I. GREEK GOLDEN AGE
Erechtheion (Porch of
-DESCRIPTION
The goal of Greek Architecture
was to have the greatest buildings in
all of Greece in order to bring
prestige and recognition to Athens.
The Greeks continued to use the
style that was developed during the
Golden Age to create temples for
nearly 200 years. Even when Greece
crumbled, the architectural style
continued to set the standards for
future generations.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens -
by Iktinos and Kallikrates
(Vitruvius also names Karpion
as an architect) and it was
dedicated to the goddess
Athena Pallas or Parthenos
(virgin)
2.
maidens), Acropolis, Athens -
by Pausanias, the building is
an example of Ionic
elaboration and elegance; it is
a highly decorative building
-STYLE
The architecture was an
expression of harmony, symmetry
and balance with “pleasing”
rectangular proportions.
This design eventually became
known as classical architecture.
Columns were key features and
were found in 3 different styles during
this time.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Iktinos and Kallikrates were the
architects credited with designing
the Parthenon, Karpion
2. Phidias or Pheidias was a Greek
sculptor, painter, and architect. His
statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World
3. Hippodamus of Miletus was an
ancient Greek architect, urban
planner, physician, mathematician,
meteorologist and philosopher, who
is considered to be "the father of
European urban planning", the
namesake of the "Hippodamian
Plan" of city layout.
II. HELLENISTIC
-DESCRIPTION
Architecture in the Greek world
during the Hellenistic period
developed theatrical tendencies, as
had Hellenistic sculpture. The
conquests of Alexander the
Great had caused power to shift
from the city-states of Greece to the
ruling dynasties. Dynastic families
patronized large complexes and
dramatic urban plans within their
cities.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Temple of Didyma, Turkey - by
the architects Paionios of
Ephesus and Daphnis of
Miletus. Structure is both a
temple and an oracle site.
2. Temple of Zeus, Olympia – by
Libon, it was built in the Doric
order, as can be seen by its
massive pillars and simple, yet
elegant statues.
-STYLE
Hellenistic architecture, in a
manner similar to Hellenistic
sculpture, focuses on theatricality,
drama, and the experience of the
viewer. Public spaces and temples
were created with the people in
mind, and so were built on a new,
monumental scale. Increased
popularity of the Corinthian order.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Alexander the Great - Dynastic
families patronized large complexes
and dramatic urban plans within
their cities. These urban plans often
focused on the natural setting, and
were intended to enhance views
and create dramatic civic, judicial,
and market spaces that differed
from the orthogonal plans of the
houses that surrounded them.
III. ROMAN
-DESCRIPTION
Romans were famous for their
advancement in architecture and
engineering. Before the Romans, the
most commonly used building style
was the post and lintel. This way of
building was of course limited in the
weight it could carry and therefore
the span between the supports.
The Romans changed all this
and advanced this by introducing
new methods of architecture; The
Columns and The Arches. With these
methods the romans were able to
construct bigger temples and
buildings than ever before.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Pantheon, Rome - most
famous vaulted Roman
temple. It features a
vast dome pierced with a
circular skylight.
2. The exterior of the Colosseum
features the popular classical
motif of superimposed
orders (in which orders are
arranged vertically, from
simplest at the bottom to most
elaborate at the top), which
dates to the Hellenistic era.
-STYLE
The Romans were the first
civilization to fully exploit arched
construction, in which a roof is
supported by arches.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - was the
architect of Julius Caesar from 58 to
51 BCE. Not only did he build several
structures, but he also traveled
extensively around the
Mediterranean and studied
architecture from a theoretical
perspective.
2. Apollodorus of Damascus - built
structures and monuments across
the Roman Empire, there are two in
Rome that really defined his
career. The Trajan’s column and the
Trajan’s Forum.
IV. MEDIEVAL
-DESCRIPTION
Generally, the architecture of
structures in medieval Europe was
predominantly related to the
building of sacred building such as
churches, which was the primary
structure signifying Christian faith. The
most prevalent layouts during the
medieval period depicting classic
medieval architecture is the Latin
Cross in the West and the central-
plan church in the East.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul - The
Hagia Sophia, whose name
means “holy wisdom,” is a
domed monument originally
built as a cathedral in
Constantinople (now Istanbul,
Turkey) in the sixth century A.D.
2. Chartres Cathedral, France - it
is noted not only for its
architectural innovations but
also for its numerous sculptures
and its much
celebrated stained glass.
-STYLE
Most of the architectural
structures during these times were
highly characterized by the use of
piers instead of columns. Generally,
medieval builders preferred round
arches at this time. However, this
would occasionally vary from time to
time, where they used slightly
pointed arches instead.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Gundulf - Romanesque Medieval
Architect - The master builder and
the Medieval architect of the White
Tower of the famous Tower of
London was a Norman monk called
Gundulf (1024-1108)
2. Robert de Belleme - Romanesque
Medieval Architect
The chief architect and builder of
the stone castle keep was called
Robert, Lord of Belleme who also
served William the Conqueror.
Robert de Bellême (1052-1130) was
an outstanding military architect.
V. RENNAISANCE
-DESCRIPTION
Renaissance architecture,
style of architecture, reflecting the
rebirth of Classical culture, that
originated in Florence in the early
15th century and spread throughout
Europe, replacing
the medieval Gothic style. There was
a revival of ancient Roman forms,
including the column and
round arch, the tunnel vault, and
the dome. The basic design element
was the order.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Cathedral of Pienza, Italy -
The façade combines
elements of both medieval
and classical architecture.
2. Designed largely by
Michelangelo, and built during
the short but active papacy of
Sixtus V (1585–1590) by
Michelangelo's pupil Giacomo
della Porta, the dome rests on
four pendentives and massive
piers, each 60 feet thick.
-STYLE
Combining classicism with the
new principles of Humanism upon
which so much of Renaissance
art was based. Detailed.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Filippo Brunellesci - The person
generally credited with bringing
about the Renaissance view of
architecture.
2. Vitruvius - famous for asserting in
his book De architectura that a
structure must exhibit the three
qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas –
that is, it must be solid, useful,
beautiful.
3. Alberti - Humanist theoretician and
designer whose book on
architecture De re Aedificatoria was
to have lasting effect.
VI. MANNERIST
-DESCRIPTION
Mannerist artists began to
reject the harmony and ideal
proportions of the Renaissance in
favor of irrational settings, artificial
colors, unclear subject matters, and
elongated forms. Mannerism came
after the High Renaissance and
before the Baroque.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Palazzo del Te, Manuta, by
Romano, 1524–1534.:
Romano’s Palazzo del Te
incorporates mixture of
architectural forms and
textures.
2. The Last Judgement: The Last
Judgment fresco in the Sistine
Chapel by Michelangelo
(1534–41) came under
persistent attack in the
Counter-Reformation for
nudity (later painted over for
several centuries), not showing
Christ seated or bearded, and
including the pagan figure of
Charon.
-STYLE
Stylistically, Mannerist architecture
was marked by widely diverging
tendencies
from Renaissance and Medieval styl
es that eventually led to
the Baroque style, in which the same
architectural vocabulary was used
for very different rhetoric.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Baldassarre PeruzziHe began his
career as a painter of frescoes in the
Cappella San Giovanni in Siena’s
cathedral. His first architectural work
was the Villa Farnesina
in Rome (1509–21), and he also
assisted in the fresco decoration of
this palace.
VII. BAROQUE recognised as one of the best-
looking fountains in the world.
-DESCRIPTION
-STYLE
Baroque architecture is a
highly decorative and theatrical
style which appeared in Italy in the
early 17th century and gradually
spread across Europe.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS

1. Admired for its Renaissance

sculpture as well as its fusion
of Renaissance and Baroque
architecture, the design,
construction and decoration
of Saint Peter's involved the
greatest Old Masters of the
day, including Alberti,
Raphael, Bramante,
Michelangelo, and Bernini.
Qualities include grandeur,
drama and contrast (especially in
lighting), curvaceousness, and an
often-dizzying array of rich surface
treatments, twisting elements, and
gilded statuary. Architects
unabashedly applied bright colours
and illusory, vividly painted ceilings.
-NOTABLE PERSONS

1. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian

2. Trevi Fountain, Italy - The Trevi
fountain stands in the Quirinale
district of Rome and is officially
sculptor and architect. While a major
figure in the world of architecture, he
was, also and even more
prominently, the leading sculptor of
his age, credited with creating the
Baroque style of sculpture.
VII. CLASSIC
-DESCRIPTION

This is architecture that looks

back to a Classical past. The roots of
Classicism are in ancient Greek and
Roman architecture - in the temple
architecture of ancient Greece and
in the religious, military and civic
architecture of the Roman Empire. 2. Four Courts, Inns Quay, Dublin,
The style comprises a range of 1802 - The building originally
conventional forms, notably columns housed the four courts
(known as orders) each with fixed of Chancery, King's
proportions and ornaments Bench, Exchequer and Comm
(especially Doric, Ionic and on Pleas, giving the name to
Corinthian). Proportion, symmetry the building.
and the relationship of individual
parts to the whole also characterize -STYLE
Classicism. However, it is possible to
describe a building as Classical
solely for its proportion, with none of
the trappings associated with
Classical architecture.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Use of orders
• Proportion
• Symmetry
• Repetition of elements such
as windows
• References to Classical
architecture

1. Leeds Town Hall, 1858

(Cuthbert Brodrick) - now
functions mainly as a concert,
conference and wedding
venue, its offices still used by
some council departments.
IX. ROCOCO
-DESCRIPTION
Rococo, also known as 'late
Baroque', was an extreme,
decorative development of
Baroque architecture that emerged
in the 18th century as a reaction
against grandeur and symmetry. It
was a more fluid and florid elaborate
style, comprising ornate, asymmetric
designs and pastel shades.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Helblinghaus, Austria - The
"icing-like" Rococo stucco
decorations added in the
early eighteenth century—the
bows, window frames, oriels,
tympana, masks, sculptures,
and shells.
2. Palais Holnstein - Munich's
best rococo style palace as
Cuvilliés' less
conventional Palais Piosasque
de Non-was destroyed in
World War II
-STYLE
Rococo describes a type of art
and architecture that began in
France in the mid-1700s. It is
characterized by delicate but
substantial ornamentation.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Germain Boffrand was a French
architect. A pupil of Jules Hardouin-
Mansart, Germain Boffrand was one
of the main creators of the precursor
to Rococo called the style Régence,
and in his interiors, of the Rococo
itself.
2. François de Cuvilliés, sometimes
referred to as the Elder, was a
Belgian-born Bavarian decorative
designer and architect. He was
instrumental in bringing the Rococo
style to the Wittelsbach court at
Munich and to Central Europe in
general.
X. ROMANTIC
-DESCRIPTION
Romanticism in architecture is
an umbrella term that covers many
of the European 19th century
'revivalist' and Eastern influenced
styles; Neoclassical/Greek Revival,
Gothic Revival, Baroque Revival,
Romanesque Revival and Indo-
Saracenic are some examples.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. The Royal Pavilion at Brighton -
grew over 35 years from a
simple lodging house to a
spectacular oriental palace.
2. The Taj Mahal is an
enormous mausoleum
complex commissioned in
1632 by the Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan to house the
remains of his beloved wife.
-STYLE
It was motivated by a reaction
against the rational, classical
ideals of the 18th century and
introduced a more nuanced
understanding of aesthetics,
emotions, the deeper sensibilities
that motivate people, and of
course, the sublime, which draws
upon the image of a vast,
untamed, and powerful nature
for its inspiration
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Sir Charles Barry FRS RA was an
English architect, best known for his
role in the rebuilding of the Palace of
Westminster in London during the
mid-19th century, but also
responsible for numerous other
buildings and gardens.
2. Jean-Louis Charles Garnier was a
French architect, perhaps best
known as the architect of the Palais
Garnier and the Opéra de Monte-
Carlo.
XI. REALIST AND NATURALIST
-DESCRIPTION
Realism is the name now given
to an approach to architecture by
British architects from the 1840s
onwards who aimed to emphasize
the 'real' nature of building forms
and materials in the buildings they
designed.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Crystal Palace – by Joseph
Paxton, The Crystal
Palace was a huge glass and
iron structure originally built in
1851 for the Great Exhibition
held in London's Hyde Park.
2. Brooklyn Bridge - described as
being the world's first steel-wire
suspension bridge, uses a
hybrid cable-
stayed/suspension bridge
design, with both horizontal
and diagonal support cables.
-STYLE
Architectural movements that
are influenced by nature and
biological theories, such as terms,
models, projects, and buildings.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Sir George Gilbert Scott RA, styled
Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English
Gothic revival architect, chiefly
associated with the design, building
and renovation of churches and
cathedrals, although he started his
career as a leading designer of
workhouses.
2. George Edmund Street RA, also
known as G. E. Street, was an English
architect, born at Woodford in Essex.
Stylistically, Street was a leading
practitioner of the Victorian Gothic
revival.
XII. IMPRESSIONIST -STYLE
-DESCRIPTION

Luxury Defined spotlights 9

historic homes built during the height
of the Impressionist movement.
Beginning in 1874 in Paris, the iconic
Impressionist movement—led by
seminal artists Claude Monet, Pierre-
Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Paul
Cèzanne, and Edgar Degas—
Characterized by relatively
heralded the dawn of Modern Art.
small, thin, yet visible brush strokes,
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS open composition, emphasis on
accurate depiction of light in its
changing qualities (often
accentuating the effects of the
passage of time), ordinary subject
matter, inclusion of movement as a
crucial element of human
perception and experience, and
unusual visual angles.

1. Chicago School of
Architecture - Chicago's
architecture is famous
throughout the world and one
style is referred to as the
Chicago School. Much of its
early work is also known as
Commercial style.
XIII. MODERN
-DESCRIPTION
Modern architecture is
an architectural style that refers to a
large group of similar buildings that
emerged in many countries by the
practice of
many architects between the 1920s
and 1950s. Modern architecture first
took off in Europe and then made its
way into the American style.
-ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Walt Disney Concert Hall – by
Ar. Frank Gehry, it seats 2,265
people and serves, among
other purposes, as the home
of the Los Angeles
Philharmonic orchestra and
the Los Angeles Master
Chorale.
2. Heydar Aliyev Center – by
Zaha Hadid Architects,
distinctive architecture and
flowing, curved style that
eschews sharp angles.
-STYLE
Associated with an analytical
approach to the function of
buildings, a strictly rational use of
(often new) materials, structural
innovation and the elimination of
ornament.
-NOTABLE PERSONS
1. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret,
known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-
French architect, designer, painter,
urban planner, writer, and one of the
pioneers of what is now called
modern architecture. He was born in
Switzerland and became a French
citizen in 1930.
2. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a
German-American architect. He was
commonly referred to as Mies, his
surname. Along with Alvar Aalto, Le
Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank
Lloyd Wright, he is regarded as one
of the pioneers of modernist
architecture.
3. Frank Lloyd Wright was an
American architect, interior designer,
writer, and educator, whose creative
period spanned more than 70 years.