Undergraduate Thesis of Galih Adi Putra

REGISTER ANALYSIS IN THE GROUP CHAT OF EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR AND DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR IN IYOIN
(INDONESIAN YOUTH OPPORTUNITIES IN INTERNATIONAL
NETWORKING)
THESIS
By:
Galih Adi Putra
NPM.140402010040
UNIVERSITY OF KANJURUHAN MALANG
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
2018
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Motto
“You may have a role model in the life of yours,

but the thing that you must remember is never
imitate them! Be the best version of yourself!”
-Gap-
Dedication
I dedicate my undergraduate thesis for my beloved parent who never
tiring to support me so far.
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ABSTRACT
Putra, Galih Adi. 2018. Register Analysis in the Group Chat of Executive Director
and Deputy Executive Director in IYOIN (Indonesian Youth Opportunities
In International Networking), Thesis. The Department of English Literature,
Faculty of Language and Literature, University of Kanjuruhan Malang.
Advisors: (I) Dr. Mujiono, M.Pd., (II) Trisno Tunggal Rahayu Wilujeng, S.S.,
M.Pd.
Keywords: Register, group chat, IYOIN
This research analyzed the register which exists in the Group Chat of
Executive Director and Deputy Executive Director in IYOIN (Indonesian Youth
Opportunities in International Networking). The objectives of this research were
to describe kinds of form register, the types of register, and the functions of
register in the group chat. In order to discover them, the researcher used theory
from Montano-Harmon to find out types of register and theory from Hudson-
Holmes to find out the function of register.
The design was descriptive qualitative with combining with some

methods, observation, documentation, and content analysis. It was applied in the
subject of the group chat of ED and DED in IYOIN. The data was collected by
screen shooting the group chat and retype it. After collecting the data, the data
was analyzed by theory applied before verifying it used triangulation. The
multiple triangulations were applied to gain trustworthiness of the data by using
theory triangulation and method triangulation.
The results of this research were as follows. First, the researcher found 4
linguistic forms which exist in the group chat. Those were noun, verb, noun
phrase, and verb phrase. Second, the types of register which appear in the group
chat. Those were deliberative or formal register, consultative register, and casual
register. The last result was about the function of register. The researcher found 5
functions of register which exist in the group chat. Those were to express the
feeling, to show prestige, to show position, to show the event, and the show
professional identity. All of the results mentioned above have answered the
research questions of this research.
The result of this research was expected to be a reference for the future
researcher and a matter for teaching in the class. This research also gave the
significance toward the readers to be more understands about sociolinguistics,
especially about register.
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Acknowledgement
Alhamdulillah, the researcher expresses the highest gratitude to Allah
SWT for blessing, love, opportunity, health, and mercy to complete this
undergraduate thesis. The undergraduate thesis entitled “Register Analysis in the
Group Chat of Executive Director and Deputy Executive Director in IYOIN
(Indonesian Youth Opportunities in International Networking)” is submitted as
the final requirement in accomplishing undergraduate degree at the Faculty of
Language and Literature, University of Kanjuruhan Malang.
In the process of finishing the thesis, a lot of people have been provided a
motivation, suggestion, and support for the researcher. In the valuable
opportunity, the researcher intended to express his gratitude and appreciation to
all of stake holder who help a lot. First, the researcher’s deepest appreciation goes
to his beloved parent, Rochmah and Sumardi who always support the researcher
spiritually and financially. The whole families include my aunts, uncles, and
cousins by giving me support all the time. May Allah rewards them with His
biggest gracefulness.
Second of all, the researcher presents his sincere appreciation goes to the
Dean of Faculty of Language and Literature, Dr. Mujiono, M.Pd. who also
become the researcher’s 1st advisor. Without help, support, and patience of him
the thesis would not have been possible to be finished. Once, the researcher is
really thankful for his supervision, advice, and guidance from the very early stage
of the research. Then, the researcher would like to say thank you very much for
the 2nd advisor, Trisno Tunggal Rahayu Wilujeng, S.S., M.Pd. who has helped the
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researcher patiently in finishing this undergraduate thesis by giving a lot of
suggestion, guidance, and correction until completion of this thesis.
The researcher greatest appreciation also goes to some people as follow:
1. Dr. Lasim Muzammil, M.Pd. as the examiner and his advice, supervision,
and crucial contribution in the improvement of the result oh this
undergraduate thesis.
2. Dr. Pieter Sahertian, M.Si., as the Head of the University who always been
the inspiration of the researcher.
3. Teguh Sulistyo, M.Pd. as the Head of Department who helped the
researcher in completion the thesis.
4. All the lecturers in the Faculty of Language and Literature, especially in
the Department of English Literature who always give their best to
improve the researcher’s life, make him think positively, mature, and out
of the box.
5. IYOIN committees as the object of this research and the support for the
researcher to finish this thesis.
6. Close mates of the researcher who always been there whenever the
researcher needs help and feel bored in the process of completion this
research. Hope we can still able to spend the time together after have our
own life in the future.
7. The students of English Literature Department 2014 intake who struggle
together in achieving Bachelor Degree with the researcher. May all of us is
able to achieve our goal in the future.
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8. Senior of the researcher in ELLITE who always been answer the questions
of the researcher. May Allah always gives you His Bless.
9. Some of the inspirators who cannot mention here, the researcher really
thankful to have you in his life. The researcher gets the light inspiration by
your presence.
Furthermore, I would like to give a massive thanks to all of people who give their
supports in finishing this thesis. Finally, the researcher realizes that this thesis is
still far from perfection and excellence so the researcher will accept good critics
and advices with openly mind and big heart. Therefore, thank you for all supports
and guidance. May Allah is bless you all.
The Researcher,
Galih Adi Putra
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Table of Content
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................... i

AUTHENTICATION SHEET ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MOTTO AND DEDICATION iii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ v
Acknowledgement.................................................................................................. vi
Table of Content ..................................................................................................... ix
List of Table ........................................................................................................... xi
List of Chart .......................................................................................................... xii
List of Appendices ............................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ....................................................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................... 4
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................ 5
1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.6 Definition of Key terms .................................................................................... 6
1.7 Literature Review .............................................................................................. 6
1.8 Novelty ............................................................................................................ 14
1.9 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design .............................................................................................. 17
2.2 Data Sources.................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Instruments ...................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Data Collection Method .................................................................................. 19
2.6 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 20
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
3.1 The Form of Register ...................................................................................... 23
3.2 The Types of Register ..................................................................................... 29
3.3 The Function of Register ................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION
4.1 Form of Register ............................................................................................. 39
4.2 Types of Register ............................................................................................ 40
4.3 Function of Register ........................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER V CLOSING
5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Suggestion ....................................................................................................... 48
Refferences ............................................................................................................ 49
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List of Table
Table 3.1 Form of Register 24
Table 3.2 Types of Register 30
Table 3.3 Function of Register 34
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List of Chart
Chart 4.1 Form of Register 39
Chart 4.2 Types of Register 41
Chart 4.3 Function of Register 44
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List of Appendices
Appendix I Original Data 51
Appendix II Data Sheet 70
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
One of instrument of communication both oral and written in various
institution, group, or community is called language. In order to make addressee
become easier to understand what speaker say, usually people use special
vocabularies based on the situational context. There are so many studies which
focus on language, but the study that is learnt about how language work in our
daily conversation in the society is called sociolinguistic (Wardhaugh & Fuller,
2015). Wardhaugh also states that there are many varieties of the existence of the
language. It is supported by (Mujiono, 2013, 2016, 2017; Mujiono, Wilujeng, &
Suharto, 2017) who claim that the phenomenon of sociolinguistic has the variety.
The variety sociolinguistic phenomenon such as borrowing, code-switching,
diaglossia, style, reference, and register (Bayyurt, 2013; Holmes, 2013; Inuwa,
2014).
In the previous paragraph has been explained about the variety of
sociolinguistic phenomenon which is one of them become the topic of the
research. Register is the topic that has been chosen by the researcher. Wardhaugh
thinks that register basically defined as a specific ways of speaking associated
with particular professions or social groups (Wardhaugh & Fuller, 2015).
Meanwhile, register for Biber as cited from (Daems, Speelman, & Ruette, 2013;
Lukin, Moore, Herke, & Wegener, 2011) is terms for any language variety
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defined in situational terms, including the speaker’s purpose in communication,
the topic, the relationship between speaker and addressee, spoken or written
mode, and the production circumstances. Other researchers also claim that the
collective term for functional aspects and various situational of a text is called
register (Isaac, 2014; Odebunmi, 2007). It can be said that register is something
which is only able to be understood by a certain community which is related to the
situational parameter.
The late condition of research register is quite rare. But, still, there are
some of the researchers which studied about register. The example is (Daems et
al., 2013). Their finding is still in line with Biber’s findings that some of the
dimensions are universal, not only when considering the ‘entire’ spectrum of
registers within a language, but also when looking at a specific register (Daems et
al., 2013).
Another one is coming from Indonesia. She is Siti Nurani from the
University of Indraprasta PGRI. She finds six types of technical terms which are
found in the analysis, namely: 1) the single-word nouns; 2) the compound nouns;
3) the single- word verbs; 4) the phrasal-word verbs; 5) the object-referential
words; and 6) the acronyms (Nurani, 2014). Nurani also finds two kinds of level
of expertise of the speakers that is defined in this social role analysis; more
knowledgeable speakers (experts) that mostly use register and less knowledgeable
speakers (non- experts) that is less use of the register.
There is also another researcher which has done the research about
register, From Yogyakarta, there is Jackson and Rahmat. They indicate that social
register of ngoko Javanese that is used to invoke a sense of belonging and

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sameness between interlocutors called Basa Walikan which is not secret language
(Jackson & Rahmat, 2013). Socio-pragmatic appears as the primary function of
Basa Walikan. Here found that taboo topics in some context are able to be
censored by this.
Different from those previous researches, this research is looking for
linguistic form and categorizing them based on theory from Montano and
Harmon. Here, the researcher also analyzes the function of the register which is
applied by the user.
Even if the previous researches that are explained are totally interesting to
be researched due to each of research has a different problem which is very
interesting to be solved, but this research has its unique than previous researches
have been mentioned above. The objects of the previous researches are taken from
the conversation and written form from a blog which means written and oral
separately. But, this research is different because this research uses the
combination of their object that is written form and conversation. The researcher
takes chatting as the object which is conversation use a written form.
The reason of researcher chooses to register as the topic of the research is
that register is still a few topics to be studied both local and international.
Basically, a register can be found in any kind of field due to register focuses on
the situational parameters to show the communicative situation. It means where
there is a communication among specific group or community, there is found
register there. The reason of the researcher chooses IYOIN as his object of the
study is a cause of the researcher is part of this organization. So, it helps him in
getting the data. The example of data that is analyzed is able to be seen below:
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(R.004) A: Btw, lc mana yang sudah mau jalankan proker? Mungkin olec? Kabar-
kabarin yak, jakarta, lagi progress olec ya? Semangat semangat (By the way,
which lc has run the program Olec maybe? Keep us updated! I heard that
Jakarta is working on the olec. Good luck!)
B: surabaya belom welpar :') maaf ya mas bagus (Surabaya has not welpart
yet. Sorry mas bagus).
A: oke mbak, besok rencananya sby welpart ya? Itu ada kendala kah mba?
Nanti japri ak aja ya kaya kemarin (okay, the welpart will be held
tomorrow, won’t it? Is there any problem? Reach me through private
message please).
The bold words are the example of the register that is analyzed in this
research because those words are only able to be understood by the member of the
group chat.
1.2 Problems of the Study
Due to some reasons and status quo mentioned above, the researcher is
interested to study the phenomenon of register application in such conversation
performed by youth in the group chat of the organization, and decide to define the
problems to be solved in this study are:
1. What kind of forms of register implemented in the group chat?
2. What type of register is the most dominant used in the group chat?
3. What are the functions of register found in the data?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study which researcher defines above, the
objectives of the study are formulated as:
1) To describe kind of forms of register implemented in the group chat.
2) To explain the dominant type of register used in the group chat.
3) To explain how the users use the register in the group chat.
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1.4 Scope of the Study
The researcher limits his study by focusing only in the forms which are
found is categorized on 5 types of language register by Montano and Harmon and
explained the function of the register in the group chat based on the theory of
Hudson and Holmes.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The researcher expects that this study gives benefits both theoretically and
empirically. Theoretically, this study is expected of giving valuable knowledge in
the development of sociolinguistics field in general, especially in the register
study. While on the empirical side,
1) Student
This research is expected to be source of material for the student to help
them in solving the problem or assignment about register.
2) The next Researcher
This research is expected to be the previous study for the next researcher
who will do research on the same topic of register study in order to get references
or information to do the further research.
3) Lecturer
This research is expected to be able to help lecturers in giving material
about sociolinguistic and register especially.
4) The General Reader
This result is also expected to help general reader who has no background
in linguistics to understand about register generally and especially which is used
in the group chat of ED and DED in IYOIN.

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1.6 Definition of Key terms
In order to prevent misunderstanding, so that the researcher emphasizes
the point of the terms as follows:
1.6.1 Register
Register is the uses of form of language which is classified based on the
usage to address special purpose used by community or group that focuses on
situational parameter.
1.6.2 Group Chat
Group chat is like multiple chats, but it is a group which consists of some
people. Group chat that is focus of this research is group chat in social media
“Line”.
1.6.3 IYOIN
IYOIN is a non government and non profit organization which focuses on
education, youth, social, and international networking.
1.6.4 ED and DED
ED and DED are terms of position the organizational structure of IYOIN
in the level of local chapter. ED means Executive Director. DED means Deputy
Executive Director.
1.7 Literature Review
A literature review is a review that contains of some theories by the expert
of sociolinguistics and the research from other researchers which is used by the
researcher to espouse the study. A literature review is divided into empirically and
theoretically which are explained in detail below.

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1.7.1 Empirical Review

There are some researches about register which is done by other
researchers. Here are some of them which are able to support this research. The
first is about analyzing register in blog by (Daems et al., 2013). This research
takes the data from written form of blog with two different occupational
backgrounds, humanities and exact science. Daems and her friends use multi-
dimensional analysis which is based on Biber theory to investigate the distribution
of a varied set of linguistic features in blogs. The result is still in line with Biber’s
finding which is this study also explain about the function of the register that is
used by the subject of the study.
Another research about register is from (Isaac, 2014) about functional
varieties of language The research shows us that the major constituents of
sociolinguistic text are register and style. It also determines how language users
employ the linguistic items at disposal whether in consideration of the subject
matter, the constitution of the audience, the means of presentation or the manner
of expression.
The next research is coming from Indraprasta PGRI (Nurani, 2014). She
talks about register used in PT. Dimas Utama. Her research aims to identify
register used by the engineers in PT Dimas Utama. This research uses a
qualitative descriptive analysis which deals with the examination of grammatical
and lexical variations of the register. The data was a face-to-face recorded
interaction among petroleum engineers engaging in the conversations. The
researcher finds that registers used by engineers consist of 6 type technical terms.
The researcher says that employee who uses register is able to be categorized as 2
types that are expert who often use register and non-expert who very rare to use
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register. Expert consists of people who have well-educated, on the contrary non-
expert are the people who have unwell-educated.
The researcher also takes empirical study from the Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. The research belongs to Alis Rahmawati which is about
“A Sociolinguistics Analysis of Register Used in Soccer Page of Social Media
Facebook”. In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative with soccer
pages at Facebook as her object to analyze the register word, linguistic form, and
the meaning of the register found in it. The researcher finds the form of register
which is used in the soccer page in Facebook and its meaning which is
categorized as lexical and contextual meaning (Rahmawati, 2014).
The next one is coming from Yogyakarta, (Jackson & Rahmat, 2013). The
research is about “Decoding Basa Walikan in Yogyakarta”. The research is about
non-standard registers of Indonesia which focus on the similar varieties of
regional languages spoken in Indonesia. It provides that basa walikan is a social
register. It is also found that the primary function of basa walikan appears to be
socio-pragmatic. To analyze the data, the researchers use derivation, usage, and
function as the base.
1.7.2 Theoretical Review
1.7.2.1 Register on Perspective
The usage of language and the way to communicate one another is
different in every human. Speaker will use different language on the different
occasion and different addressee. Speaker also will use the same term to say the
same thing in different way. These kinds of variation can be happen due to some
factors such as the language choice in pronunciation, morphology, grammar, the

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communication’s purpose of the speaker, the relationship between speaker and
addressee, background knowledge of the communicator, and the production of
circumstances. In addition, Analysis of the systematic patterns of variation
associated with these factors has led to recognize two main kinds of language
varieties: registers, referring to define varieties in certain situation, and dialects,
referring to varieties associated with different groups of speakers.
Holmes states that the language used in the association of people with the
same interest or jobs, or the language used in the certain situation associated with
such a group is called a register(Holmes, 2013). For instance, group of policeman
uses some special code in the communication during they do their job such as 86,
Bravo, etc. which have different meaning in every term. The meaning of each
term is only able to be understood by the people who are joining of the group or
the same policeman.
On the other hand, Solano differentiates about dialect and register those
different ways of saying the same thing is called dialect; they reflect social
structure like class, gender, and origin. Meanwhile, registers are ways of saying
different things; they reflect social processes like division of labor, specialty,
contexts, content areas, and specific activities (Solano-flores, 2006).
Wardhaugh also declares that register is specific ways of speaking
associated with particular professions or social groups. The examples are the
register in the hospitality employees, the register used by trans-gender community
in the particular place, etc. (Wardhaugh & Fuller, 2015). Halliday & Hasan (1976)
which cited on (Lee, Wing, & Chan, 2015) states that linguistic features which are
typically associated with a configuration of situational features is register. These

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features are fields, mode, and tenor. Field is the total event, meanwhile the
function of the text in the event is name mode, and tenor is a type of role
interaction among the participant involved (Guazzieri & Tratto da Taylor, 2001;
Lee et al., 2015). Something which is determining factors for the linguistic
features of the text are those three values (Field, Mode, and Tenor).
M.A.K. Halliday as cited from (Martin, 2014; Matthiessen, 2012) believes
that Systemic Language Features (SFL) was designed to help solving problem
about social language as holistic theory. It is also able to support text analysis.
Moreover, meaning is determined by register and situation- type determines
register, which can be precisely defined by means of categories of situation
(Jeffery, 2002).
In the communication, there is a principle of talk to succeed communicate
one for another. In the (Johnstone & Marcellino, 2010) he cited that Hymes tries
to make a group of people easy in understanding their communication by
developing his Speaking Model: Settings, Participants, Ends, Act, Key,
Instruments, Norms, and Genres. The deep explanation of speaking model is
explained below:
a) Settings
It determines into physical circumstances (refers to certain place and time that
communication occurs), psychological setting (involves the interlocutor of
conversation), cultural scene (refers to the range of formality regard through
formal, semi-formal, and informal situation).

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b) Participants
It refers to who is being included in conversation which takes various roles as
addressor, addressee, speaker or addressee (P1, P2, P3).
c) Ends
It refers to the purposes of the speech, the goals and the outcome of the
conversation.
d) Act
It refers to the form and order or chronological of the event.
e) Key
It refers to the spirit, tone manner of speech act in conversation.
f) Instruments
It refers to the form or style of the speech or we can say that it is a tool to
communicate.
g) Norms
It refers to the way how to interrupt and collaborate during conversation.
h) Genres
It refers to the kind of conversation that is associated with speech.
This theory of Del Hymes is used to help the researcher in analyzing the
conversation in the group chat. It is able to help in observing not only the situation
during conversation but also other aspect such as participant, norm, etc. which are
explained above. For example, in one utterance or sentence which is found as the
data is looked for all categories of speaking (setting, participant, ends, act, key,
instruments, norms, genres). After that, the result can help the researcher to solve
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the problem of the study. So, in analyzing register is needed to use speaking
theory from Del Hymes.
In the communication also have five level language register according to
(Krashen, 2008) which already cited from Montano and Harmon in his book
”Developing English for Academic Purposes”. An appropriate use that is
determined by differing situations is had by every level. It would be inappropriate
if we used vocabulary or language which we use for boyfriend or girlfriend when
speaking in the seminar. Thus the appropriate language register depends upon the
audience (who), the topic (what), purpose (why) and location (where). Those five
levels are:
a) Static (Frozen) Register
It is style of communication which its languages cannot be changed. It is
"frozen" in time and content. It is usually applied to the lord prayer, laws, bible,
etc.
b) Formal/ Deliberative Register
It is a one-way communication and happening in a formal setting. It has
already accepted format. It is usually impersonal and formal. The examples are
announcement, speech, and other standard work.
c) Consultative Register
This is a standard form of communications which used as professional
discourse. When the stranger meet or employee talks to manager is the example of
applying this language.

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d) Casual Register
It is informal group language which used by peers and friend. Slang,
vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal. Teammates, emails, chatting, blog are
the examples.
e) Intimate Register
It is a private communication is reserved for close family members or
intimate people. The user of this is usually husband and wife, boyfriend and
girlfriend, siblings, parent, and children.
1.7.2.2 The Function of Register
The function of register is showing what the recipient doing when the
conversation occurred as Hudson says “your dialect is showing who you are,
meanwhile your register is showing what you are doing” (Hudson, 1996). It can
be said that the situation can be explained by the register which is used. For
instance, if there is a debater give a speech when he/she on a debate will use some
special vocabularies. It will be different when he/she talk to his/her friend who not
debater, he/she will use common vocabularies. So, the register shows the situation
while the conversation has occurred.
Another function can be taken from (Holmes, 2013), by using register, a
certain group of people want to have their own characteristic to make their group
is known by other people. It can bee seen from transgender or gay community
which want to show their existence in the society by using register. Moreover, the
function of register is also to express the feeling. By using register, the member of
certain group of people can show and explain their feeling (Holmes, 2013).
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1.7.2.3 IYOIN
The history of IYOIN begins on October 2015. It is an NGO which focus
on education, youth, social, and international networking. There is eleven youth
with different background of study and also different universities gather in
Malang to build this organization. They hope that this organization able to
broaden up the networking of youths as the facility to reach the individual goal,
group, and nation’s education which give the benefit for all of youth in Indonesia.
It consists of selected youth aged 18-30 which come from all around
Indonesia. In 2017, IYOIN has 18 local chapters which spread in all of city in
Indonesia. Each local chapter there is a leader which is called ED (Executive
Director) who is helped by DED (Deputy executive Director). All of ED and DED
are united by national committee in the group which becomes the object of the
researcher. They do the coordination or meeting in that group, so there is so much
activity and also discussion inside of the group.
1.8 Novelty
The usage of written text and oral in analyzing register is very common to
be analyzed. Mostly in the previous research only used one form to be analyzed
whether oral form or written form. In the research, the researcher uses
combination both of written and oral form to be analyzed. The media or object
that is used is the novelty of this research which uses conversation in the written
form that is analyzed.
The previous researches which are taken by researcher as the empirical
literature are mostly only found in the kind of register which are formal and
informal register; linguistic form of its register which is noun, verb, and other
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form; and the meaning of register which are categorized as lexical and contextual
meaning.
Instead of looking the same problem from previous research, the
researcher chooses to develop the problem to be more deeply in finding the
problem. In this research, the researcher looks for the linguistic form of register
which are found, after that the researcher categorizes it into 5 types of register
based on Montano and Harmon Theory. The researcher not only looks for it but
also looks for the dominant of register used by the user and the function of register
which is different from previous research.

1.9 Theoretical Framework
Previous Studies
Current Research Condition Theories
1. Daems 2013 – Written Object (Douglas
Biber) 1. Categorize register into formal and 1. Types of Language Register – Montano
2. Jackson & Rahmat 2013 – Conversation informal only and Harmon
Object/ Oral (Smith-Hefner) 2. Use common object 2. Function of Register – Hudson and Holmes
3. Nurani 2014 – Oral Object (Halliday)
Problem Differences
1. What kind of forms of register implemented in the group chat? 1. Combination both oral and
2. What type of register is the most dominant used in the group chat? written object
3. What are the functions of register found in the data? 2. Not only formal and informal
Method
Miles and Huberman 2014

Data Reduction- Data Display- Data Verifying - Conclusion
Finding
Data Found: Did lc only get domain or nasional will help arranging lay out?
Lc > Local Chapter > NP > Consultative

Nasional > N > Consultative
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CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
The research design is the design that the researcher use to conduct the
research. It is conducted to find the answer to the problem which is carried out on
the social context (Yeasmin, 2012). In this opportunity, the researcher conducts
his research uses descriptive qualitative research with ethnography as the model of
analysis the data. It is the studies which are concerned with describing the
characteristics of particular individual, of a group that is still related to its cultures
that influence them. It is used because of the different background of the people
in the group chat which become the researcher’s object.
Descriptive qualitative research is a research which focuses on the way the
researcher explains or describe briefly about the research he conduct. The method
that is used is collecting data by conducting observation and documentations.
After getting the data, the researcher is analyzing the data and drawing the
conclusion. It is based on the theory of Miles and Huberman (Miles, Huberman, &
Saldaña, 2014).
By using this kind of method, the researcher is able to identify what kind
of form of register from the data he got and able to explain briefly the functions of
each register used by the member of the group chat of ED and DED in IYOIN.
17
18
2.2 Data Sources
The researcher gets the data from utterances or words that are typed by the
member of the group chat. The data are taken from group chat without influence
by the time of chatting because every member is from different places and even
different time zone. The members of group chat are coming from different
background of study, cultures, and even tribe because they spread in all around
Indonesia. The data of this research is screen shoot of the chatting from the
researcher's phone and changed into transcription by transcribing the conversation
in the group chat. The researcher does not do any kind of interview to get to know
the meaning of register because he is one of the members of the group chat so that
he automatically knows the meaning. But, he does content analysis which is a
method to analyze written, verbal or visual communication messages that is
thought of Cole cited on (Satu & Kyngas, 2007).
In collecting the data bias may appear, but in order to avoid it, the
researcher does it naturally without giving information toward the member of the
group chat in the beginning. So that is why the data which are got are natural.
2.3 Instruments
The main instrument of this research is the researcher himself. The
researcher does collecting data, analyzing, and also understanding it by himself.
The instruments that are used by the researcher are observation, documentation,
and content analysis. The researcher uses his smartphone to get the conversation
in the group chat.

19
2.4 Data Collection Method
There are so many techniques to collect the data of the research. It can be
seen on (Kothari, 2004), for example, he stated that there are two types of data,
primary and secondary. To collect the primary data which is collected afresh and
for the first time have some methods. Those are observation, interview,
questionnaire, depth interview, pantry audits, etc. in this research the researcher
uses 2 techniques only; observation and documentation. The steps are below:
1) Observing the group chat for 10 days
2) Making a screenshot of the conversation in the group chat
3) Transcribing the result of screen shoot
2.5.1 Observation
The information that is getting from observation is pure from the
investigator or the researcher point of view during doing the observation without
adding new information from asking the respondent. This statement is coming
from Kothari from his book (Kothari, 2004) which also support by giving the
advantages of observation. First is that the subjective bias is eliminated. Second,
the information obtained under this method relates to what is currently happening.
Third, this method is independent of respondents’ willingness to respond and as
such is relatively less demanding of active cooperation on the part of respondents
as happens to be the case in the interview or the questionnaire method. Moreover,
this method is particularly suitable for studies which deal with subjects.
This kind of observation is conducted by the researcher for every day in 10
days. The time is not specific because it was happening almost all day depend on
20
the business of each member in the group chat, except they have been arrange
online meeting in the specific time.
2.5.2 Documentation
Documentation is done to save the data from the group chat before it is
transcribed, so the researcher gets the written data before it is analyzed.
Documentation that is done is by screen capturing from group chat.
2.5.3 Content Analysis
(Kothari, 2004; Satu & Kyngas, 2007) thought that content analysis
consists of analyzing the contents of documentary materials such as books,
magazines, newspapers and the contents of all other verbal materials which can be
either spoken or printed. In 1940’s, content analysis was a mostly quantitative
analysis of documentary materials concerning certain characteristics that can be
identified and counted but since 1950’s content-analysis is mostly qualitative
analysis concerning the general import or message of the existing documents. The
researcher analyzes the content of the group chat to get the more and detail data
that is able to help him to solve the problem of the study.
2.6 Data Analysis
After collecting the data and doing data reduction (screening the data that
is needed to be analyzed from transcribing process) the data is shown and the
researcher makes the description of it, then the researcher makes data conclusion
from the data that he gets after doing all of the process. The steps of data analysis
that are used by the researcher are divided into data reduction, data display, data
verifying, and data conclusion which are explained below:

21
2.6.1 Data Reduction
In the process of Data Reduction, there are some steps that are used by the
researcher. Those steps are:
1) Filtering the data whether the data is register or not. The data which include as
register is kept and the rest is not used by the researcher.
2) Categorizing the data into word class whether it belongs to noun, noun phrase,
and others.
3) Classifying the data based on theory of Montano and Harmon.
4) Naming or coding the data.
2.6.2 Data Display
The steps in the Data Display are:
1) Organizing the data based on the theory applied in the research.
2) Displaying the exact data.
2.6.3 Data Verifying
Denzin examines that to verify the data or to make sure that it is valid we
can used triangulation, it is cited on (Kimchi, Polivka, & Stevenson, 1991;
Yeasmin, 2012). Kimchi and friend also state that there are 6 triangulations. Those
are theory triangulation, data triangulation, method triangulation, investigator
triangulation, multiple triangulations, and analysis triangulation. In this research,
multiple triangulations are applied to validate the data. The combination of theory
triangulation and method triangulation is used in this research. The theory that is
22
used by the researcher is Halliday’s theory meanwhile the methods that is used are
observation and content analysis.
2.6.4 Data Conclusion
In this last act of doing data analysis, the researcher is drawing the
conclusion or getting the answer to the problem of the research which is got the
data by doing analysis as explained before.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
The form, types, and functions of the register which are found in the group
chat of ED and DED in IYOIN are explained in this chapter. The members of the
group chat do conversation in any time which is not based on the certain time due
to the different places where they live and the needs in communication which
depend on the topics or activities that need to be discussed. The data of this
research has been taken by the researcher for 10 days as the explanation in the
previous chapter.
The researcher classifies the form of the register into word class by
proving the validation with tree structure and uses the theory of Montano and
Harmon to analyze the types of the register which there are five types of the
register. Those are static (frozen) register, formal register, consultative register,
casual register, intimate register. This theory is also helped by the theory of Dell
Hymes about SPEAKING Theory to find out the situation which happens in the
conversation and to explain the function of the register.
3.1 The Form of Register
The researcher finds two kinds of data, both of them are word and phrase.
The finding shows 33 nouns, 3 verbs, 151 noun phrases, and 3 verb phrases.
These data are described in the table as follows:
23
24
No Form Σ Data % Data

R.002-03, R.003-02, R.003-04, R.003-05,
R.006-01, R.006-08, R.006-11, R.006-12,
R.007-02, R.008-01, R.008-02, R.008-03,
R.008-09, R.008-24, R.009-04, R.009-06,
1 Noun 32 16.93
R.010-01, R.010-03, R.010-06, R.011-03,
R.011-10, R.013-01, R.013-06, R.013-14,
R.013-20, R.013-26, R.013-32, R.015-01,
R.016-01, R.016-09, R.017-01, R.017-07
2 Verb 3 1.59 R.006-05, R.006-09, R.006-10
R.001-01, R.002-01, R.002-02, R.002-4,
R.003-01, R.003-03, R.004-01, R.004-02,
R.004-03, R.004-06, R.004-07, R.005-01,
R.005-03, R.005-06, R.006-02, R.006-03,
R.006-04, R.006-06, R.006-07, R.008-04,
R.008-05, R.008-06, R.008-07, R.008-08,
R.008-10, R.008-11, R.008-12, R.008-13,
R.008-14, R.008-15, R.008-16, R.008-17,
R.008-18, R.008-19, R.008-20, R.008-21,
R.008-22, R.008-23, R.008-25, R.009-01,
R.009-02, R.009-03, R.009-05, R.009-07,
R.010-02, R.010-04, R.010-05, R.010-07,
R.010-08, R.011-01, R.011-02, R.011-04,
R.011-05, R.011-06, R.011-07, R.011-08,
R.011-09, R.011-11, R.011-12, R.011-13,
R.011-14, R.012-01, R.013-02, R.013-03,
R.013-04, R.013-05, R.013-07, R.013-08,
3 Noun Phrase 151 79.89 R.013-09, R.013-10, R.013-11, R.013-12,
R.013-13, R.013-15, R.013-16, R.013-17,
R.013-18, R.013-19, R.013-21, R.013-22,
R.013-23, R.013-24, R.013-25, R.013-27,
R.013-28, R.013-29, R.013-30, R.013-31,
R.013-33, R.013-34, R.013-35, R.013-36,
R.013-37, R.013-38, R.013-39, R.014-01,
R.014-02, R.014-03, R.015-02, R.015-03,
R.015-04, R.015-05, R.015-06, R.015-07,
R.015-08, R.016-01, R.016-02, R.016-02,
R.016-03, R.016-04, R.016-05, R.016-06,
R.016-07, R.016-08, R.016-10, R.016-11,
R.016-12, R.016-13, R.016-14, R.016-15,
R.016-16, R.016-17, R.016-18, R.017-02,
R.017-03, R.017-04, R.017-05, R.017-06,
R.017-08, R.017-09, R.017-10, R.017-11,
R.017-12, R.017-13, R.017-14, R.018-01,
R.018-02, R.018-03
4 Verb Phrase 3 1.59 R.004-04, R.004-05, R.014-05
Total Data 189 100
Table 3.1 Form of Register
25
3.1.1 Noun
The first form of the register which exist in the group chat is a noun. These
are the examples:
(Data R.002)
A: Teman2 ed dan ded nasional kami segenap keluarga besar lc bekasi, mau
minta doanya dari teman2 semua, bahwa salah satu anggota keluarga dari member
kami di rawat di rumah sakit, semoga diberi kesehatan dan kesembuhan sehingga
dapat ceria dan kumpul bersama keluarganya kembali.
(Dear fellow ed and ded, nasional, we, the whole family of lc Bekasi want to ask
a du’a from you guys because one of our family members is hospitalized.
Hopefully she’s given the health and recovery so she can be cheerful and going
back with her family again).
B: Aamiin… semoga beliau sehat dan bisa beraktivitas keadaan normal.

(Aamiin. May she be healthy and be able to do the daily activity normally).
C: Amin.. Semoga lekas sembuh. (Amin. Get well soon).
The first example of register that is categorize as noun is the word nasional.
It can be seen in the first line with the bold word.
(Data R.003)
A: oh ya ni ada pertanyaan dari member padang. (oh, there is a question from

Padang member).
itu format web nya gimana ya. Apa setiap lc Cuma dikasih domain aja atau
nasional ada bantu ngatur tata letak dan lain-lainnyasehingga tiap lc tinggal
update isi aja.
(what about the website's format? Whether every lc is given domain only or there
is a help to arrange the layout from the national so every lc’s job is only to update
the content).
B: Nanti untuk pelaksanaannya dan mekanisme kerjanya dijelaskan sama founder

atau nasional, setelah pengumpulan data ya mas teguh.. Terimakasih.
(Okay Teguh, the implementation mechanism will be explained by the founder or
national after the data collection. Thank you).
The other examples of register that is categorize as noun is also able to be
be seen in the second and eighth line with the bold word. Those are founder and
nasional.
26
(Data R.006)
…
Iqbal: Akhirnya mau ga mau director kita plotting malem itu.
(so in the end our director had to do it (plotting) at that night. hehe ).
…
The word director which can be seen in the first line above is another
example of the register which categorize as noun.
From all the examples which are already explained above, the researcher
finds some words that belongs to noun such as nasional, founder, and director.
The total of noun which is found as one of form of register in the group chat is 32
data.
3.1.2 Verb
The second form of register which exist in the group chat is verb. The
examples are shown below:
(Data R.006)
…
(so in the end our director had to do it (plotting) at that night. hehe )
Nofandi: oh gitu, semangat ya mas iqbal. Kalau ada yang perlu dibincang-
bincangkan silahkan ya mas iqbal inshaAllah kalau bisa dibantu.
(Oh Isee, Figthing mas Iqbal! If there is something to be talked. Don't be hesitate
ya mas Iqbal. InsyaAllah I will help you)
Bagus Winata: @mas iqbal bersyukur jika sudah ya mas, iya karena kemarin firza
banyak floorkan di group team cedit nasional.
(Thankful if it has done mas, firza has already floorkan into the group of cedit
nasional).
…
The form of register in the group chat which belongs to verb is only 2 data.
Those are plotting and floorkan which is able to be seen in the first and the eighth
27
line with the bold word. It is the lowest form of register which is found in the
group chat.
3.1.3 Noun Phrase
The next form of register which exist in the group chat is noun phrase. The
examples are explained as follow:
(Data R.001)
…
Nofandi: Iqbal udah terjawab belum kenapa di template id card untuk kode lc
XXXX namun angkanya cuma 2 digit?
(Iqbal, has it been answered why in the ID card template for code lc xxxx but the
number is only two digits?)
…
The example of noun phrase as the register in the group chat is able to be
seen in the first line above with the bold word. The word lc which means local
chapter.
(Data R.002)

The bold words which can be seen in the line one are the other examples
of the register which has noun phrase as its linguistic form. Those are ED which
28
stands for Executive Director, DED for Deputy Executive Director, and LC
Bekasi as Local Chapter Bekasi.
(Data R.004)
Bagus Winata: Btw, lc mana yang sudah mau jalankan proker? Mungkin olec?
Kabar-kabarin yak, jakarta, lagi progress olec ya? Semangat semangat.
(By the way, which lc has run the proker (work program)? Olec maybe? Keep us
updated! I heard that Jakarta is working on the olec. Good luck!)
…
The bold words lc and olec in the first and second line are the other
examples of noun phrase which categorize as register in the group chat. Olec
stands for online or offline lecture, meanwhile, LC is local chapter.
(Data R.006)
…
Iqbal: Mungkin ada sedikit miskom antara aku dan cedit ya, soalnya waktu itu
aku dah konsultasi terkait lc kami yg belum plotting posisi, jd nantinya posisinya
general kecuali director dept. tiba2 cedit minta posisi2nya.
(maybe there was a miss communication between me and cedit because at that
time I have consulted about our lc that has not been plotting the position yet so
that later the position will be general except for the director dept (department
director). But suddenly cedit asked me the position arrangement).
…
The word cedit in the first line stand for Creative Design and Information
Technology. It is another example of register which has form as noun phrase. In
the second and third line also able to be seen the other examples with the bold
word. The total of noun phrase which has been found by the researcher is about
142 data which is the highest number.
3.1.4 Verb Phrase
The last form of register which exist in the group chat is verb phrase.
These are the examples:

29
(Data R.014)
Faqih: Hi guys, are you ready for the first olec iyoin solo?? There will be super
duper inspired speaker. We will talk about things to study abroad in UK with
LPDP scholarship, with:
…
First Olec will be held:
Saturday, 11 March
10.00 WIB till drop
Via telegram
…
Come on, let’s join with us!!! Don’t waste your time or time will waste you.
Contact person:
Wisnu +6285200057167 (WA ONLY)
SHARE AND SYNERGIZE
…
Bagus Winata: Wehh solo pecahkan telur yaa, thanks, solo, sukses acaranya yak
(solo broke the ice. Thanks solo, good luck).
The example of verb phrase are able to be seen in the line thirteen and
fifteen. Those are share and synergyze in the line thirteen and pecahkan telur in
the line fifteen. The researcher is only found about 3 data in the group chat by the
researcher.
3.2 The Types of Register
The researcher uses speaking theory from Dell Hymes to find out the types
of register which appears in the data. There are some types of register which is
found, those are explained below:
No Types Σdata % Data

R.011-01, R.011-02, R.011-03, R.011-
04, R.011-05, R.011-06, R.011-07,
R.011-08, R.011-09, R.011-010, R.011-
1 Formal/Deliberative 18 9.52
11, R.011-12, R.011-13, R.011-14,
R.014-01, R.014-02, R.014-03, R.014-
04,
R.001-01, R.002-01, R.002-02, R.002-
03, R.002-04, R.004-01, R.004-02,
2 Casual 124 65.61 R.004-03, R.004-04, R.004-06, R.004-
07, R.005-01, R.005-02, R.005-03,
R.005-04, R.005-05, R.005-06, R.005-
30
07, R.006-12, R.007-01, R.007-02,

R.007-03, R.009-01, R.009-02, R.009-
03, R.010-01, R.010-02, R.010-03,
R.010-04, R.010-05, R.010-06, R.010-
07, R.010-08, R.012-01, R.013-01,
R.013-02, R.013-04, R.013-05, R.013-
06, R.013-07, R.013-08, R.013-09,
R.013-10, R.013-11, R.013-12, R.013-
13, R.013-14, R.013-15, R.013-16,
R.013-17, R.013-18, R.013-19, R.013-
20, R.013-21, R.013-22, R.013-23,
R.013-24, R.013-25, R.013-26, R.013-
27, R.013-28, R.013-29, R.013-30,
R.013-31, R.013-32, R.013-33, R.013-
34, R.013-35, R.013-36, R.013-37,
R.013-38, R.013-39, R.013-40, R.014-
05, R.015-01, R.015-02, R.015-03,
R.015-04, R.015-05, R.015-06, R.015-
07, R.015-08, R.016-01, R.016-02,
R.017-01, R.017-02, R.017-03, R.017-
04, R.017-05, R.017-06, R.017-07,
R.017-08, R.017-09, R.017-10, R.017-
11, R.017-112, R.017-13, R.017-14,
R.017-15, R.017-16, R.017-17, R.017-
18, R.018-01, R.018-02, R.018-03,
R.018-04, R.018-05, R.018-06, R.018-
07, R.018-08, R.018-09, R.018-10,
R.018-11, R.018-12, R.018-13, R.018-
14, R.018-15, R.018-16, R.019-01,
R.019-02, R.019-03
R.003-01, R.003-02, R.003-03, R.003-
04, R.003-05, R.004-05, R.006-01,
R.006-02, R.006-03, R.006-04, R.006-
05, R.006-06, R.006-07, R.006-08,
R.006-09, R.006-10, R.006-11, R.008-
01, R.008-02, R.008-03, R.008-04,
R.008-05, R.008-06, R.008-07, R.008-
3 Consultative 47 24.87
08, R.008-09, R.008-10, R.008-11,
R.008-12, R.008-13, R.008-14, R.008-
15, R.008-16, R.008-17, R.008-18,
R.008-19, R.008-20, R.008-21, R.008-
22, R.008-23, R.008-24, R.008-25,
R.008-26, R.008-27, R.009-04, R.009-
05, R.009-06, R.009-07
Total 189 75.13
Table 3.2 Types of Register
31
3.2.1 Formal or Deliberative Register
Montano and Harmon as cited by (Krashen, 2008) state that formal or
deliberative register is a language which is usually used in a formal setting or one
way communication. The examples from the data are able to be seen below:
(Data R.011)
A: Kepada Yth
ED dan DED Jabodetabek
Di tempat
Berikut terlampir undangan untuk meeting tim Nasional dengan LC
Jabodetabek
Tanggal: 11 Maret 2017
Pukul: 15.00-selesai
Tempat: Daebak Jalan Boulevard Raya Blok T2 No.35, Kelapa Gading
Timur, Kelapa Gading, RT. 8/RW. 1, klp Gading, kota Jakarta Utara, DKI Jakarta
14240
Terimakasih atas perhatian dan ditunggu kehadirannya
Catatan:
Perwakilan setiap LC maksimal sebanyak 3 orang (termasuk ED dan DED)
A: Dear
ED and DED of Jabodetabek,
In place
Here is the meeting invitation for national team with LC of jabodetabek
Date: March, 11th 2017
Time: 3 PM - end
Place: Daebak Jalan Boulevard Raya Blok T2 No.35, Kelapa Gading
Timur, Kelapa Gading, RT. 8/RW. 1, klp Gading, kota Jakarta Utara, DKI Jakarta
14240
Thank you for your attention and we are waiting for your presence
Note:
Maximum delegates for every LC are 3 people (include ED and DED)
From the example data above, there are some register which whows it
belongs to what kind of type it is. In the first line, for example, can be seen the
bold word ED and DED. in the next line also appears the word nasional and lc as
the other register. In addition, the last line is also provided the other examples,
those are LC, ED, and DED.

32
(Data R.014)
Faqih: IYOIN LC SOLO Proudly Present

“Struggle to Get Scholarship to UK”
Hi guys, are you ready for the first olec iyoin solo?? There will be super duper
inspired speaker. We will talk about things to study abroad in UK with LPDP
scholarship, with:
Paksi Manggala Putra
LPDP Awardee - M.Sc of Air Polution Management and Control Bringmiham
University
Rachmad Adi Riyanto
LPDP Awardee - M.Sc of Food Science and Nutrition Leeds University
First Olec will be held:
…
SHARE AND SYNERGIZE
…
The phrase IYOIN LC Solo which is provided in the first and the third line
that provide the phrase olec lc solo are the other examples of one of type register
that is formal or deliberative which exist in the group chat. The bold word shares
and synergize in the last line is also another example of formal or deliberative.
3.2.2 Consultative Register
Montano and Harmon as cited by (Krashen, 2008) think that a consultative
register is a standard form of communication. It is formal but not stiff because of
it societal expectation and uses as professionally. The examples are able to be
seen below:
(Data R.006)
A : @mas bagus sudah clear dan sudah dikirim ke nasional kok. Cm kendalanya
kami kemarin terkait template id card. Anak cedit yg paham.
(@mas bagus all is clear and has been sent to the national. But our problem is
about the id card template. Cedit knows more about the detail).
B : boleh tau kenapa mas iqbal? (May I know the problem mas Iqbal?)
A : mungkin ada sedikit miskom antara aku dan cedit ya, soalnya waktu itu aku
dah konsultasi terkait lc kami yg belum plotting posisi, jd nantinya posisinya
general kecuali director dept. tiba2 cedit minta posisi2nya
(maybe there was a miskom (miss communication) between me and cedit because
33
at that time I have consulted about our lc that has not been plotting the position
yet so that later the position will be general except for the director dept. But
suddenly cedit asked me the position arrangement).
From the example above shows some registers which belong to the second
type of register. It is consultative register. As provide in the first line, the word
nasional is one of the example consultative register. The other example can be
seen in the second line with the cedit word, in the line six there is cedit, in the next
line there is lc, and in the line eight, there are director and cedit which exist as
consultative register.
3.2.3 Casual Register

In the research from (Krashen, 2008), Montano and Harmon state that
casual register is the use of informal language between friends, mates, and peers.
As the definition of register, it is a group language which only able to be
understood by a certain group. The example from the data can be seen below:
(Data R.002)

The example above is one of the examples which shows casual register as
the type which exists in the group chat. In the line, one can be seen the word ed,
ded, and lc bekasi as the register.

34
(Data R.007)
A: mantab djiwa bali dah welpart, semangat yaa!

(Mantab djiwa bali has done the welpart. Good luck)
B: thank you kak fandi. (thank you kak fandi).
A: ur welcome
C: hehe, okeoke tapi semoga aman yaa, keep contact aja sama nasional kalo ada
apa-apa ya hanhehe, okay.
(Hopefully everything will be alright. Keep in touch with the national if there is
something happen).
B: Sticker
D: waaah bali. Finally! You got it guys. Thanks ya baliii seneng ngelihatnya :))
(woah bali. Finally! You got it guys. Thanks bali, so happy to see that).
E: waaah sukses yaa yg sudah welpar untuk bali semarang dan depok
(woah. Congratulation for those who has done the welpart. For bali, semarang,
and depok)
Another example above also shows some register which belong to casual
register. In the first line, for example, there is welpart as the register. Another
register also exist in the sixth line that is nasional.
3.3 The Function of Register
After doing content analyzing to know the function of register which is in
the group chat, the researcher finds some of the function of register. Those
functions are to express the feeling, to show prestige, to show the position, and to
show professional identity which describe in the table as follow:
No Function Σdata % Data

To Express the
1 1 0.53 R.014-05
feeling
R.006-05, R.006-09, R.006-10,
2 To Show Prestige 4 2.12
R.014-04,
R.006-06, R.006-08, R.009-04,
R.011-01, R.011-02, R.011-06,
3 To Show the Position 13 6.88
R.011-07, R.011-08, R.011-09,
R.011-13, R.011-14, R.019-02,
35
R.019-03
R.001-01, R.002-01, R.002-02,

R.002-03, R.002-04, R.003-01,
R.003-02, R.003-03, R.003-04,
R.003-05, R.004-01, R.005-01,
R.005-03, R.005-06, R.006-01,
R.006-02, R.006-03, R.006-04,
R.006-07, R.006-11, R.006-12,
R.007-02, R.008-01, R.008-02,
R.008-03, R.008-04, R.008-05,
R.008-06, R.008-07, R.008-08,
R.008-10, R.008-11, R.008-12,
R.008-13, R.008-14, R.008-15,
R.008-16, R.008-17, R.008-18,
R.008-19, R.008-20, R.008-21,
R.008-22, R.008-23, R.008-25,
R.008-26, R.008-27, R.009-01,
R.009-02, R.009-03, R.009-05,
R.009-06, R.009-07, R.010-01,
R.010-02, R.010-03, R.010-04,
R.010-05, R.010-06, R.010-07,
R.010-08, R.010-09, R.011-03,
R.011-04, R.011-05, R.011-10,
To Show
4 157 83.07 R.011-11, R.011-12, R.012-01,
Professional ID
R.013-01, R.013-02, R.013-03,
R.013-04, R.013-05, R.013-06,
R.013-07, R.013-08, R.013-09,
R.013-10, R.013-11, R.013-12,
R.013-13, R.013-14, R.013-15,
R.013-16, R.013-17, R.013-18,
R.013-19, R.013-20, R.013-21,
R.013-22, R.013-23, R.013-24,
R.013-25, R.013-26, R.013-27,
R.013-28, R.013-29, R.013-30,
R.013-31, R.013-32, R.013-33,
R.013-34, R.013-35, R.013-36,
R.013-37, R.013-38, R.013-39,
R.013-40, R.014-01, R.015-01,
R.015-02, R.015-03, R.015-04,
R.015-05, R.015-06, R.015-07,
R.015-08, R.016-01, R.016-02,
R.017-01, R.017-02, R.017-03,
R.017-04, R.017-05, R.017-06,
R.017-07, R.017-08, R.017-09,
R.017-10, R.017-11, R.017-12,
R.017-13, R.017-14, R.017-15,
36
R.017-16, R.017-17, R.017-18,

R.018-01, R.018-02, R.018-03,
R.018-04, R.018-05, R.018-06,
R.018-07, R.018-08, R.018-09,
R.018-10, R.018-11, R.018-12,
R.018-13, R.018-14, R.018-15,
R.018-16, R.019-01
R.004-02, R.004-03, R.004-04,

R.004-05, R.004-06, R.004-07,
5 To Show the Event 14 7.41 R.005-02, R.005-04, R.005-05,
R.005-07, R.007-01, R.007-03,
R.014-02, R.014-03,
Total 189 100
Table 3.3 Function of Register
3.3.1 To Express the Feeling

(Data R.014)
A: wehh solo pecahkan telur yaa, thanks, solo, sukses acaranya yak.
(solo broke the ice. Thanks solo, good luck)
The bold phrase in the first line above is the example of the register that shows
expressing the feeling of someone.
3.3.2 To Show Prestige

(Data R.006)
…
(so in the end our director had to do it (plotting) at that night. hehe).
B: oh gitu, semangat ya mas iqbal. Kalau ada yang perlu dibincang-bincangkan

silahkan ya mas iqbal inshaAllah kalau bisa dibantu . (oh I see. Good luck mas
Iqbal. If there is anything to talk about, please feel free. InshaAllah we will help)
The bold word plotting in the first line shows one of the function of
register. It is to show prestige.

37
3.3.3 To Show Position

(Data R.019)
A: siang. Ada grup PR NASIONAL ya. manager pr padang riska sonia blm di
undang.
(good afternoon. There is Nasional Public Relations group?. padang’s PR
manager hasn’t invited yet.)
mohon doa untuk kesembuhan nabilla (vice HRD) nabilla lagi dirawat di
RS.Bhayangkara, semoga cepat pulih. Mohon doanya guys
(let’s pray for nabilla(vice HRD)’s recovery. Nabilla is hospitalized at
Bhayangkara hospital. Hopefully she gets well soon).
B: boleh minta mba sonia nya chat aku dulu kak?

(May you ask mba Sonia to chat me first?).
The bold phrase in the first line manager pr and in the fifth line are the
example of register that shows the position of committee.
3.3.4 To Show Professional Identity

(Data R.002)
A: teman2 ed dan ded nasional kami segenap keluarga besar lc bekasi, mau
…
The word lc bekasi in the first line shows one of function register which
exist in the group chat. The function is to show professional identity.
(Data R.003)
…
A: Nanti untuk pelaksanaannya dan mekanisme kerjanya dijelaskan sama founder
atau nasional, setelah pengumpulan data ya mas teguh. Terimakasih. (Okay
Teguh, the implementation mechanism will be explained by the founder or
national after the data collection. Thank you).
38
The bold words in the second line, founder, and nasional are the example of
register that shows the professional identity of the committee.
3.3.5 To Show the Event
(Data R.004)
A: Btw, lc mana yang sudah mau jalankan proker? Mungkin olec? Kabar-kabarin
yak, jakarta, lagi progress olec ya? Semangat semangat
(By the way, which lc has run the proker (work program)? Olec maybe? Keep us
updated! I heard that Jakarta is working on the olec. Good luck!)
B: surabaya belom welpar :') maaf ya mas bagus

(Surabaya has not welpart yet. Sorry mas bagus).
A: oke mbak, besok rencananya sby welpart ya? Itu ada kendala kah mba? Nanti
japri ak aja ya kaya kemarin
(okay, the welpart will be held tomorrow, won’t it? Is there any problem? Reach
me through private message please).
C: olec bekasi maret pelaksanaannya. (Olec Bekasi will be on March).
A: siapppp mas firmannn, terimakasih banyak. (Ok mas Firman. Thank you).
D: olec solo awal maret mas bagus

(Olec Solo will be in the beginning of March mas Bagus).
From the example above can be seen some register which show that the
register shows the function as to show the event. Those are lc and olec in the first
line, olec in the second line, welpart in the line five and seven, in the line nine
there is olec bekasi, and in the line thirteen there is olec solo that exist.
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
The researcher finally find out some finding that is explained in the
previous chapter after doing data analysis. The findings are consist of form of
register, types of register, and its function which is found in the group chat.
4.1 Form of Register
The writer finds 189 form of register which is differentiated into two kind
of data, word and phrase. It contains 32 data of noun, 3 data of verb, 144 data of
noun phrase, and 10 data of verb phrase. Those are described in the chart below:
Form of Register
1.5%
17%
1.5%
Noun
Verb
Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
80%
Chart 4.1 Form of Register
Based on the chart above, the highest frequency data of form of register is
in the noun phrase. The percentage of noun prhase is 80%, followed by noun with
17%, the last position is placed by both of verb and verb phrase which has the
same precentage that is only 2%. Noun phrase is more often appear in the group
chat because it is vocabulary which very close and related to the conversation
inside of the group chat that is formed by combining the word.
39
40
The examples are local chapter, executive director, manager public relation, etc.
The data which are found in this research have a variousity. There is data from
indonesian language and also english language such as founder (English) and
nasional (Indonesian). Other data is also shown that it is the combination of both
Indonesian and English language, floorkan, for example. The word floor is a base,
but it has suffix –kan which is from Indonesian language.
This research is supported first previous study which is conducted by
(Rahmawati, 2014). She find out two kind of data which is as same as the finding
of this research. Those are word and phrase. On her research, she find only 37
linguistic form in the soccer page which is different from this research that has
more data than previous research.
This research also different from the second previous study is conducted
by (Daems et al., 2013) which has the finding that is still in line with the research
of biber. She analyzes register in blogs which is written form. She investigate the
set of linguistic features.
The finding of this research is also different from the previous research
which is conducted by (Jackson & Rahmat, 2013) which indicates basa walikan is
not a secret language, but it is a social register. The previous researcher also finds
that the usage of it is invoking a sense of belonging and sameness between
interlocutors.
4.2 Types of Register
Form of register is not only finding that is found by the researcher. The
researcher also find some types of register which appear in the group chat. The
theory that is used by the researcher to find these types are from Montano and
41
Harmon as cited from (Krashen, 2008) which declares that there are 5 types of
language register. Those are frozen, formal/deliberative, consultative, casual, and
intimate. Unfortunately, the researcher only finds some of those types not all of
the types. The types which the data has been shown in the previous chapter are
formal/deliberative 18 data, consultative 47 data, and casual is the highest number
of data which has 124 data. The percentage of it is shown in the chart below:
Types of Register
70.00
60.00
50.00
Precentage
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Formal/Deliberative Consultative Casual
Chart 4.2 Types of Register
In the chart above can be seen that the highest frequency of types is casual
with the percentage 65.61%, followed by consultative with 24.87%, and the
lowest one is formal/ deliberative which only has 9.52%. Casual register appears
more than the other types because of the relationship among the member is close
to each other. So, they often talk to each other like a close friend. Although they
act professionally in a certain occasion.
The researcher uses the theory of dell hymes to determine the types of
register which exist in the group chat because the researcher needs to know the
situation during the conversation. When the conversation is about a problem that
is faced by local chapter, for example, the situation should be formal. On the other
42
hand, when they want to congratulate someone or make a joke, the situation
should be informal.
Montano and Harmon as cited from (Krashen, 2008) has said that formal
or deliberative register is a language which is used in a formal situation and it
usually one way communication, such as speech, announcement, etc. The example
of register which is categorized as formal or deliberative can be seen in the
previous chapter. The data is categorized as this type because it appears in the
announcement which is delivered by one of the member. The situation also
supports that it belongs to this type of register which has a formal setting. Formal
setting is not only find in the situation during a conversation but also applied in
the language used to communicate.
The next type of register is consultative, it is a formal and societal
expectation with act professionally which it is a Montano and Harmon’s thaught
as cited by (Krashen, 2008). It is usually used by superior and subordinate, doctor
and patient, or even teacher and student. the researcher find the data which
belongs to this types is mostly conversation between national committee and local
chapter committee which here is represented by President or his vice and ED or
DED. The situation during conversation is a formal setting which usually talks
about the problem that need to be solved or they do a consultation.
The last type which is found is casual, it s a language which usually used
by mates. Slang is the example of this type of register. This is a group language as
same as the explanation about register (Krashen, 2008). The data which is shown
in the previous chapter belong to this type because during the conversation they
43
use informal language. The situation is also informal due to they only do small
talk like make a joke, ask something to do, and others.
The finding of this research shows there are some of register which
appears in some types of register. This condition happens because of the situation
during the conversation is different. ED, for example, it may belongs to formal or
deliberative if the situation of conversation is formal. It also belongs to
consultative if the consulation happen in the conversation. In addition, it also
belongs to casual register if the situation is informal.
The research has similarity and difference from the previous study which
is conducted by (Mujiono, Fauza, & Wilujeng, 2017) about register analysis in
community health center. Their finding only shows formal and informal types of
register. Different from this research which find 3 types of register, formal,
consultative, and casual.
There are also a other research which talk about the types of register, but
they mostly discuss about formal and informal types which different from this
research. This research broadens up the scale of type register by using the theory
of Montano and Harmon as cited by (Krashen, 2008) which state that there are 5
types of register.
4.3 Function of Register
The last finding is about the function of register. The researcher uses the
theory from hudson and homes to find out the function which appears in the group
chat. The function are to express the feeling, to show personal identity, and other
(Holmes, 2013; Hudson, 1996). By having this theory, finally, the researcher find
some functions. The functions are to express the feeling, to show prestige, to show
44
the position, to show professional identity, and to show the event. It is supported
by the previous study which is conducted by (Mujiono, Fauza, et al., 2017). Their
finding is almost same as this research about the function. The differences are to
show the position and to show the event which is found in this research do not
find in their research. The percentage of the function is able to be seen below:
The Function of Register

1% 2%
7% 7%
To Express the feeling
To Show Prestige
To Show the Position
To Show Professional ID
To Show the Event
83%
Chart 4.3 Function of Register
Based the chart above, the highest percentage of the function is to show
professional identity which has 83%, followed by to show the position and to
show the event which has 7%, to show prestige 2%, and the lowest function is to
express the feeling. The deep explanation is able to be seen in the next paragraph.
The first function which appears in the group chat is to express the feeling. It is
the lowest percentage among the other functions that appear in the group chat.
The example data that shows it belongs to the first function is "weh solo pecahkan
telur yaa, thanks solo, wish your event run smoothly” which indicate the happy
feeling of the speaker. The word pecahkan telur means solo has done something
for the very first time and from the sentence can be seen that the speaker is very
45
grateful because of something that is done by solo. It is also one of function which
states by (Hudson, 1996).
The second function is to show prestige. It only has 2% of 100% of all the
functions. This function appears due to show the prestige of the member of group
chat by choosing the right or the prestige word in communicating each other. The
example data is “@mas Iqbal Thankful if it has done mas, firza has already
floorkan into the group of cedit nasional”. The word floorkan is the register which
shows this function. Floorkan in the sentence means giving explanation about
something toward the member of group cedit national. Since the data actually is
Indonesian language the word floorkan become the right or the prestige word that
has been chosen by the speaker.
The next function is to show the position which has 7% and it is as same
as the next function that is to show the event. The example register which shows
the position is “Finally, whether we want it or not, the director has to plotting that
evening”. The word director is showing the position of someone. Meanwhile, the
example of function that is show the event is “Success for those who has done its
welpart for Bali, Semarang, and Depok”. The word welpart belongs to this
function due to it shows the event which is held by IYOIN. It is welcoming party
which means welcoming new committees.
The last function which is found is to show professional identity which is
has the highest percentage with 83%. The example data which shows it belong is
“How is the format of the web? Is lc only get the domain or nasional will help in
arranging the lay out and others, so lc will update the content only”. The word
nasional and lc show the identity of someone professionally. Due to the meaning
46
of those words are the identity of someone, so that is why those word belong to
this function as to show professional identity.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING
5.1 Conclusion
The researcher discovers some finding in analyzing register in the group
chat of ED and DED in IYOIN. First, the linguistic form that exists in the group
chat which is analyzed by the researcher resulted in two kinds of data. Those are
word and phrase. The specific of word and phrase are 32 nouns, 3 verbs, 144 noun
phrase, and 10 verb phrase. The highest percentage is 76%, it belongs to a noun
phrase. The second position is a noun with 17%, followed by verb phrase with 5%,
and the lowest position is verb with only 2%.
The second finding is about types of the register. The researcher finds
some types of language register. Those are deliberative or formal, consultative,
and casual register. From 189 data of register, 65.6% belongs to casual register,
followed by the consultative register with 24.95, and deliberative or formal has
only 9.5%. The type of register which often turn up in the group chat is casual
register. It happens because of the relationship between each member is close to
each other and they often use informal language but they still keep
professionalism in some condition.
The last is the function of the register. The researcher finds some functions.
The functions are to express the feeling which has low percentage, only 1%,
followed by the second function that is to show prestige with only 2%. The next
function is to show position which has 7% and it is as same as the percentage of
the next function, to show the event. The highest percentage belongs to the last
function, it is to show professional identity with 83%.
47
In short, the researcher has been proven all the research question by
finding out 4 linguistic form of register which appear in the group chat, casual
register as the most dominant type of register which exist in the group chat, and
the functions of register which is found in the group chat after doing data analysis.
5.2 Suggestion
The researcher expects that it is understandable and easy to be learnt by
the readers, not only for the student or the next researcher but also for the general
reader who has different background of knowledge. It is expected to be sources of
the next researcher to do the similar research and helped the student and lecturer
in the class as the lesson of sociolinguistic, especially in the topic of register.
However, this research is only provide a few part of register which still has a huge
information that is able to be researched. So, the researcher recommends toward
the readers to explore more about register in other fields.
48
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51
Appendix IOriginal Data

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Undergraduate Thesis of Galih Adi Putra

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REGISTER ANALYSIS IN THE GROUP CHAT OF EXECUTIVE

DIRECTOR AND DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR IN IYOIN

(INDONESIAN YOUTH OPPORTUNITIES IN INTERNATIONAL

Galih Adi Putra

UNIVERSITY OF KANJURUHAN MALANG

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

“You may have a role model in the life of yours,

Keywords: Register, group chat, IYOIN

The design was descriptive qualitative with combining with some

Alhamdulillah, the researcher expresses the highest gratitude to Allah

undergraduate thesis. The undergraduate thesis entitled “Register Analysis in the

Group Chat of Executive Director and Deputy Executive Director in IYOIN

(Indonesian Youth Opportunities in International Networking)” is submitted as

the final requirement in accomplishing undergraduate degree at the Faculty of

Language and Literature, University of Kanjuruhan Malang.

motivation, suggestion, and support for the researcher. In the valuable

opportunity, the researcher intended to express his gratitude and appreciation to

suggestion, guidance, and correction until completion of this thesis.

The researcher greatest appreciation also goes to some people as follow:

and crucial contribution in the improvement of the result oh this

the inspiration of the researcher.

3. Teguh Sulistyo, M.Pd. as the Head of Department who helped the

researcher in completion the thesis.

4. All the lecturers in the Faculty of Language and Literature, especially in

the Department of English Literature who always give their best to

researcher to finish this thesis.

own life in the future.

7. The students of English Literature Department 2014 intake who struggle

together in achieving Bachelor Degree with the researcher. May all of us is

able to achieve our goal in the future.

of the researcher. May Allah always gives you His Bless.

and guidance. May Allah is bless you all.

Galih Adi Putra

APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................... i

DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................... iv

Table 3.1 Form of Register 24

Table 3.2 Types of Register 30

Table 3.3 Function of Register 34

Chart 4.1 Form of Register 39

Chart 4.2 Types of Register 41

Chart 4.3 Function of Register 44

Appendix I Original Data 51

Appendix II Data Sheet 70

1.1 Background of the Study

One of instrument of communication both oral and written in various

institution, group, or community is called language. In order to make addressee

daily conversation in the society is called sociolinguistic (Wardhaugh & Fuller,

language. It is supported by (Mujiono, 2013, 2016, 2017; Mujiono, Wilujeng, &

The variety sociolinguistic phenomenon such as borrowing, code-switching,

In the previous paragraph has been explained about the variety of

sociolinguistic phenomenon which is one of them become the topic of the

thinks that register basically defined as a specific ways of speaking associated

with particular professions or social groups (Wardhaugh & Fuller, 2015).

defined in situational terms, including the speaker’s purpose in communication,

which is only able to be understood by a certain community which is related to the

3) the single- word verbs; 4) the phrasal-word verbs; 5) the object-referential

speakers (non- experts) that is less use of the register.

register of ngoko Javanese that is used to invoke a sense of belonging and

(Jackson & Rahmat, 2013). Socio-pragmatic appears as the primary function of

Different from those previous researches, this research is looking for

applied by the user.

be researched due to each of research has a different problem which is very