CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of local and foreign literature and studies which have relevance
to the study.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

In the field of Computer-Assisted Learning Language (CALL), the term " Net Generation" has
been clearly defined by Prensky (2010) who states that Net Generation members are "digital
natives" since they "spent their entire lives surrounded by and using computers, videogames,
digital music players, video cams, cell phones, and all other toys and tools of tge digital age
"which make them different from the baby boomer generation.

Technology has revolutionized the field of education. The importance of technology in school
cannot be ignored. In fact, with the onset of computers in eduers to impart knowledge and for
students to acquire it. The use of technology has made the process of teaching and learning
enjoyable. (Muir-Hezig, 2008)

FOREIGN STUDIES

Technology aids student expression. Present what they have learned. They can use software to
make presentations and projects. This makes them more interested in the subject and leads to
better retention of information. With technological aids, they can make easy-to-remember notes
and a creative presentation of thw information they have acquired. It won't be wrong to say that
application of technology has made a student's life easy. It's easier for students to carry a PDA
than carrying big fat books to school. An iPad is less bulky than a pile of notebooks or an eBook
reader much lighter than a book. (Anderson and Becker, 2009)

Technology has already integrated its negative effects into classroom and convinced students
that technology is taking no toll on their education. According to Maureen Ebben, Ph.D., "Many
students mistakenly believe that technology allows them to do several things at once and do them
well" (Bouchard). While the evidence continues to grow ,Sarah Schmitt, a senior English teacher,
has noticed the effects saying, "students reading and writing skills have suffered significantly and
their vocabularies are shrinking"(Bouchard). Technology is slowly but surely becoming the center
of attention for all students. Shmitt's colleague went on to say that some students confined to him
that "they sleep with phones on and wake up to answer text messages they get at night"
(Bouchard). Her colleague Stephen Atwood said it best saying, "Technology will always be
connected with students, so we have to teach them how to use technology appropriately"
(Bouchard).

In an article by Charles F. Kiehl and B. Ann Harper of SUNY Brockport, hand-held calculators
were the main focus. The article provided advantages and disadvantages on the use of calculator in
the classroom. Some educators are afraid that children will not learn the basic mathematical skills
and will become dependent on the calculator to perform those operations (Kiehl and Harper, 2001,
18)

Technology can be a minefield of distractions. Ads, pop-ups, games, news, fun websites, social
media, text messages, and more are constantly competing for our attention. This means teachers
face the challenge of keeping students on task. How can we ensure students are doing what
they’ve been assigned? By setting clear expectations and consequences, teachers can help
encourage students to focus on their work. Parents and districts can also set up internet blocks to
help keep students from visiting other sites when they are supposed to be working (Casey Brown,
2019).

According to Gomez (2016), the use of technology in a school setting, in homes, and in public
libraries and learning centers could wider the economic gap as well as have a possible adverse
effect. This means that all the improvements technology makes to academic experience, can have
the potential to take away just as much, or more, if not implemented correctly.

LOCAL STUDIES

According to Ryan T. Gertner in 2011, on his study about "The effects of multimedia
technology on learning" he concludes that multimedia gives light on some possible effects of it to
the learning of students. This means that technological devices may affect the learning
performance of a student.

In today’s K-12 classrooms, students who cheat are rarely caught. There are no formulas
written on in the insides of hands or students looking across the aisle, or whispering answers to
their classmates. Today’s students use smartphones, tablets or even in-class computers to aid their
cheating endeavors and leave no trace of their crimes. Since cheating through technology is not
listed specifically as being against the rules in many school policies, students do not view the
actions an unethical. (Matthew Lynch, 2016)

LOCAL LITERATURE

One important reason for this shortfall is that not enough dialogue to enable reflective
adaptation takes place between those attempting to implement exemplary practice and the original
innovators. The Center for Learning Technologies in Urban Schools is developing a "Living
Curriculum" collaborative relationship between developers and teachers, initially through face-to-
face interaction, but increasingly through new interactive media and the information of virtual
communities for innovation. This evolution into knowledge networking is crucial for the
widespresd scaling-up of best practices. (Gomez, 2010)

It realized that most the definitions refer to a situation in which the teacher and the learner are
separated and instructional materials are conveyed through telecommunication systems. It can also
be elicited that the learner has the flexibility of adjusting herself/himself to the schedule and
physical location of classes. In this article, "distance education" is the terminology chosen to be
used. (Rosal, 2009)

SYNTHESIS AND RELEVANCE TO THE STUDY

According to Gomez (2016), the use of technology in a school setting, in homes, and in public
libraries and learning centers could wider the economic gap as well as have a possible adverse
effect. This means that all the improvements technology makes to academic experience, can have
the potential to take away just as much, or more, if not implemented correctly.

According to Ryan T. Gertner in 2011, on his study about "The effects of multimedia
technology on learning" he concludes that multimedia gives light on some possible effects of it to
the learning of students. This means that technological devices may affect the learning
performance of a student.