e O a e

sa l B i ng wh
e h m ni f t d him l f in ll th w k
o as a es e se a e or s

we see .

l rning w n t co nfi n d to roy l o urt T h

B ut ea as o e a c s . ere

w P ri h d or Brahm ni
ere a s attl m nt f th ul
s a c se e e s or e c

t i ti n f l
va o rni ng n w ri ng to th Univ r iti f Eu
O ea , a s e e e s es o

rO p nd
e yo u ng
a m n w nt to th P ri h d to cq ui e e ese a s a s a re

l rni ng
ea Thu in B ih da ny k Up ni h d VI
. s r a ra a a a s a ,

2, w l ern th t S t k tu w nt to th P ri h d f
ea a ve a e e e a s a s o

th P n h al
e af hi d uc tio n M M ull r in h i
c as or s e a . ax e s
2 50 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B O O K II .

r d to h ppi r t t f li f nd to th ir du r w rd ;
c ee , a e s a es o e a e e e a

b ut tru k no wl dg e lon l d to fi n l unio n w it h G d

e ea e ea s a o .

Wh n t ud nt h d th u c quir d th tr d iti n l
e s e s a s a e e a o a

l rni ng ith r in P ri h d or und r priv t

ea e e at hr s a s e a e ea c e s,

t h y r t urn d to th ir hom
e e e m ri d nd ttl d d wn e es , ar e ,
a se e o

as ho u hold r With m rri g b g n th ir d uti

se e s . a a e e a e e s as

hou hold r nd th fir t d uty f hou hold w t

se e s, a e s o a se er as o

light th crifici l fi und r n u picio u c n t ll

e sa a re e a a s s o s e a

t io n to ff r mor ni ng nd v ni ng lib tio n

, O e f milk ta e e a s o o

th fi e to p rform oth r r ligiou nd dom tic it

re, e e e s a es r es,

a nd bov all to o ff r ho pit lity to tr ng r

e a nd t
e s a s a e s a o

r c iv nd ho nor g u t Th
e e e a nc f H i nd u es s . e esse e o a
’
s

duti i nculc t d in p g lik th follo w i ng

es are a e assa es e e

S y wh t i tru ! Do thy d uty ! D

a a s n t n gl t
e O o e ec

th t udy f th Vd Aft r h vi ng bro ught t t hy

e s O e e a e a o

t c h r th prop r r w d d n t ut ff th liv f
ea e e e e ar ,
o o c O e es o

childr n 1 Do n t w rv from th truth D n t

e o s e e e o o

s w rv from d uty ! D n t n gl ct w h t i u f l
e e D
o o e e a s se u o

n t n gl ct gr t n
o e e Do n t n gl ct th l rni ng nd
ea ess o e e e ea a

t chi ng f th V d
ea O e e a

Do n t n gl ct t h ( crific ) work du to th god

o e e e sa e s e e s

a nd f th r ! L t thy m th r b to th
a e s e lik unto o e e ee e a

god L t thy f th r b to th lik unto god L t

e a e e ee e a e

thy t ch r b to th lik unto god Wh t v r

ea e e ee e a a e e ac

tio n bl m l tho ho uld b r g rd d n t oth r

s are a e ess, se s e e a e , o e s .

Wh t v r good w ork h v b n p form d by u th

a e e s a e ee er e s, ose

s hould b ob rv d by th e — ( T
se itt i iy eU p ni h d ee .
”
a r a a s a ,

I,
C H AP . v1 .
] SO CIAL L IF E . 25 1

P l ing pictur f h ppy t t f oci ty

eas es o a a s a e o s e are

p r n
es et d i n m ny p e g w hi h w m t
a w ith i n t h assa es c e ee e

l i t r t ur p riod M y th B ahm n in u “
e a f th e o e e : a e r a s o r

k i ngdom y th pri t t ho ifi liv in

” “
, sa s e es a a rse sac r -
ce, e

p i ety ; m y u w r ior a b kill d ino rm r n d mighty

a r ; s e s e a s a

m y u ow yi ld u p o fu milk u bullock c r y
a o r c s e s r se , o r s a r

t h ir w ight
e nd u hor
e b w i ft
s, a m y u w om n o r ses e s a o r e

d f nd th ir h m
e e nd w rrior b victoriou
e o my u
es, a a s e s a o r

y ou th b r fi
s n d in th
e ir m nn e M e
y P rj n y e a ers a a a a

s h o w r r i n in
e v ry hom nd in v ry gion
a e e e a e e re

m y u crop yi ld gr i n nd rip n nd w tt i n
a o r s e a s a e , a e a a

wi h nd liv in bli — W hit Y j r V d ”

o u r s es ( a e ss . e a u e a

X X II,
Th e w ea lth
rich m n c n i t d in gold nd ilv rof e o s s e a S e

a nd j w l in c r hor
e co w m ul nd l
e s in
a s, ses , s es a s av es

h u o nd f rtil fi ld
s es a nd v n in l ph nt ( Chh an
e e e s, a e e e e a s.

d gy o Up ni h d V
a 3 7 n d a9 ; V II s
4 ; S t
a , , I , I , a 1 ,
2 a a

p th
a B ahm
a n I II 4 8 r T it t i iy U pa n i h d
a, I 5 ,
2, a r a a s a , , ,

1 2, & & ) Gold i co n id r d

c .
,
c p op r gi ft t cri
. s s e e a r e a sa

fi c e,th gi ft f ilv r ( R j t m H i ny m) b i ng
e o s e a a a ra a e

s t ictly p hibit d Th r n i ffi ci ntly g ot qu

r ro e . e easo s su e r es e,

as th r o n giv n in th B ahm n g n r lly

e eas s e e r a s e e a a re

W h n th g d cl im d b ck th go d d p it d w ith
e e o s a e a e o s e os e

A g ni h w pt , nd th t e b h d b m ilv r ;
e , a e ea rs e s e ec a e s e

and h n if ilv r i giv n

e ce d k l ind th r w ill b
s e s e as a s z , e e e

w pi ng in th h ou ! Th r on rc ly v il th
ee e se e eas sca e e s e

c upidity f pri t w hich w Oth r l c u f gi ft es s as e ea a se o s

in gold .
252 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

Not o nly w th u f gold nd ilv r k no wn b ut

as e se O a s e ,

v r l oth r m t l
se e a e m ntion d inw hit Y j ur V d
e a s are e e e a e a,

X V III 3 , Th follow i ng p
1 . g from th C hh an
e assa e e

d gy Up ni h d p cifi
o a a som m t l th n in u
a s e es s e e a s e se .

A n bi nd gold by m n f l
s o e s n ( bor x ) nd ea s O a oa a a , a

silv r by m n f gold nd tin by m n f ilv r nd

e ea s o , a ea s o s e , a

l d by m n f tin nd iron (l l ) by m n f l d
ea ea s o , a o za ea s o ea
,

a nd w ood by m n f iro n nd l o by m n ea s fO ,
a a s ea s o

l th r ( IV 7
ea e .
”
,
1 ,

In Ait y Br a hm
are a n V II I w told vi d n at a, ,
2 2, e are , e e

ly in th l ng u g f x gg r tion th t th n f
e a a e o e a e a , a e so o

A tri p r nt d t ntho u nd l ph nt
ese e e nd t n th o u nd sa e e a s a e sa

l v girl w ll ndow d with orn m nt n th i

S a e s, e e e a e s o e r

n ck w h h d b n g th r d from ll q u rt
”
e s, o a ee a e e a a ers .

A in th V dic P riod t h food

s e ef th p pl e ,
e o e eo e

c on i t d f v rio u ki nd f gr i n w ll th m t
s s e o a s s o a as e as e ea

o f nim l
a In th B ih dfi ny k
a s . Up ni h d V e I r a ra a a a s a , ,

III 3 t n ki nd
,
I ,
ef d m ntio n d i ric nd
s o see s are e e ,
v z .
, e a

b rl y (b ih iy fi )
a e r m um nd kid n y b n ( til
av s ,
sesa a e ea s a

m a hsa ) mill
s t
,
n d p nic ed ( nup yi n
ag ) a see a r a avas ,

wh t (g dh uma ) l ntil (m u a ) p ul ( k h l fi )
ea o s e s as r s ,
s e, a v s

a nd v tch e ( k h l k u l
esfi ) a a s .

In t h W hite Y j u r V d X V II
eI w ha v li t e a, ,
1 2, e a e a s

o f th gr
ese i n b id m u
ad g ni fis, nd y fi
esm fi k e a, v ra, a s ar .

Gr i n w r ground nd pri nkl d w ith c urd h n y nd

a s e e a s e s, o e a

cl rifi d butt
a e nd m d i nto di ff r nt ki nd f
er, a so a e e e s o

c a k M ilk nd it v io u p r p tion h v
e
. a s rb n ar s e a ra s a e ev e ee

a f o it f d in Indi
av r e oo a .
 254 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

is m u i ng di c u io n to th propri ty f t ing
an a s s ss as e e o ea

th m e t f n ox or
ea w o Th co ncl u io n i n t
a a co . e s s o

v ry d fi nit L t him (th pri t) n t t th fl h f

e e e e e es o ea e es o

th w nd th ox
e co N v rth l
a Yaj n v l k y
e id . e e e ess a a a sa

t( ki ng pp r ntly v ry pr ctic l vi w f th m tt r)
a a a e a e a a e o e a e ,

If nor o t it provid d th t it i t nd r !
e ea ,
e a s e e

Th pr ctic l Yaj n v lky co uld c rc ly ho w

e a a r a a a s a e eve

h v cont mpl t d th wo nd rful ff ct f v g t bl

a e e a e e e e e s o e e a e

a nd nim l di t r p ctiv ly
a a l id do wn in t h f l
e s es e e ,
as a e o

lo wi ng p g from th B ih da ny k U p ni h d
assa e e r a ra a a a s a

( V I 4 7 ,
n d ,
8 ) I a 1

And if m n w i h th t l rn d d ught r h uld

a a s es a a ea e a e s o

b born to him nd th t h
e hould liv to h full g
, a a s e s e er a e,

th n ft r h i ng pr p r d boil d ric with

e a e av m m e a e e e ses a u

a nd b utt r th y (th h u b nd nd w i f ) ho ul d b th
e e e s a a e s o

ea t b i ng fit to h v
,
e ff p i ng a e O s r .

A nd if m n w i h th t l r n d n ho u ld b
.
a a s es a a ea e so s e

b rn to him f mo u publi m n popul r p k r

o ,
a s, a c a , a a s ea e ,

th t h hould k now ll th V d nd th t h hould

a e s a e e as, a a e s

liv to h i full g th n ft r h vi ng pr p r d b il d
e s a e, e a e a e a e o e

i w ith m t nd butt th y ( th h u b nd nd w i f )
r ce ea a er, e e s a a e

s hould both t b i ng fit to h v ff p i ng Th ea ,
e a e O s r . e

m t hould b f y ung f n old bull

ea s e o a o or o a .
”

W c rc ly tho ught th t t h v n r bl compo r f

e s a e a e e e a e se s o

t h V dic Brahm n
e e v r u p ct d ny ort f n a as e e s s e e a s o co

n i n b tw n b f
ex o ti ng nd public p ki ng uch
e ee ee ea a s ea , s

as h m nif t d it l f in l t r d y !
as a es e se a e a s

And n w l t u r d r by n ffort f th ir im
o e o r ea e s a e o e
3H A P . v1 .
] SOCIAL L IF E . 255

ag i n at ion con truct f th m lv th oci l li f w hich

s or e se es e s a e

th e H i nd u f th E pic
s o P riod w hich th citi n
e e , e z e s

o f H tinap u
as nd K amp ily ra a nd Ayodhy a liv d thre a a e e

th u
o nd y r
sa g T h
ea s at w n w r o urro
. und d by e o s e e s e

w ll a b ut ifi d by dific
s, ea e nd l id ut in e p ciou es, a a o s e s

s t t
r e e s, — which w o uld n t b r comp ri o n w ith th o ea a s e

s t ur t u rc nd ro
es ad f mod r nd y a — but w r prob bly
s o e a s, e e a

th e fi n t f th ir ki nd in n i nt tim
es o e Th ki ng a c e es . e
’
s

p a l ace w l w y th c ntr
as a f t h to w n nd w
a s e f e e o e a as re

q u n
e t d by boi
e t ro u b ro n n
s ed r ud oldi
s ry a s a a e s e as

w ll e by holy i nt nd l rn d pri t Th p opl

as sa s a ea e es s . e e e

fl o c k d to th e p l c n v ry gr t occ ion lo d
e a a e o e e ea as , ve ,

res p t d n
ec ed w or hipp
a d t h ki ng n d
s h d n high e r e , a a o e

f it h th n loy lty t
a a th ki ng Ho u hold r nd
a o e . se e s a

c it i n h d th ir po
z e s a io n nd w lth in g ld ilv r
e ssess s a ea o , s e

a nd j w l in c e e s, hor m ul nd l v
a rs, nd inses, es, a s a es, a

th efi ld eurro undi ng th
s s tow n Th y k pt th cr d e . e e e sa e

fi re in v ry r p
e e ct bl ho u hold h nor d gu t
es e a e se ,
o e es s,

li ve d ccordi ng t th l w f th l nd o ff r d c ific
a o e a o e a , e e sa r es

w it h t h h lp f Brahm n nd ho nor d k now l dg

e e o a s a e e e .

E v ery Ary n boy w a nt to h i chool t n

as rly se s s a a ea

a g Br
e a
. hm n n d K h a triy
s a n d V i y w r s dau as a a s as e e e

t d tog th r l
ca e rnt th m l on nd th m
e e ,
ea e sa e ess s a e sa e

religio n nd r t urn d hom m rri d nd

, a e ettl d down e, a e a se e

as ho u hold r Pri t nd oldi r w r portio n f

se e s . es s a s e s e e a o

th ep opl i nt rm rri d with th p pl nd t nd

e e, e a e e eo e, a a e a

d nk w ith t h p opl
ra V rio u cl
e e f m nuf ct ur r
e. a s asses o a a e s

sup p li d th ev riou w nt f civili d oci ty nd

e a s a s o a ze s e , a
 2 56 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

f ollow d th ir nc tr l prof ion from g n tion t

e e a es a ess s e era o

g n r tion but w r n t ut up i nto p r t

e e a ,
e e t o c se a a e c as es .

A gric ult uri t liv d w ith th ir h rd

s s nd th ir plo ugh
e e e s a e s

ro und ch town whil holy i nt nd m n f l rn

ea : e sa s a e o ea

ing om tim s liv d w y in for t to dd d y by d y

e es e a a es s a a a

t th t k no w l dg which w
o a th
e mo t h ri h d h it
e as e s c e s e er

a g f
e ot h A ry n e T h pict ur f
a n ci
s nt. li f n b e e o a e e ca e

i nd fi nit ly nl rg d but ch r d r w ill prob b ly d

e e e a e ea ea e a o

thi f him l f W w ill t urn from thi g n r l count

s or se . e s e e a ac

o f nci nt oci ty to x mi n th po itio n w hich w m n

a e s e e a e e s o e

h ld in th t oci ty
e a s e .

W h v e n th t t h
a e b ol ut cl u ion f w m n
se e a e a s e se s o o e

w as un k n o w n in nci n t In di Hi n d u w om n h l d n
a e a . e e a

honor d pl c from th d wn f Hi nd u civili tio n fou

e a e e a o sa r

thou nd y r g th y i nh rit d nd po
sa ea s a o dp e e e a ss ess e ro

p rty ; th y took h r in crific nd r ligiou

e e a s a e sa es a e s

d uti ; th y tt nd d gr t
es e a mbli n t t
e e c ea asse es o s a e oc a

s ion ; th y op nly fr q u nt d p ublic thorough f

s e e e e e a res,

a ccordi ng to th ir n d v ry d y f th ir li f ; th y
e ee s, e e a o e e e

O ft n di ti ngui h d th m lv
e s sin i nce nd t h l r n e se es sc e e a e ea

ing f th ir tim
o ;e n d th y v n h
es d th i l gitim t a e e e a e r e a e

i nflu nc n politic nd dmi ni t ti n And lthough

e e o s a a s ra o . a

th y h v n v r mix d fr ly in th oci ty f m n
e a e e e e so ee e s e o e

as wom n do in mod rn Europ y t b ol ut

e l u ion
e e, e a s e s ec s

a nd r tr i nt es an t Hi nd u c u tom ; th y w
are o un s s e ere

k nown in Indi till t h M h m d n tim a nd et a o e a es a are o

t hi s d y unk now n in p rt
a f Indi a lik t h M h a s o e e a a

ras ht w h r th rul
ra, f th M o l m w
e e e bri f N e o e s e s as e . o
258 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B O O K II .

Un iv l S l f d w ll in th h u b nd in th w if inth
ersa e e s e s a , e e, e

son nd in w lth in th B ahm n nd K h t iy

s, a ea ,
e r a s a s a r as,

a nd in ll th world in th D v
a ein ll li ing tu s, e e as, a v c rea res,

y ea,in ll t h u niv r a — B ih dA nye k U p ni h d e se r a ra a a a s a .

O u n xt q uot tio n w hich i

r e l from t h m a ,
s a so e sa e

U p ni h d r l t
a sto gr t
a m bly f l n d m n
e a es a ea a sse o ear e e

in t h co urt f J n k king f th Vid h

e o a a a, o e e as

J n k Vid h a arific d with

a crific t w hich
e a sac e a sa e a

m ny pr nt w r ff r d to th pri t f (th
a ese s e e O e e e es s O e

A m dh ) B rah m n f th K ur u nd t h P n
sv a e a . a s o e s a e a

chal h d com thith r nd J n k wi h d t k n w

as a e e , a a a a s e o o

w hi h f t ho
c Brahm n w th b t d S b
o se a s as e es rea . O e

n lo d
e c tho u nd c w nd t n p d ( f g ld)
se a sa o s, a e a as o o

w ere f t n d to ch p ir f ho n
as e e ea a o r s .

“
A nd J n k
2 . pok t th m Y v n bl a a a s e o e :
‘
e e era e

B ahm n h w h mong y u i th wi t l t h im
r a s e o a o s e ses , e

d iv w y th cow Th n tho B ahm n du t

r e a a ese s .
’
e se r a s rs

n t but Yaj n v lky

o ,
id to h i pupil D iv th m
a a a sa s r e e

w y my d H r pli d O gl y f th Sfi m n
’
a a ,
ear . e e e , or O e a

nd drov th m w y
”
a e e a a .

O n thi t h Brahm n b c m ngry nd p li d th

s e a s e a e a , a e e

h ught y p i t Yaj n v lky w ith qu tio n but Yaj n

a r es a a a es s, a

va lk y w m tch f th m ll A l t h H tri
a as a a or e a . sv a a e o

pri t J A tk
es ,
A t bh ag
ra B h uj y u LAh y Ay ni
arav a r a a, a ,

U h t
s Ch ak ay n
as a K h l K u h tt k y Udr a a, a o a a s a e a,

d al k A uni nd oth pli d Yaj n lky w ith q u

a a r ,
a ers e av a a es

tio n b ut Yaj n v lky w n t found w nt i ng ; th

s, a a a as o a e

l n d m n n by n h eld th ir p a
ea r e e , o e o e, e e ce .
C H AP . VL] SO CIAL L IF E . 2 59

Th r w
e e n in t h asg t o e mb ly — nd thi i e rea a sse a s s a

re m k bl f ct w hich th w ligh t n th m nn s f
ar a e a ro s o e a er o

th e —
ti m wh w n t d fici nt in th l rning
e o as o e e e ea

a nd t h pri tly l r e f th es tim b cau h w o e o ose es, e se s e as a

l dy
a . Sh r in t h op ne o se mbly nd id Qe e asse , a sa :

Y aj n l ky ava th n f w ri
a, as fr m th Kfi i
e so r O a ar or o e s s o

V d h m ight t i ng h i lo n d b w t k t w poi nt
e e as s r s ose e o , a e o

e d f oe pi rci ng rro w in h i h nd nd ri t b ttle

-
e a s s a a se o a ,

I h v ri n to fight th
a e se w ith t w q u ti n An w r ee o es o s. s e ,

m the q u tion Th qu tio n w r p ut nd w re

ese es s . e es s e e a e

a n sw r ede n d G a gi V,
fia h k n i w il nt
r c a av as s e .

D n t th
o ‘

p g nd uch p g
o ese assa th in es a s assa es as ese

d i t t h t w om n w r h nor d in n i nt Indi m
ca e a e e e o e a c e a, ore

p erh p ath n m o ng ny th r nci nt n t io nin th f

s a a a o e a e a e ace

o f th gl b ? Co n id
e o d th i nt ll ctu l comp ni n
e s ere as e e e a a o s

o f th ir heu b nd th ir
s fri n
a d nd f
f tio
s, as n t h lp r e e a a ec a e e e s

in t h jo urn y f li f
e th p tn r f th ir r ligi us
e O e, a s e ar e s o e e o

du ti es nd th our f th ir p ur d m tic bli

a e s ce o e e o es ss,

H i nd u w iv w r ho nor d nd r p ct d in nci nt
es e e e a es e e a e

ti m It w n t oft n th t th y tt i n d t h b tru
es . as o e a e a a e e a s se

l rni ng f M it y i or G argi but n v rth l th y

ea o a a re a e e e ess e

w r w ll i nform d in g n r l m tt r
e e e end w ll tr i n d e e a a e s a e a e

in th ir e wn dom tic dutio Fr from ll undu

es es . ee a e

r traint n th ir mov m nt nd ctio n wo m n mov d

es o e e e s a a s, e e

f reely inth oci ty in w hi h th y liv d fr qu nt d p ub

es e c e e , e e e

lic f tiviti nd ight p rfor m d religiou crifi

es es a s s, e e s sa ce s,

vi it d f i nd nd r c iv d visit M or th nthi th y
s e re s, a e e e s. e a s, e

h d th ir right to prop rty nd to i nh rit nc whic h

a e s e a e a e
260 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

in dic t th a eho n or n de r g d in w hi h a th y w r h ld
e ar c e e e e .

It w u o ld b c rc ly f ei to comp
s a r e n ci n t u to
a rm a e a e c s s

w ith t h i n tit utio

e n sf mod r n civili s tio n
o b u t t h e z a e

hi to i n f Indi wh h tudi d th lit r tu f th

s ra o a, o as s e e e a re o e

a ci
n n t Hi
e n d u w ill h v n hs, it tio n i n a t ineg t h t
o es a as ser a

n ve r in et h mo t poli e h d d y s f Gr c s Re m a s o ee e or o e

w r
e e w om n h ld in e high r eg rd in tho o u n t i e re a se c r es

th an th y w r i
en I n di th
e e th u n d y ag ree o sa ea rs a o.

A w h
s v eid b f
a e r lysa m r i g n d h
e o e, il d ea r a r a e a c

m rri g w r till unk no w n in th Ep ic P i d

a a e e e s e er o ,

and w h v n
e u m ro
a u ell u io n to et h m i g
s f
a s s e a rr a e o

girl t prop g W id w m r i g w n t nly

s a a er a e . o a r a e as o o

n t p
o
ohibit d
r b u t th ei di ,
ti n ct n tio n f
ere it sn d s sa c or a

th e rit w hi h es t h w ido wc h d t p e f rm b f h a o er o e o re s e

dow n A '

.
t w t ll pli bl i n tit uti n m n
s c as e as s i a a e s o , e

b longi ng to n c t n t unoft n m rri d w i do w f

e o e as e o e a e s o

an oth r n d B ae hm ,
n m
a
r i d w ido w f oth
r c t a s a r e s o er a s es

w i th o ut ny
r'

u pl A
a n d w h n sc w m n h h ed .
e a o a as a

t n e form r h u b nd n t Br
e a h m n if sBr ahm an t h n s, o a s, a a e

m ri h it i h lon wh i h h u b nd A tk
ar es e r, s e a e o s er s a . arv a

m ny oth r nci nt n ti n but w

a e nfi n d in Indi
a e a o s, as co e a

to k i ng nd w lthy l rds a r ul M d n r d r ea o s as a e . o er ea e s,

w h w uld
o j udg h rohly f n nt Hi nd u vi li ti n e a s o a cre Ci z a o

rf m th pr v l n f thi u tom ho uld r m mb

o e e a e ce o s c s ,
s e e er

th t p lyg my w n ly univ r l mong th w l

a o a as ear e sa a e ea
2 62 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K

o ne ( mc rri n i nt rco u w ith noth h un

an) a es a e rse a er, s e

doubt dly commit ( in) g i n t V run H th

e s a s a a s a a. e ere

f r
o e k h l t h hould ri fi c w i th
as s er, es s te S sa c e a secre

p ng in h mi nd f w h n c nf d th in b o m
a er or e o esse , e s ec es

l
ess, i nc it b om t uth thi i wh y h th u k
s e ec es r : s s e s as s

her .And wh t r ( conn xi n) h c nf

a ev e n t th t e o s e o esses o ,
a

i nd d will turn ut i nj u i u to th r l tiv

ee o ( S t ro s e e a es .
”
a a

p th B fih m n II 5
a a r a a, , ,
2,
 C H APT ER VII .

L AW , A STRO NO M Y , AND TH E PROG RESS O F L EARNING .

TH Epuni h m nt f crimi n l nd prop r dmi ni tr

s e O a sa a e a s a

t i n f th l w
o o t h f und tio n n w h ich ll civili
e a are e d o a so a z e

soc ei ti b ilt nd w fi nd
es are u w r m ppr ci ti n
,
a f e a a a e a o o

l w in
a m pso g in th Brahm n lit r t r
e assa es L w e a a e a u e a

is th k h t
e ( po
s w r)
a ra f t h K h t t h r f or
e th o e s a ra , e e e e re

i nothi ng h igh r th n th
s l w
e Th nc f rth v n a e a . e e o e e a

w eak m n ul a t ong r w ith th h lp f th l w

r es a s r e e e o e a as

w i t h th h lp fe k ing
e Th u th l w i w h t i c ll d
o a . s e a s a s a e

th e tru A nd if m n d cl
e . w h t i tr u th y
a a y e a res a s e, e sa

h e d cl r th l w ; nd if h d l r th l w th y
e a es e a a e ec a es e a , e

sa y h decl r w h
e t ia est Th u botha t h m
s rue . s a re e sa e .

( B ihr dfia n y k I
ra 4 a N a n obl r d
,
fi nitio n
,
f l w o e e O a

h as b n di cov r d by ll th j u i t inth w orld

ee s e e a e r s s e .

Th j udici l proc d u
e a w till how v r crud e re as s e e e,

a nd mo ng th r n i nt n tio n cri mi n l w r
as a o e a c e a s, a s e e

o ft n tri d by t h ord l f fi
e e e ea o re .

Th y bri ng m n hith r whom th y h v t k n by

e a a e e a e a e

th h nd nd th y y
e a , a H h e t k n om thi ng h h
sa e as a e s e ,
e as

co mmitt d th ft (W h n h d ni th y y ) H t
e e .
’
e e e es, e sa ea

t h h tch t f h im If h commi tt d th th ft th n
’
e a e or . e e e e , e

h e gr p th h t d h tch t h i b urnt nd h i
as s e ea e a e , e s a e s
264 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K II .

k ill d B ut if h did n t c mmit th th ft th n h

e . e o o e e , e e

gr p th h t d h tch t h i n t burnt nd h
as s e ea e a e , e s o , a e

i d liv r
s e ( Ch
e h fi nd gy V I M urd r t h f t o a, , e , e ,

drunk nn nd d ult y
e ess g n r lly th ff nc
a a er are e e a e O e es

a ll ud d to e .

Th fi t l m nt ry k no wl dg
e rs e e f th e t n mi l
a e e o e as ro o ca

s ci nc i di c rn bl in th Rig V d it l f Th
e e -
s s e a e e e a se . e

y r w divid d i nto tw lv l un r mo nth nd th i

ea as e e e a s, a a r

t eenth or i nt rc l ry mo nth w dd d to dj u t th
e a a as a e a s e

l un r w ith th ol r y r ( I 5
a e sTh ia n ea f , 2 , e s x s eas o s o

th y e r w r n m d M dhu M adh
ea e e a Sukr e Su ch i a , av a, a, ,

N bh nd N bh y
a a a nd w r nn ct d with di ff r
a as a, a e e co e e e

e nt god ( II Th d iff r nt ph
s ,
f th mo n
.
e e e ases O e o

w re e b r d nd w r p r onifi d d iti
O se v e a R aka e e e s e as e es .

i th
s full moo n Sini ali i t h
e l t d y b fo th
, v s e as a e re e

n w moo n
e nd G ungu i th , n w moo n ( II
a s e e ,

Th po itio n f th moo n with r g rd t th N k h t

e s o e e a o e a s a ras

or th l un r m n io n
e a l o ll ud d t (V III
a s s 13 a s a e o ,

a nd om s f th on t ll tion f th l un r m n ion
e o e c s e a s o e a a s s

are a s l o n m d in X 8 5 3 but th hym n w r prob

a e , ,
I ese s e e a

bly compo d t th tim f th compil tio n f th

se a e eo e a o e

Rig V d which f ll w ithi n th Ep ic P ri d w h n

e a a s e e o , e

th l un r odi c w
e a fi n lly ttl d
z a as a se e .

A might b
s xp ct d th r w e econ id bl e e , e e as a s era e

progr m d in th Epic P riod A trono my h d

ess a e e e . s a

n ow com to b g erd d d i ti nct ci nc nd

e re a e as a s s e e, a

as tronom r by prof i n w r c ll d N k h t D
e s ess o e e a e a s a ra a rsa

a nd G n k a( T it t i i
sy B adh m
. n IV 5 a nd W hirt a r a a , , a e
266 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

o nly w th tt i ng up f th
B ut not c ifi i l
as e se o e sa r c a

fir r gul t d by th con t ll tio n but

es e a e ifi e s e a s, s ac r ces

l ting f y r w r r gul t d by th un nnu l

as or a ea e e e a e e s
’
s a a

c ur Dr M rti n H ug th ditor nd t n l t
o se . . a f a ,
e e a ra s a or o

th Ait
e y B fi h m n
are a h m d om r xc ll n t a a as a e s e e e e

r m rk
e an thi ubj ct w hich d
s o v to b quot d
s s e eser e e e

A r gul tio n f th c l nd r by u h ( tr n mic l)

e a o e a e a s c as o o a

ob v ti n w n b ol ut n c ity f th B ah
ser a o s as a a s e e ess or e r

m n f th prop r tim f com m n i ng nd nding

a s or e e e o e c a e

th ir crific pri ncip lly th

e sa es,c ll d S tt ci a e so -
a e o ra s o r s a r

fi i l
c a io n could n t b k now n w itho ut n cc u t
sess s, o e a a ra e

k now l dg f th tim f th un nort h r n nd

e e o e e o e s
’
s e a

s outh rn progr e Th k nowl dg f th c l nd

ess . e e e o e a e ar

f rm
o uchs s n nti l p rt a f th ritu l th t m ny
esse a a o e a a a

imp t nt conditio n f th l tt c nnot b c r i d ut

or a s o e a er a e a r e o

w ithout th form r Th e crifi ll w d to com

e . e sa ces a re a o e

m nc o nly t rt i n l ucky c n t ll tio n nd in

e e a ce a o s e a s a c er

t i n m nth
a of i n t nc s r ul n gr t crific
so , or s a e, as a e, o ea sa e

n omm nc d u i ng th un outh rn pr g ’
ca c e e r e s s s e o ress

( d é
a n i dys n ) f rz th i i
a r g rda d u p to t h pr
or nt s s e a e e ese

d y a n unl ucky p i d f
as a t h B ahm n in w hich er o or e r a s,

ev en to di i b li d t b mi f rtun Th gr t
e s e ev e o e a s o e . e ea

c ific t k pl g n r lly in pri ng in th m nth

sa r es a e ac e e e a s e o s

C/ it za nd Vi ak l ( A pril nd M y ) Th S tt
ra a a s za a a . e a ras,

w hich l t d f y rwr
as e n m y l
or a n fr m ea , e e, as o e a ear o a

r ful p ru l f th 4 th B k f th Ait y B ah
ca e e sa o e oo o e are a r

m n n thi ng but n imit tio n f th un y ly

a a, o a a o e s
’
s ear

c ou Th y w r divid d i nto t w di ti nct p rt

rse . e e e e o s a s,
C H AP . vi1 .
] L AW, ASTRO NO M Y , &C . 267

i ti ng f i month f thi ty d y ch ; in
e a c h co ns s o s x s o r a s ea

th emid t f both w th Vi h u n i qu tor or

s o as e s va , . e
.
, e a

ce nt l d y c ut ti ng th w hol S tt
ra a ,
i nto tw h lv e e a ra o a es ,

T h c r m ni
e w r in both t h
e e o h lv x ctly th
es e e e a es e a e

sa m but th y w r in th l tt r h l f p rf rm d in n
e e e e e a e a e o e a

i nv rt d o d r
e e Thi r pr nt th i ncr a f th
r e . s e ese s e e se o e

d y in th no th rn nd th ir d cr
a s e in thr uth r n
e a e e ease e so e

p og
r ; f ressboth i ncr nd d cr
or t k p l ease a e ea se a e a ce

ex a —
ctly in th m proportion Introd uctio n Pp 46
e sa e s .
”
, .

a nd 47 .

We h ave said th at th e l una r z odi ac w as

fi n lly ng a arra

e d in Indi to w rd th lo f th V dic P ri d; or
a a s e c se o e e e o

t h comm n m nt f th Epi P ri d
e e ce
y B C e 4 0 o e c e o ,
sa ,
. .
,
1 0

Th ill u trio u Col bro k fi t t t d h i

e s s pi nio n th t e o e rs s a e s o a

th e Hi nd u rr ng d th l un r m n i n from th ir
s a a e e a a s o s e

o wn b v ti n ; nd l t r
O ser a h i nto th i nti
o s a a e researc es e

m t c nn cti n b tw n th V di it nd th po i
a e o e o e ee e e c r es a e s

tio n f th mo n w ith r g d t th t l v n
o e o e ar o e s a rs ea e o

do bt wh t v r t th i ndig n u o igi n f Hi nd u
u a e e as o e e o s r o

t nomy B t n v th l
as ro . m Eur p n h l u e er e ess so e o ea sc o ars

h v i nd ulg d in co nj t
a e to th origi n f Hi nd
e ec ures as e o u

as tronomy nd c ntrov y w hich m y r lly b

, a a o ers a ea e

ca ll d b ttl f b k h r g d in Eu p nd
e a a e o oo s as a e ro e a

A m ric !e a

Th mi n nt Fr nch v nt Bi t w iti ng in 8 6 d
e e e e sa a o r 1 0 e

s crib d th Chi n y t m f Si n
e e n i ndig no ese s s e O e as a e us

Chi n i n titution nd th i nf n w th t th
ese s ,
a e ere ce as a e

Hi nd u N k / t nd A r b M n il w r b rro w d
a s z a ra s a a a az e e o e
 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BOO K II .

fr om th Chi n Th G rm n chol r L
e ese nw. l d e e a s a a sse as e

to dopt thi opinion Th pro f und ch l r W b

a s . e o s o a e er

how v r t k up th ubj ct nd in t w l b r t
e e oo y
e s e , a o e a o a e ess a s

p ubli h d in 8 60 nd 8 6 prov d th t th Chi n

s e 1 a 1 1 e a e ese

Si n e w ll
as t h A r b M n il
e in r p ct f
as e d a a az es e o or er,

numb r id ntity f limiti ng t r

e , e nd i n q u li ty o f s a s, a e a o

di t nc corr pond to n f th mo t mod n ph

s a e es o e o e s er a ses

o f th Hi nd N é l t
e p ior t which th h
u a s za ras , r o es e av e

th ir w n p c uli r hi to y f d v l pm nt W b
e o e a s r o e e o e .
”
e er

th u fi n lly di p
s a f t h th e y f t h Chi n
s oses O o igi n e or o e ese r

o f th Nk l t
e nd fu th r p ov
a th t t h A b
s z a ra s , a r e r es a e ra

l un r m n io n w r impo t d by th Ar b from Indi

a a s s e e r e e a s a .

A nd thi i x ctly th co ncl u io n to w hich Col bro k

s se a e s e o e

h d r iv d
a a r f b ck 8 7 w h n h w rot th t t h
e as ar a as 1 0 , e e e a e

Hi nd u h d n cliptic
s ami ngly th i w n it w
a e ,
“
see e r o : as

ce rt i nly b rro w d by th A r bi n
a o e e a a s .
”

H vi ng th u fi n lly di po d f th Chi n nd
a s a s se O e ese a

A r bi n th o i
a a P of or W b r m u t n d t t
e r es, r ess e e s ee s s ar

a th ory f h i w n w hich w m y c ll th Ch ld n
e o s o ,
e a a e a ea

th y ! H nj ctu th t th Hi nd u y t m m y
eo r e co e res a e s s e a

h v b n d riv d from m f r ign ou c prob bly

a e ee e e so e o e s r e, a

B bylon Th i i nothi ng but

a . nj tu s m s a co ec re, a ere sus

p i i
c on f A , y i norchol r h v n
ss t y t bt i
r a n d ny s a s a e o e O a e a

tr c f l un odi c mong th chiv f old B by

a e o a ar z a a e ar es o a

lo ni n l rni ng ; but P f or Whitn y f A m ic

a ea ro ess e o er a

upport thi u pi io n c ll it b c u h
“
s s h s s s c as e a s e a se e

thi nk th Hi nd u w r n t p pl f u h h bit
s e s
“
e e o a eo e O s c a s

f mi nd to m k b r tio n in th h v n nd
”
o as a e O se v a s e ea e s a
 2 70 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

m u t h v t k n pl c in 8 B C nd 4 6 B C
s a e a e a e 11 1 . .
,
a 1 2 . .

i giv n f
s e th f rm ti n f t h
or e o l un r m n i n A
a o o e a a s o s .
‘

k n wl dg f th o l r di c w b rrow d f om th
o e e O e s a zo a as o e r e

Gr k ft r th Chri ti n
ee s, a e e w w ill s a in ub
era, as e see a s se

qu nt Bo k
e o .

B id es tronomy oth r br nch f l ni ng w r

es as , e a es o ear e e

l o c ultiv t d in th Epic P riod Th u in Ch hfi nd

a s a e e e . s o

gy aU p n i h a d ( V II
s a w fi n d N , ar d 1, yi ng t e a a sa o

S n tk umfi
a a I k no w th
ra, Rig V d i t h Y j ur e e a , s r, e a

V d th SAm V d
e a, e th fo u th th
a e a, A th as n e r e a rv a a,

as t h fi ft h t h It ih a
e Puran th V d
e sa f th Vd a, e e a O e e as

( gr mm
a r) ; tah P it y ( ru l e f r arific f t h es or sac es or e

a n tor ) t h Ra i (th ci nc of num b r ) t h

c es s e s e s e e e s e

D iv (th i nc f port n ) th Nidh i (th ci nc

a a e sc e e O e ts e e s e e

o f tim ) t h V e Ak V Ak y ( l gic) th Ekfiy n ( t hic )

e O a o e a a e s

t h e D v Vi
e a d y a ( tymology t he Br hm Vidy a (p e a a ro

nu n i t
c a i n pro o o d y
,
& ) t h
s Bh u t, Vidyc a
.
( th ci n e a e s e ce

o f d mo e n ) ; t h s K h t Vidye a ( th s ci
a ra nc f w e s e e o ea

pon ) th N k h t Vidya ( tronomy) ; th S rp

s e a s a ra as e a a

D ev a nj n Vidy
a aa (t h ci n f rp n t
e s n d fe g n ii )
ce o se e s a o e .

A ll thi I k no w i s ,
s r .

In B ih da ny k ( II 4
r a ra 0) w a a told th t Rig
, ,
1 e a re a

V d Y j ur V d Sam V d Ath angi

e a, a e a, a Iti e a, arv rasas,

l d r co mogo i Vidy k o
‘

hfi sa ( g n )
e e P u a n s ( ,
n ) a a ( n w s es

l dg ) th Up ni h d Slok ( v r ) Sutr (p o
e e ,
e a s a s, as e ses , as r se

r u les ) A nu V y a k h y a n ( glo ) V y fi k
ash y a n ( m sses , as co
C H AP . VIL ] L AW, ASTRO NO M Y , &C . 27 1

mentaries) h ave , all b ee n br th d f rt h from th

ea e o e Su
p re me B e i ng .

A g in
a in t h e l v nth bo k f th S t
e e e o o e a ap ath a Brah
ma na , we h v m ntion f th thr V d
a e e o e ee e as, th e A th r a

v angirasas, th e A unsasa nas, the Vidy a s, th e Vako

v ak y a , th e It ih asa Purana, th e Narasansis ‘

a nd th e

G At h as .

Pr fess o or Weber
opi nion th t th n m do is of a ese a es

n t n
o rily imply di ti nct p ci f w k w hich
ecessa s s e es o or

e xi t d in th Epic P riod nd w hi h h v b n i nc
s e e e ,
a c a e ee s e

lo t to u
s H poi nt ut th t m ny f th n m
s . e s o a a O e a es

m r ly imply t h di ff r nt ubj ct w hich w till fi nd

e e e e e s e s e s

e xi ti ng in th Brahm n It w t l t g in th
s e a as . as a a a er a e, e

R t i n li ti P iod th t th
a o a s di ff r nt ubj ct w hich
c er , a ese e e s e s

w fi nd i nt rw ov n in t h
e Brahm n nd Up ni h d
e e e a as a a s a s

br nch d ut
a e p r t ubj ct f tudy nd w r
o as se a a e s e s o s ,
a e e

t ught in th p t Stit work nd comp iti n

a e se ara e ra s a os o s

w hi h h v c m do w n to u
c a e a e s .

Th r i o n id r bl f rc in thi up po ition but t

e e s c s e a e o e s s s , a

th m tim it m v ry lik ly th t n m ny f t h
e sa e e see s e e a o a O e

s ubj t num r t d bov p t w ork xi t d in

ec s e e a e a e, se ara e s e s e

t h Epic P riod w hich h v

e b n lo t to u b c u
e ,
a e ee s s e a se

th y h v b n r pl c d by mor l bor t nd i n
e a e ee e a e e e a a e a sc e

t ifi w ork
c f l t r g n th m ubj ct
s O a a e a e o e sa e s e s .
 C H APT ER VIII .

THE SACRIFICIAL RITES AND L EGEND S O F TH E

B RAH M ANAS .

TH Em i n f tur which di ti ngui h th r ligi n f

a ea e s s es e e o o

t h Epic P riod from th t

e e f th pr c di ng g i th a o e e e a e s e

gr t import nc which c m to b tt ch d to
ea a e
ifi a e e a a e s a cr ce .

In th rli r portio n f th V dic P riod m n m

e ea e o e e e , e co

po d hym n in pr i f th mo t impo i ng m ni f t
se s a se o e s s a es a

tion f n t ur they d i fi d th v riou n t u l

s o a e e e ese a s a ra

ph nom n nd th y wor hipp d th d iti und r th

e e a, a e s e ese e es e e

n m
a f Indr or V run
e o f A g ni or t h M rut
a a Th a o e a s . e

w or hip took th
s h p f crific i th o ff i ng f
e s a e o sa e, . e, . e er o

milk or gr i n f d f nim l or lib tio n f th om

a oo ,
o a a s a s o e s a

j uic t th god Such fi ing w r but n m

e o e s. o
'

er s e e a ac co

pa nim nt to t
e h w or hip f t h go d
e w hich procs d d o e s ee e

from pio u h rt nd pio u lip

s ea s a s s.

A g du l ch ng
ra h w v r i p rc ptibl to w rd
a a e, o e e ,
s e e e a s

t h clo f th Rig V d nd in t h p iod f th ‘

e se o e e a, a e er o e

Brahm n s rifica as uch th ac m r form nd c r

e as s ,
e e e s a e e

moni l nd o ff i ng h d cquir d uch n b nor m l

a s a er s, a a e s a a a

import nc th t v rythi ng l w lo t in it Th
a e, a e e e se as s . e

pri t pp r to h v b li v d th t th nci nt hymn

es s a ea a e e e e a e a e s

h d b n compo d imply nd ol ly f
a ee se th pu p
s a s e or e r ose
 2 74 EPIC PERIO D .
[
B O O K II .

essen e c
t ut f it It nt r d i nto thi rth
wen o o . e e e s ea

Th y rch d f it by diggi ng Th y found it in th

e sea e or . e e

s h p f tho tw ub t nc th ric nd b rl y
a e o se o s s a es, e e a a e

th r for v n n w th y bt i n tho tw by digging;

e e e e e o e O a se o

a nd m uch ffi c y ll tho
as crific d nim l i
e ac as a se sa e a a v c

tim w ould h v f him

s m uch ffi c cy h thi
a e or , so e a as s

obl tion ( f ric

a f him wh k now thi
o e, or o s s .

Prof or M M iill i nf r from thi p g th t

ess ax er e s s assa e a

h um n crific pr v il d mo ng th nci nt H ind u

a sa es e a e a e a e s,

n t in th
o B ahm n P riod n t v n in th V di
e r a a e , o e e e e c

P riod but t
e ,
till r mot r g Dr R j ndr L l
a a s e e a e . . a e a aa

M itr w r g t to b v follo w th l d f Pro f

a, e e re o ser e, s e ea O essor

M M ull r
ax nd i nf from c rt i n oth r p
e ,
a ag ers e a e ass es

w hi h h c quot f m th lit tur f thi p riod

e es ro e era e o s e ,

t h t th i nh m n c u t m pr v il d in t h
a e u r mot p t
a s o e a e e e e as

W d m ur to th co ncl u io n f th
e e tw mi n nt
e s s o ese o e e

s chol r a s .

If h um n crific h d pr v il d in Indi b for th

a sa e a e a e a e e e

R ig V d hym n wh i he a n w xt nt w r ompo d
s c a re o e a e e c se ,

w e hould rt inly h v found ll u ion to it in th

s ce a a e a s s e

h y mn th m lv s ll ion f m r fr q u nt th n w
e se es -"
a us s ar o e e e a e

fi nd in th l t r B ahm n L it r t r
e a e W fi nd n uch r a a e a u e . e o s

a ll ion Th tory f Sun h p h

us s . t ld in th Rig
e s o a se a, as o e

V d i n vid nc f h um n ific A nd th i
e a, s o e e e o a sac r e . ere s

ab ol ut ly n thi ng l in th Rig V d which n b

s e o e se e e a ca e

co nt u d s r e vid n f thi f t It i impo ibl t

as e e ce O s ac . s ss e o

su ppo th t ch t ik i ng nd f ful c u tom hould

se a su a s r a ear s s

h v a xi t d nd gr d u lly f ll n i nto di u with ut

e e s e a a a a e s se o
 C H AP . vi m] SACRIF ICIAL RITES . z 75

tk
sle av in
g t h e s light t tr in th V di hym n om e f es ac e e e c s, s o

w h i h h v com d w n from v y n i nt d t a
‘

i
c a e e o er a c e a e .

A nd w h r do w fi nd ll io n to thi c u tom in us
‘

e e e a s s s

riét h lit tur f th Epic P ri d ? Th Sam V d i

e era e o e e o e a e a s

tac o mp il d from th V di hym n nd f ur th

e e e c i s, a O co se ere s

n m ntio n f h um n crifi in thi V d Th

o e o a sa i n ce s e a . ere s o

m ntio n f th horribl u t m in th Bl ck Y j u
e o e e c s o e a a r

:
a V d nd th r i n m ntio n f it in th W hit Y j ur
e a, a e e s o e o e e a

Vd p p rly ll d It i in th v y lt t
y

e s e
‘

e a, ro e so ca . er a es

mp iti n f th Epic P i d in th k / l
co os o s O — e er o , e zz a
'

or

up pl
s m n t ry e p tio
e n f t
a h W hit Y j u V d in t h
or O e e a r e a, e

B r a hm n f t h a Bl ck
a O Y j u r V ed in t
a h A it y a e a, e are a

B a hm nr f t h a R iga V d
o n d th e l t b u t n b
e ok a, a e as o e o

f t h
o S t p et h Br a
a ahm n a th t w
a h v cc una t f
a a e a e a o s O

h u
'

m n crific a Isa it po ibl

e to
. po t u
s l t t h xi t ss e s a e e e s

n e f horribl c u tom in Indi in th m t p t

ce o a e s a e re o e as

f w
o hich w fi n d n m n
e ti n i n t h R ig Vo d in t
e h o e e a, e

S a m V d i
a n t h Bl ck or W hit Y j ur V d but th
e a, e a e a e a, e

m mory f w hich udd nly r viv d ft r

e O s thou nd
e e e a e a sa

y r in th uppl m nt nd Brahm n f the V d ?

ea s e s e e s a a as o e as

O i it n t f
r s mor n t ur l to uppo th t ll th
o ar e a a s se a a e

l lu a io n tos h u m n
s crific in t h l t r compo itio n
a sa e e a e s s

f toh E pic eP riod th p c u

e l tion f pri t are e s e a s o es s,

j u t th r s as p cul tion b ut th crific f th

e e are s e a s a o e sa e o e

S p
u r m B i neg hime l f ? e I f t h pri t n d d ny
se e es s ee e a

ugg s tio n t hes c u tom f th N n Ary n trib w ith

, e s s o e o -
a es

wh m th y b c m f mili r inth
o e e a Epic P riod wo uld
e a a e e

yi ld th t ugg tion
e a s es .
z 76 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B O O K 11 .

th ugh h um n c i fic n v pr v il d m ng
B ut o a sa r es e er e a e a o

t h A y n in Indi
e r a ni m l
s ific n d bt p a, a a s ac r es o ou re

v il d in nci nt tim but g d u lly f ll i nto di u

a e a e es, ra a e s se

a ft r th Epic P ri d
e e It w th gro wi ng r p ug n nc
e o . as e e a e

to th killi ng f nim l w hi h w n f th c u
e o a a s c as o e o e a ses

w hich l d to th ri ef B uddhi m in t h e R t io n li ti
se o s e a a s c

P riod
e nd th t f ith w
,
a nti llya r ligio n f
a as esse a a e o

h um nity nd prot ction to ll livi ng b i ng

a a e a e s .

Th di ff r nt v ri ti
e f
e e crific c rt inly xc d
a e es o sa es e a e ee

b ut G ut m cl ifi th m
a a v n ki nd f
a a ss es e as se e s o

Pak ifi
r a sac r
-
n ki nd f H ih
c e, ifi e nd
seve vn s o av -
sacr c a se e

ki nd f Som s o ifi a sac r
-
ce .

Th e H av ih -
sacrifi ces are

( ) A
I n
g y a d h ey a ( Se tti ng up th cr d fi ) e sa e re .

2 A
( ) g nih o t ra ( D a ily ob l tio n) a .

( 3) D arsa p u n mar a ( F ull n d

sa n w moo n a e sa ci r

fi ce) .

A
(4 ) g y ra a na ( H a r v est sac rific e ) .

Ch rmasy a ( F o ur m o n hly sacrific e

( 5) at u t ) .

N i ud h ap asubandh a ( A nim al sacrific e

( )
6 r ) .

S a m ani ( An expi atio n fo r ov r i d l c

( 7) a u t r e n u ge n e -

in Som a) .

Th e S om a s ac rifi ces are

-

A nish to ma
( ) g
I .

2 A t a nish toma
‘
yg .

D ff r nt typ
i e e es or nor m s of

r mo ni l
ce e a s .
278 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

fi re, and a s quare fo r th e Ah av aniy a fi re, a nd if a so uth

ern or D k h inagni a s w as r q uir d e mi circ ul r re

e ,
a se -
a a a

w as m rk d outh
a e s of th p c b t w n th th r
e s a e e ee e o e

t wo .

Th e A dhv ryu th n procur d t mpor ry fi

a e ith r e a e a re, e e

prod uci ng it by frictio n obt i ni ng it from c rt in ,

or a e a

s p cifi d o ur in th vill g nd ft r th u u l fi
e e s c es e a e, a a e e s a ve

fold l u tr tio n f th Ga h p ty fi
s a o pl c h l ide r a a a re -
a e, e a

dow n th fi th r o n T w rd un t th
e re e e .ifi o a s s se e s ac r c er

i nvok d th god nd m n H nd h i w i f th n
e e s a a es . e a s e e

e nt r d th Ga h p ty ho u
e e e nd th Adhv y h nd
r a a a se, a e ar u a

d him tw pi f w od th m f th p d ti n
’

e o eces O o ,
e a ra or e ro uc o

o f th Ahe niy fi n th
av a n xt mo ni ng
a re nd th o e e r , a e

s ac r ifi nd h i w i f l id th m n th ir l p
cer a s e nd p
a e o e a s, a ro

p it i t
a or y c r mo n i w r
e e p fo m d T
es h ifi e e er r e . e sa c r c er

a nd h i w i f r m i n d w k t h w h l night nd k pt
s e e a e a a e e o e a e

up th fi e In th mor ni ng t h Adh
re . e y u xti ng ui h e v ar e s

e d th fi e or if th w to b D k h inagni h k pt
re, ere as e a a s , e e

it till th t fi w m d up S ch in b i f i th
a re as a e . u r e s e c ere

mo ny f th Ag ni adh an O th tti ng p f cri

o e -
a, r e se U O sa

fi i l fir
c a w hi h f rm d n imp t nt d uty in t h li f
es, c o e fa or a e e o

v ry Hi ndu h h ld r in n i nt d y w h n th
e e o use o e a c e a s, e e

g od w s w or hipp
ere d by h sm n i n h i fie pl c n d eac a s re -
a e, a

t mpl nd idol w unk no w n

e es a s ere .

W w ill n w bri fly ll ud to om oth r nci nt

e o e a e s e e a e

c u toms Th ill u t i u G rm n h l Dr Rot h fir t

s. e s r o s e a sc o ar . s

p oi nt d u
e t in 8 54
o f om p 1 g in t h,
R ig r V d a assa e e e a,

( X , 8 1 ) th
, t
11i n n i n t g a b i l w apr cti c ed b y a es ur a as a se
C H AP . v 111 .
] SAC RIF ICIAL RITES . 2 79

th e Hind u Thi c u tom w f llow d by th bu ni ng

s . s s as o e e r

o f t h d d nd th b uri l f th
e ea a h Th t thi l tt r e a o e as es . a s a e

c u tom w
s l in v gu inth Rig V d P ri d pp r
a s a so o e e e a e o a ea s

f o m oth r p
r g u h X 5 4 nd X 6 In
e assa es, s c as ,
1 ,
I ,
a ,
1 , 1 .

th e Epic P iod f w hi h w er n w p ki ng th
,
o c e a re o s ea , e

c u toms f b uryi ng h d c
o d ltog th nd th d d a e ase a e er, a e ea

w r b ur nt
e e nd th h w r b ri d W fi nd n
,
a e as es e e u e . e a

a cco unt f thi in th 3 sth ch pt r f t h Whit Y j u

o s e a e o e e a r

V d Th b n f th d c d w
e a . e o oll ct d in
es o e e ease e re c e e a

v es se l nd b uri d in th ground n r t m nd
a e e ea a s rea , a a

mo und w r i d high th k n nd v r d w ith

as a se as as e ee a co e e

g r a ss T h. r l tiv th en b th de an d ch ng d thes ir e a e a a e e

c loth nd l ft th fun l gro nd Th m c r

es a e e era u . e sa e e e

mo ny i m f lly d
s rib d in th Ar ny k f th
o re u esc e e a a a O e

B l ck Y j r V d
a It i
a u c ly n c ry t dd th t
e a . s sca r e e ess a o a a

th ecu t om w hi h n w p r v il m ng th Hi nd u i
s c o e a s a o e s s

s impl c m tio n w ith ut th b uri l f th h Thi

e re a ,
o e a o e as es . s

re e c nt c u t m b g n cco di ng to D R j nd L l
s o e a ,
a r r . a e ra a a

s h tly ft
or th a omm n m nt f th Chri ti n
er e c e ce e o e s a era .

Th i nt r ti ng
e mo ny f th g ift f c k to th d
e es c ere o e o a es e e

p a rt d en tor iad crib

ces d in t h o nsd h pt r f th
es e e sec c a e o e

W hit Y j e V d Th k
a ur ff r d t t h Fir
e a . e ca es are O e e o e e

a nd to Som nd t h F th r
a, a i n ok d to c iv th i e a e s a re v e re e e e r

sh ares Th n foll w n ddr to th F th r w ith

. e o s a a ess e a e s

r f r nc t th i
e e e e o n f th y e s x Th w r hip seaso s o e ear . e o s

p er th n look t h i w if nd y
e s a F th r ! y u s e a sa s a e s o

h v m d u dom tic m n—w h v bro ught th

a e a e s es e e a e ese

g i ft sto y u ccordi nog to u po w r Th n o ff ri ng

a o r e . e e a
2 80 EPIC PERIO D .
[
B OO K II.

thr d w l h i h y F th ! thi i y u
ea or oo or a r, e sa s : a ers s s o r

a pp r l w r it Th n th wi f t
a e ,
ea c k w i th
.
”
e e e ea s a a e a

d ir to h v childr n nd y
es e a e F th r ! l t m l e a sa s a e s e a a e

b born in m in thi
e on D y u prot ct th n
e s seas . o o e e so

in thi w omb from ll ick n D p rt d pirit ”

s a s ess . e a e s s,

a ccordi ng to th Hi nd u l igi n r c i off ri ng fro m

e re o ,
e e ve e s

th ir l ivi ng d c nd nt nd g t no n wh n th f mily
e es e a s, a e e e e a

i
s e xtinct H nc th xt m f r f Hi nd u t di
. e e e e re e ea o s o e

w itho ut m l i u nd th bi th f
a e niss p t f e, a e r O a so s a ar o

th r ligion
e e .

Tu ni ng n w to l g nd w not w ith i nt r t h w
r o e e s e e e es o

s impl m t phor nd imil in th Rig V d t k

e e a s a s es e e a a e

s hp a l g nd in th B ahm n nd th n xp nd
e as e e s e r a as, a e e a

i nto gorg ou myth f th Purane s s o e as .

W h v e n th t in V dic hym n Som i

a e see id t a e s, a s sa o

b e Obt in d fro m th k y nd bro ught down by

a e e s , a a

f lco n Th
a f lco n in th
. Brahm n i th Gay t i
e a e a a s e a r

M tr w hich fl w up t th
e e ky f Som e B ut w h n o e s or a . e

G ay tri w a ry ing Som th G ndh rv t l it

as c ar a e a a as s o e .

A th G ndh rv
s e fo nd f wom n V
a aak or p ch as are O e , s ee

w nt in th
e h p f w om n without cloth to d l ud
e s a e o a a es e e

t h G ndh rv
e a Th G ndh rva w asd l ud d nd
. e a a as ere e e , a

re cit d th V d to h but th god ng to h nd

e e e as er e s sa er a

a m u d h nd h t urn d t th g d
se er, a wh for
so s e e o e o s ere e

e ev n to thi d y wom n giv n to v i n thi ng

s a e a re e a s,

a nd h nc it i to him w h d nc
e e nd i ng th t th y
s, o a es a s s a e

mo t r dily t k f n y ( S t Br III
s ea a Th u
e a a c a . . 2, s

both Som nd v ak c m to th god a a a e e s

.
282 mm PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

Th r i b uti ful V dic imil in which th Su n

e e s a ea e s e e ,

p ur u isng th D wn i comp ed to lov r pau r ui ng ,

s are a e s a

m id n Wh could h v im gi n d th t thi imil

a e . o a e a e a s s e

w o uld gi ri t th l g nd w hich i found in th

ve se o e e e s e

Brah m n ( S t p th I 7 4 ; Ait y III 3 3

a as a a a a , , ere a , ,

th t Pr j ap ti th upr m god f lt p ion f h i

a a a , e s e e , e a ass or s

d ught r
a nd thi
e w
,
th
a origi n f cr tion ! Th i s as e o ea s

l g nd in th Brahm n furth r d v lop d it lf in t h

e e e a as e e e e se e

Puran wh r as,B hm a i r pr nt d e e morou f ra s e ese e as a s o

h i d ught r
s a Th w hol e f th . mon tro u l g nde e o ese s s e e s

a ro from impl m t phor in th Rig V d b ut

se a s e e a e e a a o

t h Sun follo w i ng th
e D wn Th t uch i th o i gi n e a . a s s e r

o f th P u anik f bl
e w
a k nown to Hi nd u thi nk r
r a es as e s

a nd comm nt tor w ill pp r from th foll w i ng

e a s, as a ea e o

w ll k no w n rgum nt f K uma il th gr t opp n nt

e -
a e o r a, e ea o e

o f B uddhi m nd th pr d c s or f S nk a h a y
, a e e e ess o a ar c r a .

It i f bl d th t Pr j ap ti th Lord f Cr tio n did

s a e a a a , e O ea ,

viol nc to h i d ught r B ut wh t do it m n
e e s a e . a es ea

Pr j ap t i t h L ord f C
a a , tio n i n m f th un
e o rea , s a a e o e s

a nd h i c ll d
e b c u h prot ct ll cr tu
s a e so e a se e e s a ea res .

H i d ught r U h
s a i th d wn A nd wh n it i
e s as id s e a . e s sa

th t h w in lov w ith h thi o nly m n th t t

a e as e er, s ea s a a

s un i th
r se un run ft r th d w n th d w n b i ng t
e s s a e e a , e a e a

th e m tim c ll d th d ught r f th un b u
sa e e a e e a e o e s ec a se

s h ri e wh n h
ses pp o h In th m m nn r it
e e a r ac es . e sa e a e

i
s id th t Indr w th d uc r f Ah ly a Thi
sa a a as e se e o a . s

do n t imply th t th god Indr committ d uch

es o a e a e s a

c rim ; but Indr m n th un nd Ah ly a th

e a ea s e s , a a e
C H AP . VIII ] . SACRIF ICIAL RITES . 28 3

ng i ht ; a nd as ight i d uc d nd rui n d by
th e n s se e a
‘

th e sun o f th e morni ng th r for i Indr c ll d th

, e e e s a a e e

p aramo ur f A h ly a o a .
”

Th r i myth in th T itti iy B ahm n ( I 3

e e s a e a r a r a a ,
I, ,

5) th t n othi
a ng w n in t h b gi nni ng x pt
as seew t r e e e ce a e ,

a nd lotu l f t ndi ng ut f it
a s ea Pr j ap ti div d in
s a o o . a a e

th e h p f b r nd b ought up om rth nd
s a e o a oa a r s e ea a

s pr d it ut nd f t n d it down by p bbl Thi

ea o a as e e e es . s

w asth rth
e ea .

A imil s to y i told in th S t p th Brahm n

ar s r s e a a a a a a

( I I , 1 , I,th t t h g d nd A u
a both p un
e g fr m o s a
'

s ras s r o

Pr j ap ti
a nd th
a ,
rth tr mbl d lik lot l f wh n
a e ea e e e a us ea e

th g d
e o nd A urs a o nt nd d f m t ry W k n w
s as c e e or as e . e o

th t in th Rig V d th w ord A ur i n dj tiv

a e e a, e s a s a a ec e

w hich m n trong ea pow ful nd i i nv ri bly

s s or er , a s a a

a ppli d to god x pt in th v y l t hym n f th

e s e ce e er as s o e

l t M nd l In th B ahm n th w d h ng d it
as a a a . e r a as e or c a e s

m ni ng lt g th
ea nd w
a o ppli d to th n mi f
e er, a as a e e e e es o

t h god
e bo t w h om m ny n w l g nd w i nv nt d
s a u a e e e s ere e e .

Th t ry f Pr j ap ti onc ivi ng p ion f h i

e s o o a a c e a a ss or s

d ught r nd thi b i ng th origi n f cr tio n h l

a e a s e e o ea as a

r dy b n ll ud d t b fo A n th r ount i giv n
ea ee a e o e re
. o e a cc s e

in t h S t p th B ahm n ( II 5 )
e a a a a V rily in th
r a a , ,
I :
“
e e

b gi nni ng P j ap ti lon xi t d h
e ra aH c t d a e e s e ere . e rea e

livi ng b i ng nd bi d nd ptil nd n k b t th y
e s a r s a re es a s a es, u e

a ll p d w y f w nt f food H th n m d th
asse a a or a o . e e a e e

br t inth for p t f th ir body (

ea s s e ef th m mm l )
ar O e
'

z e, o
. . e a a s

t m with milk nd th li i ng cr tur urviv d

ee ,
a so e v ea es s e .
2 84 EPIC PERIO D .
[
BO O K 11 .

Whil eth u l g nd nd p cul tion w r pri ngi ng

s e e s a s e a s e e s

up in th Epic P riod r ligio n nd r ligio u f ith w

e e , e a e s a as

s till th m in th V dic P riod Th god f th

e sa e as e e e . e s o e

Rig V d w r till wor hipp d nd th hym n f

e a e e s s e , a e s o

t h Rik Sam n or Y j u w r
e ,
till utt r d
a t xt a s e e s e e as e s .

O nly th v n r tio n w ith w hi h th god w r lo k

e e e a c e s e e o

e d up to in th V dic P riod w m rg d n w in th
e e e as e e o e

v n r tio n f th crifici l r moni And up r

e e a or e sa a ce e es . s e

s titi n h d i ncr
o d v tly i n th V dic P riod
a ease as s ce e e e .

Ev ry e crific v y t v y mov m nt h b n
sa e, e er ac ,
e er e e as ee

l id do wn nd d rib d in th Brahm n nd n
a a esc e e a as , a o

d p rtur i llo w d Sup titi n r o n

e a e s a ll g d
e . ers o s eas s a re a e e

f
or e e v ry t njoi n d n th wor hipp r nd p n nc
ac e e o e s e , a e a es

ord i n d f a e ll ki nd f mi h p
or Th r
a s o s a s . e e a re

p n nc f in t nc if th w it dow n wh n b i ng
e a es, or s a e, e co s s e e

milk d or if h ri or m v nd pill th mil k

e , s e c es, o es a s s e , or

if th milk i poilt or th
e po n i br k n or if t h
s s ,
e s o s o e , e

A g nihotri h d t r or if h i w i f or
s e w giv
s bi th
ea s, s e co es r

to twi n ! (Ait y B ah m n V nd VII) Such

s are a r a a, a . a re

th i n vit bl r ult wh n pri t

e e a e m d th u
es s e es s a re a e e c s

t di n
o af th co n ci nc
s O f n tio n
e s e e o a a

N w god h w v r w r lo wly fi ndi ng pl c in th

e s o e e e es a a e e

n —
Hi nd u p th o n m which h v cq ir d import n
n a e a es a ea u e a ce

in l t r tima e W h v lr dy esn th t A rj un w
. e a e a ea see a a as

a noth r n m e f Indr v n in th S t p th B ah
a e O a, e e e a a a a r

m n In Ch pt r X VI f th Whit Y j ur V d w
a a . a e o e e a e a, e

fi nd Rudr lr dy umi ng h i m r mod rn P u anik

a a ea ass s o e e a r

n m a nd
es, umi ng m r di ti nct i ndivid u lity In
a ass a o e s a .
 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

sa rc ific b ing p rform d by D k h Pa v ti ; nd in

e e e e a s a r a a

t h K n Up ni h d w fi nd m ntio n f
e e a a s f m l
e ll d e e o a e a e ca e

Uma H im v ti wh a pp r d b for Indr nd

a a , o a ea e e e a a ex

pl i n d to Indr th n tur f Br hm n Th
a e a e a e o a a . ese a re a

f w p cim n
e s f th
e c tt r d m t ri l in th B ah
e s o e s a e e a e a s e r

m n lit r tur ut f whi h th gorg ou P u anik

a a e a e, o O c e e s a r

l g nd f Siv nd h i con ort w r r d

e e O a a s s as ea e .

In th Ait y e Br ahm n (V I
are a nd in S t p t h a a , a a a a a

Brahm n (I a w a told th tory f th g d bt i n

, 2, e are es o e o sO a

ing from th A ur th p rt f th w orld w hich V i h nu

e s as e a o e s

could trid ov r or cov r nd th u th y m n g d t

s e e e , a s e a a e o

g et t h w hol ew orld It i in t
e h l st book f t h S
. t s e a O e a a

p th Brahm n (X IV
a a th t Vi h nu obt i n o t
a a , I, a s a s a s r

o f upr m cy mo ng god
s e a nd h i h d i th n tr uc k
a s, a s ea s e s

o ff by Indr Kri h n th n f D v ki i n t y t
a . s a, e so o e a , s o e a

d ity ; h i pupil f Ghor Angi

e e s a in th Ch h an
o a rasa e

d gy U p ni h d ( III 7
o a a s a ,
1 ,

Whil in th e c tt r d llu ion w d t ct m t ri l

ese s a e e a s s e e e a e a s

f
or th ontruction f th gorg ou P u anik my
e c s O e e s a r

t h l gy
o o f l t r d y w l o fi nd in th Epic P riod
o a a e a ,
e a s e e

tr c f th t c ptici m in Brahm nic l rit nd r d

a es o a s e s a a es a c ee

w hich brok ut l o t l t r d y in th B ud dhi t

e o a s a a a e a e s

r vol utio n Th Tandy Brahm n f th Sam Vd

e . e a a a O e a e a

co nt in th Vaty tom by which th Vaty

a s — e r a s as e r as or

A ry ans not living a ccordin to tire B rdiz ma mcal sys tem

’

g
could g t dmi ioni nto th t community Som f th m
e a ss a . e o e

a rethu d crib d sTh y driv in op n ch riot f

es e e e e a s o

w c rry b w nd l nc w r turb n rob b rd r d

ar, a o sa a es, ea a s, es o e e
C H AP . v 1 11 .
] SACRIFICIAL RITES . 287

w ith d nd h vi ng fl utt ri ng nd ho nd h p
re a a e e s, s es a s ee

sk i n fold d do ubl ; th ir l d r
s e di ti ngui h d by e e ea e s a re s s e

b ro w n rob nd ilv r n ck orn m nt ; th y p ur u

es a s e e a e s e s e

n ith r gric ult ur n

e e comm r ; th ir l w
a in e or e ce e a s a re a

st t f nfu ion ; th y p k th m l ngu g

a e O co s e s ea e sa e a a e as

th o wh h v r
se iv d Brahm ni l co n r tio n but
o a e ece e a ca sec a ,

n v rth l
e e ll w h t ie essily pok n h rd to pro
ca a s eas s e a

n unc I it po ibl th t thi d cripti n r f r t

’
o e . s ss e a s es o e e s o

so m hord
e — —
prob bly T ur ni n wh pr d int
es , a a a s, o esse o

B h r thro ugh t h Him l y

e a nd gr d u lly dopt d e a a as, a a a a e

H i nd u l ng u g nd civili tio n ?
a For th r t a e a z a e es , a

Vaty w n t y t look d upo n with co nt mpt nd

r a as o e e e , a

th e Supr m B i ng i ddr e d in P n Up ni h d
e e s a esse ras a a s a

as a Vfity r a .
 C H APT ER IX .

TH E RELIGIO US AND PH ILO SO PH ICAL SPECUL ATIO NS

O F TH E UPANISH AD S .

IT is r li f to pa n from t h
e e ritu l nd r ass o e a s a ce e

moni f th Brahm n to th h lthi r nd mo

es O e a as e ea e a re

vigor u p c ul tio n f th Up ni h d Th Hp ni
o s s e a s o e a s a s . e a

sh d w r g n r lly compo d bout th clo f th

a s e e e e a se a e se o e

Epic P riod l vi ng ut f cour th l t r U p ni h d

e ,
ea o o se e a e a s a s

w hich com do w n v n to th P u fi nik P riod

e e eS m e a r e . o e

imp ti nc pp r to h v b n f lt w ith th l b
a e e a ea s a e ee e e e a o

r t nd unm ni ng rit th dogm tic but ch il di h

a e a ea es, e a s

expl n tion nd th my tic but grot qu r o ni ng

a a s, a e s es e ea s

w hich fill th vol umi no u Brahm n ; nd thi nk i ng

e s a as a

m n mu t h v
e k d th m lv if thi w
s a e as ll e e se es s as a

th t r ligion could t h E rn t m n whil till

a e eac . a es e , e s

conforming to th rit l id down in th Brah m n e es a e a as ,

b g n to p c ul t n th d ti n tio n f th h um n
e a s e a e o e es a O e a

soul nd n th n tur f th Supr m B i ng L rn

a o e a e o e e e e . ea

ed K h triy wh
s a b c m di gu t d w ith th e p
as, o e a e s s e re

t n ion f r lly ignor nt pri t m u t h v giv n

e s s o ea a es s, s a e e a

t rt to th h lthi r p c ul tion or t l t c ri d
s a ese ea e s e a s, a ea s ar e

th m n w ith vi go ur nd ucc
e o until Brah m n a s ess, a s

wh ow wi in th ir wn t m f lt th ir inf i
ere se e o es ee , e e er
29 0 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K II .

i
a m dit t n th t vi ibl e World
man e a eb gi nni ng o a s as e ,

e ndi ng nd br thi ng in t h Br hm n;
,
a ea e a a

Th Int llig nt who

e b dy i pirit w h fo m
e e ,
se o s s , ose r

i light who
s thought
,
tru who n tur i lik
se s a re e, se a e s e

e th r (om nipr nt nd i nvi ibl ) from who m ll

e ese a s e , a

w rko ll d ir
s, a ll w t do ur es nd t t p c d
es, a s ee o s a as es ro ee

h ewh mbr c o ll thi wh

e nv r p k
a es nd i a s, o e e s ea s a s

n v r urpri d
e e s se .

H i my l f w ithi n th h rt m ll r th n corn
e s se e ea , s a e a a

o f ric m ll r th n corn f b l y m ll r th n
e, s a e a a o ar e , s a e a a

m u t rd d m ll r th n c n ry d or th k n l
s a see ,
s a e a a a a see e er e

o f c n ry d H l i my l f w ithi n th h rt
a a a see . e a so s se e ea ,

gr t r th n th
ea e th gr t r th n th k y gr t
a e ear , ea e a e s , ea er

th n h v n gr t r th n ll th world
a ea e ,
ea e a a ese s .

H from whom
“
e ll work ll d ir ll w t a s, a es es , a s ee

odour nd t t proc d wh mbr c ll thi wh

s a as es ee , o e a es a s, o

n v r
e e p k nd is nea u s —
v r rpri d h my l fa s e e s se , e se

w ithi n t h —
h rt i th t Br hm n Wh n I h ll
e ea s a a a . e s a

h ave d p rt d from h nc I h ll obt i n h im

e a e e e, s a a .

C/z /z dndogy a III, 14 .

Sv etak et u,hv n b for t y d w ith h i

as we a e see e e, s a e s

t ch r from h i t w lfth y r to h i t w nty fo urth nd

ea e s e ea s e -
, a

th n r turn d hom havi ng th n tudi d ll t h

e e e e,
“
e s e a e

Ved conc it d co n id ri ng him l f w ll r d nd

as, e e ,
s e se e ea , a

t m B ut h h d y t thi ng to l rn Whic h w r
s e .
”
e a e s ea e e

n t ordi n rily t ught in t h

o chool f th g nd
a a e s s o e a e, a

h i f th r U ddal k
s a A un y t ught him th tru n
e a a r e a a e e a

t ur f t h Univ r l Sp irit in b uti ful imil

e o e e sa ea s es :
 ] RELIGIO US SPECULATIO NS
'

c B AP . Ix . . 29 1

As th e b myees, so n, mak e ho ney by coll ecti ng th e

j u ic es of di t nt tr
s a ees, and r d uc
e e th e j uic i nto e o ne

th
j uic h v n di crimi n tion th t
And as ese es a e o s a , so a

th y might
e y I m t h j uic f thi
sa tr or th, t in a e e o s ee a ,

th em m nn r my n ll th cr tur wh n
sa e a e ,
so , a ese ea es, e

t h y h v b com m rg d in t h T u k no w n t th t
e a e e e e e e r e, o a

th y e m rg d in th Tru
are e e e e .

Th riv r my n un th
ese t rn (lik th
e s, so ,
r , e eas e e e

G ng ) to w rd th
a es , t th w t r n (lik th Ind u )
a s e eas , e .
es e e e s

t o w rd th w t Th y go from to (i th
‘

a s e es . e sea sea . e, . e

c lo ud li ft up th w t r from th
s to th k y nd e a e e sea e s a

se nd it b ck r i n to th a ) Th y b
as com i nda d e sea . e e e ee

s ea And . tho riv r wh n th y as in t h se e s, e e are e sea,

d n t k no w I m thi or th t riv r
”
o o ,
a s a e .

Pl c
“ ‘
thi lt in w t r nd th n w it n m in
a e s sa a e a e a o e

th mo ning
e r .
’

Th n did e h w so comm nd d Th f th r as e as a e . e a e

sa id to him Bri ng m th lt w hich y ou pl c d : e e sa a e

w t r l t night Th n h vi ng lo k d f
’
in th e a e as . e so a o e or

it fo und it n t f f co ur it w m lt d
o , or, o se, as e e .

Th f th r id T t it from th ur f c f
e a e sa : as e e s a e o

th w t r H w i it ? Th n r pli d It i lt ’
e a e . o s e so e e s sa .

T t it fro m th middl H w i it ? Th
as e n e e . o s e so

r p li d It i lt T t it from th b tt m
e e . s sa .
’
as e e o o .

H w i it ? Th n r pli d It i S lt Th f th r
’ ’
o s e so e e s a . e a e

sa id Throw it w y nd th n w it n m
: a a a e a o e .
’

T h n th f th r id in thi body for ooth y u

e e a e sa ,
s , s , o
29 2 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

do not p e rc
T u my n; but th r i nd d
eive th e r e, so e e ee

it i — Cl ld d gy V
s.
”
I t r ir o a .

At who w i h do th mi nd nt forth p r
se d s es e , se , oc ee

on it r nd k th pupil At wh
s e ra c mm nd
,
”
as s e .
“
ose o a

do th fir t br th go forth
es e A t wh o w i h d w
s ea se s o e

utt r th i
e p h Wh t god di t th y
s s eec th a rec s e e e or e
”
ear ?

Th et ch r r pli eaIt i th e f th th e e es s e ear o e ear,

mi nd f th mi nd th p ch f th p ch th br t h
o e ,
e s ee o e s ee , e ea

o f th b th nd th y f th y
e rea ,
a e e e o e e e
.

Th t which i n t xpr d by p ch nd by
a s o e esse s ee , a

w h ich p ch i xpr d s ee Th t w hic h do

s e esse . a es

n t thi nk by mi nd
o nd by which mi nd i t ho ught , a s .

Th t which do n t
4“
a by th y nd by es o see e e e, a

w hich n o Th t which do n t h r by
e sees . a es o ea

th e nd by w h ich th
ear, a i h rd Th t e ear s ea . a

w hich do n t br th by br th nd by w hic h br th
es o ea e ea , a ea

is —
dr wn th t lo k o w
a a n n
,
—
Br hm n n t tl t a e as a a , o za

wh ich p eop le here adore .

”
—K erz a Up a nis/z aa I
'
.

The it lic
a cour o ur B ut wh do n t
s a re, O f se, s. o es o

see in th abov p g n ff
eort f t h h um n mi nd e assa e a e o e a

to h k it l f from th tr mm l f m ni ng l
s a e se e a e s o ea e ss

c rem ni l which pri t t ught nd th

e o a s p pl es s a a e eo e

h r p ti d to o r i nto h igh r r gion f th ought

e e rac se , s a a e e o

and to co mp h nd th incompr h n ibl th e b

re e th e e e s e, - re a

of th br th and th e oul f th oul ? Wh i

ea e s O e s o s

n t tru k by thi m nly nd f rv nt ffo t m d

o s c s a a e e e r a e

by th Hi nd n tio n th tho u nd y ar go t
e u a ,
ree sa e s a ,
o
 [
’

29 4 EPIC PERIO D . B O O I! II .

of one iv r l B i ng i th v y k y to n f th
Un e sa e s e er e s e o e

Hi nd u r ligion nd it i n c
e
y to x mi n
,
haw t h i s e essar e a e o s

id eaw fir t d v lop d in Indi in th U p ni h d

as s e e e a e a s a s .

W w ill n w p
e n to oth r m tt r
o w hich h v
ass o e a e s, a e

l o ff ct d nd h p d th Hi nd u r ligion f ub
a s a e e a S a e e e o s se

q u nt g
e a es .

Th cr tion f t h world w till my tery t

e ea o e as s a s o

tho se rly thi nk r nd th tt mpt to lv it w

ea e s, a e a e s so e ere

n c
e essa rily f nciful nd om tim grot qu A f w
a , a s e es es e . e

p g hould b quot d
assa es s e e .

“
In th b gi nni ng thi w e n n xi t nt
e It b c m s as o -
e s e . e a e

e xi t nt
s e it gr w It t urn d i nto n gg Th
as e
gg . e a e . e e

l y f
a th tim f y r Th gg b ok p n
or e e O a ea . e e r e O e .

Th t w h lv
e w r
o n f ilv r th oth r f g l d
a es e e o e o S e e e o o .

“
Th ilv r n b c m thi rth th g ld n n
e s e o e e a e s ea , e o e o e

th e k y th thick m mbr n ( f th w hit ) t h

s ,
e mo un e a e o e e e

t i n th thi n m mbr n ( f th yolk) th mi t w ith

a s, e e a e o e e s

th e cl oud th m ll v i n th riv r th fl uid th

s, e s a e s e e s,
‘

e e

sea .

“
And wh at was born fr m it w Adity th Sun o as a, e .

Wh en h e was born ho ut f hu r h ro
s nd ll s o r a a se a a

b i ng
e s a ro se a nd ll thi ng
a w hich th y d i d s
;

e es re .
’

C/z lzzina ogy a III,

’
19 .

i r nt cco unt i giv n in VI

A d ffe e f th m a s e ,
2, O e sa e

U p ni h d wh r w
a s a told th t In th b gi n e e e a re a e e

ni ng th r w e e —
th t only w hi h i O n o nly w itho t
as a ,
c s, e u

nd And th t nt forth fi nt forth

.

”
a seco . nd fi a se re, a re se

w t nd w ter
a er, a nt forth th rth a se e ea .
C H AP . III ] . RELIGIO US SPECULATIO NS . 29 5

Th e A it arey a d crib h w P fin th Arany ak a es es o r a e

br th nd h i comp nio n c t d th w orld nd

ea a s a s rea e e , a

th n di u
e th q u tio n f t h m t ri l c u
sc sses e t es o e a e a a se ou

o f w hi h th world w c cr t d A in th Rig V d
e as ea e . s e e a

( X , n d in t h J wa i h o un t f asr tio n e e s acc O c ea ,

w t r i
a e id to b th fir t m t ri l c u
s sa e e s a e a a se .

W it w ter r lly
as W it w t r Y , ll thi
a ea as a e es a s

w as w t r i nd d
a e Th w t r w th ee ro t; th world
. e a e as e o e

w as th hoot H ( th p r o n) i th f th r th y
e s . e e e s s e a e ,
e

( rth
ea fi , t h
re, o n M h id a A ita re y e s s .
”
a sa are a

k n w thi —( II
e 8 s ,
I, ,

A noth r p c ul tion i t rt d in th
e s e ma s s a e e sa e

U p ni h d
a s a .

V rily in th b gi nni ng ll thi

e w S fi l e— n o nly
e a s as e o e .

Th r w nothi ng l bli nki ng w h t o v r A nd ”

e e as e se a s e e .

th t S lf
a nt forth th w t r ( bov t h
e se h v n) th e a e a e e ea e , e

light w hi h s th ky th c mort l w hich i th

are e s th , e a s e ear ,

a nd t h w t r und r t h
e r th H th n form d th
a e s e e e a . e e e e

P ur u h Fir w prod uc d from thi Pu u h ’

s a . e as e s r s a s

s p c
ee h i fro m
, h i n
a ro t h un from h i y tsh se, e s s e es, e

di ff r nt q u rt r from h i
e e hrub nd tr fr m
a e s s ea r, s s a ees o

th e h ir f h i ki n th moo n from h i mi nd &

a s o s s , e s , c .

Th d iti
e (efi th esn k d f pl c f r t nd
re, e as e or a a e o es a

f d
oo .A w w l d to th m nd th n
co h r nd
as e e , a e a o se, a

th n m n nd th y w r ti fi d w ith th m n
e a a , a e e e sa s e e a .

Th n M a ti M tt r w produc d from w t r nd
e r , a e , as e a e , a

t h u food w
s prod uc d as e .

A to y i told in th B ih da ny k th t in t h
s r s e r a ra a a a e
2 96 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

b gi nni ng th r w S lf lon nd h m d hi m l f
e e e as e a e, a e a e se

i nto tw p rt m l nd f m l nd th p ir t k
o a s, a e a e a e, a e a oo

di ff r nt h p ucc iv ly nd m n cow h r
e e s a es s ess e , a e ,
s, o ses ,

asses, go t h p nd ll oth r cr tur w r b orn

a s, s ee a a e ea es e e .

Such w r th futil e e tt mpt m d in Indi in

e e a e s a e a,

a n i nt g
c e to lv th gr t my t ry f cr ti n
a es, so e e ea s e o ea o ,

w hich it h n t b n giv n to m n
as o ith r in t h
ee e a , e e e

a n i nt or in mod r n tim
c e to ol O n gr t
e es, s ve . e ea

g n
e r li
e a tio n w sa co nc iv d by t h as rly phil o p h e e e ea os ers

o f Indi — th y di cov r d h rmony or unity in th

a, e s e e a a e

cr tio n nd th univ r nd th t unity w v riou ly

ea a e e se, a a as a s

s tyl d by th mBr hm n or Atm n Pu u h or Pran

e e a a a ,
r s a a .

Simil r g u a w r m d imp rf ct nd ft n
esses e e a e, e e a o e

f nci f l but n v rth l

a u ,
in f rv nt p i it f p i ty
e e e ess a e e s r o e , as

t th d ti n tio n f th
o e es oul ft r d th Th nt l
a o e s a e ea . e ce ra

id ea i th t whi h h
s b n dop t d
a c th c rdi n l
as ee a e as e a a

p i
rn ip l c f th Hi
e ond u r ligio n t he t good ct l d t e , a a s ea o

th ir r ward in futur xi t nc but it i t

e e s e e s e es, s rue

k nowl dg o nly wh ich l d t union w ith th Univ r

e e ea s o e e

sa l Spirit A h . n rth wh t r h b n
“
s ere o ea , a eve as ee

a cq uir d by x rti n p ri h
e e
p ri
e h ow h t , v r i e s es , so e s es a e e s

ac quir d f th n xt w ld by crific s nd oth

e or e e or sa e a er

g od tion p rform d n rth Th wh d p t

o ac s e e o ea . ose o e ar

from h nc w itho ut h vi ng di cov r d th

e e S l f nd a s e e e e a

t ho t u d ir f th m th r i n f d m in ll
se r e es es, or e e e s o ree o a

th w orld
e — Ck/ dnd gys . V III 6 z o a , 1, .

Th doctri n f tr n mig tio n f o ul

e e o f w hich w
a s ra o s s o e

h f und no tr c in th Rig V d i fully d v lop d

av e o a e e e a, s e e e
29 8 EPIC PERIO D .
[ B O O K 11 .

th e oul p s i nt B hm n nd th th o n f
a sses o ra a ,
a e r e o

p rc ption nd th c u h f pl nd ur nd th b l v d
e e a e o c o s e o a e e o e

mi nd impl m t ph r In th Puran t h m t
a re s e e a o s . e as e e a

p h ors h v b n c y t
a e li d i nt l g ndee nd n n r s a z e o e e s, a ca o

l ng r b di ti ng ui h d m t ph
o e e s s e as e a o rs .

A om wh t imil r d ctri n f t n migr ti n i l

s e a s a o eo ra s a o s a so

t ught by th K h triy ki ng P ah n j ib li t th
a e s a a ,
rav a a a a o e

sa m S t k tu n f Udd l k A uni Th p g
e ve a e ,
so o a a a r . e a ss a e

o f th
'

o ul th o ugh v iou t g to th mo n i
e s r ar s s a es e o s

d crib d
es e

H ving d w lt th r till th ir (good) w ork

“
a e e e, e s a re

co n um d th y turn g i n th way a th y m
s e , e re a a e s e ca e,

fi n lly in th form f r i n
a e o a . l

“
Th n h i born ric nd rn h rb nd tr
e e s as e a co , e s a ees ,

sesa m um nd b n From th n th c p i b t
a ea s. e ce e es a e s ese

with di ff c ulti For who v r th p r o n m y b th t

i es . e e e e s s a e a

ea t th food nd b g t o ff pri ng h
e ,
th nc fo tha e e s , e e e r

b om lik unto th m Tho w ho co nd uct h

ec es e e . se se as

b n good w ill quickly tt in m good birth th

ee a a so e , e

birth f Brahm n o a K h triy or V i y B ut a or a s a a a a s a.

tho w ho o nd uct h b n vil will qui kly tt in

se se c as ee e c a a

a n vil birth th birth f d g or h g

e ,
e o a o a o or a

C h nd al
a — CI/dn gy a . V ”
z z ao
'
a , 10 .

Th doctri n f tr n migr tio n f

e ul i e og i n fully a s a o so s s a a

a nd b uti f lly xpl i n d in th B ih da ny k

ea u e a e e o
r a ra a a

( IV ,
nd w w ill am k n xtr c t from t h
e t a e a e a a

U p ni h d
a s a

A c t rpill r ft r h vi ng r ch d th nd f
s a a e a , a e a ea e e e . o a
 RELIGIO US SPECUL ATIO NS
"

C H AP . Ix .
] . 299

b ld
a gr s nd ft r h vi ng m d noth r ppro ch
e of as , a a e a a e a e a a

t
o a noth r bl d d w it l f tog th r to w rd it th u
e a e, ra s se e e a s ,
s

do es th S lf ft r h vi ng thro w n ff thi body

e e ,
nd
a e a o s ,
a

di p ll d
s e ll ig n r nc
e nd ft r m k i ng n th r p
a o a e, a a e a a o e a

pro ch to noth r b dy dr w it l f tog th r tow rd it

a a e o ,
a se e e a s .

“
A nd g ld mith t ki ng pi c f g ld turn
as a o s , a a e e o o ,
s

it i nt n th r n w r nd m r b utiful h p
o a o e d e e a o e ea s a e, so o es

th e S l f ft r h vi ng thro w n ff thi body nd di p ll d

e ,
a e a O s ,
a s e e

a ll ignor nc m k unto him l f n th r n w r nd

a e, a e se a o e e e a

m r b uti ful h p w h th r it b lik th F th r

o e ea s a e, e e e e e a e s,

or lik t h G ndh rv or lik th D v or lik P j a

e e a a as, e e e as, e ra

p ti lik Br hm n or lik th r b i ng
a ,
or e a a , e o e e s .

“
S m uch f oth m n w h d ir B ut
or t th e a o es es . as o e

m n w h do n t d ir w h n t d iri ng fr fr m
a o es o es e o, o es , ee o

d ir i ti fi d in h i d ir or d ir th S l f
es es, s sa s e s es es, es es e e

o nly h i vit l pirit do n t d p rt l wh r ; b i ng

,
s a s s o e a e se e e e

B r hm n h g
a to Br hm n
a ,
e o es a a .

A nd th lo ugh f n k li n n nthill
as e s o a s a e es o a a ,

d d nd c t w y th u li th b dy ; but th t di
ea a as a a ,
s es e o a s

e mb di d imm rt l p irit i Br hm n only i only light

o e o a s s a a ,
s .
”

B uti ful i nd d
ea th p g which d c i b th
,
ee ,
a re e a ss a es es r e e

fi n l m nci p tio n f t h oul nd it uni n w ith

a e a a o e s a s o

B r hm n A littl fu th r n aft r t h p
a a . g qu t d e r e o , e e assa e o e

a bov occ ur th follo w i ng p g ; nd th r d

e, s e assa e a e ea er

w ill th t th B uddhi t id f Nirvan ro ut f

see a e s ea o a a se o o

th e Hi nd u id f unio n w ith Br hm n ea o a a

“
H th r for th t k no w it ft r h vi ng b com
e, e e e, a s , a e a e e

q ui t ubd u d ti fi d p ti nt nd coll ct d
e ,
s e ,
sa s e ,
a e ,
a e e , . sees
300 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11

Se l f in S l f ll in S l f eEvil do n t ov
,
om
sees a e . es o erc e

him h ov rco m ll il Evil d n t burn h im h

, e e es a ev . o es o ,
e

b urn ll vil F from il fr from pot f fro m

s a e . ree ev , ee s s, ree

d ubt h b com tru Brahm n nt th Br hm

o e e— es a e a ~
e ers e a a

w o ld r .

Still fi n r i th hym n f tri umph with which th

e s e o e

s oul com to Br hm n es a a

I com to th h ll f Pr j ap ti to th ho u
“
e I m e a o a a , e se a

glo iou mo ng B ahm n glorio u m ng p i n

r s a r a s, s a o r c es ,

glori u mo ng m n I m gl riou mo ng th
o s a e . a o s a e

gloriou s .V II] 4 , 1 , I .

Thi b titud thi uni n w ith Br hm n or S l f

s ea e, s o a a e ,

w as wh t D th t ught N h ik t in th t b utif l
a ea a ac e as a ea u

idyll f n Up ni h d c ll d K th W w ill lo
o a a s a a e a a. e c se

th e pr nt ch pt w ith n xtr ct fr m th t b uti f l

ese a er a e a o a ea u

cr tio n f f ncy nd f pi ty W ho uld r mi nd u

ea o a a o e . e s e o r

rea d r ho w v r th t K th i v ry lik ly n U p ni
e s, e e , a a a s e e a a

s h d f th A t h
a O V d nd p p r ntly b lo ng t
e arv a e a, a a a e e s o a

l t r g th n th oth r Up ni h d from which w

a e a e a e e a s a s e

h v qu t d b f r
a e o e e o e .

N h ik t w giv n by h i f th r unto D th nd
ac e as as e s a e ea a

e nt d th bod f Y m Vi
e re e a t nd k d him e o a a a v as v a a, a as e

f
or thr bo n th l t f w hich w thi
ee o s, e as o as s
“
Th r i th t d ubt wh n m n i d d o m
e e s a o , e a a s ea -
s e

sa yi ng h i oth r h i n t Thi I hould lik to

, e s e s, e s o . s s e

k n w t ught by th thi i t h third f my b o n

o a ee, s s e o o s
.
”

B t D th w
u unw illi ng to r v
ea l h i cr t nd as e ea s se e s, a

t ld N h ik t to k f oth r bo n
o ac e as as or e o s .
30 2 EPIC PERIO D .
[ BO O K 11 .

is a c ause for r joici ng

e . Th e hou se of Br hm a an is
op en, I be li ve e, O Nach ik etas l ”

Wh o v
pr nt d y p ru th p iou
c an, e en in th e ese a , e se ese s

e nq uiri nd f v nt tho ught

es a f long buri d p t
er e s o a e as ,

w itho ut f li ng n w motio n in h i h rt w itho u t

ee a e e s ea ,

see i ng n w light b f r h i y ! Th my t ri f
a e e o e s e es e s e es o

cr tio n nd f th unk no wn futur w ill n v b

ea a o e e e er e

s olv d by hum n i nt ll ct or by hum n ci nc ; but

e a e e a s e e

th e fir t r cord d tt mpt to olv th m in pio u

s e e a e s s e e a s,

f rv nt philo ophic l pirit w ill

e e , v r h v n bidi ng
s a s e e a e a a

i nt r t f
e es v ry p triotic Hi nd u nd f
or e e v ry a a or e e

thoughtful m n a .

In th w ord f the mi n nt G rm n w rit r nd

s o e e e e a e a

philo oph r Schop nh u r

s e From v ry nt nc e a e
“
e e se e e

d p origi n l nd ublim thought ri

ee ,
a a nd t h s e s a se, a e

w hol ei p rv d d by s high nd holy nd rn t

e a e a a a ea es

s pirit Indi n i urround u nd origi n l tho ught

. a a r s s s, a a s

o f ki ndr d pirit eIn t h w hol w orld t h r i n

s s . e e e e s o

s tudy xc pt th t f th origin l
e e b n fi i l nd
a o e a s, so e e c a a so

l v ti ng th t f th O up n k h t ( L ti n tr n l tio n
e e a as a O e e a . a a s a

o f th Up ni h d ) It h
e a b n th ol c f my li f
s a s . as ee e s a e o e

it will b th ol c f my d th
e e s a e o ea .
”
6

D aily Lif e in India . By th e Rev . W . J . a m

s . mm
Cro wn 8 170 Cloth
trated Rs 3 4 2
—
. . . . .

Co nn or s z Calcnt ta Calcutta th e O x ford of India Th e Peop le : Eu ro

— — —
- -
,

n n I i T s Generall A Talk about Insec ts, Re p tiles t o

’
p ea s i nd a h e l eo l , A .

Ch ap ter about th e Gods indu Temp cc Ho ly Places andPilgrims Religious

—
-

Fest iv als Gurus, o r Religions Teach ers and t h eir D iscip les H indu Sa int
—
-
.

B urning C h ats and Trea t ment o f t h e Dy ing Baz aar Preac hing Life on t h e
River Life in Tent All about Tigers Sc h ool Work Work amo ngst t h e —
— —
- - -

Hindu Girls and Women Bengali Ch rist ians India s Nesd

'
.

Hindu M y t h ology , Vdi e c and Puranic . By W . J . WILKINS ,

of t h e London Missionary Society Calcutta. Prof usely ill us .

t rated . Imp erial 16mo . Clot h gilt elegant Be 7 8 . .

-
.

H is m h as
been to give
ai a fa ith ful account of t h e H indu deit ies suc h
as an intelligent na tiv e wo uld h imself giv e, and h e h as endea v o ured, in '
order
t o ach iev e h is p ur ose, to k eep h is mind f ree fro m p r ej udice or th eo lo ica l
g
b ias .Th e auth or as attemp ted a wo rk of no lit tle a mbit ion and h as s uc
ceeded in h is at temp t, t h e v o lume being one of great interest and usef ul
ness
”
.
—
Home News .

M r Wilk ins h as done h is work well, with an h ones t desire to sta te f a c ts

.

ap art from all t h eo logica l p rep ossession, an d h is v olume is lik ely to be a

usef ul book of referenc e
”
Gumdia u .
— '
.

in M r Wilk ins s book w e h av e an illustrated manual, th e study o f wh ic h

’
.

will lay a solid foundat ion for more adv anced k now ledge, w h ile it w ill
f urnish t h ose w h o may h av e th e desire w it h out h av ing th e time or o
pp or
t unity t o go furt h er into th e subj ec t, w ith a really ex tens iv e st ock of accura t e
inf ormation
”
ladiaa D a ily News
.
— .

Th e Hindoos as t h ey are ; a. D escrip t ion

t h e Ma n of
ners, Cust om s, and Inner Lif e of Hindo o Soc iety , B engal By
S I Gr m mar; B OSE
.

HB Second Edition Rev ised Crown 8 v o

a
. . .
.

Clot h s 5 . . .

L andh olding, a nd t h e R ela t ion of L a ndlord a nd Te nant

V
in ario us Co untries of t h e Wo rld By C l) FIEL D , M A , . . .
. .

LL D Sec o nd Editio n 8 v c C lo th Rs 1 6
—Thi
. . . . . . .

ME s Edit ion conta ins The B e t!

a Th ruw ay Ac t 188 5 .

Notes
.

w it h O bser va tions a nd a nd a n I ea
r t o th e wh ole qf t h e L aw
f
o L a ndlord and M a rat in B enga l .

“
We may tak e it th at, as regards In dian laws and custorn s, Mr Field
m
.

sh ow s h i self t o be a t once a n able and sk illed auth orit v In order, h owev er .

m m
ore co p lete, h e h as c o mp iled ch iefl v fro m
.

t o render h is w ork B lue bac k s -

m
and si ilar p ublic sources, a m
ass o f info rma t io n h av ing reference t o t h e
land l aws of most Europ ean countries, o f t h e United States of America,
-
and
our Aus tralasian Colonies
”
The Field
m
. .

“
M r J ustice Field h as treated h is subj ect w ith j udicial i p artiality,
.
and
h is sty le of w riting is p owerful and p ersp icuous
”
No es a nd Queri es
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.
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—
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. .

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’
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’
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