FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLED SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER

FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Power electronics and drives

By

N RAJA SEKHAR

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. K Appala Naidu

School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Lovely Professional University
Punjab

May 2015

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation “FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLED SHUNT

ACTIVE FILTER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT” that is being submitted by,
N RAJA SEKHAR is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY DEGREE, is a record of bonafide work done under my/our guidance. The
contents of this Thesis, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor
have been submitted to any other Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma
and the same is certified.

Project supervisor

(Name of the organization)

Objective of the thesis is satisfactory/unsatisfactory

Examiner I Examiner II

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My deepest appreciation and thanks are expressed towards my adviser, Mr. K Appala
Naidu, for his support, direction and the belief in the work. Without his consistence guidance
and encouragement, the accomplishment of this study would not be possible. My appreciation
also goes to all my faculty of Electronics and Electrical Department, thanks for their advice
and encouragement.

(To be signed by the student)

Reg. No. 11302486

iii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that N RAJA SEKHAR bearing Registration no. 11302486 has
completed objective formulation of thesis “FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLED SHUNT
ACTIVE FILTER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT” under my guidance and
supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her original
investigation and study. The contents of this Thesis, in full or in parts, have neither been taken
from any other source nor have been submitted to any other Institute or University for award
of any degree or diploma and the same is certified.

Signature
Mr. K Appala Naidu,
Designation: Assistant Professor
School of Electrical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab.
Date:

iv
 DECLARATION

I N RAJA SEKHAR, student of M-Tech under Department of Electronics &

Electrical Engineering of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the
information furnished Dissertation-II report is based on my own intensive research and this is
genuine. This thesis to the best of my knowledge contains part of my work which has been
submitted for the award of my degree either of this university or any other university without
proper citation.

Signature
Date: Name of the student:
Registration no : 11302486

v
ABSTRACT
The thesis proposes a novel fuzzy logic variable hysteresis band current control
technique of shunt active filter, to compensate harmonics and reactive power generated by the
nonlinear loads. Use of power electronic devises increases widely and it concerns about total
harmonic distortion (THD) in the source side. To mitigate the THD and reactive power shunt
active filter is used. The fuzzy logic controller is used to control the active filter, the advantage
of fuzzy control is that it is based on a linguistic description and does not require of the system
mathematical model. The reference current extraction and pulse width modulation (PWM)
technique used in the control of active filter are playing important role. Extraction of reference
currents is based on peak voltage detection method. The pulses to the inverter is given from
hysteresis band controller. A Simulink model of shunt active filter with fuzzy logic controller
has presented. Simulations are performed in MATLAB .performance of controller are
examined with different loading conditions .simulation results with and without filter are
verified. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller and its impact
on the load variation. In addition to this behavior of active filter with variation in its source
parameter and change in reference voltage presented in the thesis. Results obtained enlighten
that fuzzy logic controller is the best method.

vi
 PAGE NO
List of symbols and abbreviations used ix,x
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xi
CHAPTER NO CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 1.INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 2 Literature survey 4
3. Pollution in power system 9
3.1 Power quality 9
3.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 12
3.2.2 Distortion Factor 12
3.2.3 Crest Factor 13
3.2.4 Effects of Harmonics 13
3.2.5 Power Factor 14
3.3 Harmonic Currents Sources 16
CHAPTER 3
3.4 Economic effects of harmonics 17
3.5 Solutions to power quality problems 17
3.5.1 Power filter topologies 18
3.5.2 Voltage source converters 20
3.6 Active Power Filters 20
3.6.1. Series Active Power Filter (series APF) 21
3.6.2 Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) 22
3.6.3 Combination of Parallel and Series APF (UPQC) 22
4.1 Shunt Active Power Filter 23
4.2 Basic compensation principle 24
4.3 Harmonic Current Extraction Methods 24
CHAPTER 4
4.4 Estimation reference source current 25

4.5 Role of DC side capacitor 27

4.6 Selection of Lc and Vdc,ref 28

vii
 4.7 Hysteresis Control Method 29
4.8 Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Control 30

5 Fuzzy logic control 32

CHAPTER 5 5.1. Algorithm For Basic Fuzzy Logic 33
5.2 Control Rule Design. 37
MODELING OF THE SYSTEM 40
6.1. Modeling Of Nonlinear Load 40
6.2. Estimation Of Peak Supply Current 40
CHAPTER 6 6.3. Estimation Of Instantaneous Reference Supply
41
Currents

6.4. Hysteresis Current Controller 41

CHAPTER 7 7.SIMULATION RESULTS 43
CHAPTER 8 8.CONCLUSION 50
CHAPTER 9 9.REFERENCES 51

viii
List of symbols and abbreviations used

PQ : Active and reactive instantaneous power.

𝐿𝑓 : Active power filter’s inductance (coupling inductance).
𝑅𝑓 Active power filter’s resistance (coupling resistance).
S Apparent power.
𝐶𝑑𝑐 Capacitance of direct current capacitor.
∗
𝑉𝑑𝑐 Capacitor’s reference voltage.
d-q: Direct and indirect current theory.
𝑉𝑑𝑐 Direct current capacitor voltage.
𝑅𝑑 Direct current resistance.
𝐿𝑑 Direct current side inductance.
D Distorted power.
𝐼𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒 Effective value of alternative load current.
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑏𝑐 Filter currents.
𝐼𝑓𝛼𝛽 Filter currents in stationary reference frame.
𝐼𝑓𝑑−𝑞 Filter currents in synchronous reference frame.
f Fundamental frequency of grid.
𝑥1 Fundamental of signal x.
𝐼𝑎𝑏𝑐 Grid currents.
𝐼𝑠𝛼𝛽 Grid currents in the stationary reference.
Grid currents in the synchronous reference.
I𝑠𝑑𝑞

∗
I𝑎𝑏𝑐 Grid reference currents.

p Instantaneous active power.

q Instantaneous reactive power.
𝐼𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑐 Load currents.
𝐼𝑙𝛼𝛽 Load currents in stationary reference frame.

ix
LIST OF ABREVATIONS

P: Active power.
AC: Alternative current.
ANN: Artificial neural networks.
APF: Active power filter.
S: Apparent power.
Fc : Crest factor.
DC: Direct current.
Fd : Distorsion factor.
F: Farad.
f: Frequency.
GTO: Gate turn off thyristor.
H: Henry.
HAPF: Hybrid active power filter.
Hz: Hertz.
IGBT: Insolated gate bipolar transistor.
IP : Integral proportional controller.
LPF : Low pass filter.
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor.
PF: Power factor.
PI : Proportional integral controller.
PLL: Phase locked loop.
PWM: Pulse width modulation.
Q: Reactive power.
RLC: Resistor, inductor, and capacitor.
RMS: Root mean square value.
STF: Self tuning filter.
THD: Total harmonic distortion.

x
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no: Title Page no:

Figure 3.1 Harminics 11
Figure 3.2 Harmonic content of a signal and its fundamental 12
Figure 3.3 Fresnel representation of the power. 15
Figure 3.4 Equivalent circuit per phase of a non-linear load connected 16
to the grid
Figure 3.5 Spread of harmonic currents into the grid 17
Figure 3.6 Voltage source converter topology for active filters 20
Figure 3.7 Series active filter 21
Figure 3.8 Shunt APF connected in parallel with non-linear load 22
Figure 3.9 Unified Power Quality Conditioner’s Diagram 22
Figure 4.1 Shunt active power filter topology. 23
Figure 4.2 Filter current IF generated to compensate load-current harmonics. 24

Figure 4.3 Active power filter and its phasor diagram 29

Figure 4.4 Hysteresis control principle 29
Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of closed loop fuzzy logic controlled
Shunt active power filter. 32

Figure 5.2 Fuzzy Control scheme. 33

Figure 5.3 Internal structure of fuzzy logic controller 33
Figure 5.4 Different types of membership functions. 34
Figure 5.5 Normalized triangular functions used in fuzzification. 36
(a)Membership functions for e and ce
(b)Membership function for δImax

Figure 5.6 Time step response of a stable closed loop system 37

Figure 5.7 Phase plane trajectory of step response 37
Figure 7.1 Source voltage 44
Figure 7.2 Source current 44
Figure 7.3 Source voltage after compensation 45
Figure 7.4 Source current after compensation 45
Figure 7.5 Load current after compensation 45
Figure 7.6 Rectified output of load 46
Figure 7.7 Source voltage before and source voltage after 46
compensation
Figure 7.8 Source current before and source current after 47
compensation
Figure 7.9 Load current before and Load current after compensation 47

xi
Figure 7.10 Source current THD before compensation 47
Figure 7.11 Source current THD after compensation 48
Figure 7.12 Fuzzy rule surface 48
Figure 7.13 Fuzzy 3D surface 49
LIST OF TABLES

Table:5.1 Control rule table 39

Table:7.1 Parameters Of Simulation Study. 43

xii
CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing use in the industry of non-linear loads based on the power electronic
elements introduced serious perturbation problems in the electric power distribution grids.
Also, regular increase in the harmonic emissions and current unbalance in addition to high
consumption of reactive power can be noticed. The flow of harmonic currents in the electric
power system can cause voltage harmonics and disturbance. These currents harmonics can
interact with a wide range of power system equipment, control systems and protection circuits
and other harmonic sensible loads. The energy distributers as like as consumers were then
concerned by imposing some regulations protecting against the expansion of harmonic
problem.
The consumption of reactive power in industrial and domestic loads presents also an
important issue in the discussion of power quality problems. The reactive power consumed by
non-resistive loads causes higher RMS current values in addition to extra heating of power
transmission and distribution systems. The use capacitor or synchronous machines for local
reactive power production have been proposed for a long time. The accelerated development
of power electronics and semiconductor production has encouraged the use of STATIC VAR
compensators for the reactive power compensation. However, these solutions looks inefficient
and can cause extra problems in power systems in the case of high current and voltage
harmonic emissions. The fact that these systems are especially designed to compensate the
fundamental based reactive power, in addition to high possibilities of interaction between these
compensation elements and system harmonics make it unstable solutions in modern
technologies.
In order to face the problem of harmonics can be eliminated though many solutions.
These solutions included modifications on the load itself for less harmonic emissions like the
case of special structure single phase and three phase rectifier, and PWM rectifiers. Or the
connection on the polluted power grids of other traditional or modern compensation systems.
Most of traditional harmonic reduction solutions includes the use of harmonic trapping passive
filters based on RLC elements calculated in accordance with the harmonic ranges to be trapped.

1
 In addition, these passive filters can be designed to compensate reactive power
simultaneously with the desired harmonics. Nevertheless, these solutions are of poor efficiency
due to different factors. Insufficient fitness for large bands of harmonic frequencies, which
implies the use of many filters.
 Possibility of series and parallel resonance with the grid which lead to dangerous
amplification of neighboring frequency harmonics.
 Highly dependent on the grid and load parameters and main frequency.
 Bulky equipment.
 Very low flexibility for load variations which implies new filter design for each load
variation.
1.1SCOPE OF STUDY
The modern solutions have been given the name of active compensators or active power filters.
The objective of these active power filter abbreviated mostly APF is to compensate harmonic
currents and voltages in addition to selective reactive power compensation. The use of APFs
for harmonic and reactive power compensation and DC power generation was proposed in.
The main advantages of the APFs are their flexibility to fit load parameters’ variations and
harmonic frequencies in addition to high compensation performance.
Many types of APF have been proposed and used in harmonic compensation. Series APF is
used for voltage harmonics compensation. Shunt APF was proposed for current harmonics and
reactive power compensation. The Unified Power Quality Filter or Conditioner combines the
two types Shunt and Series APF in one device responsible for the simultaneous compensation
of voltage, current harmonics and reactive power. Although there are different types of APF,
the Shunt APF is still the most famous and used type APF.
There are two main structures for the control of Shunt Active Power Filter; these are the direct
control and the indirect control of APF. In the direct control the main idea is to generate filter
current references using the appropriate methods. The generated reference currents are then to
be compared with the measured APF currents. The error is then used to produce control signals
of the filter. The indirect control interests in controlling the grid currents instead of filter
currents. It compares the measured grid currents with their generated references. The error is
then sent to the control circuit which determines the control signal of the APF.

2
 Active power filters are now seen as a viable alternative over the classical passive
filters, to compensate harmonics and reactive power requirement of the non-linear loads. The
objective of the active filtering is to solve these problems by combining with a much-reduced
rating of the necessary passive components.
Various topologies of active power filters have been developed. The shunt active power filter
based on current controlled voltage source type PWM converter has been proved to be effective
even when the load is highly non-linear. Most of the active filters developed are based on
sensing harmonics and reactive volt-ampere requirements of the non-linear load and require
complex control.
The reference current template is generated by PI controller. The PI controller requires linear
mathematical models are difficult to obtain and fails to perform satisfactorily under parameter
variations and nonlinearity and load disturbance, etc.
In recent days fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) have generated in certain applications for
above mentioned problems. The FLCs do not need an accurate mathematical model. FLCs can
work with imprecise inputs and handle non-linearity and they are more robust than
conventional nonlinear controllers.

The harmonics and reactive power compensation of a nonlinear load are reduced by
implementing PI fuzzy logic controlled shunt active filter. For better power quality in the
system in future fuzzy logic can be implemented with more accurate wave forms than
conventional controllers. The fuzzy logic further combines with neural networks for
improvement in the power quality.

3
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literary survey of Shunt active power filter (SAPF) is very rich and covers many
aspects including power topologies, control theories, and harmonic extraction and reference
generation methods of SAPF. A comprehensive survey on modelling and control of SAPF has
been made, according to the papers which are gone through demonstrates. In this paper
represents different types of active filter configurations ,control strategies, selection of
components, economic and technical considerations, and selection for specific application are
described by Bhim Singh et al [1].the compensation of both harmonics and reactive are studied
and evaluates the performance of three phase four wire active filter for the general case filter
topology uses three independent current controllers acting on half bridge inverters .for un
balanced loads and line voltages performance is evaluated by the paper Thierry Thomas et al
[2]. Active power line conditioning (APLC) is a relatively new technique that can potentially
correct network distortion caused by power electronic loads by injecting equal but opposite
distortion at selected points carefully existing and proposed line conditioning methodologies
are compared and there advantages and their limitations of each are described by W.M.Grady
et al [3].

The conventional active and reactive power theory valid for steady-and transient states
and for generic voltage and current wave forms new concept is developed by the use of
symmetric components together with the new theory the power in the un balanced system will
be analyzed with the zero sequence instantaneous power described by Edson H.Watanabe et
al[4] . An active filter that uses a high-frequency D-class asynchronous switching inverter for
power system current distortion compensation is described. The distortion compensation
technique involves deriving a signal corresponding to the distortion component of load current,
and inverting and amplifying this signal for addition back to the supply current to cancel the
load current distortion.is described by Richard .M.Duke et al [5]. A PWM voltage-source
inverter and has two important characteristics which is proposed, it operates with fixed
switching frequency, and second, it can compensate the reactive power and the current
harmonic components of nonlinear loads. New model of reactive power compensation is
analyzed. The performance and dynamic characteristics of a three phase active power filter
4
operating with fixed switching frequency is presented and analyzed in this paper by Luis
Moran et al [6].

Use of Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as expert system, fuzzy logic, and neural network
are analyzed. Although these technologies have advanced significantly in recent years and have
found wide applications, they have hardly touched the power electronics and machine drives
.Ai tools and their application in the area of power electronics and motion control. The sections
which describe, respectively, the principles and applications of expert system, fuzzy logic, and
neural network. By Bimal.K.Bose [7]. New methodology is proposed for designing a fuzzy
logic controller (FLC). A phase plane is used to bridge the gap between the time-response and
rule base. An adaptive gain method is also proposed to help the data base design and the
controller tuning. Much of the FLC design can be shifted to the design and tuning of gain.
Application of FLC with these new methodologies is presented in his work by Han-Xiong Li
and H.B. Gatland [8]. The effective ness of an active power filter is discussed basically on
three characteristics: a) the modulation method used; b) the design characteristics of the PWM
modulator; and c) the method implemented to generate the reference template. For the last
characteristic there are many methods, most of them complicated and hence difficult to
implement and adjust. In this paper, a new method, which has simplicity at its main
characteristic, is presented. This method is useful for shunt active power filters and is capable
to eliminate harmonics, compensate power factor, and correct unbalance problems
simultaneously .It also has the ability to slow-down sudden transient changes in the load is
described by Juon W.Dixon et al [9].

A comparative evaluation of the Proportional-Integral, Sliding Mode and Fuzzy Logic

Controllers for applications to Power Converters. This author demonstrated certain similarities
of Fuzzy Logic Controller and Sliding Mode Controller. Sensitivity of these controllers to
supply voltage disturbances and load disturbances.by V.S.C. Ravi raj et al [10]. The
implementation of a fuzzy controller for dc–dc converters using an inexpensive 8-b
microcontroller. An “on-chip” analog-to-digital (A/D) converter the same microcontroller
code, without any modifications, can control both converters because their behavior can be
described by the same set of linguistic rules. The contribution shows that a nonlinear controller
such as fuzzy logic can be inexpensively implemented with microcontroller technologies

5
explained by Tarun Gupta et al [11]. Instantaneous and full compensation were considered to
set the differences between compensation in general conditions (periodic or non-periodic
waveforms) and compensation in (steady states periodic waveforms). An active power filter
reactive power compensator analyzed by P.Salmron [12].

A new control method for a reactive volt–ampere compensator and harmonic

suppressor system is discussed. It operates without sensing the reactive volt–ampere demand
and nonlinearities present in the load. The compensation process is instantaneous, which is
achieved without employing any complicated and involved control logic. The compensator is
operated in cycle-by-cycle reference-current-controlled mode to achieve the instantaneous
compensating feature is described by Kishore Chatterjee et al [13]. A control algorithm for the
performance development of three-phase three-wired active power
filters under non-ideal mains voltages is analyzed. It starts with an analysis of instantaneous
reactive power algorithm that was earlier applied to the three-phase active power filter design.
In that design, the circuit performance was found unsatisfactory under non-ideal test
circumstances. These are described by Shyh-Jier Huang [14]. This author describes a multi-
module parallelable three-phase active power filter to solve the problems of capacity
enlargement and load unbalance compensation encountered by the shunt APF with three-arm
topology.by S .J. Chiang and J. M. Chang [15].

The conventional reactive power in single-phase or three phase circuits has been
defined on the basis of the average value concept for sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms
in steady states. The instantaneous reactive power in three-phase circuits is defined on the basis
of the instantaneous value concept for arbitrary voltage and current waveforms, including
transient states. A new instantaneous reactive power compensator comprising switching
devices is proposed which requires practically no energy storage components is described by
Hirofumi Akagi [16].In order to compensate current harmonics and reactive power in three
phase power systems, active filtering is used increasingly frequently. The reference current
extraction method and the PWM technique used in the control of active power filter have an
important role, because any inaccuracy yields to incorrect compensation. This paper presents
a new adaptive hysteresis band controller for three phase shunt active power filters
implemented using the Fuzzy logic is described by George Adam et al [17].

6
 This paper describes the application of Takagi–Sugeno (TS)-type fuzzy logic controller
to a three-phase shunt active power filter for the power-quality improvement and reactive
power compensation required by a nonlinear load. The application of the Mamdani-type fuzzy
logic controller to a three-phase shunt active power filter was examined earlier but it has the
limitation of a larger number of fuzzy sets and rules. Therefore, it needs to optimize a large
number of coefficients, which increases the complexity of the controller. On the other hand,
TS fuzzy controllers are quite general in that they use arbitrary input fuzzy sets, any type of
fuzzy logic, and the general defuzzifier. Moreover, the TS fuzzy controller could be designed
by using a lower number of rules and classes. Presented by C. N. Bhende et al [18]. The study
deals with the control of a three-phase, four-wire distribution static compensator
(DSTATCOM) based on the peak detection of load currents for power quality improvement
under linear/non-linear loads. This control algorithm is simple and easy in real time
implementation. In this control algorithm, an extraction of active and reactive power
components of load currents is based on a low-pass filter and the voltage unit vector in time
domain. It is based on the mathematical formulations for fast and accurate estimation of
reference supply currents is discussed by Bhim Singh et al [19]. Shunt active power filter
performance is depends on strategy employed in reference current generation, control
technique and topology of inverter used in the design. In this study, fuzzy logic current control
technique was presented for generation of pulse for PWM current control of the three phase
inverter. A band pass filter was used in synchronous reference frame algorithm (SRF) for
harmonics extraction are described by S.Musa et al [20].

The most used reference current detection methods for shunt active power filter are
analyzed and compared in this article, The Mat lab/Simulink models allows for testing of the
reference current detection methods implementation and dealing with problems arising with
distortion and unbalance of mains voltages. The comparison of these techniques are described
by D. L. Popa, P. M. Nicolae [21]. The intervention between phases due to the construction of
the circuits is first eliminated, and the hysteresis band is adjusted to ensure nearly constant
switching frequency, based on the fuzzy logic control of the reference currents and system
parameters are described by Li Xia et al [22]. The fuzzy logic controlled shunt active power
filter used to compensate harmonic distortion and increase power factor to produce a high
power quality and its tools Fuzzy logic (FL) and optimized fuzzy logic with Gravitational

7
Search Algorithm (GSA-FL) was used to control shunt active power filter is described by H.R.
Imani Jajarmi et al [23]

8
CHAPTER 3

3. Pollution in power system

3.1. Power quality

The PQ issue is defined as “any occurrence manifested in voltage, current, or frequency
deviations that results in damage, upset, failure, or disoperation of end-use equipment.” Almost
all PQ issues are closely related with PE in almost every aspect of commercial, domestic, and
industrial application. Equipment using power electronic devise are residential appliances like
TVs, PCs etc. business and office equipment like copiers, printers etc. industrial equipment
like programmable logic controllers (PLCs), adjustable speed drives (ASDs), rectifiers,
inverters, CNC tools and so on. The Power Quality (PQ) problem can be detected from one of
the following several symptoms depending on the type of issue involved.
• Lamp flicker

• Frequent blackouts

• Sensitive-equipment frequent dropouts

• Voltage to ground in unexpected

• Locations

• Communications interference

• Overheated elements and equipment.

PE are the most important cause of harmonics, inter-harmonics, notches, and neutral
currents. Harmonics are produced by rectifiers, ASDs, soft starters, electronic ballast for
discharge lamps, switched-mode power supplies, and HVAC using ASDs. Equipment affected
by harmonics includes transformers, motors, cables, interrupters, and capacitors (resonance).
Notches are produced mainly by converters, and they principally affect the electronic control
devices. Neutral currents are produced by equipment using switched-mode power supplies,
such as PCs, printers, photocopiers, and any triplets’ generator. Neutral currents seriously
affect the neutral conductor temperature and transformer capability. Inter-harmonics are
produced by static frequency converters, cyclo-converters, induction motors & arcing devices.

9
 Equipment presents different levels of sensitivity to PQ issues, depending on the type
of both the equipment and the disturbance. Furthermore, the effect on the PQ of electric power
systems, due to the presence of PE, depends on the type of PE utilized. The maximum
acceptable values of harmonic contamination are specified in IEEE standard in terms of total
harmonic distortion.

Power electronics are alive and well in useful applications to overcome distribution
system problems. Power electronics has three faces in power distribution: one that introduces
valuable industrial and domestic equipment; a second one that creates problems; and, finally,
a third one that helps to solve those problems. On one hand, power electronics and
microelectronics have become two technologies that have considerably improved the quality
of modern life, allowing the introduction of sophisticated energy-efficient controllable
equipment to industry and home. On another hand, those same sensitive technologies are
conflicting with each other and increasingly challenging the maintenance of quality of service
in electric energy delivery, while at the same time costing billions of dollars in lost customer
productivity.

3.2 Harmonics
Power systems are designed to operate at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz. However, certain
types of loads produces currents and voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples of the
50 or 60 Hz fundamental frequency. These frequencies components are a form of electrical
pollution known as harmonic distortion. There are two types of harmonics that can be
encountered in a power system.

 Synchronous harmonics.

 Asynchronous harmonics.

Synchronous harmonics are sinusoids with frequencies which are multiples of the fundamental
frequency. The multiplication factor is often referred to as the harmonic number. The
synchronous harmonics can be subdivided into two categories.

 Sub-harmonics: when the harmonic frequency is less than the fundamental frequency.

 Super harmonics: when the harmonic frequency is more than the fundamental frequency.

10
 Figure 3.1: Harmonics.

Harmonics are familiar to the musicians as the overtones from an instrument. They are
the integer multiples of the instrument’s fundamental or natural frequency that are produced
by a series of standing waves of higher and higher order.

Exactly the same thing happens in power circuits when non-linear loads create harmonic
currents that are integer multiples of the supply fundamental frequency. The rapid growth of
solid-state power electronics has greatly increased the number and size of these loads. The
concept of harmonics was introduced in the beginning of the 19th century by Joseph Fourier.
Fourier has demonstrated that all periodic non-sinusoidal signals can be represented by
infinitive sum or series of sinusoids with discontinuous frequencies as given by

𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝐼0 + ∑ 𝐼ℎ cos(ℎ𝑤𝑡 + 𝛷ℎ )
ℎ=1

Eqn: 3.1

The component I0 in the Fourier series is the direct component. The first term of the
sum with the index h=1 is the fundamental of the signal. The rest of the series components are
called the harmonics of the range h. Figure 3.2 Shows the form of a wave containing the third
harmonic (h=3). In the three phase electric grid, the principle harmonic components are the
harmonics of ranges (6*h±1) [33].

11
 20 Signal

10 Fundamental

-10
Third Harmonic
-20

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03

Time (t)

Figure 3.2: Harmonic content of a signal and its fundamental.

Transformer exciting current, arc furnaces, rectifiers, and many other loads will
produce harmonics in the utility lines. Most utilities limit the allowable harmonic current levels
to the values shown in IEEE 519.

3.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

The total harmonic distortion of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic distortion
present in current or voltage. It is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic
components to the power of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic distortion is caused by the
introduction of waveforms at frequencies in multiplies of the fundamental.

√∑𝛼𝑖=2 𝑥 2 𝑖
𝑇𝐻𝐷(%) =
‖𝑥 ‖
Eqn.3.2
The THD is a very useful quantity for many applications. It is the most commonly used
harmonic index. However, it has the limitation that, it is not a good indicator of voltage stress
within a capacitor because that is related to the peak value of voltage waveform [11].

3.2.3 Distortion Factor

The distortion factor 𝐹𝑑 is defined as the ratio between the fundamental and the signal in RMS
values. It is given by:

12
 𝐼𝐿1
𝐹𝑑 =
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
Eqn.3.3
It is then equal to unity when the current is purely sinusoidal and decreases when the distortion
appears.
3.2.4 Crest Factor
The crest factor of a signal Fc is defined by

𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Eqn. (3.4)
3.2.5 Effects of Harmonics
Harmonic currents will flow into the utility feeder and may create a number of
problems in so doing. They may be trapped by power factor correction capacitors and overload
them or cause resonant over-voltages. They can distort the feeder voltage enough to cause
problems in computers, telephone lines, motors, and power supplies, and may even cause
transformer failures from eddy current losses. The harmonic currents may be trapped by
installing series LC filters resonant at the offending frequencies. These filters should be
designed to offer low impedance at the resonant frequency compared to the source impedance
at that frequency. But, again, there is a hidden “gotcha.” If a filter is installed that has a series
resonance at the 7th harmonic, it will also have a parallel resonance with the utility at a lower
frequency when the source inductance is added to the filter inductance. If this parallel
resonance should lie on or near the 5th harmonic, there is the possibility of the resonant over-
currents described earlier. The installation of series resonant traps will always introduce
parallel resonances at frequencies below the trap frequencies. Good practice dictates that
multiple resonant traps be installed first at the lowest harmonic frequency of concern and then
in sequence at the higher-frequency harmonics. If switched, they should be switched on in
sequence starting with the lowest frequency trap and switched out in sequence starting from
the highest frequency trap.
The voltage or current distortion limit is determined by the sensitivity of loads (also of
power sources), which are influenced by the distorted quantities. The least sensitive is heating

13
equipment of any kind. The most sensitive kind of equipment’s is those electronic devices
which have been designed assuming an ideal (almost) sinusoidal fundamental frequency
voltage or current waveforms. Electric motors are the most popular loads which are situated
between these two categories.
3.2.6 Power Factor
Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to volt-amperes and is the cosine of
the phase angle between the voltage and the current in an AC circuit. These are neatly defined
13 quantities with sinusoidal voltages and currents. Power factor can be improved by adding
capacitors on the power line to draw a leading current and supply lagging VArs to the system.
Power factor correction capacitors can be switched in and out as necessary to maintain VAr
and voltage control. For a sinusoidal signal, the power factor is given by the ratio between the
active and the apparent power. Electrical equipment’s’ parameters are normally given under
nominal voltage and current. A low power factor can indicate bad use of these equipment’s.
The apparent power can be defined by:

1 𝑇2
𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √ ∫ 𝑖 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
Eqn. 3.5
The active power P can be given by the relation:

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos(𝛼1)

Eqn. 3.6
The reactive power Q is defined by:

𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝐿1 sin(𝛼1)

Eqn.3.7
The power factor in this case can be given by

𝑃 𝑃
𝑃. 𝐹 = =
𝑆 √𝑃2 + 𝑄2
Eqn. 3.8.

14
 In the case where there is harmonics, a supplementary power called the distorted power
D appears. This power can be given by the relation

𝛼
2
𝐷 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √∑ 𝐼𝐿𝑛
𝑛=2

Eqn.3.9
The apparent power can then be expressed as:

𝑆 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 𝐷2
Eqn.3.10
The power factor is then given by:

𝑃
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑆
Eqn.3.11
From eqn. 3.11, we can notice that the power factor decreases because of the existence
of harmonics in addition to the reactive power consumption. The Fresnel diagram of the power
is given in Figure

Figure 3.3: Fresnel representation of the power.

Φ: The phase between active power P and apparent power S.

φ1: The phase between active power P and apparent power S1.
Υ: The phase between apparent power in a linear system and that in a non-linear system.

15
3.3 Harmonic Currents Sources
The main cause of harmonics is the injection of harmonic currents by the non-linear
loads. The bridges of diodes are the most non-linear loads present in the power applications
because they don’t need a control and they have long life duration with low cost. There are
also many other harmonic producing loads such as
Industrial equipment’s (welding machines, arc furnaces, induction furnaces, rectifiers).

Offices equipment’s (computers, photocopiers…etc.).

Domestic devices (TVs, micro-wave furnaces, neon lightening…etc.).

Power transformers when working in the saturation zone also are considered as non-linear
loads that produce harmonics.
The feeding of non-linear loads generates harmonic currents which spread into the
electrical grid. The spread of current harmonics into the feeding impedances (transformers and
grid) creates harmonic voltages in these feeders. Remembering that the conductor impedance
increases with the frequencies of the currents which pass through it, different impedance will
appear for each range of current harmonics. The harmonic current of range h will create through
the impedance harmonic voltage. All the loads connected to the same point will be fed with
the same perturbed voltage. The equivalent circuit per phase of a non-linear load connected to
the grid is given by Figure 3.4.

ZS Il

Nonlinear
eS ZL Load

Figure 3.4: Equivalent circuit per phase of a non-linear load connected to the grid

16
 The spread of harmonic currents from different loads can be represented as in Figure 2.5.

I Recitifies
h
G ArcFurnaces
Wilding Machine

Reactive Power Ih
Compensation Speed Controllers

Ih Ih Lamps
Neon Lightening

Linear Loads
Don Produce
’tHarmonics

Figure3.5: Spread of harmonic currents into the grid.

3.4 Economic effects of harmonics
 Premature aging of materials which forces its replacement, in addition to an initial over sizing
of these materials.

 The overloading of the grid which implies to increase the nominal power and to oversize the
installations, causing more and more losses.

 The current distortions cause sudden triggers and the stop of production equipment’s.

These material costs, energetic and production losses affect the competitiveness and the
productivity of factories and companies.

3.5 Solutions to power quality problems

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems. The first
approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is made less sensitive
to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion. The
other solution is to install line-conditioning systems that suppress or counteract the power
system disturbances. Passive filters have been most commonly used to limit the flow of
harmonic currents in distribution systems. They are usually custom designed for the

17
application. However, their performance is limited to a few harmonics, and they can introduce
resonance in the power system. Among the different new technical options available to
improve power quality, active power filters have proved to be an important and flexible
alternative to compensate for current and voltage disturbances in power distribution systems.
The idea of active filters is relatively old, but their practical development was made possible
with the new improvements in power electronics and microcomputer control strategies as well
as with cost reduction in electronic components. Active power filters are becoming a viable
alternative to passive filters and are gaining market share speedily as their cost becomes
competitive with the passive variety. Through power electronics, the active filter introduces
current or voltage components, which cancel the harmonic components of the nonlinear loads
or supply lines, respectively. Different active power filters topologies have been introduced
and many of them are already available in the market.

3.5.1 Power filter topologies

Depending on the particular application or electrical problem to be solved, active power

filters can be implemented as shunt type, series type, or a combination of shunt and series
active filters (shunt-series type). These filters can also be combined with passive filters to
create hybrid power filters.
The shunt-connected active power filter, with a self-controlled dc bus, has a topology similar
to that of a static compensator (STATCOM) used for reactive power compensation in power
transmission systems. Shunt active power filters compensate load current harmonics by
injecting equal-but opposite harmonic compensating current. In this case the shunt active
power filter operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components generated by the
load but phase-shifted by 180°.
Series active power filters were introduced by the end of the 1980s and operate mainly as a
voltage regulator and as a harmonic isolator between the nonlinear load and the utility system.
The series-connected filter protects the consumer from an inadequate supply-Voltage quality.
This type of approach is especially recommended for compensation of voltage unbalances and
voltage sags from the ac supply and for low-power applications and represents an economically
attractive alternative to UPS, since no energy storage (battery) is necessary and the overall

18
rating of the components is smaller. The series active filter injects a voltage component in
series with the supply voltage and therefore can be regarded as a controlled voltage source,
compensating voltage sags and swells on the load side. In many cases, series active filters work
as hybrid topologies with passive LC filters. If passive LC filters are connected in parallel to
the load, the series active power filter operates as a harmonic isolator, forcing the load current
harmonics to circulate mainly through the passive filter rather than the power distribution
system. The main advantage of this scheme is that the rated power of the series active filter is
a small fraction of the load kVA rating, typically 5%. However, the apparent power rating of
the series active power filter may increase in case of voltage compensation.

The series-shunt active filter is a combination of the series active filter and the shunt active
filter. The shunt active filter is located at the load side and can be used to compensate for the
load harmonics. On the other hand, the series portion is at the source side and can act as a
harmonic blocking filter. This topology has been called the Unified Power Quality conditioner.
The series portion compensates for supply voltage harmonics and voltage unbalances, acts as
a harmonic blocking filter, and damps power system oscillations. The shunt portion
compensates load current harmonics, reactive power, and load current unbalances. In addition,
it regulates the dc link capacitor voltage. The power supplied or absorbed by the shunt portion
is the power required by the series compensator and the power required to cover losses.
Hybrid power filters are a combination of active and passive filters. With this topology the
passive filters have dynamic low impedance for current harmonics at the load side, increasing
their bandwidth operation and improving their performance. This behavior is reached with only
a small power rating PWM inverter, which acts as an active filter in series with the passive
filter.
Multilevel inverters are being investigated and recently used for active filter topologies.
Three-level inverters are becoming very popular today for most inverter applications, such as
machine drives and power factor compensators. The advantage of multilevel converters is that
they can reduce the harmonic content generated by the active filter because they can produce
more levels of voltage than conventional converters (more than two levels). This feature helps
to reduce the harmonics generated by the filter itself. Another advantage is that they can reduce
the voltage or current ratings of the semiconductors and the switching frequency requirements.

19
3.5.2 Voltage source converters
Most of the active power filter topologies use voltage source converters, which have a
voltage source at the dc bus, usually a capacitor, as an energy storage device. This topology,
shown in Figure 1.1, converts a dc voltage into an ac voltage by appropriately gating the power
semiconductor switches. Although a single pulse for each half cycle can be applied to
synthesize an ac voltage, for most applications requiring dynamic performance, pulse width
modulation (PWM) is the most commonly used today. PWM techniques applied to a voltage
source inverter consist of chopping the dc bus voltage to produce an ac voltage of an arbitrary
waveform. There are a large number of PWM techniques available to synthesize sinusoidal
patterns or any arbitrary pattern. With PWM techniques, the ac output of the filter can be
controlled as a current or voltage source device.

Figure 3.6.Voltage source converter topology for active filters.

3.6 Active Power Filters

The function of the active power filters (APF) is to generate either harmonic currents
or voltages in a manner such that the grid current or voltage waves conserve the sinusoidal
form. The APFs can be connected to the grid in series (Series APF), shunt (SAPF) to
compensate voltage harmonics or current harmonics respectively. Or can be associated with
passive filters to construct the hybrid filters (HAPF). Active filters are relatively new types
of devices for eliminating harmonics. This kind of filter is based on power electronic devices
and is much more expensive than passive filters. They have the distinct advantage that they do
not resonate with the power system and they work independently with respect to the system

20
 impedance characteristics. They are used in difficult circumstances where passive filters don’t
operate successfully because of resonance problems and they don’t have any interference with
other elements installed anywhere in the power system.

The active filters present many other advantages over the traditional methods for harmonic
compensation such as

 Adaptation with the variation of the loads.

 Possibility of selective harmonics compensation.

 Limitations in the compensation power.

 Possibility of reactive power compensation.

3.6.1. Series Active Power Filter (series APF)

The aim of the series APF is to locally modify the impedance of the grid. It is
considered as harmonic voltage source which cancel the voltage perturbations which come
from the grid or these created by the circulation of the harmonic currents into the grid
impedance.
However, series APFs can’t compensate the harmonic currents produced by the loads.

Non Linear Load

RS VIn LL
LS RL

Distribution System
equivalent circuit
RF LF C Dc

Series Active Power Filter

Figure 3.7: Series active power filter connected to the grid

21
3.6.2 Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF)
The SAPFs are connected in parallel with the harmonic producing loads. They are
expected to inject in real time the harmonic currents absorbed by the pollutant loads. Thus, the
grid current will become sinusoidal.
Non Linear Load

RS LS i Sabc Ilab RL LL

Distribution System
Equivalent circuit I Sabc

RF LF
C Dc

Shunt Active Power Filter

Figure 3.8: Shunt APF connected in parallel with non-linear load
3.6.3 Combination of Parallel and Series APF (UPQC)
Figure 3.9 explains the combination of two APFs parallel and series, called also
(Unified Power Quality Conditioner). This structure combines the advantages of the two APF
type’s series and parallel. So it allows simultaneously achieving sinusoidal source current and
voltage.
v
inj

Grid
if
Non - Linear Load

Series Active Shunt Active

Power Filter Power Filter

Figure 3.9: Unified Power Quality Conditioner’s Diagram

22
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION

In this chapter shunt active power filter working principal is described .selection of
filter components .and reference voltage and capacitor value in the dc link are discussed. This
topic analyzed in detailed below.

4.1 SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

The shunt-connected active power filter, with a self-controlled dc bus, has a topology
similar to that of a static compensator (STATCOM) used for reactive power compensation in
power transmission systems. Shunt active power filters compensate load current harmonics by
injecting equal-but opposite harmonic compensating current. In this case the shunt active
power filter operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components generated by the
load but phase-shifted by 180°. This principle is applicable to any type of load considered as
harmonic source. Moreover, with an appropriate control scheme, the active power filter can
also compensate the load power factor. In this way, the power distribution system sees the non-
linear load and the active power filter as an ideal resistor. The current compensation is done.

Figure.4.1.Shunt active power filter

23
 Figure.4.2. Filter current IF generated to compensate load-current harmonics.
4.2. BASIC COMPENSATION PRINCIPLE
Figure 4.2 the basic compensation principle of a shunt active power filter. It is
controlled to draw / supply a compensating current 𝐼𝑐 from / to the utility, so that it cancels
current harmonics on the AC side, and makes the source current in phase with the source
voltage. The load current waveform and the desired mains current. And the compensating
current injected by the active filter containing all the harmonics, to make mains current
sinusoidal. Are shown.

4.3 Harmonic Current Extraction Methods The aim of active power filtering is to
compensate the harmonic currents produced by the non-linear loads, and to ensure the
sinusoidal form of grid currents and voltages. The first step in active filtering is the harmonic
currents extraction to be injected into the grid. The good extraction of harmonics is a keyword
for a good active power filtering. Many extraction methods were proposed in literary. They
can be divided into two families: the first family uses the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in the
frequency domain to extract the current harmonics [19]. The main disadvantages of this
method are the bad results in transient, the heavy amount of calculations, and the use of
considerable memory [19]. In addition to a delay in the extraction of harmonics which can be
at least one period. The second family is based on the time domain calculations in the extraction

24
of harmonics. Some of its methods are based on the instantaneous active and reactive power.
Others are based on the calculation of direct and indirect current components. Recently, the
neural networks and the adaptive linear neural networks have been used in the extraction of
harmonic components of current and voltage. The time domain methods allow a faster response
and less calculation and memory use [20].The various techniques are

1) Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power Theory

2) Synchronous Reference d-q Method

3) RMS Value Based Algorithm

4) Peak voltage detection method [19 ].

In this the thesis is done by peak voltage detection method.

4.4. ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE SOURCE CURRENT

The instantaneous currents can be written as

𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑙 − 𝑖𝑐 (4.1)

Source voltage is given by

𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡(4.2)
If a non-linear load is applied, then the load current will have a fundamental component and
harmonic components which can be represented as

𝑖𝐿 = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝛷𝑛 ) .(4.3)

= 𝐼1 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝛷1 ) + ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝐼𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝛷𝑛 ) (4.4)

The instantaneous load power can be given as

𝑃𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑖𝑙 (𝑡)(4.5)

25
 𝑃𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼1 sin 𝜔𝑡2 cos 𝛷1 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐼1 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∗ cos 𝜔𝑡 ∗
sin 𝛷1 + 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∗ ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝐼𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝛷𝑛 )(4.6)

𝑃𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑃𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑃𝑟 (𝑡) + 𝑃ℎ (𝑡)(4.7)

Power drawn by the load in the real which is fundamental component

𝑃𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼1 sin 𝜔𝑡2 cos 𝛷1 (4.8)

The source current supplied by the source, after compensation is

𝑃𝑓 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = =𝐼1 cos 𝛷 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡(4.9)
𝑣𝑠 (𝑡)

Where Ism=I1cosΦ1

There are also some switching losses in the PWM converter, and hence the utility must
supply a small overhead for the capacitor leakage and converter switching losses in addition
to the real power of the load. The total peak current supplied by the source is therefore

𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠𝑚 + 𝐼𝑠𝑙 (4.10)

If the active filter provides the total reactive and harmonic power, then i(t) will be in
phase with the utility voltage and purely sinusoidal. At this time, the active filter must provide
the following compensation current:

𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑙 (𝑡) − 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡)(4.11)

Hence, for accurate and instantaneous compensation of reactive and harmonic power it
is necessary to estimate, i.e. the fundamental component of the load current as the reference
current.

The peak value of the reference current 𝑖𝑠𝑝 can be estimated by controlling the DC
side capacitor voltage. Ideal compensation requires the mains current to be sinusoidal and in
26
phase with the source voltage, irrespective of the load current nature. The desired source
currents, after compensation, can be given as
∗
𝑖𝑠𝑎 = 𝑖𝑠𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡
∗
𝑖𝑠𝑏 = 𝑖𝑠𝑝 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 120° )
∗
𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝑖𝑠𝑝 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 120° )
Where 𝑖𝑠𝑝 = (𝐼1 cos 𝛷 + 𝐼𝑠1 ) the desired source current amplitude. From the source
voltages the phase angle can be obtained. From this the waveform and phases currents are
already known and only the magnitudes that source currents need to be obtained. By regulating
the DC side capacitor voltage of the PWM converter this peak value of the reference current
has been estimated. This voltage of the capacitor compared with the error and reference value
in fuzzy controller.
4.5. ROLE OF DC SIDE CAPACITOR
The DC side capacitor serves two main purposes: (i) it maintains a DC voltage with
small ripple in steady state, and (ii) serves as an energy storage element to supply real power
difference between load and source during the transient period. In the steady state, the real
power supplied by the source should be equal to the real power demand of the load plus a small
power to compensate the losses in the active filter. Thus, the DC capacitor voltage can be
maintained at a reference value.
However, when the load condition changes the real power balance between the mains
and the load will be disturbed. This real power difference is to be compensated by the DC
capacitor. This changes the DC capacitor voltage away from the reference voltage. In order to
15 keep satisfactory operation or the active filter, the peak value of the reference current must
be adjusted to proportionally change the real power drawn from the source. This real power
charged/discharged by the capacitor compensates the real power consumed by the load. If the
DC capacitor voltage is recovered and attains the reference voltage, the real power supplied by
the source is supposed to be equal to that consumed by the load again.
Thus, in this fashion the peak value or the reference source current can be obtained by
regulating the average voltage of the DC capacitor. A smaller DC capacitor voltage than the
reference voltage means that the real power supplied by the source is not enough to supply the
load demand. Therefore, the source current (i.e. the real power drawn from the source) needs

27
to be increased, while a larger DC capacitor voltage than the reference voltage tries to decrease
the reference source current. This change in capacitor voltage has been verified from the
simulation results.
The real/reactive power injection may result in the ripple voltage of the DC capacitor.
A low pass filter is generally used to filter these ripples, which introduce a finite delay. To
avoid the use of this low pass filter the capacitor voltage is sampled at the zero crossing of the
source voltage. A continuously changing reference current makes the compensation non
instantaneous during transient. Hence, this voltage is sampled at the zero crossing of one of
the phase voltage, which makes the compensation instantaneous. Sampling only twice in cycle
as compared to six times in a cycle leads to a slightly higher DC capacitor voltage rise/dip
during transients, but settling time is less

The design of the power circuit includes three main parameters.

• Selection of filter inductor, Lc.
• Selection of DC side capacitor, Cdc.
• Selection of reference value of DC side capacitor voltage, Vdc,ref.
4.6. SELECTION OF Lc AND Vdc,ref
The design of these components is based on the following assumptions:
1. The AC source voltage is sinusoidal.
2. To design of Lc, the AC side line current distortion is assumed to be 5%.
3. Fixed capability of reactive power compensation of the active filter.
4. The PWM converter is assumed to operate in the linear modulation mode (i.e. 0≤ma≤1).
As per the compensation principle, the active filter adjusts the current ic1 to
compensate the reactive power of the load [12]. If the active filter compensates all the
fundamental reactive power of the load, fundamental source current will be in phase and ic1
should be orthogonal to Vs, as shown in Fig.2.5. (the 1 stands here for the fundamental
component)

28
 I s1 Vs V c1

I1
I c1 j ω L cI 1

Figure.4.3. Active power filter and its phasor diagram

From a vector diagram the three-phase reactive power delivered from the active filter can be
calculated
Qc1 = 3VsIc1 = 3VsVc1 /ωLc (1− (Vs. /Vc1))
I.e. the active filter can compensate the reactive power from the utility only when Vc1 > Vs.

If the PWM converter is assumed to operate in the linear modulation mode (i.e. 0≤ma≤1), the

amplitude modulation factor ma is

𝑣𝑚
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑐⁄
2
Where vm=√2𝑣𝑐 , and hence Vdc = 2√2 Vc1 for𝑚𝑎 =1.

The ripples of the converter current is filter by inductor Lc, by the principle of harmonic

current reduction design of Lcis taken. The PWM converter ripple current can be given like the

maximum harmonic voltage, occurs at that frequency.

4.7 Hysteresis Control Method

The current control strategy plays an important role in fast response current controlled
inverters such as the active power filters. The hysteresis current control method is the most
commonly proposed control method in time domain. This method provides instantaneous
current corrective response, good accuracy and unconditioned stability to the system. Besides
that, this technique is said to be the most suitable solution for current controlled inverters.
Hysteresis current control is a method of controlling a voltage source inverter so that an output
current is generated which follows a reference current waveform [17 ]. The basic structure of
PWM voltage source inverter with hysteresis controller is shown in Figure 3.8. The hysteresis

29
control strategy aims to keep the controlled current inside a defined rejoin around the desired
reference current. The status of the switches is determined according to the error. When the
current is increasing and the error exceeds a certain positive value, the status of the switches
changes and the current begins to decrease until the error reaches a certain negative value, then
the switches status changes again [17 ].

i *f if

Upper limit

HB

HB Lower limit

Si

0
t

Figure 4.4: Hysteresis control principle

In the fix hysteresis band control of the VSI, the switching frequency is a function of the
derivative of the output current. This one depends on the value of the inductance of the
decoupling filter and the voltage drop around it. It is important to notice that the coupling filter
affects the switching frequency and the dynamic behavior of the active filter. The simple
implementation procedure is the main advantage of this control method. However, the variable
switching frequency is the major draw-back of this method. This variable frequency affects
mainly the function of power electronic elements which can’t support high switching
frequency in high power applications. In order to solve the problem of variable switching
frequency, a new hysteresis control strategies like “modulated hysteresis control” and “variable
hysteresis band” were proposed. In the modulated hysteresis control it is difficult to define the
hysteresis band width. Over more, the fix switching frequency achieved using this method
affects the rapidity obtained by hysteresis control..

4.8 Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Control the control techniques based on the PWM
solve the problem of switching frequency of the VSI. They use a fix switching frequency which
makes it easier to cancel the switching harmonics. The PWM can be realized using different

30
techniques such as carrier based PWM, PWM with harmonics minimization, and space vector
PWM. The carrier PWM can be natural PWM, symmetric PWM, and asymmetric PWM [].
The most simple and well known PWM technique is the sinusoidal PWM. This technique uses
a controller which determines the voltage reference of the inverter from the error between the
measured current and its reference. This reference voltage is then compared with a triangular
carrier signal (with high frequency defining the switching frequency). The output of this
comparison gives the switching function of the VSI. The choice of the ratio between the
frequency of the reference signal and the frequency of the carrier signal is very important in
the case of symmetric and periodic reference. As a consequence, in the case of sinusoidal
reference, the ratio between the two frequencies must be integer to synchronize the carrier with
the reference. Over more, it is preferable that the carrier frequency be odd to conserve the
reference symmetry. In all cases this ratio must be sufficiently high to ensure the fast switching
[23] and to take the switching harmonics away from the fundamental produced by the inverter.

Conclusion: By using peak voltage detection method the estimation of the reference currents
is evaluated .for injecting opposite harmonics the switching pulses to the pwm technique is
given such that it will produce opposite current harmonics.

31
CHAPTER 5
FUZZY CONTROL SCHEME
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic that deals with approximate, rather than
fixed and exact reasoning. Compared to traditional binary logic (where variables may take on
true or false values), fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges in degree between
0 and. Fig. 5. (1) The block diagram shown is the fuzzy logic control implemented scheme of a shunt
active filter. Fig.5.(2) the schematic diagram shows the control algorithm strategy. The control
algorithm will be implemented in the shunt active power filter in closed loop, 3 capacitor voltage of dc
side and reference value compared. The obtained error e (=V -V ) and the change of error signal
dc, ref dc, act

Ce (n) =e (n)-e (n-1) is the fuzzy processing nth sampling instant as inputs. The fuzzy controller output
is considered as after a limit the amplitude of the reference current I the active power demand takes
max

care of load and the losses in the system.

Figure.

Figure.5.1.Schematic diagram of closed loop fuzzy logic controlled shunt active power filter.

32
 The switching signals for the PWM converter are obtained by comparing the actual
∗ ∗ ∗
source currents (𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑖𝑠𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠𝑐 ) with the reference current templates (𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑖𝑠𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 ) in the
hysteresis current controller.

Figure.5.2.Fuzzy Control scheme

5.1. ALGORITHM FOR BASIC FUZZY LOGIC

The FLC, by set of simple rules control action is determined. The rule development is
such that understanding controlling action is simple, mathematical model is not required of the
system. The fuzzy controller internal structure is in Fig.5.3.
δI max ( n)
e(n)
Fuzzification Defuzzif i cation I max = I max (n-1)+ δI max ( n)

V dc
e(n - 1)
V dcref
Decision Making

Figure 5.3. Internal structure of fuzzy logic controller

A fuzzy inference system (or fuzzy system) basically consists of a formulation of

the mapping from a given input set to an output set using fuzzy logic. This mapping process

33
provides the basis from which the inference or conclusion can be made. A fuzzy inference
process consists of the following steps:

• Step 1:Fuzzification of input variables

• Step 2: Application of fuzzy operator (AND,OR,NOT) in the IF(antecedent) part of the
rule

• Step 3: Implication from the antecedent to the consequent(THEN part of the rules)

• Step 4: Aggregation of the consequents across the rules

• Step 5: De-fuzzification

The crisp inputs are converted to linguistic variables in fuzzification based on

membership function (MF). An MF is a curve that defines how the values of a fuzzy
variable in a certain domain are mapped to a membership value µ (or degree of
membership) between 0 and 1. A membership function can have different shapes, as shown
in figure 5.4. The simplest and most commonly used MF is the triangular-type, which can
be symmetrical or asymmetrical in shape. A trapezoidal MF has the shape of a truncated
triangle. Two MFs are built on the Gaussian distribution curve: a simple Gaussian curve
and a two-sided composite of two different Gaussian distribution curves. The bell MF with
a flat top is somewhat different from a Gaussian function. Both Gaussian and bell MFs are
smooth and non-zero at all points.

Figure.5.4. Different types of membership functions.

34
 The basic properties of Boolean logic are also valid for Fuzzy logic. Once the inputs
have been fuzzified, we know the degree to which each part of the antecedent of a rule has
been satisfied. Based on the rule, OR or AND operation on the fuzzy variables is done. The
implication step helps to evaluate the consequent part of a rule. There are a number of
implication methods in the literature, out of which Mamdani and TS types are frequently
used. Mamdani proposed this method which is the most commonly used implication
method. In this, the output is truncated at the value based on degree of membership to give
the fuzzy output. Takagai-Sugeno-Kang method of implication is different from Mamdani
in a way that, the output MFs is only constants or have linear relations with the inputs.

The result of the implication and aggregation steps is the fuzzy output which is the
union of all the outputs of individual rules that are validated or “fired”. Conversion of this
fuzzy output to crisp output is defines as de-fuzzification. There are many methods of de-
fuzzification out of which Center of Area (COA) and Height method are frequently used. In
the COA method (often called the center of gravity method) of de-fuzzification, the crisp
output of particular variable Z is taken to be the geometric center of the output fuzzy value
µout(Z) area, where this area is formed by taking the union of all contributions of rules whose
degree of fulfillment is greater than zero. In height method of de-fuzzification, the COA
method is simplified to consider the height of the each contributing MF at the mid-point of
the base.

Here in this scheme, the error e and error change ce are taken as numerical variables
from the real system. Numerical variables converted into linguistic variables, the above
seven fuzzy levels or sets are chosen as. NB (negative big) NM (negative medium) and NS
(negative small) and ZE (zero) and PS (positive small), PM (positive medium), and PB
(positive big).

The characteristics of FLC as follows:

• For each input and output. There are Seven fuzzy sets

• For simplicity. Triangular membership functions are used

35
• By using continuous universe of discourse. Fuzzification is done

• Using Mamdani's 'min' operator. Implication is done

• Using the 'height' method. Defuzzification

µe, µce

NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

-1 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 1

Figure. 5.5. Normalized triangular membership functions in fuzzification.

µδImax

NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

-1 -0.5 -0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1

Figure.5.5. Normalized triangular functions used in fuzzification

(a)Membership functions for e and ce (b)Membership function for δImax

36
5.2. CONTROL RULES DESIGN

The input variables rules defining to the output model properties. As the FLC is not
dependent of the system model, mainly the design based on simple input and output experience
of, the process. Anew method for rule base design on the general dynamic behavior of the
process has been introduced and further modified.

The input variables of the FLC are error e and of error change ce. Change of the
reference current (δImax) is the output. The step time response of a stable closed loop system is
should have a shape as in figure 5.6. And figure 5.7 the step response mapping of the error
against the change in error. Is shown below

Figure.5.6. step Time response of a closed loop system at stable

Figure.5.7. step response Phase plane trajectory

37
 The equilibrium point of the system is the phase plane origin. The time response has
been divided into four regions A1,A2,A3, and A4 and two sets of points - cross-over (b1, b2)
and peak (c1, c2). The index used for identifying the response area is defined as
 A1: if e>0&ce<0, A2: if e<0&ce<0
 A3:if e<0&ce>0, A4: if e>0&ce>0
The cross over index:
b1 : e>0 to e<0,ce<0 b2 : e<0 to e>0,ce>0 and
The peak valley index:
c1: Ce=0, e<0, and c2: Ce=0, e>0
Based on these four areas, two sets of points and phase plane trajectory of e and ce, the rule
base is framed. The corresponding rule for the region 1 can be formulated as rule R 1 and has
the effect of shortening the rise time
R1: if e is + ve and Ceis - ve, then δImax is +ve
Rule 2 for region 2 decreases the overshoot of the system response, which can be written as
R2:if eis - ve and Ceis - ve; then δImax is – ve
Similarly, rules for other regions can be formed. For are determined based on the theory
that in the transient control performance better fuzzy partitioned sub- state, large errors need
coarse control, which requires spaces (NB, NM, NS, ZE, PS, PM, PB) are used, and coarse
input/output variables; in the steady state, are summarized in Table 5.1. The elements of this
table however, small errors need fine control, which requires fine input/output variables. Based
on this, the elements of the rule table are obtained from an understanding of the filter behavior
and modified by simulation performance.
While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic
applications, the non-numeric are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. A
linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However,
the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied
to primary terms. These linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions.

38
Table 5.1 Fuzzy control rule table

39
CHAPTER 6
MODELING OF THE SYSTEM
A program is developed to simulate the fuzzy logic based shunt active power filter in
MATLAB. The complete active power filter system is composed mainly of three-phase
source, a nonlinear load, a voltage source PWM converter, and a fuzzy controller or a PI
controller. All these components are modeled separately, integrated and then solved to
simulate the system.

6.1. MODELING OF NONLINEAR LOAD

A three-phase diode rectifier with input impedance and R-L load is considered as a
nonlinear load. Due to the presence of source inductance, six overlapping and six non
overlapping conduction intervals occur in a cycle. During a non-overlapping interval only two
devices will conduct while during an overlapping interval three devices of the bridge will
conduct simultaneously. The dynamic equations during non-overlap and overlap intervals are
given in (1) and (2) respectively:

Pid = (Vo − (2Rs + RL )id − 2vd ) /(2Ls + L) (6.1)

pid= (Vo − (1.5Rs + RL)id − 2vd ) /(1.5Ls + L) (6.2).
Where Rs and Ls are the elements of the source inductance, vd is the voltage drop across each
device, RL and L are the elements of load impedance, id is the load current flowing through
the diode pairs and p is the differential operator d/dt). V0 is the AC side line voltage segment
(vac, vbc, vba, vca, vcb, vab during non-overlap, and vbc+vac/2, vba+vbc/2, vca+vba/2, vcb+vca/2,
vab+vcb/2, vac+vab/2 during overlap intervals) based on diode pair conduction. The phase
currents isa, isb, and isc are obtained by id, considering the respective diode pair conduction

6.2. ESTIMATION OF PEAK SUPPLY CURRENT

Peak value of the supply current (Imax) is estimated using PI controller and fuzzy controller
over the voltage of the APF dc bus. The DC voltage is sensed at every one sixth period of AC
source frequency. The dc bus voltage (Vdc(n)) is compared with its reference value (Vdcref).
The resulting voltage error Ve(n) at nth sampling instant is expressed as

40
 Ve(n) = Vdcref – Vdc(n) (6.3.1)

V0(n1) and Ve(n-1) are the output voltage controller and voltage error at (n-1)th sampling instant.
This output V0(n) of the voltage controller is taken as peak value of source current (Imax). The peak
value of the reference current Imax is estimated using fuzzy controller by controlling the DC side
capacitor voltage in closed loop. The output of fuzzy control algorithm is change in peak current
δImax(n). The peak reference current Imax(n), at the nth sampling instant is determined by adding te
previous peak current Imax(n-1) to the calculated change in reference current:

Imax(n) = Imax(n−1)+δImax(n−1) (6.3.2)

In classical control theory this is integrating effect, which increases the system type and
improves steady state error.
6.3. ESTIMATION OF INSTANATANEOUS REFERENCE SUPPLY CURRENTS

Harmonic free unity power factor, three-phase supply currents can be estimated using unit
current templates in phase with the supply voltages and their peak values. The unit current
templates are derived as

u v V
sa = sa / sm

u v V
sb = sb / sm (6.3.3)

usc = vsc /Vsm

Where Vsm is the peak value of source voltage and ω is the supply frequency. The
instantaneous reference supply currents are compared as

isa* = Imaxusa
isb* = Imaxusb (6.3.4)

isc* = Imaxusc
6.4. HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER

The current controller decides the switching patterns of the devices in the APF. The switching logic
is formulated as if isa < (isa* - hb) upper switch is OFF and lower switch is ON in leg “a” of the APF;
if isa > (isa* - hb) upper switch is ON and lower switch is OFF in leg “a” of the APF. Similarly, the

41
switches in the legs “b” and “c” are activated. Here, hb is the width of the hysteresis band around
which the reference currents. In this fashion, the supply currents are regulated within the hysteresis
band of their respective reference values.
The performance of active filter is analyzed by solving set of differential equations (6.1)(6.3.4), with
other expressions by a fourth order Runga kutta method.

42
CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION RESULTS

A program is developed to simulate the fuzzy logic based shunt active power filter in
MATLAB. The complete active power filter system is composed mainly of three-phase source, a
nonlinear load, a voltage source PWM converter, and a fuzzy controller. All these components are
modeled separately, integrated and then solved to simulate the system.

Figures 7.1.- 7.8 show the simulations results of the proposed shunt active power filter
controlled by fuzzy logic with MATLAB program. The parameters selected for simulation studies are
given in table 7.1. The three phase source voltages are assumed to be balanced and sinusoidal. The
source voltage waveform of the reference phase only (phase-a, in this case) is shown in fig.7.1. A load
with highly nonlinear characteristics is considered for the load compensation.

The THD in the load current is 25.05%. The phase-a load current is shown in figure 7.2. The
source current is equal to the load current when the compensator is not connected.

Table 7.1 parameters of simulation study.

System Parameters Values

Source voltage(Vs) 100V(peak)

System frequency(f) 50Hz

Source impedance(Rs,Ls) 1Ω;0.33mH

Filter impedance(Rc,Lc) 1Ω;.45mH

Load impedance(Rl,Ll) 13Ω;20mH

DC link capacitance 2000µF

Reference DClink voltage(Vdcref) 220V

The sourse voltage before compensation and source current the hamonics are very high
because of of the non linear load presnt .before compensation the simulation results are as
fallows.

43
 Figure 7.1 Source voltage

Figure 7.2 Source current

When the compensator is on the source current is in phase with the voltage the THD is
reduced.anlyzation of wave forms after compensation is

44
Figure .7.3Source voltage after compensation

Figure .7.4Source current after compensation

Figure .7.5 Load current after compensation

45
 Figure 7.6 Rectified output of load

The compensator is switched ON at t=0.1s variation in load and source current and there THD

Figure 7.7 Source voltage before source voltage after

46
 Figure 7.8 Source current before source current after

Figure 7.9 Load current before Load current after

Figure 7.10 Source current THD before compensation

47
Figure 7.11Source current THD after compensation

Figure 7.12 Fuzzy rule surface

48
 Figure 7.13 Fuzzy 3D surface

From the wave forms it is clear that harmonic distortion is reduced after connecting
compensator with fuzzy controller fuzzy controller gives better harmonic compensation.

From the responses it is depicted that the settling time required by the fuzzy controller is about
6 cycles. The source current THD is reduced form 25.88% to 1.73% which is below IEEE
standard with both the controllers. Figures 7.1-7.13 shows the simulation results of the
implemented fuzzy controllers with simulation parameters mentioned in table 7.1. The source
voltage waveform of the reference phase only (phase-a, in this case) is shown in fig.6. A diode
rectifier with R-L load is taken as non-linear load. The THD of the load current is 28.34%.

After compensation both source voltage and current are in phase with each other means
that the harmonics are eliminated and reactive power is compensated to make power factor
close to unity. As the source current is becoming sinusoidal after compensation power quality
is improved.

49
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
A shunt active power filter has been investigated for power quality improvement.
Various simulations are carried out to analyze the performance of the system. Fuzzy logic
controller based Shunt active power filter are implemented for harmonic and reactive power
compensation of the non-linear load. A program has been developed to simulate the fuzzy
logic based and based shunt active power filter in MATLAB. It is found from simulation
results that shunt active power filter improves power quality of the power system by
eliminating harmonics and reactive current of the load current, which makes the load current
sinusoidal and in phase with the source voltage. The performance has been studied and
compared. A model has been developed in MATLAB SIMULINK and simulated to verify the
results. The technique is mainly based on sensing line currents only .The fuzzy controller
based shunt active power filter has is implemented on microprocessor based system from
which cost will be reduced. The settling time is very less in case of fuzzy controller. The THD
of the source current is below 5%, the harmonics limit imposed by IEEE standard.

SCOPE FOR THE FUTURE WORK

Artificial neural network methods are the future scope for the fuzzy logic controlled
shunt active filter.

50
CHAPTER 9
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